Conceptualizing the construct of interpersonal conflict

武警官兵的职业倦怠与工作压力、外显自尊的关系研究刘寒静;严敏【期刊名称】《武警医学》【年(卷),期】2017(028)004【总页数】4页(P389-392)【关键词】职业倦怠;工作压力;外显自尊;武警部队【作者】刘寒静;严敏【作者单位】310051,武警浙江总队杭州医院心理科;310027杭州,浙江大学神经管理学实验室【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R395职业倦怠是用来描述人类情感和身体的疲惫衰竭状态，Freudenberger[1]在1974年首次提出，指与工作相关的一系列多维心理症状，通常被视作一种极端的压力症状。

外显自尊是一个重要的个体特征因素，指个体对自身有意识的一种消极或积极的态度[2]。

大量的实验研究发现，外显自尊与许多心理变量存在关联，并对未来的心理健康和行为具有预测作用[3,4]。

目前，对职业倦怠的研究涉及个体外显自尊领域较少，尤其是针对官兵职业倦怠与工作压力及外显自尊水平三者之间相关关系的研究更是罕有文献报道。

笔者以武警某部培训的学员和某院学员为研究对象，通过对其职业倦怠、工作压力及外显自尊之间相关关系的研究，为有针对性地预测和减轻军人职业倦怠提供参考依据。

1.1 对象采用方便取样的方法，分别以参加某部培训的学员和某院的学员为研究对象，共发放问卷412份，回收有效问卷381份，问卷调查有效率为92.5%；其中男性350人，女性51人；年龄18～36岁，平均21.18岁。

276人(72.5%)入伍前居住农村，105人(27.5%)入伍前居住城市;未婚376人(98.6%) ，已婚5人(1.4%);高中及以下学历297人(78%) ，大专及以上学历84人(22%) 。

1.2 工具1.2.1 职业倦怠量表(MBI-GS) Maslach和Schaufeli等[5,6](1996)编制的MBI(Maslach Burnout Inventory)订定的第三个版本，它更强调人与人之间的关系。

高二英语哲学思想单选题40题答案解析版1.The statement "I think, therefore I am" is associated with which philosopher?A.PlatoB.AristotleC.Immanuel KantD.Rene Descartes答案：D。

解析：“我思故我在”是笛卡尔的名言。

柏拉图的主要思想是理念论等；亚里士多德在很多领域有贡献，如逻辑学等；康德主要有批判哲学等，而“我思故我在”是笛卡尔的标志性哲学观点。

2.Which concept emphasizes the importance of sensory experience in acquiring knowledge?A.RationalismB.EmpiricismC.IdealismD.Dualism答案：B。

解析：经验主义强调通过感官经验来获取知识。

理性主义更注重理性推理；唯心主义强调精神和理念的主导；二元论是关于身心等的二元划分。

3.The idea that the universe is made up of eternal and unchanging forms is characteristic of which philosophical school?A.StoicismB.PythagoreanismC.EpicureanismD.Skepticism答案：B。

解析：毕达哥拉斯学派认为宇宙由永恒不变的形式组成。

斯多葛学派强调道德和理性；伊壁鸠鲁学派主张快乐主义；怀疑论对知识持怀疑态度。

4.Who is known for his concept of the "categorical imperative"?A.John LockeB.David HumeC.Immanuel KantD.Gottfried Leibniz答案：C。

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Chapter 6
Strategies to increase involvement
• • • • • Appeal to the consumer’s hedonic needs. Use novel stimuli. Use prominent stimuli. Include celebrity endorsers. Build a bond with consumers by maintaining an ongoing relationship with them. • The internet has provided companies with new opportunities for creating loyal bonds with customers and the possibility to personalize products and services.
Peter & Olson, 2008, p. 90.
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Chapter 6
Basic model of consumer product involvement
Peter & Olson, 2010. P. 88.
11
Chapter 6
Marketing Implications
• • • Understanding the key reasons for purchases Understanding the consumer-product relationship Four market segments with different levels of intrinsic self-relevance for a product category and brand

» 机制 » 阶段 » 与脑科学的联系
具体内容的研究
» 早期与数相关的知识 » 乘法的推理 » 分数
为概念性理解而教（Teaching for conceptual understanding）
» 评价 » 数学教学目标 » 任务 (建立联系, 变式)
教师发展: 四种观点
» 传统的, 感知, 逐步建构 (Progressive Incorporation，中国), 概念
» 如何去定性地解释数学问题情境中的不同行为方式或 操作方式?
– “第二天现象”
» 学习的社会情感方面 » 概念性学习的细节会如何影响教学？ 与Marty Simon的合作 » 假设: 数学概念学习所涉及的机制与阶段 » 解释: 从可获得概念到新概念的概念性转变 » 整合: 综合框架(见下页)
Nanjing Normal University – May 19, 2014 3
存在的问题是：它对过程的描述不够充分，对于科研或教育而言不是 很有用” (p.6).
» Vygotsky (1978): “社会根源和历史发展活动的内化是人类心理的特
点，是从动物到人类心理质性变化的基础.至今,这一过程的清晰轮廓才 被熟知.” (p.57)
Nanjing Normal University – May 19, 2014
Nanjing Normal University – May 19, 2014 8
重复策略
将下列条形纸等分给5个人
Nanjing Normal University – May 19, 2014
9
重复策略
Nanjing Normal University – May 19, 2014
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对“活动-效果”关系的反思

了解时间文化的英文作文The Passage of Time: A Cultural ExplorationTime is a fundamental aspect of human existence, yet it is a concept that eludes precise definition and measurement. Different cultures have developed unique ways of understanding and conceptualizing time, which can have profound implications for their values, beliefs, and social structures. In this article, we will explore some of the ways in which time is perceived and experienced across cultures.One of the most fundamental ways in which cultures differ in their perception of time is the distinction between linear and cyclical time. Linear time is the perception of time as a unidirectional sequence of events, with a beginning, middle, and end. This is the dominant perception of time in Western cultures, where progress is seen as the movement from past to future, and the present is viewed as a fleeting moment to be seized.In contrast, cyclical time is the perception of time as a repeating cycle, with events and patterns recurring over time. This is the dominant perception of time in many Eastern cultures, where the present is seen as an eternal moment, and the past and future are viewed as part of a continuous whole.Another important distinction between cultures is the degree to which they conceive of time as linear or circular. In linear cultures, time is seen as a scarce resource that must be managed efficiently in order to achieve goals and make progress. This is reflected in the emphasis on punctuality, productivity, and achievement in Western cultures.In circular cultures, time is seen as more abundant and less structured. This is reflected in the emphasis on leisure, relaxation, and socializing in Eastern cultures.A third way in which cultures differ in their perception of time is the degree to which they conceive of time as subjective or objective. In subjective cultures, time is experienced as a personal construct, shaped an individual's emotions, memories, and values. This is reflected in the tendency for individuals insubjective cultures to engage in activities that are personally meaningful and fulfilling, rather than being driven external deadlines and schedules.In objective cultures, time is experienced as an external reality, governed rules, laws, and schedules. This is reflected in the tendency for individuals in objective cultures to adhere to strict timetables and deadlines, and to view time as a scarce and valuable modity.Finally, cultures differ in their attitudes towards the past, present, and future. In some cultures, the past is highly valued, seen as a source of wisdom and identity. This is reflected in the emphasis on tradition, history, and ancestral heritage in cultures such as Japan and Korea.In other cultures, the present is highly valued, seen as a time for experiencing the pleasures of life and enjoying the moment. This is reflected in the emphasis on leisure, relaxation, and socializing in cultures such as Brazil and India.Finally, in some cultures, the future is highly valued, seen as a time for achieving goals and making progress. This is reflected in the emphasis on education, technology, and innovation in cultures such as the United States and China.In conclusion, time is a plex and multifaceted concept that is shaped cultural, historical, and social factors. By exploring the ways in which different cultures perceive and experience time, we can gn a deeper understanding of the values, beliefs, and social structures that underlie them.。

