商务英语的特点及其翻译技巧：商务英语具有自己的语言特点; 要真正掌握商务英语及其翻译, 不仅需要精通英语语言知识, 还必须熟悉商务专业知识; 在商务英语翻译中必须遵循一定的翻译原则, 采用一些翻译策略引言：在我国加入WTO以后, 国际商务活动日益频繁。这些商务活动的许多领域, 如技术引进、对外贸易、招商引资、对外劳务承包与合同、国际金融、涉外保险、国际旅游、海外投资、国际运输等, 所使用的英语统称为商务英语。商务英语已成为世界经济活动中必不可少的语言交际工具。尤其是BEC( 剑桥商务英语证书) 在中国的普及, 使越来越多的人对商务英语及其翻译产生兴趣。
际汇兑、会计学、运输学、保险学、法学及国际商法等专业知识。因此, 要搞好这类内容的翻译, 就要求涉外人员不仅应具有相应的专业知识, 而且要求了解商务领域的语言特点和表达法。近年来随着经济发展的全球化趋势, 新的词语层出不穷, 在翻译时我们必须根据上下文去把握和理解其真正的含义
一、商务英语的概念
商务英语是主要用于国际贸易和营销等商务活动中的一种特殊的英语语体。商务英语是专门用途英语的一个分支，与普通英语相比，没有本质上的区别但是商务英语具有特定的“商务特色”。它在词法、句法、语体等方面都有自身的特点，而且常常会涉及到许多不同的业务范畴。商务英语涉及到营销、经济学、金融学、会计学和管理学等许多边缘领域，同时它好涉及到对外贸易、技术引进，招商投资、尚武谈判、国际支出和结算等业务范畴。作为专门用途英语的商务英语具有与普通英语不同的特点，在使用上有其显著特色主要表现在文体、语言和文化意识方面。
二、商务英语文体的语言特征
商务英语有二种文体风格，分外正式文体和应用文体。商务文体是随着商品生产及贸易的发展而形成的一种文体形式。
2.1商务英语文体不以语言的艺术美为其追求的目标，而是讲求逻辑的清晰和条理性、思维的准确严密以及结构的严谨性。风格朴实，明白易懂。商务信函一般风格朴实，明白易懂，淡于修饰，很少使用比喻、拟人、夸张等修辞手段，目的是提高实效性。
2.2商务英语避免使用陈旧笼统的商业术语或套语，而用简明的现代英语来表达。如不说“We are in receipt of?”，而用“We have received? ” ；不说“ Express myheartfelt gratitude to you for? ” ，而用“Thank you for?”。
2.3商务英语在陈述事物往往具体、明确，绝不含糊其辞。如商务英语不说“We wish to confirm our telex dispatched yesterday。” 而要说“ We confirm our telex of July 2nd，2000。”因为前者笼统含糊，后者清晰明了。语句简洁明快，逻辑严密简洁明快主要表现在商务信函中多使用简洁句、简短并列句和简短复合句。例如：We are delighted to receive your letter of November 18 asking whether we can supply you with Art. No. 6120。
（很高兴收到你方11月28日来函询问我方可否供应6120货号产品）。
2.4商务英语的逻辑严密性主要体现在商务合同等法律文件多用长句、复合句、并列复合句等法律公文常用句式以及分隔现象、介词（短语）、插入语、倒装句、被动语态（过去分词）等特殊句型。例如：If Egyptian buyers insist on concluding business direct with Party A，Party A may conclude business with such Egyptian buyers who come to visit China or attend the Chinese Export Commodity Fair at prices not lower than those quoted toParty B.(如果埃及客户
坚持要与甲方成交，甲方也可和他们直接达成交易，但交易对象仅限于来访中国或参加中国商品交易会的客户，并且价格不能低于报给乙方的报价。)
2.5商务英语文体语言措辞礼貌，礼貌是国际商务英语应用文中非常重要的语言特点。汉语的商务用语有时缺少必要的客气，常见的礼貌用语往往只是一个“ 请” 字。商务英语则比较讲究客套，随处可见礼貌的客套。例如，汉语中仅有的一个请字，商务英语中要用“We wouldappreciate”“It would be appreciated”，“We would be glad to?”之类的结构来表达。因此汉英翻译时切忌照原文字面硬译，添加常用礼貌客套结构，措辞婉转。
三、商务英语语言特点
3.1．专业性
商务英语在词汇使用上的最大特点是对专业词汇的精确运用, 其中包含大量专
业词汇、具商务含义的普通词或复合词, 以及缩略词等涉及商务理论和商务实践等方面，其语言具有极强的专业性。如B/L（bill of lading）提单，Exp.&Imp.Inc （export-import incorporated）进出口公司，forex：（foreign exchange）外汇，workfare（work welfare）工作福利制，blue chip绩优股，a firm offer实盘等等。不具有一定的专业知识是根本无法了解这些专业的商务英语词汇的内涵的。
3.2．书卷词语的使用
商务文体措辞严谨精确、正式和不带个人感情色彩。为此，商务英语常用拉丁语派生词取代同义的一般英语词汇，这就是常说的书卷用词(literary words或learnedwords)，即所谓的“大词”。
（1）冷僻用词代替日常用词
Everything concurred to jack up theprice in the international market.(用concur 代替come together)
