American Finance Association
Founding-Family Ownership and Firm Performance: Evidence from the S&P 500
Author(s): Ronald C. Anderson and David M. Reeb
Source: The Journal of Finance, Vol. 58, No. 3 (Jun., 2003), pp. 1301-1328
Published by: Blackwell Publishing for the American Finance Association
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Book 1 课后翻译原题及答案 Unit1 1.对于网络课程，学生不仅可以选择何时何地学习，在回答问题之前他们还可以有时间思考答案。 Not only can students choose when and where to learn for an online course, but they can also take time to think through answers before making a reply. 2.学习的想法使她非常兴奋，而他认为网上学习毫无意义和用处。 She is excited by the idea of online learning while be considers it meaningless and useless. 3.与以英语为母语的人交谈是非常有益的体验，从中我们能学到许多东西。 Communicating with native English speakers is a very rewarding experience from which we can learn a lot. 4. 如今，越来越多的人可以利用互联网查找他们需要的信息。 Today, more and more people have access to the Internet through which they look for the information they need. 5. 他要她放弃工作在家照顾孩子，但是她觉得这个要求太过分了。He wants her to give up working and stay home to look after the children. She feels, however, that this is too much for her. 6.既然我们已经学完这门课程，就应该多做些复习。 Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. 1. 我永远都不会忘记那位老师，是他告诉我学外语是有趣的、有价值的。如果没有他，我的英语说得不会像现在这样好。I'll never forget the teacher who showed me that learning a foreign language could be fun and rewarding. Were it not for him, I would not be able to speak English as well as I do now. 2 没有任何其他语言能像英语那样让你感受到多姿多彩的世界文化。有了过硬的英语知识，你就可以体验奇妙的文化之旅.No other language lets you experience the cultures of the world like English. With a strong knowledge of the English language, you can have wonderful cultural adventures. 3. 写作不仅仅要写老师布置的话题，而且要写自己感兴趣的东西，例如，给朋友写电子邮件。 Instead of only writing compositions about the subjects that your teacher has given you, do something enjoyable, like writing emails to a friend. 4. 远程教学课程是指授课者与学生通过计算机通信技术进行交流的课程。Distance learning courses are courses in which the instructor communicates with students using computer technology. 5. 英语不但是世界上最有用的语言，也是世界上最易学、易用的语言之一。English is not only the most useful language in the world, but it is also one of the easiest languages to learn and to use. 6远程教学课程在时间安排上给予学生更多的自由，但与其他课程比，这些课程要求学生有更强的自律能力。Distance learning courses give students greater freedom of time management, but these classes require more self-discipline than other classes. Unit2 1.当她就要关掉音乐时，她父亲冲进她的房间，朝着她喊道：“难道你就不能把音乐关小一点？” As she was about to turn off the music, her father burst into he room and shouted at her, “Can’t you turn down the music a little bit?" 2.酒吧老板一直在看那个姑娘跳舞，一面却假装没有看。 The owner of the bar kept watching the girl dancing while pretending not to. 3.桑迪如此喜欢摇滚音乐以至不顾父亲的屏蔽内容而将音量放大。 Rock music appealed to Sandy so much that she turned it up, paying no attention to her father’s objection. 4.像往常一样，当他的父母不喜欢他的穿着时，便开始唠叨他。 As usual, when his parents don’t like what he wears, they start bugging him. 5.在会上，他们讨论了如何保持师生间的沟通渠道畅通。 At the meeting they discussed how to keep the lines of communication open between teachers and students. 6.一想到这些年幼的男孩和女孩被父母强迫沿街讨钱我就生气。It makes my blood boil to think of these young boys and girls who are forced by their parents to beg for money along the streets. 1. 我认为那些在镇上游手好闲、在身上又文身又穿洞的青少年是在表达他们的个性。I suppose teenagers walking around town with tattoos and piercings all over their bodies are expressing themselves. 2. 因特网提供了一种更快捷的方式，让我们与全球的新老客户取得联系，并保持沟通渠道畅通无阻。The Internet gives us a faster way to reach new and existing customers around the world and to keep the lines of communication widely open. 3. 父母与自己十多岁的孩子的沟通问题不仅仅在于“代沟”，而且还在于双方都不完全理解对方的思想。The problem of communication between parents and their teenage children does not only lie in the "generation gap", but also in the fact that neither side fully understands the ideas of the other side.