The Cognitive Theory
Chomsky: Language is not a form of behaviour. It is an intricate (complicated) rule-based system. (Language is rule-governed.) There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with knowledge of these rules an infinite number of sentences can be produced. (Language is generative. )
The Condition-oriented theories concern the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place. The Process-oriented theories concern how the mind processes new information.
Rules of language form (grammar & vocabulary) Rules of language use in a context (Is it appropriate to use this language item in this context?)
Views on language learning
3. interactional view
c. understand and produce language
Homework

建筑专业英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What is the term for the main vertical structural element in a building?A. ColumnB. BeamC. SlabD. Foundation2. The process of applying plaster to walls is known as:A. TilingB. RenderingC. PlasteringD. Drywalling3. Which of the following is a type of roofing material?A. BrickB. ConcreteC. AsphaltD. Glass4. The term "architectural scale" refers to:A. A set of rules for building designB. A tool used for measuring distances on architectural drawingsC. A method of constructionD. A type of building material5. What is the function of a lintel in construction?A. To support a wallB. To support a door or window openingC. To provide insulationD. To prevent water infiltration6. The abbreviation "RC" in construction stands for:A. Reinforced CementB. Roof ConstructionC. Residential ConstructionD. Raw Concrete7. The term "load-bearing wall" is used to describe a wall that:A. Carries the weight of the roof and floorsB. Is used for decorationC. Is non-structuralD. Separates rooms8. What does "green building" refer to?A. A building covered in plantsB. A building made from recycled materialsC. A building designed to reduce environmental impactD. A building with a lot of windows for natural light9. The process of attaching a building to the ground is known as:A. AnchoringB. FoundationingC. GroundingD. Embedding10. What is the purpose of a "cantilever" in construction?A. To provide additional supportB. To allow a structure to extend beyond its supportC. To increase the height of a buildingD. To create a decorative effect二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. The structural system that uses a series of arches to distribute weight is known as a _______.12. The process of cutting and shaping stone is known as_______.13. A _______ is a type of joint that allows for some movement between connected parts.14. The term "facade" refers to the front of a building, which is often the _______ of the structure.15. The _______ is the part of a building that connects the roof to the walls.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）16. Explain the difference between "load-bearing" and "non-load-bearing" walls.17. Describe the role of a "cantilever" in architectural design.18. What is the significance of "sustainability" in modern architecture?19. Discuss the importance of "thermal insulation" in building construction.四、翻译题（每题5分，共30分）20. Translate the following sentence into English:“悬挑结构能够创造出独特的建筑形态，但同时也需要精心的设计以确保结构的稳定性。

ABSTRACT
A state-of-the-art review paper for the construct of involvement is presented. This paper outlines prior studies which show the antecedents of involvement to be due to personal characteristics, object characteristics and/or situationa! characteristics. One or more of these factors is proposed to influence the consumer's level of involvement in various research areas of involvement with advertising, involvement with products and involvement with purchase decisions. Received July 29, 1985. Revision accepted for January 15, 1986. publication
©JOURNALOF ADVERTISING, Vol. 15, No. 2, 1986
ad "relevant" to the receiver in terms of being personally affected and hence motivated to respond to the ad (27). In product class research, the concern is with the "relevance" of the product to the needs and values of the consumer and hence interest for product information (7). In purchase decision research, the concern is that the decision is "relevant," and hence the consumer will be motivated to make a careful purchase decision (5). Although each is a different domain of research, some parallehsm is found between involvement and personal relevance (9). THE ANTECEDENTS OF INVOLVEMENT The variables proposed to precede involvement may be categorized into three factors. The first factor relates to the characteristics of the person. A person's inherent value system, along with his or her unique experiences, determines whether the person is involved with a particular object. The second factor relates to the physical characteristics of the stimulus. The physical differences might pertain to the differences in type of media (e.g., TV, radio or print), or in content of the communication, or even the variation found in the product classes being advertised. The third factor impacting on the involvement is the varying situation. For example, one may attend to advertisements for Volvos with greater involvement if one is thinking of buying that particular car. However if one is not in the market for a new car, then involvement with car advertisements, in general, might be low. This particular framework of involvement being affected by person, stimulus physical factors and/or situation has conceptual roots in work by Houston and Rothschild (12) and more recently by Bloch and Richins (3). The evidence for all three factors influencing the consumer's level of involvement or the way the consumer responds to advertising, products and purchase decisions are found in the literature. For example, Zaichkowsky (46) demonstrated that different people perceive the same product differently and have inherently different levels of involvement for the same product (person factor), Wright (43) found that variation in the type of media (print versus audio, a physical characteristic) influenced the response given to the same message, and Petty and Cacioppo (26, 27) commonly manipulate involvement by leading subjects to believe they will or will not be affected by the stimulus (situational factor). This conceptualization of the involvement construct is found in Figure 1, and several behaviors proposed to result from involvement with advertising, products or purchase decisions are shown on the right hand side. The following literature review

认知语言学中的心理空间概念摘要：作为一种比较重要的语言学流派，认知语言学虽然年轻且不同于传统语言学理论思想，却对语言学研究产生了不可忽视的影响。

它特有的一些语言学研究角度、思想和概念引起了众多语言学家的兴趣，本文重点介绍其中一个带给人们很大启发的概念“心理空间”以及因此派生出的“复合空间理论”和它们的语言学意义。

关键词：认知语言学心理空间投射域复合空间一、认知语言学框架中的“心理空间”认知语言学开始于上世纪70年代，至今研究范围已经涉及到了语言学的几乎所有领域。

作为一种语言研究范式，认知语言学不是一种单一的理论，也不是语言的词汇语法理论，而是涵盖了语言功能和结构的全部体系。

它是一种不同于在语言学中占主导地位的生成语法理论的语言研究理论，尽管认知语言学家的具体观点有所差别，整个认知语言学理论还是建立在一个相对完整的理论框架之下的。

其中由Fauconnier(1985／1994)提出的“心理空间”(Mental Spaces)理论是认知语言学理论框架的一个重要组成部分。

该理论被广泛用于解释各种语言现象，比如指称(reference)、和隐喻(metaphor)。

甚至还有学者(沈家煊，2007)认为Fauconnier的“概念整合”的思维方式正是典型的中国人的思维方式。

心理空间理论着重研究说话人构建的不同认知域之间的投射关系。

Fauconnier认为说话人讲的每一句话，甚至每一个实义词都反映了说话人对某一种情景所构建的心理构建(amental representation)。

为了对心理构建解码和释解，我们不仅要用语言表达，还要依赖话语情景和百科知识(encyclopediaknowledge)来进行勾画。

认知语言学家认为人类之所以具有抽象思维能力是因为人类有概念化的能力(conceptualizing capacl‘ty)。

而这种能力包括形成象征结构(symbolic structure)的能力、从具体的范畴(physical domain)隐喻地投射到抽象的范畴(abstract domain)的能力、以及形成理想化的认知模型的能力。

你喜欢干点什么英语作文Title: My Favorite Pastime: Writing English Essays。

As an AI language model, I find joy and fulfillment in engaging with various topics through the art of writing. Among the multitude of activities available to me, one that particularly captivates my interest is crafting English essays. In this composition, I delve into the reasons behind my fondness for this intellectual pursuit.To begin with, writing English essays allows me to exercise and hone my linguistic capabilities. English is a remarkably versatile language, rich in vocabulary and nuances, which provides ample opportunities for expression and creativity. Through the process of composing essays, I can explore the depths of the English language, experimenting with different words, phrases, and sentence structures to convey my thoughts effectively.Moreover, writing essays serves as a means ofintellectual exploration and discovery. Each topic presents a new challenge, requiring research, analysis, and critical thinking skills to construct a coherent argument or narrative. Whether I am delving into literature, dissecting a philosophical concept, or examining a scientific phenomenon, the process of crafting an essay allows me to delve deeper into the subject matter, gaining insights and understanding along the way.Furthermore, writing English essays fosters self-expression and self-reflection. As I articulate my thoughts and ideas on paper, I am compelled to clarify and organize my thinking, gaining a deeper understanding of myself and the world around me in the process. Through introspection and introspective writing, I can explore my beliefs, values, and experiences, gaining insights into my own psyche and personal growth.Additionally, writing essays offers a platform for communication and engagement with others. Whether I am sharing my writings with friends, peers, or a broader audience, essays serve as a medium through which ideas canbe exchanged, challenged, and debated. By contributing tothe ongoing dialogue on various topics, I can connect with others who share similar interests and perspectives, fostering a sense of community and intellectual camaraderie.Moreover, writing English essays provides a sense of accomplishment and fulfillment. The process of conceptualizing, drafting, and revising an essay requires dedication, perseverance, and attention to detail. When I finally complete an essay that meets my standards ofquality and coherence, I experience a profound sense of satisfaction and pride in my work, reaffirming my passionfor writing and intellectual inquiry.In conclusion, writing English essays is a pastime that I cherish deeply for its ability to stimulate my mind,foster self-expression and reflection, facilitate communication and engagement with others, and provide a sense of accomplishment and fulfillment. Through this intellectual pursuit, I continue to explore the boundless possibilities of language and ideas, enriching my life inthe process.。