（2）大量使用古词语
商务文体中，古词语时而再现，以体现其庄重严肃的文体风格。经常使用的古词语多为一些复合副词，如：hereby （by this）；whereat（at/to which place）。
3.3．新词的使用
随着新产品、新工艺和新概念不断涌现，科学的进步和工商业的发展，必然反映在构成语言的最小的、最基本的独立运用单位词汇上，随之而来的就是新的商务术语的增加。如：cyber-payment 电子支付；emoney/cash 电子货币/现金；
hi-tech
industry 高技术产业。
3.4商务英语内容缜密、周到, 结构复杂、意思完整
由于涉及到双方或几方面的利益, 商务合同、文件或一个条约所给的定义、条款和内容必须精确。为了做到准确无误,不产生任何差异, 用英语拟订、书写这些文件、合同时, 除用词恰当外, 还经常使用许多从句、短语用来修饰或限定其内容,因此句子结构错综复杂。例如: Inspection: It is mutually agreedthat the certificate of quality and quantity or weight issued by themanufacturer shall be part of the documents for payment underrelevant L/C.( 商品检验: 双方同意以制造厂出具的品质及数量或重量证明书作为有关信用证项目下付款的单据之一。) 句子中the certificate of quality and quantity or weight issued by themanufacturer shall be part of the documents for payment underrelevant L/C
是主语从句, it是形式主语; It is mutually agreed用的是被动语态, 意思相当于Both Parties agree, 但前者比后者要正式
3.5商务英语中大量存在着被动语态、祈使句、非谓语动词和情态动词。
为了做到语言简洁、内容表达客观公正和有关事项描述的准确无误, 在商务英语的使用中常出现大量的被动语态、祈使句、非谓语动词、情态动词以及各种从句。如: In case thecontract is concluded on CIF basis, the insurance shall be effectedby the Seller for 110% of invoice value covering all risks, warrisk,
S.R.C.C.risks (i.e.Strikes, Riot, and Civil Commotions).( 在到岸价基础上订立的合同, 将由卖方按发票金额110%投保综合险、战争险、罢工险、暴乱险和民变险。) 这是一份合同中有关保险的内容, 句子中用了被动语态( is concluded, shall be effected)、非谓语动词( covering all risks?) 、情态动词( shall) , 另外还用了in case 引导的条件句。
四、商务英语的文化意识
在西方由于种族渊源，自然环境，宗教信仰，经济发展程度等因素的不同，构成了各不相同的文化体系，从而人们的观念传统，思维方式，价值取向以及语言表达等也大相径庭。在一种文化中被看成是自信和有专业能力的行为，在另一种文化有可能被视为傲慢或对对方缺乏兴趣的表现。在一种文化中被看作是柔弱的东西，如自我批评，修正自己的观点或从多种视角来看问题等，在跨文化交际中有可能是实现共同交际目的的最重要的前提之一。在商界，因为公司主管们不熟悉客户所在国的风俗习惯和文化传统而蒙受损失的事屡屡发生。因此商务英语的学习者必须意识到许多文化差异的存在及其对商业和个人生活的影响，避免出现“文化冲突”。
五、翻译原则和商务英语翻译原则
5.1翻译是一种跨越时空的语言活动是“把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一
种语言准确而完整的表达出来”是“从语义到文体在译入语中用最切近二又最自
然的对等语再现原语的信息”翻译虽为个体所承做却是一种社会活动一门综合性很强的学科集邮很强的理论性又有丰富的实践内涵。翻译是人类社会活动的产物是人类进步的需要。人类社会要发展就需要在不同文化的民族之间进行沟通这一过程离不开翻译。正如张培基所说“Translating it is that openeth the window to let in the light that breaketh the shell that we may eat the kernnel”翻译是门科学也是没艺术还是一种创造性工作。
5.2商务英语翻译在商务活动中起桥梁作用连接中国与世界其他国家的商务交流，翻译质量也倍受关注，因为他有特殊性，翻译标准也更要求统一。商务英语中很多的专业词汇不同与一般的英语翻译，甚至很多英语单词在商务英语中会有完全不同与普通英语的意思，商务英语的句子翻译也难于一般英语，翻译标准更高于一般英语。对于商务英语翻译的原则，无论是严复先生的“信、达、雅”，还是彼得.纽马克的翻译交际法都无法完全套用，但均可适当借鉴。众多翻译家和从事商务英语翻译的学者都提出了自己的看法。张新红、李明认为商务英语翻译“译者除了要精通两种语言及其文化以及熟悉翻译技巧之外，还必须熟悉商务方面的知识，了解商务各个领域的语言特点和表达法。” 常玉田谈到翻译的原则时说，“翻译的最基本任务不是转换语言，而是传达…意思? 、…信息?和…内容?”。刘法公先生提出的“忠实、准确、统一”的商务英语翻译原则从根本上适应了商务英语这一特殊性。所以，商务英语翻译不同于文学翻译和其他文体的翻译，它必须强调语义的对等或等效，做到“地道、准确”，让读者有专业化的感受，而不是一般
