什么是认知语言学What is cognitive linguistics
答：Cognitive psychology ( cognition ) is one of the
important research f ields in the
three (the other two are will and
emotion ), it is process of
getting knowledge behavior and
ability with emotion, motivation,
intention and mental activity , and
it is also the process of
corresponding to the brain
rational knowledge of things.
Cognition is the core of thinking,
the thinking is belong to cognitive
process. Research in cognitive
science, that is including
perception, knowledge
representation, concept f orm ation,
categori zation, thinking, the brain
to the objective world and their
relationship were treated to
dynamic process of knowing the
world, through mental activity
will of the objective world,
experience in organization,
conceptualized and structured
process. It f ocuses on the
f ollowin
g questions: how human
perception and understanding of
the outside world? How is the
brain perceptual knowledge
abstraction to rational knowledge,
and how to f orm concepts?
How to f orm Human cognitive
pattern and concept system? Dose
the Humans have a common
cognitive system?
Cognitive linguistics is a combination interdisciplinary
subject which are covered with
cognitive psychology and
linguistics .On the one hand, it
from the human cognition, it
means that people study
language use the angle
observation; on the other hand,
cognitive linguistics regards
language as a cognitive activity,
that language is cognitive to the
world experience results of
organization, is the important part
of cognitive. Through the
phenomenon of language rules
and the universality of the
observation, analysis of language
ref lects the cognitive orientation,
from every level of language to
explore the cognitive and
linguistic relations and their
properties, that language is the
product of human cognition,
cognitive ability and its law of
development and the common. To
sum up, cognitive linguistics
research includes two aspects, one
is the language concept f ormation
process of cognition, which is
how to use the language symbols
of things are conceptualized, it
relates to the basic concepts and
cognitive schema, imagery and
Metaphor Cognitive Model; one
is language use and understanding
of the cognitive process, i.e. how
people use language structure to
realize their communicative
purposes, which relates to the
semantic structure of salience and
choice.
Cognitive linguistics in the
f ormation and development of direct
power supply to the language itself is the
earliest in pragmatics and Generative
Semantics Theory in recognizing the role
of cognition in language. Pragmatics is
the study of cert ain contexts of language,
the human cognitive system as the
constitutive f actors of context, this put
the human cognitive system research
into language study. In addition,
pragmatics will always be as rhetoric
research object into the language of
metaphor, metaphor as a common
language phenomenon to study. The
theory of pragmatics makes people
notice the new study f ield of cognitive
linguistics. Generative Semantics of
cognitive linguistics the contribution is,
it suggested that semantic syntactic
generated based, independent of human
cognitive semantics. This makes the
language research onto a new cognitive
way.
Nineteen eighties, cognitive
linguistics has made great progress.
Published in 1980 by Lakoff and
Johnson's “metaphors we live by “a book
Lnguage and Metaphor Cognitive
structure are proved that they have
closely related in a book which is
covered large language f ictions .not
independent from the human cognitive
outside the so-called meaning, it is
independent from the human cognition
than objective truth. In 1987 the United
States published markers of cognitive
linguistics f ormed three research
monographs, namely Johnson's " heart of
the body: signif icance, imagination and
understanding of the material basis ", "
blue grams of f oundations of cognitive
grammar. " ( The f irst volume), Lakoff's
" category ", especially af ter the two
book author off i cial use of"cognitive
linguistics." " " cognitive semantics,
cognitive grammar concepts such as " ",
but also to the cognitive linguistics
theory, empiricism Epistemology View
of language, interaction, basic category
theory, prototype theory, cognitive mode,
the theory of cognitive grammar,
cognitive linguistics explains the basic
problem, these two books are called
cognitive linguistics classic.
系统功能语言学
（syst em-functi onal li ngui sti cs）
答S yst emi c Gram m ar is di fferent
from ot her li ngui sti c theori es in
t he followi ng aspects.
1 F irst ly, it at t aches great
i mport ance t o the soci ol ogi cal
aspect s of l anguage.
2 S econdl y, it vi ews l anguage as a
form of doi ng rat her t han a form of
knowing. It distinguishes l inguist i c
behavior pot enti al from actual
l inguist i c behavi or.
3 T hi rdl y, i t gives a relati vely high
priori ty to description of t he
charact eristi cs of parti cul ar
l anguages and parti cul ar vari et i es of
l anguages.
4. F ourt hl y, i t expl ai ns a number of
aspect s of l anguage in t erms of
cl ines (i.e.ungramm ati cal
→more unusual →l ess unusual
→l ess usual→ gramm at i cal).
5 Fif thly, it seeks verif i cation of its
hypotheses by means of observation
from texts and by means of statistical
techniques lastly, it has as its central
category the category of the system.
Systemic f unctional linguistics is the f orm and signif icance of combining linguistic theory, it emphasizes the language in the f orm of rules, and language in the social li f e of the use of rules. Systemic f unctional linguistics is arisen, inhibitory or that is the reverse o f the transf ormational generative grammar and f ormal linguistics one-sided development, the theory of language to a certain ext ent, closer to the essence of language. As a result of systemic f unctional linguistics has very strong science, interpret ation and practical characteristic, so that it can be applied in many f ields, such as children's language development, the relation between society and language, language t eaching, the study of stylistics and translation and machine translation and so on; and because the theory in the context of the world has many f ull of vigour and high level research team, theref ore, it can become and will continue to become the world's most inf luential one of the schools of linguistics.
However, there are still a lot of def ects in systemic f unctional linguistics. For example, the language system described so far does not f ully ref l ect the language in the process of practical operation; yuan f unction lack of objective measure, make the person cannot completely overturned, can not be f ully conf irm ed; Hallidy insists on a concept, interpersonal, textual this three yuan f unction is three in one, there is no distinction between primary and secondary, but in any specif ic communicative scenes in the three f unctions and different important; systemic f unctional linguistics to avoid the term " implication ", not to explain the signif icance of surf ace and conversation conversational implicature disjointed language phenomenon; Hallidy argued f rom a sociological perspective rather than from the perspective of psychology of language, so they ref used to use psychological methods to study language; etc..
Componential analysis ：
The meaning of a word is an analyzable unit. It may be seen as a complex of di fferent semantic features. There are semantic components of a word, we may better account f or sense relations. Componential analysis is a way proposed to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be diss
Duality ：
Duality ref ers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elem ents of the secondary level and each of two levels has its own principles of organization. The property of duality only exists in such a system, namely, with both elements and unitsected into meaning components, called semantic features.
Bound morphemes：
There are two types of morpheme. There is f ree morpheme and bound morpheme. Bound morphemes cannot occur alone, they must appear with at least another morpheme. For example, -s in dogs, -al in national, etc.
Complementary distribution：
When two sounds never occur in the same environment, they are in complementary distribution. For example, the aspirated English stops never occur af ter(s), and the un-aspirated ones never occur initially. Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution. The allophones of /p/, f or instance, are also in complementary distribution. The
un-aspirated (p :) occurs af ter /s/, while the aspirated (ph) occurs in all other environments except af t er /s/.