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Data and Evidence in Historical Context
• Research with secondary sources
– No clear rules and procedures in using secondary sources (使用二手資料沒有清楚的規則或程序) – Inaccurate historical accounts and a lack of studies in areas of interest (留意不正確的歷史記載，有時某個領 域乏人研究) – Potential problems: historians’ work not theory-free and objective; a historian’s selection procedure not transparent; narrative history; a historian influenced by personal beliefs, social theories, and current events (史學家呈現出來的並不是理論中立、客觀的事 實；史學家的選擇程序並不透明；敘事歷史的寫作方 式；史學家受個人信念、社會理論及時事的影響)
Unique Features of H-C Research
• Integrates the micro and macro levels (研 究整個個案，將微觀與鉅觀層次結合) • Moves between concrete specifics in a context and across contexts for more abstract comparisons (檢視特定脈絡，比 較不同脈絡，並加以概化，提出較抽象的 解釋)

可编辑修改精选全文完整版绪论单元测试1【判断题】 (2分)英语学科教学论，是介绍英语知识的一门课。

A.对B.错2【判断题】 (2分)英语学科教学论，是一门介绍如何教英语的课。

A.对B.错3【判断题】 (2分)关于教英语，需要了解相关的语言和语言学习的理论。

A.错B.对4【判断题】 (2分)关于教英语，还需要了解相关的教学方法、了解课堂管理的内容、学习教学设计的理念等。

A.错B.对5【判断题】 (2分)听说读写看的教学，是关于语言技能的教学。

A.错B.对第一章测试1【单选题】 (2分)Which is not the view of language? ( )A.Interactional ViewB.Structural ViewC.Functional ViewD.Constructive View2【单选题】 (2分)Which is not the view of language Learning? ( )A.Behaviorist TheoryB.Cognitive TheoryC.Schema TheoryD.Socio-constructive Theory3【单选题】 (2分)Which is from social-constructivist theory?A.stimulusB.ZPDC.reinforcementD.automatic response4【多选题】 (2分)For new language learning, the aspects that students need to do with are ( )A.Understand the formB.Understand the meaningC.Go abroad for studyingD.Practice the language5【多选题】 (2分)Which belong to process-oriented theory? ( )A.Socio-constructivist TheoryB.Schema TheoryC.Behaviorist TheoryD.Cognitive Theory6【多选题】 (2分)Which belong to condition-oriented theory? ( )A.Constructivist TheoryB.Behaviorist TheoryC.Socio-constructivist TheoryD.Cognitive Theory7【判断题】 (2分)The structural view of language is that language is a system of structurally related ele ments for the transmission of meaning. （）A.错B.对8【判断题】 (2分)The functional view only sees language as a means for doing things. ( )A.对B.错9【判断题】 (2分)For behaviorist theory, mistakes should be immediately corrected, and the correction s hould be immediately praised. ( )A.对B.错10【判断题】 (2分)Learning should be achieved via the dynamic interaction between the teacher and th e learner and between learners. ( )A.错B.对第三章测试1【判断题】 (2分)Teacher Talk Time means teacher should talk more in class and do not leave silence g ap in class. ( )A.对B.错2【判断题】 (2分)Remembering and understanding belong to the higher order thinking ability. ( )A.对B.错3【单选题】 (2分)Which one does not belong to the Bloom’s Taxonomy (2001)? ( )A.ApplyingB.AnalyzingC.RememberingD.Summarizing4【单选题】 (2分)For cognitive level of evaluating, the teacher may ask students the question like ( ).A.What is the relationship between A and B?B.How would you use this?C.Which is more interesting?D.What is the main idea of this paragraph?5【单选题】 (2分)For cognitive level of analyzing, the teacher may ask students the question like ( ).A.Which is more interesting, A or B?B.Can you compare A and B?C.Is there a better solution to this?D.What is an alternative method for this?6【多选题】 (2分)Which belong to teacher’s role? ( )A.controllerB.assessorC.prompterD.organizer7【多选题】 (2分)Teachers as facilitators means ( ).A.to guide them in planning and assessing their own learningB.to use various strategies to motivate learnersC.to develop their learning strategiesD.to create a positive learning environment8【多选题】 (2分)What are the two things that the teacher does as an assessor? ( )A.organizing feedbackB.controlling the paceC.correcting mistakesD.making research on student’s performance9【判断题】 (2分)Even the clearest instructions can be hard to grasp so, after you've given them, it's wo rth checking that they have been understood. ( )A.对B.错10【判断题】 (2分)Allow learners in class the time and the quiet they need, because they need time to thi nk, to prepare what they are going to say and how they are going to say it. ( )A.对B.错第四章测试1【单选题】 (2分)For WHERETO teaching design principle, W refers to ( ).A.allow students to evaluate their work and its implication’sB.be tailored (personalized) to the different needs, interests, and abilities of learnersC.equip students, help them experience the key ideas and explore the issuesD.help the students know where the unit is going and what is expected2【单选题】 (2分)For WHERETO teaching design principle, R refers to ( ).A.help the students know where the unit is going and what is expectedB.allow students to evaluate their work and its implication’sC.equip students, help them experience the key ideas and explore the issuesD.provide opportunities to rethink and revise their understandings and work3【单选题】 (2分)Which belongs to teaching design principle? ( )A.WHERETOB.ESAC.SMARTD.ABCD4【多选题】 (2分)What does WHERETO teaching design principle refer? ( )A.equip students, help them experience the key ideas and explore the issuesB.help the students know where the unit is going and what is expectedC.allow students to evaluate their work and its implication’sD.hook all students and hold their interest5【多选题】 (2分)What are the frequently applied teaching models? ( )A.WHERETO ModelB.Backward Design ModelC.ASSURE ModelD.ADDIE Model6【多选题】 (2分)What are the four elements of articulating learning objectives? ( )A.ConditionB.AudienceC.DegreeD.Behavior7【判断题】 (2分)Develop student’s reading skills. This learning objective is appropriately presented. ( )A.错B.8【判断题】 (2分)SMART is the method for articulating learning objectives. ( )A.对B.错9【判断题】 (2分)Activation of prior knowledge means activating cognitive structures that relate to the to pics and tasks to be studied and completed. ( )A.错B.对10【判断题】 (2分)The purpose of teaching design is to implement teaching effectively. ( )A.B.对第五章测试1【单选题】 (2分)What is used to express meanings in many subtle ways such as surprise, complaint, s arcasm, delighted, threats, etc.? ( )A.PronunciationB.morphologyC.PhonologyD.Intonation2【单选题】 (2分)What is the best age to start learning to read through phonics? ( )A.4-6B.C.1-2D.2-33【单选题】 (2分)After learning the individual letters’ sounds, it is natural to learn the sounds o f ? ( )A.consonant lettersB.blending lettersC.all of the aboveD.vowel letters4【多选题】 (2分)Which generally should be pronounced as weak form while reading aloud? ( )A.Auxiliary wordB.C.VerbD.Preposition5【多选题】 (2分)Phonics is a method for teaching and of the English language by develo ping learners' phonemic awareness—the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate phon emes—in order to teach the correspondence between these sounds and the spelling p atterns that represent them. ( )A.speakingB.writingC.listeningD.reading6【多选题】 (2分)Sound /k/ can be spelled as ? ( )A.kB.chC.ckD.c7【判断题】 (2分)Research has shown that children who have not developed reading skills by second gr ade, will experience an overall delay in learning throughout their school life. ( )A.对B.错8【判断题】 (2分)Understanding phonics will also help children know which letters to use when they ar e writing words. ( )A.对B.错9【判断题】 (2分)A lot of people start the journey of teaching kids phonics through the traditional ways, l ike teaching them to read, and this is the best way to follow. ( )A.错B.对10【判断题】 (2分)Written language can be compared to a code, so knowing the sounds of individual lett ers and how those letters sound when they’re combined will help children code word s as they read. ( )A.对B.错第六章测试1【单选题】 (2分)What does the first aspect of vocabulary learning involve according to Hedge (200 0)? ( )A.The sense relations among words.B.Connotative meaning.C.Denotative meaning.D.Denotative and connotative meaning.2【单选题】 (2分)Which is not the appropriate way of consolidating vocabulary? ( )A.Play a game.B.Categories.C.Spot the difference.D.Guessing.3【单选题】 (2分)Which is not a collocation? ( )A.See a movie.B.Watch a play.C.Movie.D.Look at a picture.4【多选题】 (2分)According to Hedge (2000), what does the second aspect of vocabulary learning invol ve? ( )A.Spelling and PronunciationB.Collocations.C.Synonyms, antonyms and hyponyms.D.Receptive and productive vocabulary.5【多选题】 (2分)What does knowing a word involve? ( )A.How and when to use it to express the intended meaning.B.Its meaning.C.Its spelling and grammatical properties.D.Its pronunciation and stress.6【多选题】 (2分)Which belong to vocabulary learning strategies? ( )A.Use a dictionary.B.Review regularly.C.Guessing from context.D.Presenting vocabulary.7【判断题】 (2分)Denotative meaning refers to those words that we use to label things as regards real o bjects, such as a name or a sign, etc. in the physical world. ( )A.错B.对8【判断题】 (2分)Antonyms refer to the sameness or close similarity of meaning or we can say that wor ds are close in meaning. ( )A.对B.错9【判断题】 (2分)Receptive/passive vocabulary refers to words that one is able to recognize and compr ehend in reading or listening but unable to use automatically in speaking or writing. ( )A.错B.对10【判断题】 (2分)Collocations refer to words that co-occur with high frequency and have been accepte d as ways for the use of words. ( )A.对B.错第七章测试1【单选题】 (2分)Deductive reasoning is essentially a approach which moves from the more gen eral to the more specific. ( )A.gameB.down-topC.traditionalD.top-down2【单选题】 (2分)is an approach that removes you, the teacher, from the main role of “explainer” and ex tends to the students the opportunity to question and discover the target grammar. ( )A.The guided discovery methodB.Mechanical practiceC.Deductive methodD.Inductive method3【单选题】 (2分)usually comes after mechanical practice. ( )A.The guided discovery methodB.Meaningful practiceC.Deductive methodD.Inductive method4【多选题】 (2分)Although a little less effective than inductive teaching, benefits to the deductive approa ch are: ( )A.It encourages faster learning of material and understand the meaningB.Time in the classroom is spent only on the language principle.C.Most material can be easily taught this way.D.Students can have lots of interaction with others in a meaningful context.5【多选题】 (2分)Although inductive teaching takes longer than deductive, many educators agree it i s a very efficient method in the long run. Benefits include: ( )A.Students rely on their critical thinking to figure out the language.B.Students can gain deeper understanding of the language.C.Students can get more interaction and participation among each other.D.No material can be easily taught this way.6【多选题】 (2分)Using prompts has proved to be an effective way of grammar practice. The prompts ca n be: ( )A.picturesB.tablesC.key wordsD.mines7【判断题】 (2分)The deductive and inductive teaching methods can be illustrated in this picture. ( )A.