的语言描述。在商务英语翻译中,“准确严谨”原则要求译者在翻译过程中选词要准确, 概念表达要确切, 物与名所指要正确, 数码与单位要精确。译文所传递的信息同原文所传递的信息要保持一致。商务英语翻译与贸易、合同、保险、投资、货运、金融等领域的文字相联系, 所涉及内容严肃而具体, 不允许译者在翻译时随便表达
1）准确严谨原则
商务英语的翻译要忠实、准确地将源语言的信息用目标语言表达出来，做到原文读者获得的信息与译文读者获得的信息内涵相等，即信息等值。译者在翻译的过程中选词要准确，概念表达要确切，数码与单位要精确。相比起语言表达形式，商务翻译更注重内容的忠实、准确，使翻译达到使用的目的
2）规范统一原则
这里指的是运用词语规范，符合约定俗成的含义。译文的语言和行为方式要合乎商务文献的语言规范。在商务英语翻译过程中所采用的“译名、概念、术语”等在任何时候都应保持统一，不允许将同一概念或术语随意变换译名。不统一的译名必然造成误解，使读者对译文不知所云。这样的翻译更多地应归咎于译者的敷衍态度。
3）专业原则
在商务英语翻译中，应针对某一专门行业，运用相关的专业知识和恰当的翻译策略和技巧，使译文的读者能获得等值的专业信息。作为一名商务译者，对相关专业知识要有相当的了解，才不至于误译，给有关双方造成纠纷和损失。在翻译的过程中要注意正确使用商务专业术语、缩略语及出现在不同领域中的专业新词语。
六商务英语翻译技巧
6.1加减词译
英汉两种语言各自具有独特的结构和修辞手段，因而翻译时必然会有一些文字上的损失和增加。在译文中增加一些语意信息补充原文隐含的语意或删去一些词语搭建某种语法形式做弥补。如：
（1）It is more expensive than it was last time but not as good. 加词译法：价格比上次的高，但质量比上次的差。
（2）We assure you of our prompt attention to this matter.减词译法：我们保证立即处理此事。（减译you,our）
6.2转换译
转换是指商务英语翻译中语言的词性和表现方法的改变。由于英语和汉语的表达习惯、句子结构和词的搭配关系都有差异，在翻译中往往难以做到词性和表现方法的一致。为了适应译文语言的表达习惯和语法规则，在商务英语翻译中必须运用词类和表现方法的转换技巧。
（1)词性的转换。如：Please let us know if our terms are acceptable.请告知是否接受我方条款。（形容词acceptable转类为动词）
（2)句型的转换。如：We have to make it sure that the remittance of commission made as such is not against local regulations. 我们得确保这样汇付佣金不违反当地规定。
6.3分句或合句译
（1)分句是指把原文的句子翻译成两个或两个以上的句子，这样可以把意思表达得更加明白易懂。如：We have forwarded the catalogs and drawings you sent
us to some large manufactures and now have affirmative answer from a factory in Shanghai.我们已将寄来的目录和图纸转交几家大厂，现已接到上海一家工厂愿意承办的答复。
（2)合句是指把原文两个或两个以上的单句或复合句在译文中用一个单句或复
句来表达。如：We hope this will go smoothly and you are able to conclude the contract soon.希望一切顺利，并速签合同。
七、结语
要做好商务英语翻译，需要具备深厚的专业知识，对国际贸易的相关术语要有较全面的了解。同时，还要掌握商务英语翻译的基本原则和技巧。只有将这两方面的技能有效结合，才能在商务英语翻译中感到得心应手
为了真正掌握商务英语, 我们必须在打好英语语言基础的前提下, 加强商务知识的学习, 两者相辅相成, 才能促进商务英语水平的不断提高。同时, 在商务英语
的翻译中, 必须遵循一定的翻译原则, 采用一些翻译策略。只有不断地学习最新的知识, 积累实践经验, 扩大知识面, 才能使商务英语的翻译真正达到信、达、
雅的境界。
组织机构名称翻译法
1) 政府官方机构包括中央政府部门与各级地方政府部门。国务院以下各级国家机构由委 (Commission)，
部 (ministry)，司 (department)，局 (bureau)，处 (division)，所 (institute)，科 (section)，中心 (centre)，室 (office) 等组成。各机构部门职责分工不同，历史沿革不同，因而机构名称不尽相同，其英译也有差异。有些政府部门有约定俗成的简略语，如国家教委(国家教育委员会)、国家计委 (国家计划委员会)。翻译这些简略语需将其全称意译成英语，例如：
全国人民代表大会 the National People's Congress
常设委员会the Standing Committee
中国人民政治协商会议 the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
国务院 the State Council
国家计委 the State Planning Commission
国家教委the State Educational Commission
外交部 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs；the Foreign Ministry