产品研发管理流程 1. 概述 本流程目的 描述公司产品研发的管理流程。通过本流程的实施，确保研发方向正确，阶段目标清晰，项目过程可控，从而确保按照预期计划完成产品研发和上市销售，为公司战略的实现提供支持。 术语、定义和缩略语 1、产品：指公司研发的、在市场上可以单独销售的系统。我公司的产品，主要是以ASP 方式运营的软件系统和服务。 2、产品生命周期：从产品创意开始，到产品退出市场的全部过程。 3、产品项目：为研发产品的某个版本，有一定的进度、资源、质量要求所作的暂时性 的努力； 4、产品项目生命周期：从项目策划开始、到项目结项为止的时间周期。产品项目生命 周期一般是产品生命周期的部分阶段； 角色和职责 1、产品经理：负责产品生命周期的全过程管理和组织协调。与产品项目相关的主要职 责包括： 1)负责产品定义，找到市场需求、目标客户和销售卖点； 2)进行产品各版本的规划，下达产品项目的研发任务； 3)在产品项目过程中，负责需求管理和总体进度控制，确保产品按时发布； 4)在产品项目研发的同时，产品经理组织完成“产品包装与销售支持”工作。 2、产品项目经理：负责产品项目生命周期的统筹安排、任务跟踪和组织协调。在产品 项目生命周期中，向产品经理负责。主要职责包括： 1)接受产品项目的研发任务，组建项目团队，进行项目工作的统筹安排； 2)组织产品实现，确保产品满足规划； 3)负责产品项目的任务跟踪和组织协调。对于进度、需求或设计的变更，提出变 更申请；对于存在的问题，进行跨部门沟通，并组织、协调资源解决。 3、产品项目组成：一般包括如下角色 1)产品项目经理：负责产品项目组的统筹管理； 2)需求分析工程师：负责需求分析； 3)UI设计工程师：负责页面设计； 4)架构设计师：负责产品的总体架构设计； 5)系统集成工程师：设计产品的系统部署方案，搭建系统部署环境； 6)开发工程师：负责概要设计、详细设计和编码，配合系统的技术发布； 7)测试工程师：负责随测和版本测试，验证产品符合性； 8)系统配置工程师：搭建测试环境、验证安装文档、提供产品盘，配合系统的技 术发布； 9)运维工程师：编写产品的部署或升级计划，完成产品的技术发布，反馈使用中 的问题。 4、产品团队组成：产品团队除了包括产品项目组的所有成员，还包括如下角色： 1)产品经理：负责产品团队的统筹管理； 2)公司高层领导：制定产品战略，提出市场方向； 3)商务人员：协助市场需求调研；组织产品销售和用户培训，收集并反馈用户意 见和建议；
相关单位商务部项目科采购部技术科项目报价图纸及项目报价 报价零件清单 阶段评审 项目承接通知 单 召开项目启动 会 技术转化 初始工艺方案 提交委外采购 需求(模, 夹检 具 ) 寻委外供应商 原材料需求计原材料采购 划 外协外购件外协外购厂 需求计划家定点 实验设备需实验设备购 求买 产能需求表生产设备购 买 讨论模、夹报 价工艺方案 签定技术协议 项目进度表 阶段评审 汇总项目进签定采购合 度表 提交项目进 会签模、夹 冲压件开发《过程价值流程图》 质量部供应商 相关表单及文件流程说明 生产部 《新产品工艺定额表》由商务部和技术部技术科主导 , 抄送冲压项目科. 《阶段评审表》由项目组织该会议 , 参与部门采购部、质量部、技术科。 零件检测方案 《产品信息表》由商务部下产品开发通知到技术部项目科。 编制 《零件清单》、《会议通知单》由项目下会议通知单召开项目启动会，参与部门 《小组成员职责表》商务中心、采购中心、质量部、技术部、制造和 《会议纪要》、《项目进度表》物控部。 《工艺方案表》工艺方案表包括初始流程图、模具数量、材料利用 率、使用设备等要求 , 发采购部抄送项目科。 《试制材料采购订单》项目提交材料替代单给客户确认后申请采购原材料。 《物料采购申请单》由项目科下申请单给采购部. 《设备请购单》设备请购单由项目申请 , 相关部门配合项目。 提交模、夹、 检报价工艺 讨论检具报 《技术协议》工艺讨论需项目、技术、质量、采购进行确认。 价方案 《最终工艺方案》 签定技术协议《模具制作进度表》由项目汇总进度表并进行跟踪，同时发给客户和相 《检具制作进度表》关部门。 项目进度表 《夹具制作进度表》 《阶段评审表》由项目组织该会议 , 参与部门采购部、质量部、技术科。 NG提交模、夹、 NG 会签检具制 会签模、夹阶段评审 NG提交模、夹、 检结构设计 NG 会签检具制 作结构设计 模、夹、检 制作过程问 题点解决 《工装工艺评审单》评审单需由项目、技术、质量、生产、采购进行会签， 《特殊特性清单》要求按《冲压模具设计管理标准》、《工装夹具管理 《实验计划》标准》、《专用检具管理标准》, 由项目科完成 PDM系 《过程流程图》统内的零件图档录入及特殊特性清单、实验计划及过 程流程图试制版下发. 《工装结构设计评审单》评审单需由项目、技术、质量、采购进行会签， 《检具检测方案评审单》要求按《冲压模具设计管理标准》、《工装夹具 管理标准》、《专用检具管理标准》. 《阶段评审表》由项目组织该会议 , 参与部门采购部、质量部、技术科. 《保模检查记录表》保模和铸件检查需项目、技术、采购参与并邀请客 《铸件检查记录表》户参加 ( 如客户要求 ) ，要求按《冲压模具验收管理 《铸件检查记录表》标准》、《工装夹具管理标准》、《专用检具管理 标准》. 提供技术支持 模、夹工装预验收提供技术支 检具预验收 配合模、夹、 模、夹、检问 题点整改移型 《调试纪录表》 《问题点纪录表》 《检具检测报告》模、夹、检预验收需项目、技术、采购、质量参与并 《动、静态验收报告》邀请客户参加 ( 如客户需要 ), 验收标准按《冲压模具验 《零件检测报告》收管理标准》、《工装夹具管理标准》、《专用检具 《问题点纪录表》管理标准》 . 由项目科完成控制计划、PFEMA及技术科 《备品备件清单》完成《作业指导书》等文件试制版下发. 《控制计划》 《PFEMA》 《作业指导书》 生产走线，阶段评审生产走线，《问题点纪录表》确认问题点修改完成情况. 小批量试生 产准备 过程能力分小批量试生 《阶段评审表》由项目组织该会议 , 参与部门采购部、质量部、技术科.析