对B.错8【判断题】 (2分)That the students are asked to produce language based on pictures and key phrase s provided by the teacher is using chained phrases for storytelling. ( )A.对B.错9【判断题】 (2分)In mechanical practice the focus is on the production, comprehension or exchange o f meaning through the students “keep an eye on” the way newly learned structures ar e used in the process. ( )A.对B.错10【判断题】 (2分)Grammar practice is usually divided into two categories, mechanical practice and mea ningful practice. ( )A.错B.对第八章测试1【单选题】 (2分)Which is not involved in bottom-up processing while listening? ( )A.Recognizing phrases.B.Referring meaning from background knowledge.C.Recognizing structures.D.Recognizing sounds of words.2【单选题】 (2分)Which is not the stage of listening teaching? ( )A.While-listening.B.Predicting.C.Pre-listening.D.Post-listening.3【单选题】 (2分)Which is not the main listening difficulty of learners? ( )A.Quickly forget what is heard.B.Neglect the next part when thinking about meaning.C.Able to form a mental representation from words heard.D.Do not recognize words they know.4【多选题】 (2分)What are two models that are frequently used to describe different processes of listeni ng? ( )A.Top-up model.B.Top-down model.C.Bottom-up model.D.Bottom-down model.5【多选题】 (2分)Which belong to principles for teaching listening? ( )A.Focus on process.B.Combine listening with other skills.C.Focus on the comprehension of meaning.D.Grade difficulty level appropriately.6【多选题】 (2分)What are three main categories that affect the difficulty level of listening tasks accordin g to Anderson and lynch (1988)? ( )A.Context in which the listening occurs.B.Bottom-up and top-down approaches.C.Type of language used.D.Task or purpose in listening.7【判断题】 (2分)Bottom-up and top-down these two processes are mutually dependent. ( ）A.对B.错8【判断题】 (2分)It is important to develop listening skills together with other skills because ordinarily list ening is not an isolated skill. ( )A.错B.对9【判断题】 (2分)Multiple-choice tests play a decisive role in helping students develop good listening ha bits and strategies. ( )A.错B.对10【判断题】 (2分)In the top-down model, listening for gist and making use of the contextual clues and ba ckground knowledge to construct meaning are emphasized. ( )A.对B.错第九章测试1【单选题】 (2分)Which is not the principle for teaching speaking? ( )A.Maximizing meaning interactions.B.Problem-solving activities.C.Personalizing practice.D.Contextualizing practice.2【单选题】 (2分)Which practice is not structure-based with a focus on forms? ( )A.Grammar learning.B.Syntax learning.C.Providing sufficient opportunities for students to develop fluency.D.Vocabulary learning.3【单选题】 (2分)Which of the following activities is often used to develop students’ speaking accurac y? ( )A.Acting out the dialogue in the text.B.Having discussions in groups.C.Describing people in pair.D.Identifying and correcting oral mistakes.4【多选题】 (2分)Like all the other skills, what strategies does speaking involve?( )A.Turn taking.B.Asking for clarification.C.Initiating a conversation.D.Ending a conversation.5【多选题】 (2分)Which belong to common features of spoken language according to Bygate (1987)? ( )A.Using devices such as fillers, hesitation device to give time to think before speaking.B.Taking short cuts, e.g. incomplete sentences.C.Using less complex syntax.D.Using fixed conventional phrases or chunks.6【多选题】 (2分)Which belong to typical speaking tasks? ( )A.Problem-solving activities.B.Dialogues and role-plays.C.Doing translation exercises.D.Information-gap activities.7【判断题】 (2分)Maintaining a balance between accuracy-based and fluency-based practices is essenti al in teaching speaking.( )A.对B.错8【判断题】 (2分)Speaking is the skill that the students will be judged upon most in simulated situation s. ( )A.错B.对9【判断题】 (2分)Problem-solving activities tend to be productive because there is a clear objective to b e reached or problem to be solved and require a higher level of language proficienc y. ( )A.错B.对10【判断题】 (2分)Designing speaking activities that maximize students’ opportunity to speak is one of th e central tasks for language teachers. ( )A.错B.对第十章测试1【单选题】 (2分)Which is not the teaching step of viewing teaching? ( )A.What message does the image transmit?B.What do you feel?C.What can you touch?D.What can you see?2【单选题】 (2分)Which is not the three-dimension paradigm by Serafini (2014)? ( )A.StructuralB.IntellectualC.IdeologicalD.Perceptual3【单选题】 (2分)What is the definition of Visual literacy? ( )A.With technology, images and visual presentations are flourishing more than ever.B.It means student's ability to “use, interpret, analyze, and think critically about visual images and the signi ficance of what they are seeing”.C.This involves exploring how ideas and emotions are expressed and the use of lighting to create an emoti onal or physiological point.D.Visual literacy is based on the idea that can be "read" and that meaning can be through a process of re ading.4【多选题】 (2分)Which are the teaching steps of viewing teaching? ( )A.What can you touch?B.What is the image trying to tell us?C.What can you see?D.What do you feel?5【多选题】 (2分)What are the pedagogical questions that the teacher can use in class to develop learn ers’ visual literacy? ( )A.How could you change/improve this image?B.What more can we find out?C.What does this image say to us?D.Where has this image come from?6【多选题】 (2分)What can be used as visual literacy clues to facilitate identifying the visual products? ( )A.ColorB.ShapeC.GestureD.Lighting7【判断题】 (2分)We need to consider the active viewer as well and engage the students' creative or cur ative responses to the image. ( )A.错B.对8【判断题】 (2分)One of the most effective ways to encourage information to make that important jump f rom the limited short-term memory to the more powerful long-term memory is to pair te xt with images. ( )A.错B.对9【判断题】 (2分)As these students travel on their road to fluency in English, images can provide an eff ective bridge in that learning process. ( )A.错B.对10【判断题】 (2分)Information presented visually is processed extremely quickly by the brain. ( )A.对B.错第十一章测试1【单选题】 (2分)When expectations are set up, what kind of process of reading is ready to begin? ( )A.ForcedB.PassiveC.NegativeD.Active2【单选题】 (2分)What does bottom-up model mean? ( )A.The teacher should teach the background knowledge first, so that students equipped with such knowled ge will be able to guess meaning from the printed page.B.The teacher teaches reading by introducing vocabulary and new words first and then going over the tex t sentence by sentence.C.None of the above.D.Not only linguistic knowledge but also background knowledge is involved in reading.3【单选题】 (2分)Which is not the reading skill that the learners should be developed in reading clas s? ( )A.Making prediction based on vocabulary or titleB.Guessing the word’s meaningC.Cooperating with othersD.Making inference4【多选题】 (2分)What are the principles for reading teaching? ( )A.Prediction is a major factor in reading.B.Students should be encouraged to respond to the content of a reading text, not just to the language.C.Students need to be engaged with what they are reading.D.Good teachers exploit reading texts to the full.5【多选题】 (2分)What are the models for reading teaching? ( )A.Top-down ModelB.Discovery ModelC.Interactive ModelD.Bottom-up Model6【多选题】 (2分)Find out the reading skills that the learners should be cultivated in reading class. ( )A.Making inferenceB.SkimmingC.ScanningD.Guessing the word’s meaning7【判断题】 (2分)As with everything else in lessons, students who are not engaged with the reading tex t will not actively interested in what they are doing. ( )A.错B.对8【判断题】 (2分)In the Top-down Model, the teacher teaches reading by introducing vocabulary and ne w words first and then going over the text sentence by sentence. ( )A.错B.对9【判断题】 (2分)According to the Interactive Model of reading, when one is reading, the brain receive s visual information, and at the same time, interprets or reconstructs the meaning tha t the writer had in mind when he wrote the text. ( )A.错B.对10【判断题】 (2分)Reading comprehension involves extracting the relevant information from the text as e fficiently as possible, connecting the information from the written message with one’s o wn knowledge to arrive at an understanding. ( )A.错B.对第十二章测试1【单选题】 (2分)Which will not help teachers motivate students to write? ( )A.Encourage collaborative group writing as well as individual writing.B.Leave students less room for creativity and imagination.C.Make the topic of writing as close as possible to students' life.D.Provide constructive and positive feedback.2【单选题】 (2分)What product-oriented method of teaching writing mean? ( )A.Writing activities should serve to encourage a process of brainstorming, drafting, writing, feedback, revis ing and editing, which proceeds in a cyclical fashion resembling the writing process of a real writer.B.It pays great attention to the accuracy of the final product but ignores the process, which the students g o through to reach the final goal.C.The process approach to writing does not only pay attention to what students do while they are writing, i t also attaches great importance to what they and the teacher do before they start writing and after they f inish writing.D.What really matter is the help that the teacher provides to guide students through the process that they undergo when they are writing.3【单选题】 (2分)What does process approach to writing mean? ( )A.What really matter is the help that the teacher provides to guide students through the process that they undergo when they are writing.B.Encourage feedback both from themselves.C.Do not give students time to discover what they want to say as they write.D.Teaching writing pays great attention to the accuracy of the final product but ignores the process.4【多选题】 (2分)Which principles can help teachers motivate students to write? ( )A.Leave students enough room for creativity and imagination.B.Provide opportunities for students to share their writings.C.Make the topic of writing as close as possible to students' life.D.Encourage collaborative group writing as well as individual writing.5【多选题】 (2分)Which principles will motivate students to write? ( )A.Give students a sense of achievement from time to time.B.Leave students less room for creativity and imagination.C.。