财政部the Ministry of Finance
文化部the Ministry of Culture
商业部the Ministry of Commerce
外事局the Bureau of Foreign Affairs
行政处 the Division of Administration ; the Administrative Division
秘书处the Secretariat
人事处 the Division of Personnel；the Personnel Division
2) 地方政府机构包括省、地、市、县等各级政府及其下属机构部门，有委 (commission)，厅
(department)，局 (bureau)，公司 (company)等，其名称采用意译方法，例如：
省教委 the Provincial Educational Commission
省民政厅 the Provincial Department of Civil，Administration
省监察局 the Provincial Supervisory Bureau
省审计局 the Provincial Auditing Bureau
省进出口公司 the Provincial Import and Export Company
地农业局 the Prefectural Agricultural Bureau
地税务局 the Prefectural Tax Bureau
市体委 the City／Municipal Physical Culture and Sports Commission
市文委 the City／Municipal Cultural Commission
市公用局 the City／Municipal Public Utility Bureau
市商品检验局 the City／Municipal Commodity Inspection Bureau
市邮政总局the City／Municipal General Post Office
市保险公司 the City／Municipal Insurance Company
县工业局the County Industrial Bureau
县林业局 the County Forestry Bureau
3) 社会团体单位 (如工厂、商店、医院、公司、大学、中小学、出版社等)，其名称一般采取意译方法，例如：
南京大学 Nanjing University
北京四中 Beijing No．4 (number four) Middle School
北京第一实验小学 Beijing No．I (number one) Experimental Primary Elementary School 武汉钢铁公司 Wuhan Iron and Steel Company
杭州万向节厂 Hangzhou Universal Joints Factory
北京301医院 Beijing No．301 (number three 0 one) Hospital
北京动物园 Beijing Zoo
4)专业组织和民间组织名称，一般也采用意译方法，例如：
市消费者协会the Municipal Consumers’ Association
5）国际主要经济贸易组织协会名称翻译
National Council for US-China Trade 美中贸易全国理事会
Japan-China Economic Association 日中经济协会
Association for the Promotion of International Trade, Japan 日本国际贸易促进会
British Council for the Promotion of International Trade 英国国际贸易促进委员会
International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会
International Union of Marine Insurance 国际海洋运输保险协会
International Alumina Association 国际铝矾土协会
Universal Postal Union, UPU 万国邮政联盟
Customs Co-operation Council, CCC 关税合作理事会
United Nations Trade and Development Board 联合国贸易与发展理事会
Organization for Economic cooperation and Development, DECD 经济合作与开发组织
European Economic Community, EEC, European Common Market 欧洲经济共同体
European Free Trade Association, EFTA 欧洲自由贸易联盟
European Free Trade Area, EFTA 欧洲自由贸易区
Council for Mutual Economic Aid, CMEA 经济互助委员会
Eurogroup 欧洲集团
Group of Ten 十国集团
Committee of Twenty(Paris Club) 二十国委员会
Coordinating Committee, COCOM 巴黎统筹委员会
Caribbean Common Market, CCM, Caribbean Free-Trade Association, CARIFTA
加勒比共同市场（加勒比自由贸易同盟）