Unit1 1、她连水也不愿喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。（much less） She wouldn't take a drink much less would she stay for dinner. 2、他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。（whereas） He thought I was lying to him,whereas I was telling the truth . 3、这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎么解释？（account for） How do you account for the fact that you have been late everyday this week. 4、他们的利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。（due to） The increase of their profits is due partly to the their new market strategy. 5、这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。（result in） Such measure are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency 6、我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们只能继续。（pour into） We have to carry on because we have already poured a lot of time and energy into this project 1.I don’t think that he would commit robbery ,muchless would he commit Violent robbery. 我认为他不会抢劫,更不用说暴力抢劫了. 2. Men earn ten dollars an hour on average ,whereas women only seven dollars. 男工平均工资每小时10美元,而女工才每小时7美元. 3.Once the balance in nature is disburbed ,it will result in a number of unforeseeable effect. 自然界的平衡一旦遭到破坏,就会带来很多不可预知的影响. 4.The final examinati on is close at hand ; you ‘d better spend more time reading. 期终考试迫在眉睫,你最好多花点时间看书. 5.What is interesting is that consumers find it increasingly difficult to dientify the nationality of certain brands. This is due partly to globalization and partly to changes in the location of production. 有趣的是,消费者发现越来越难以辨别某些品牌的原产国.其部分原因来自于全球化带来的影响,部分原因是由于产地的变化. 6.A recent survey showed that women account fot 40percent of the total workforce. 最近一次调查表明,妇女占总劳动力的40%. Unit3 1、你再怎么有经验，也得学习新技术。 You are never too experienced to learn new techniques. 2、还存在一个问题，那就是派谁去带领哪里的研究工作。（Use an appositional structure) There remains one problem,namely ,who should be sent to head the research there. 3、由于文化的不同，他们的关系在开始确实遇到了一些困难。 There relationship did meet with some difficulty at the beginning because of cultural differences. 4、虽然他经历浮沉，但我始终相信他总有一天会成功的。 Though he has had ups and downs ,I believed all along that he would succeed someday. 5、我对你的说法的真实性有些保留看法。
新视野大学英语（第二版）读写教程2 1至7单元课后翻译答案总结 IA：她连水都不愿意喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。 She wouldn’t take a drink , much less would she stay for dinner. 他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。 He thought I was lying to him , whereas I was telling the truth. 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎样解释? How do you account for the fact you have been late every day this week？ 他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。 The increase in their profits is due to their new market strategy. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率得提高。 Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency. 我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们只能继续。 We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project , so we have to carry on. IIA: 尽管她是家里的独生女，他父母也从不溺爱她。 Despite the fact that she is the only child in the family , her parents never baby her .