Unit 7Score: Time: 40’Part I. Listening ComprehensionDirections: This part is to test your listening ability. It consists of 3 sections. Section A (8 points)Directions: This section is to test your ability to give proper responses. There are 4 recorded questions in it. After each question, there is a pause. The questions will be spoken two times. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.1. A. I’m sorry to hear that. B. I’d love to.C. I don’t knowD. What’s your opinion?2. A. It doesn’t matter. B. I hope you could like it.C. Yes, it’s wonderful.D. Thanks for sharing.3. A. OK. Thank you. B. Do you like the dress?C. The dress is expensive.D. Really, that sounds interesting.4. A. Yes, I enjoyed myself a lot. B. Excuse me.C. I agree with you.D. Sorry, I am late.Section B (4 points)Directions: This section is to test your ability to understand short dialogues. There are 2 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is one recorded question. Both the dialogues and questions will be spoken two times. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.5. A. He has something to throw.B. He advises the woman to watch a show.C. He invites the woman to attend the party.D. He wants to know the woman’s name.6. A. She will watch the show with the man.B. Her grandpa lives far away from here.C. She loves her grandpa a lot.D. She can’t go to the show tonight.Section C (8 points)Directions: In this section you will hear a short passage. Listen to the passage and fill in each blank IN NOT MORE THAN THREE WORDS. The passage will be read three times.People hold a party for a number of (7) ________ and reasons, such as to celebrate one’s birthday, the success of business and so on. There are usually 9 steps to (8) ________. Pick a place. Decide on a (9) ________. Determine a time for the party. Decide on a budget. Pick the people you want to invite to the party. Determine what food to provide. Have some party games (10) ________. Have plans to address rules and guest safety. Make sure you have a good time and enjoy it.Part II. Vocabulary & StructureDirections: This part is to test your ability to use words and phrases correctly to construct meaningful and grammatically correct sentences. It consists of 2 sections. Section A (10 points)Directions: There are 5 incomplete statements here. You are required to complete each statement by choosing the appropriate answer from the 4 choices marked A, B,C and D.11. She gets a chance to act _______ her plan.A. atB. outC. overD. as12. Finally, he came ________ a proper answer.A. up toB. to upC. up withD. with up13. No matter ________ happens, his parents always support him.A. whatB. whichC. howD. who14. You can select the courses _______ on your interest.A. baseB. basingC. to baseD. based15. ________ is good for our health.A. Do exerciseB. Doing exerciseC. Does exerciseD. Done exerciseSection B (15 points)Directions: There are 5 incomplete statements here. You should fill in each blank with the proper form of the words in the brackets.16. We ought to organise more ________________ events. (society)17. Cars have become a(n) _______________ part of our lives. (dispensable)18. The football match is the most _______________ one I have ever watched. (excite)19. The company threw a ______________ party for Mr Smith last night. (retire)20. He gave her a ________________ punch on the arm. (play)Part III. Reading ComprehensionDirections: This part is to test your reading ability. You will find 2 tasks for you to fulfill. You should read the reading materials carefully and do the tasks as you are instructed.Task 1 (10 points)Directions: After reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. You should make the correct choice.Conducting a party could be the best opportunity to gather and have plenty of conversations with your guests. Parties are the best way to celebrate something special such as birthday, wedding, engagement, baby shower, anniversary and so on. Aside from that, parties could also be a form of pastime or recreation to unwind, relax and throw stress away. Having a casual party with friends helps you get away from the pressure you had from heavy workloads and daily routines. A party can be formal or casual, private or public. There are parties which need to be planned and well organized if it is intended to introduce or honour an important person or special event.One of the most common types of party is theme party. It is a kind of party wherein a specific theme is being selected ahead of time. It is a conceptualized party that has a main theme which serves as a basis and foundation of all the designs and decorations to be used. If it is a party for Halloween, then your theme might be something horrible or scary. You can place spiders and fake blood on the wall to givesome frightening effects to the environment. Using of dim light is more appropriate to this kind of party. There are more theme parties that you can celebrate depending on the event. There are so many online websites who offer various ideas in terms of conceptualizing a theme party. It will be of great help to you if you gather different ideas and information first before you finalize the theme.21. The author’s opinion about party is .A. holding a party is too tiredB. party is a good way to communicate with friendsC. most of the parties are boringD. you shouldn’t make a plan for a party22. Which of the following is NOT true?A. A casual party helps you get away from the pressure you get from work.B. We can hold various parties to celebrate all kinds of events.C. Party should always be very formal.D. You can throw a well-organised party to show honor to an important person.23. A theme party is .A. a party with a name people choose casuallyB. a party that is hard to organiseC. a party held without a purposeD. a party with a special theme selected beforehand24. What might be the meaning of the underlined word “dim”?A. not that brightB. very colorfulC. shiningD. beautiful25. To hold a successful theme party, .A. you don’t need to think a lot about it.B. you’d better know various ideas about it as much as possible.C. it’s better that you design the party a lone.D. you must use something horrible and scary.Task 2 (10 points)Directions: The following are three letters. After reading them, you are required to answer the following questions.Declining letter 2Accepting letter26. Which one is more formal, declining letter 1 or 2?__________________________________________27. Why couldn’t Lucie accept Mrs Smith’s invitation for dinner?__________________________________________28. What did Suzy invite Catherine to do?__________________________________________29. What did John Kerry write the letter for?__________________________________________30. What time is proper for John’s delegation to visit Henan?__________________________________________Dear President Wang,I have reviewed the best possible dates for a small delegation of 3-5 people to visitHenan Province and our three co-operating colleges as you had so graciously suggestedin your letter. The best time for us would be for 5 to 7 days during September or Octoberwhen your school year in underway again.Thank you for your consideration in this matter and look forward to visiting HenanProvince and our co-operative colleges again.Warm personal regards.Sincerely,John KerryPresidentPart IV. Translation (15 points)Directions: This part is to test your ability to translate English into Chinese. Each of the two sentences is followed by four choices of suggested translation marked A, B and C. Make the best choice. For the paragraph numbered 33, write your translation in the corresponding space.31. The party last night was so exciting that we all had a good time.A. 昨晚我们有很充足的时间在聚会上玩儿。