Andeans Common Market, ACM, Andeans Treaty Organization, ATO 安第斯共同市场Latin American Free Trade Association, LAFTA 拉丁美洲自由贸易联盟
Central American Common Market, CACM 中美洲共同市场
African and Malagasy Common Organization, OCAM 非洲与马尔加什共同组织
East African Common Market, EACM 东非共同市场
Central African Customs and Economic Union, CEUCA 中非关税经济同盟
West African Economic Community, WAEC 西非经济共同体
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC 石油输出国组织Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, OAPEC 阿拉伯石油输出国组织Commonwealth Preference Area 英联邦特惠区
Centre National du Commerce Exterieur, National Center of External Trade
法国对外贸易中心
International Bank for Reconstruction and development, IBRD 国际复兴开发银行World Bank 世界银行
International Development association, IDA 国际开发协会
International Monetary Found Agreement 国际货币基金协定
International Monetary Found, IMF 国际货币基金组织
European Economic and Monetary Union 欧洲经济与货币同盟
European Monetary Cooperation Fund 欧洲货币合作基金
Bank for International Settlements, BIS 国际结算银行
African Development Bank, AFDB 非洲开发银行
Export-Import Bank of Washington 美国进出口银行
National city Bank of New York 花旗银行
American Oriental Banking Corporation 美丰银行
American Express Co. Inc. 美国万国宝通银行
The Chase Bank 大通银行
Inter-American Development Bank, IDB 泛美开发银行
European Investment Bank, EIB 欧洲投资银行
Midland Bank Ltd. 米兰银行
United Bank of Switzerland 瑞士联合银行
Dresden Bank A.G. 德累斯敦银行
Bank of Tokyo Ltd. 东京银行
Hong Kong and Shanghai Corporation 香港汇丰银行
International Finance Corporation, IFC 国际金融公司
La Communaute Financieve Africane 非洲金融共同体
Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC 联合国经济及社会理事会
United Nations Development Program, NUDP 联合国开发计划署
United Nations Capital Development Fund, UNCDF 联合国资本开发基金
United Nations Industrial Development Organization, UNIDO 联合国工业发展组织United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD 联合国贸易与发展会议Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO 粮食与农业组织, 粮农组织
Economic Commission for Europe, ECE 欧洲经济委员会
Economic Commission for Latin America, ECLA 拉丁美洲经济委员会
Economic Commission for Asia and Far East, ECAFE 亚洲及远东经济委员会
Economic Commission for Western Asia, ECWA 西亚经济委员会
Economic Commission for Africa, ECA 非洲经济委员会
New York Stock Exchange, NYSE 纽约证券交易所
London Stock Market 伦敦股票市场
Baltic Mercantile and Shipping Exchange 波罗的海商业和航运交易所
常见错译实例
在一些由中文翻译的英语样本、合同、广告和其他文件材料中常见一些翻译错误，现仅举几个出现频率较高的例子，试作分析，谨供读者朋友参考。
1.由港澳国际投资公司投资的海口电站工程因其建设速度和质量得到高度评价。
原译文：The Haikou Power Station Project invested by the Hongkong-Macau International Investment Co,Ltd. was highly appraised for its construction speed and quality.