注意事项 Part 1 Cloze (with four choices provided) (每小题：2.5 分) Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. Questions 1 to 20 are based on the following passage. When I was growing up, I went to Catholic (天主教的) school. Some people think that Catholic schools are 1. for cultivating religious beliefs. However, many Catholic schools concentrate on 2. the behavior of kids who have done poorly in public schools. In public schools there are 3. rules. Rules are plentiful at Catholic schools, and someone is always making sure they are 4. . Most people believe that nuns (修女) are kind women who have 5. their lives to their religion. Our headmaster, Sister Mary Elizabeth, was the meanest woman I 6. met. She smoked and 7. and carried a ruler through the halls. She'd use it to hit students who were not 8. . She even kept an even bigger stick in
产品研发管理流程图及工作标准
v1.0 可编辑可修改
（一）产品研发管理流程图
部门名称 产品研发部
流程名称
研发项目管理流程
层次
2
任务概要
研发项目组织、实施
单位
总裁
技术总监
产品研发部
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2 3
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公司名称 1
公司指令 审批 审批 审批 审批
密级
项目立项编制 项目方案
方案可行性 研讨
制订详细研发 方案
生产建议
有关部门和 单位配合 有关部门或 设计院配合
编制项目研发 计划
制订实施方案 组织实施 组织验收 交付使用
结束
有关部门和 单位配合 有关部门 配合 有关车间投 入使用
共页第页
编制单位
签发人
v1.0 可编辑可修改
签发日期
（二）采购比价管理工作标准
任务 名称
节点
任务程序、重点及标准
时限
相关资料
B2
D2 项目 C2 研发 与立
项
程序 ☆公司向产品研发部下达项目研发指令 ☆ 相关部门或生产单位提出项目研发建议,产品
研发部、技术总监、相关部门讨论、立项 ☆产品研发部编制技术工艺局部调整初步实施方案 重点 ☆项目研发的调研、讨论,编制初步实施方案
即时 即时
一、《公司技 改制度》
依计划情况定
标准
☆项目研发方案的撰写
程序
☆ 产品研发部组织相关部门和单位参加研讨项目
C3
研发方案的可行性
依计划情况定
D3 项目
研发 C4 方案 D4 确定
☆ 产品研发部将研讨后的方案报技术总监审定， 总裁审批
1 个工作日内
一、《公司技 改制度》
☆ 依据总裁、技术总监审批的方案，产品研发部制订详 依计划情况定
细研发方案，有关部门或外部设计院配合
☆产品研发总将最终方案报技术总监审批
1 个工作日内
重点
☆研发项目方案的研讨、修改
标准
☆研发项目方案的最终确定
程序 2
Click ONCE on the speaker icon to start listening! 放音结束前请不要离开本页。否则就听不成啦! Part 1 Understanding Short Conversations (每小题： 分) Directions: In this section you'll hear some short conversations. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the questions you hear. Questions 1 to 1 are based on the following passage or dialog. 1. A. The woman has an angel. B. The woman is a new mother. C. The woman is perfect. D. The woman is like a baby. Questions 2 to 2 are based on the following passage or dialog. 2. A. The baby has to worry a lot about little accidents. B. The man has baby-proofed his home. C. An unsafe home is good for a baby. D. The woman is more worried about her baby.