紮根理論的發展
心理學、人類學、教育學、社會工作等領域的 研究，亦逐漸運用紮根理論的程序，或與其他 質的或量的方法論並用。 紮根理論對諸多日常生活領域具有高度的應用 性。 應用紮根理論的研究者受到當代學術趨勢影響 甚巨，包括俗民方法論、女性主義、政治經濟 學、後現代主義等，為紮根理論引進更豐富的 概念。
對關係的陳述（the statements of relationship）解釋了事 件發生的誰、什麼、何時、何處、為什麼、如何，及 其結果。一旦概念透過彼此間關係的陳述而彼此發生 關連，形成了一個解釋性的理論架構，研究發現即超 越了概念性排序而轉變成理論。
研究的循環性歷程
研究被視為一項「循環性歷程」（a circular process。在研究歷程的所有階 段，資料蒐集和分析均可以質性和量 化兩種模式及其不同程度之組合，來 加以處理。也可以容許來來回回的交 互運用，使質性資料能作量化分析， 或量化資料進行質性分析。
開放編碼的內涵
類別
飛行物
概念
飛機
飛鳥
風箏
蝴蝶
屬性
面向
理論性比較
系統性比較（systematic comparison）意指將資 料中的事例，和從經驗或文獻中擷取的事例來 加以比較。比較的目的是促使研究者敏銳覺察 資料中的屬性和面向
• 近端（close-in）比較：與研究者想要探索的概念具 有相似的性質，例如使用藥物和酒精
• 遠端（far-out）比較：與所探索的概念並不相似， 例如嗑藥者和專業小提琴家、心理治療師和妓女
詢問問題
– 時間性（temporal）問題，諸如頻率（frequency）、 期間（duration）、速率（rate）和時機（timing）。
– 空間性（partial）問題，諸如多少空間（space）、何 處（where）、是否受到限制（circumscribed），以及 開放（open）或封閉（closed）等。

成人素质希望量表的信效度检验陈灿锐，申荷永，李淅琮（华南师范大学教育科学院心理系，广东广州510631）【摘要】目的：探讨成人素质希望量表的信度和效度。

方法：用成人素质希望量表调查410名学生，评定该量表的内部一致性、重测信度、结构效度和效标效度。

结果：①量表总分及两个因子的Cronbach α系数均达0.70以上，重测信度系数为0.86；②验证性因素分析支持原有模型，RMSEA=0.098，SRMR=0.060，GFI=0.94，AGFI=0.91，NNFI=0.85；③希望量表总分与积极应对方式呈正相关r =0.47，与消极应对方式呈负相关r =-0.27；与满意度呈显著正相关r =0.47(均P <0.01)；④希望存在受教育程度间的差异(F =7.31，P <0.001)，大学生的希望水平显著高于高中生，希望水平的性别差异不显著。

结论：希望量表可用于评定我国学生的希望水平。

【关键词】希望；学生；信度；效度；横断面研究中图分类号:R395.1文献标识码:A文章编号:1005-3611(2009)01-0024-03Reliability and Validity of Adult Dispositional Hope ScaleCHEN Can-rui ，SHEN He-yong ，LI Xi-congPsychology Department ，South-China Normal University ，Guangzhou 510631，China【Abstract 】Objective ：To explore the reliability and validity of Hope Scale.Methods ：410students were administratedHope Scale.The internal reliability,test-retest reliability,construct validity and criterion validity were examined;Results ：①The Cronbach αcoefficients were larger than 0.7,and the retest coefficients were 0.86；②Confirmatory factor analysis showed good fit between the data and the construct of scale ，RMSEA=0.098，SRMR=0.060，GFI=0.94，AGFI=0.91，NNFI=0.85；③The total score of Hope Scale was significantly positively correlated with positive coping styles (r =0.47)and nega -tively correlated with negative coping styles (r =-0.27)；④There was significant difference in education level (F =7.31，P <0.001)in hope,no difference in sex.Conclusion ：The Hope Scale could be used to assess the hope of Chinese students.【Key words 】Ｈope ；Ｓtudents ；Ｒeliability ；Ｖalidity ；Ｃross-sectional study【基金项目】教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地2006年度重大项目，心理分析技术与学校心理教育应用研究（06JJD880021）通讯作者：陈灿锐20世纪80年代以来，随着积极心理学研究思潮的兴起，希望开始进入科学心理学的研究视野。

风口制作流程Title: The Production Process of Creating a HotspotTitle: 风口制作流程In the modern age of technology and innovation, creating a hotspot has become a popular trend.The production process involves several steps to ensure the successful creation of a functional and visually appealing hotspot.在现代技术和创新的时代，制作风口已经成为一种流行趋势。