3. A. People are more similar than different. B. Chinese people seem different to Americans. C. Chinese people are very different from Americans. D. People all around the world try to be honest. Questions 4 to 4 are based on the following passage or dialog. 4. A. Leaving school early to go to college. B. A parent not being supportive about going to college. C. Leaving home with a young son. D. A child leaving the home at a young age. Questions 5 to 5 are based on the following passage or dialog. 5. A. The man has taken tours of Europe. B. The woman is better than normal. C. Mozart was a genius. D. Mozart was better than all others. Questions 6 to 6 are based on the following passage or dialog.
Vocabulary Unit1. 1.Give the chance to show his ability,he regained confidence and began to succeed in school. 2.It is so difficult to explore the bottom of the ocean because some parts are very deep. 3.It was about30seconds before Alex emerged from the water;we were quite scared. 4.We often assume that when other people do the same things as we do,they do them for the same reasons;but this assumption is not always reasonable. 5.There is widespread concern that the rising unemployment may pose a threat to social stability. 6.After a(n)comprehensive physical exam,my doctor said i was in good condition except that my blood pressure was a little high. 7.It is well known that China is a country with rich natural resources and a very big population. 8.Some people believe that the earth can yield enough food to support at least twice its present population. 9.Sam inherited the gift of imagination from his family,but he lacked the driving power to take action. 10.A bee that found honey is able to transmit to other bees the information they need in other to collect the honey. Unit3. 11.To make our companies competitive in the market,we have to be more creative and productive. 12.People are beginning to realize that to transform nature at will is the biggest mistake that man has ever made. 13.It is difficult to conclude,what a(n)typical student does in his spare time because every student has different interests. 14.A month ago i wrote to the store complaining about its bad service,but i haven’t gotten a(n)response yet. 15.Some of your suggestions have been adopted,but other have been turned down as they are not workable. 16.All of a sudden,he lost his interest in engineering,and focused his attention on learning a foreign language. 17.If a company decreases health benefits for its employees,they should increases salaries to compensate the workers. 18.I failed to pass the exam although i had worked very hard.I should analyze the causes of my failure. 19.When you do yoga,try to regulate your breathing.Don’t breathe too fast and make sure you breathe only through your nose. 20.It was difficult to estimate how many people had been wounded in the earthquake. Unit5. 21.The annual conference which i attend every year is going to be held in London in January next year. 22.According to the terms of your contract,you must give three month’s notice if you intend to leave this company. 23.We were honored that so many people of distinction and talent were present to discuss the issues. 24.The local government has been providing substantial support to them,without which they couldn’t have been so successful. 25.The secret agent promised that the information he furnished was obtained from reliable sources. 26.Whether amateur or professional,American football is perhaps the most popular sport in the US.It attracts a total attendance of over40million and is watched by many more millions on television each year. 27.Shops try to meet the DIY(do-it-yourself)fashion by offering consumers parts and hardware which they