制作过程包括几个步骤，以确保成功创建一个功能齐全且视觉吸引人的风口。

The first step in the production process is to conceptualize the design.This involves brainstorming ideas and creating a rough sketch of the desired look and functionality of the hotspot.制作过程的第一步是构思设计。

这包括头脑风暴想法并创建一个粗略的草图，以展示风口所需的外观和功能。

The next step is to select the appropriate materials.This may include choosing the right type of metal, plastic, or other materials that will be used to construct the hotspot.接下来的一步是选择合适的材料。

这可能包括选择正确的金属、塑料或其他材料，用于构建风口。

Once the materials have been selected, the next step is to start the construction process.This involves cutting, shaping, and welding thematerials together to create the desired shape and structure of the hotspot.一旦选定了材料，下一步就是开始建造过程。

我想成为一名建筑工程师英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Dream of Becoming an ArchitectEver since I was a very little kid, I've been fascinated by buildings. When I was just 4 years old, my parents took me to visit the big city for the first time. As we drove along the highway, I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw the skyline of tall skyscrapers reaching up to the clouds. "Wow!" I exclaimed, pressing my nose against the car window. "Those buildings are so tall! How did they get up there?"From that moment on, I became obsessed with architecture. Whenever we went somewhere new, the first thing I noticed were the shapes, sizes, and styles of the buildings around us. I loved spotting houses with pointy turrets that looked like they belonged in a castle. Stores and offices with huge glass windows all over were my favorite. But most of all, I was in awe of the massive skyscrapers that seemed to stretch on forever.On my 6th birthday, my parents got me a big set of building blocks. While my friends used theirs to make regular houses andtowers, I challenged myself to create more unique designs. I started making buildings with curved walls, arches, pillars, bridges between sections, and all sorts of weird angles. My bedroom floor became covered in a miniature city of my own invention.In school, my favorite subjects were anything related to math, geometry, art, and design. I enjoyed solving complicated math problems and doodling imaginative sketches during class. But my true passion was when we had engineering and construction projects. While the other kids followed the instructions to a tee, I experimented with my own innovative ideas to build better, more creative versions.For my 8th birthday, my aunt and uncle gifted me architecture software for my computer. I spent hours every day designing and constructing virtual buildings, homes, and skyscrapers. I learned all about architectural styles, structural integrity, building materials, and urban planning. Sometimes I stayed up past my bedtime, too engrossed in perfecting my latest towering creation."Matthew, why are you so obsessed with this architecture stuff?" my little brother Jason asked me one day. "It's just a bunch of dumb buildings that old people design for work."I laughed at his comment. How could I explain to a6-year-old how architecture is so much more than just piles of bricks and steel? To me, it's a form of art. Architects get to plan and design brand new worlds from scratch - creatingexpressive landmarks that sculpt our cities and define our communities. Every building, whether it's a house, office, museum, or skyscraper, starts as a vision in an architect's imagination before they make it a reality.What endlessly fascinates me is how architecture combines technical design with human-centered innovation. Not only do architects need an expert understanding of engineering, math, materials, and physics - but they also have to blend that knowledge with creativity, art, and a consideration for how people experience and utilize the spaces they envision.For example, let's take a cathedral with soaring Roman arches and stained glass windows. Not only does it require precise mathematical calculations and construction knowhow to build those sweeping stone archways and prevent structural collapse, but the architect has to carefully design how the play of light and shadows hits the space. They have to make it feel sacred, inspirational, and easy to navigate for crowds - all while making it structurally sound and sustainable.Or let's look at something more modern, like an art museum filled with winding walkways that flow between segmented galleries. To make a breathtaking design like that, the architect needs to combine their engineering mastery with an eye for aesthetics. They may use tons of large windows to let natural light pour inside. They also have to consider the best ways to arrange each space and control visitor flow based on viewing angles and walking paths. Every single aspect gets meticulously planned out.To me, that process of conceptualizing, designing, and bringing new buildings and cityscapes to life is nothing short of magic. I dream of one day being the architect that dreams up iconic skyscrapers thatdefine city skylines for decades to come. Or coming up with sleek, modern commercial spaces that energize neighborhoods and public parks that bring communities together. Every time I look at the toweringhigh-rises around my city, I imagine myself as the visionary mind that first drafted them on a piece of paper before they became tangible, real-world structures of glass, steel, and concrete.Whenever we learned about famous landmark buildings in school like the Eiffel Tower, Sydney Opera House, or Empire State Building, I found myself doodling my own grandiosebuilding ideas in my notebook instead of listening. I wonder what kind of iconic, mind-bending, futuristic structures I could bring into the world with my imagination. The possibilities seem endless.Some kids want to be firefighters, veterinarians, athletes or astronauts when they grow up. Not me - I know without a doubt that I'm going to be an architect. I look around my bedroom at the architectural models I've built, thebooks about design that I've read cover-to-cover, and the software I've mastered for drafting virtual blueprints and fly-through visualizations. Becoming an architect isn't just a career choice, it's my destiny and life's calling.I can't wait until I'm older and can finally start studying architecture in university. There, I'll learn every nook and cranny of architectural history and modern innovations. I'll become an expert inphysics, engineering, and urban planning. Most importantly, I'll finesse my skills in conceptualization, design principles, and creative visionary thinking to dream up amazing new possibilities for designed spaces and the built environment.Once I earn my architecture degree, I plan to apprentice at a prestigious firm in a fast-paced, future-focused city. I'll start small by lending my ideas to lesser projects, but one day my bigbreak will come. Maybe I'll get hired to design an iconic skyscraper that makes the cover of architecture magazines. Or dream up a new town square, transportation hub, or mixed-use development that totally transforms its location for the better. Regardless of the project, you can bet my architectural stamp will be on daring, convention-shattering innovations that push creative boundaries.After establishing my reputation and winning awards, I'll start my own architecture firm. We'll attract elite clients looking to construct the world's most cutting-edge, ambitious projects. My firm's concepts and renderings will be featured in art galleries as gorgeous, imaginative works of engineering and sculptural brilliance. Simply put, we'll make the buildings of the future that remake cities and societies.So for now, I'll keep indulging my obsession with watching new building construction sites around town and periodically updating my design software subscriptions. I'll keep studying the math, materials, and physics that architects utilize. And most of all, I'll keep filling up sketchbook after sketchbook with pages of wild, grandiose building concepts that conventional architecture firms would scoff at - but will one day seem visionary.Because from the time I was 4 years old, I've felt an undying passion and calling to create new designed spaces that define the physical world around us. To me, pursuing any other career simply isn't an option. I was born to be an architect, and that's exactly what I'll become - the most innovative, revolutionary architect theworld has ever seen. I can't wait to start designing the future.篇2I Want to Be an Architectural EngineerEver since I was a little kid, I've been fascinated by buildings – how they are designed, the different shapes and sizes, and all the thought and work that goes into constructing them. Whenever my family would go on road trips, I would stare out the window in awe at the skylines of the cities we passed through, mesmerized by the tall skyscrapers reaching up to the clouds. My parents would chuckle as I asked endless questions about the buildings – "How did they get that one so tall?" "Why did they make that one curve in the middle like that?" "How do they get the windows to stay in place?"That curiosity about the majesty of human construction has only grown as I've gotten older. I find myself constantlyimagining what it would be like to design incredible structures from the ground up. To transform an empty lot into something grand and iconic through careful planning, mathematical precision, and visionary artistry. The prospect of being an architectural engineer who helps make the bold ideas of architects into physical reality is incredibly exciting to me.I love the way architectural engineering blends so many different fields into one. It takes the creativity of art and design to dream up eye-catching forms. It requires mastery of physics, mathematics, and engineering principles to ensure the structural integrity and safety. Materials science comes into play in specifying the ideal types of steel, concrete, glass and other components. Construction management skills are vital to oversee the entire building process efficiently. Even aspects like environmental sustainability, zoning laws, and project budgeting are key considerations an architectural engineer must account for.The way all those diverse disciplines intersect to manifest buildings that can both wow us with their beauty and stand the test of time is simply amazing to me. I've started paying closer attention in my math, science, and art classes, as I know gaining strong foundations in those subjects now will be critical for myfuture career goals. I'm working hard to develop