新视野大学英语读写教程第二版第一册翻译题汇总 汉译英 UNIT ONE 1、对于网络课程，学生不仅可以选择何时何地学习，在回答问题之前他们还可以有时间思考答案。 Not only can students choose when and where to learn for an online course, but they can also take time to think through answers before making a reply. 2、网上学习的想法使她非常兴奋，而他认为网上学习毫无意义和用处。（while） She is excited by the idea of online learning while he considers it meaningless and useless. 3、与以英语为母语的人交流是非常有益的体验，从中我们能学到许多东西。（communicate with） Communicating with native English speakers is a very rewarding experience from which we can learn a lot. 4、如今，越来越多的人可以利用互联网查找他们需要的信息。（have access to） Today, more and more people have access to the Internet through which they look for the information they need. 5、他要她放弃工作在家照顾孩子，但她觉得这个要求太过分了。（give up） He wants her to give up working and stay home to look after the children. She feels, however, that this is too much for her. 6、既然我们已经学完这门课程，就应该多做些复习。（now that） Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. UNIT TWO 1. 当她要关掉音乐时，她父亲冲进她的房间，朝着她喊道：“难道你就不能把音乐关小一点？” （Use “as” clause to introduce an action happening at the same time） As she was about to turn off the music, her father burst into he room and shouted at her, “Can’t you turn down the music a little bit?” 2、酒吧的老板一直在看那个姑娘跳舞，一面却装作没有看。（Use “While + doing” structure） The owner of the bar kept watching the girl dancing while pretending not to. 3、桑迪如此喜欢摇滚音乐以致不顾父亲的反对而将音量放大。（appeal to） Rock music appealed to Sandy so much that she turned it up, paying no attention to her father’s objection. 4、像往常一样，当他的父母不喜欢他的衣着时，便开始唠叨他。（as usual） As usual, when his parents don’t like what he wears, they start bugging him. 5、在会上，他们讨论了如何保持师生间的沟通渠道畅通。（keep … open） At the meeting they discussed how to keep the lines of communication open between teachers and students. 6、一想到这些年幼的男孩和女孩被父母强迫沿街讨钱我就生气。（make one’s blood boil） It makes my blood boil to think of these young boys and girls who are forced by their parents to beg for money along the streets. UNIT THREE 1、即使报酬并不优厚，我还是决定接受那个新职位。（even though） I have decided to accept the new post, even though the job is not very well paid. 2、这项工作在实际开始之前，一直被认为是十分简单的。（until + non-finite clause） The job has been taken to be very simple until (it is) actually started. 3、既然你计划移居加拿大，你就必须努力适应冬季的严寒天气。（now that, adjust to） Now that you are planning to move to Canada, you must try to adjust to cold weather in winter. 4、他承诺帮助我们买下那幢房子，但有点勉强。（with reluctance） He promised to help us to buy the house, but with a little reluctance.
新产品开发部门工作流程图讲义
2 2020年4月19日 文档仅供参考 新产品开发部门工作流程图 生产管理部部长-任 新产品开发人员建? 八 授 呈 报 阶段性工作总结* 新产品样品开发 新产品开发过程主要方式 新产品开发策略
附件一：内部管理制度 新产品开发工作，是指运用国内外在基础研究与应用研究中所发现的科学知识及其成果，转变为新产品、新材料、新生产过程等一切非常规性质的技术工作。新产品开发是企业在激励的技术竞争中赖以生存和发展的命脉，是实现”生产一代，试制一代，研究一代和构思一代”的产品升级换代宗旨的重要阶段，它 对企业产品发展方向，产品优势，开拓新市场，提高经济效益等方面起着决定性的作用。因此，新产品开发必须严格遵循产品开发的科学管理程序，即选题（构思。调研和方案论0）样（模丹批沪正式投产前的准备这些重要步骤。 一、调查研究与分析决策 新产品的可行性分析是新产品开发中不可缺少的前期工作 必须在进行充分的技术和市场调查后，对产品的社会需求、市 场占有率、技术现状和发展趋势以及资源效益等五个方面进行科学预测及技术经济的分析论证。 （一）调查研究： 1、调查国内市场和重要用户以及国际重点市场 同类产品的技术现状和改进要求； 2、以国内同类产品市场占有率的前三名以及国 际名牌产品为对象，调查同类产品的质量、价格、
市场及使用情况； 2020年4月19日
3、广泛收集国内部外有关情报和专刊, 然后进行 可行性分析研究。 （二）可行性分析: 1、论证该类产品的技术发展方向和动向。 2、论证市场动态及发展该产品具备的技术优 势。 3、论证发展该产品的资源条件的可行性。（含物 资、设备、能源及外购外协件配套等）。 （三）决策: 1、制定产品发展规划: （1）企业根据国家和地方经济发展的需要、从企业产吕发展方向、发展规模, 发展水平和技术改造方向、 赶超目标以及企业现有条件进行综合调查研究和可 行性分析, 制定企业产品发展规划。 （2）由研究所提出草拟规划, 经厂总师办初步审查由总工程师组织有关部门人员进行慎密的研究定稿后, 报厂长批准, 由计划科下达执行。 2、瞄准世界先进水平和赶超目标, 为提高产品质 量进行新技术、新材料、新工艺、新装备方面的应用研 究: （1）开展产品寿命周期的研究, 促进产品的升级换代,