skills like problem-solving, attention to detail, visualization abilities, and teamwork that are important for thriving as an architectural engineer.My dream is to one day design skyscrapers and other monumental edifices that will take people's breath away while safely sheltering them for decades to come. I want to be able to point to iconic buildings gracing skylines across the world and be able to say "I had a hand in creating that." The thrill of witnessing the gradual transformation of my precise blueprints into a towering reality would be immensely gratifying. And knowing that what I helped build will likely be around long after I'm gone, housing and inspiring generation after generation, is profoundly meaningful.Of course, the path to becoming a successful architectural engineer is incredibly challenging and will require an immense amount of perseverance. After high school, I'll need to earn a four-year undergraduate degree in architectural engineering from a top university program. This will involve intensive coursework in subjects like mathematics, physics, design, statics, materials science, and structural analysis. During summers, I'll strive to land internships at engineering firms to gain vitalexperience applying my learning in the real world and start building my network in the industry.Once I have my bachelor's degree, I'll need to first get licensed as an Engineer in Training by passing the Fundamentals of Engineering exam. I'll then need several years of work experience under the supervision of a Professional Architectural Engineer before I can sit for the Principles and Practice of Engineering exam to finally earn my Professional Architectural Engineering license and credential. Even after accomplishing all of that, continuous learning will be essential to keeping up with evolving construction methods, materials, software, codes and regulations over the course of my career.The road ahead is daunting, but my passion for this field burns brightly. When I picture myself decades from now as a seasoned architectural engineer, I imagine feeling an immense sense of pride. Pride in the iconic skylines I've helped shape with ingenuity and artistry. Pride in being part of a legacy of human engineering that has defied gravity to create transcendent works of utility and beauty. Pride in building environments that have enriched people's lives by providing safe spaces to live, work and commune. Knowing that my education, creativity and labor havequite literally left an indelible mark on cities around the world would be the greatest sense of purpose I could ask for.So I will joyfully embrace the demanding journey ahead, paying my dues through grueling math courses, punishing exams, and long hours on drafting tables and job sites. For every all-nighter I spend poring over structural calculations, I'll be dreaming of manifesting those numbers into towering reality. Each time I'm deciphering a tangle of pipes, beams and electrical chases, it will be with the fervent hope of bringing order to urban complexity through ingenious design. The relentless pursuit of this dream job is what will get me through the hardest challenges of my training.I can't wait to one day walk into the offices of a prestigious architectural engineering firm, proving my passion, knowledge and skills to become part of their talented teams. To work shoulder-to-shoulder with brilliant architects, exchanging ideas and perfecting designs. To guide those visions through every phase from preliminary sketches to final construction. Until at last, I'll be able to look up at soaring new cityscapes and feel a overwhelming sense of pride and awe – because I helped build that.篇3My Dream of Becoming an ArchitectEver since I was a very little kid, I've been completely fascinated by buildings. Whenever my family would go downtown, I would stare up at the huge skyscrapers in total awe. How did people design and construct something so enormously tall and complex? The thought of creating structures like that seemed like magic to me.When I was around 5 years old, I remember walking through the fancy neighborhood near my grandma's house. All the homes were these beautiful, sprawling mansions with stunning architecture. I would stop and examine each one, soaking in all the intricate details like the carved front doors, the decorative columns, the multi-paned windows, and the grand entranceways. In my head, I would imagine what each house must look like on the inside based on how it appeared from the street. I wondered who the architects were that had dreamed up and brought to life each magnificent design.In kindergarten, I was always building things during free play time. While the other kids played house or with toy cars, I would spend hours meticulously constructing skyscraper models using wooden blocks and Legos. I became obsessed with making my towers as tall as possible without them collapsing. If they fellover, I would study where the flaws were and redesign them to be sturdier and more structurally sound. My teacher commented that I seemed to have a real talent for spatial reasoning and an engineering kind of mindset even at such a young age.As I got older, my passion for admiring and analyzing building design and construction never waned. On road trips, I would eagerly scan the landscapes we passed, examining every kind of structure from houses to office buildings to barns to bridges. In my free time, I would pore over books and websites about famous landmark architecture like the Eiffel Tower, the Pyramids of Giza, the Taj Mahal, and the Empire State Building. I was endlessly fascinated by learning the histories behind how each was conceived and brought into existence through creative vision combined with mathematical precision and construction expertise.In 3rd grade, we had an assignment to research a career and give a presentation about it to the class. There was no question in my mind what I wanted to explore - I chose to become an "architect expert." I remember spending weeks reading everything I could about the architecture profession. I learned about the different roles that architects play in the design and construction process. I studied the skills and specializedknowledge they need, like mathematics, physics, engineering concepts, computer-aided design and drafting software proficiency, drawing and sketching abilities, creativity, problem-solving skills, and an eye for aesthetic appeal. I poured over pictures and descriptions of all the diverse types of architect jobs, from residential to commercial to landscape to industrial. By the time I gave my presentation, I had decided without a doubt that I wanted to be an architect when I grew up.Ever since then, I have been completely devoted to preparing myself to make that dream my reality. I take every opportunity I can to practice and develop the talents that architects need. In art class, I always pick drawing and sketching projects so I can refine my design skills. When we do STEM activities in science, I get really into the engineering challenges of constructing sturdy towers, bridges, and other models following precise schematics and measurements. I enjoy the math assignments that involve concepts like geometry, angles, and calculating area because I know how essential those skills are for architectural design work.On vacation, instead of visiting typical tourist attractions, I always beg my parents to take me to see amazing feats of architecture like the iconic Sydney Opera House in Australia orthe breathtaking Alhambra palace in Spain. I love touring the buildings to learn about the cultural history, inspiration, and ingenious construction methods behind them. I take lots of pictures and sketch some of the key design elements. When we returned from our trip to Italy, I spent weeks making a huge diorama model of the Colosseum that I had visited and marveled at in person.At home, I am constantly building and constructing things not just for fun, but as learning opportunities too. In my room, I have shelves lined with Lego sets, model car kits, robotic toys that I can program and customize, and endless prototypes of buildings and structures that I have designed myself using the computer program SketchUp. In the backyard, I am always working on some kind of fort, clubhouse or shed using basic tools and construction materials like wood planks, nails, and canvas tarps. I take pride in creating spaces that are not just functional, but also visually appealing with interesting flourishes and decorative touches.My ultimate dream is to one day be an architect who designs skyscrapers and landmark buildings that will be cherished iconic symbols of cities around the world. I aspire to create breathtaking structures that blend form and function, mergingmind-blowing creativity with ultra-precise calculations that allow my designs to literally stand tall for centuries. I want to erect edifices that don't just provide space for homes, offices, and communities to exist, but that enhance people's quality of life through uplifting aesthetics and smart, innovative amenities.I know becoming an architect will require many years of hard work and specialized education. But I am prepared to put in the immense effort it will take to turn my childhood dream into a reality. I plan to take plenty of advanced math, science, computer, and art courses in high school and college to build the necessary skills. I hope to have opportunities to intern at architecture firms and get hands-on experience while I'm still a student. After getting my master's degree in architecture, I am committed to tirelessly applying my knowledge and talents in pursuit of landing my dream job designing the awe-inspiring structures that will define modern cityscapes.Ever since I was a little kid gaping up at towering skyscrapers in total amazement, I've had this burning desire to understand how such incredible feats of engineering and design come to be. My fascination with building design and construction has only grown stronger over the years as I've learned more about the challenging but rewarding career of architecture. While it will bea long journey full of hard work, I can't imagine any path more fulfilling than getting to channel my passion for creating innovative, functional, and beautiful spaces into making a lasting impact on the world through my designs. I can't wait to one day be the architect responsible for an iconic new landmark that people will点赞at with the same sense of awe and wonder I've felt since childhood.。