注：投资某项工程应为invest in a project，在被动语态中不能漏去前置词in。
应译为：The Haikou Power Station Project invested in（在某些情况下可用financed or funded） by the Hongkong-Macau International Investment Co., Ltd. was highly appraised for its construction speed and quality.
2.上海SFECO拥有5个控股子公司。
原译文：Shanghai SFECO Group has 5 share-holding companies.
注：share-holding company指控制或持有某公司股权的股东公司。上述译文意思是5个公司持有Shanghai SFECO Group的股份，换句话说，这5个公司是“老子”公司，因此显然不符合中文原意。
应译为：Shanghai SFECO Group is a holding company of 5 subsidiary companies. 或Shanghai SFECO Group holds shares of 5 subsidiary companies.
3.中国民生银行有限公司
原译文：China Minsheng Banking Corporation, Ltd.
注：corporation本身即为有限公司，相当于limited company，英译中无需再加“Ltd”。
应译为：China Minsheng Banking Corporation
4.项目中标之后，我们将立即开始前期准备工作。
原译文：After the bid is awarded, we shall immediately start our advance-phase preparation. 注：项目中标应为accept a bid or award the contract。显然上述译文把两种表达法相混淆了。应译为：After the bid is accepted (or the contract is awarded), we shall immediately start our advance-phase preparation.
5.欢迎您参观我们交易会
原译文：Welcome you to visit our fair!
注：译文中welcome是动词，因此此句是祈使句形式，省略的主语为第二人称你（你们），而不是中文所含的我（我们）之意。
应译为：We welcome you to visit our trade fair!
更简洁而地道的译法是：Welcome to our trade fair!
6.我公司出口工业产品、化工产品、医药等。
原译文：Our company exports industrial products, chemicals, medicines and etc..
注：etc.等于and so on或and others，已含有and的成分，上述译文无需加上and一词。
应译为：Our company exports industrial products, chemicals, medicines, etc..
7.我们将委托贵公司作为我公司在毛里求斯的业务代理。
原译文：We hereby entrust your company to be our business agent in Mauritius.
注：entrust一词在作委托解时用法为entrust somebody with something or entrust something to somebody。
应译为：We hereby appoint your company to be our business agent in Mauritius.
8.本合同签订之后，签约双方中任何一方不得将合同内容泄露给第三方。
原译文：Any of the two parties can not divulge the contents of the contract to a third party after the conclusion of the contract.
注：双方中任何一方为either of the two parties，三方（或三方以上）中任何一方才用any of the parties，因本句为否定句。
应译为：Neither of the two parties can divulge the contents of the contract to a third party after the conclusion of the contract.
9.在双方签约之后，各方将严格遵守本协议。
原译文：After this agreement is signed by the two parties, all parties shall strictly abide by it.
注：与上一条相类似，在协议当事方为三方（或三方以上）时，各方为all parties，而当事方为两方时应用both parties。
应译为：After this agreement is signed by the two parties, both parties shall strictly abide by it.
中英文联系业务信函
联系业务信函
We are particularly interested in your products, and would like to have more detailed information on all of your commodities.
本公司对贵方的产品特感兴趣，盼能从贵方获得更多的商品详细资料。
We have extensive sales network for this line of goods, and shall always be ready to cooperate with you in marketing of your products in our market.
我方对此产品有广大的销售网，本公司随时准备与贵方合作，以拓展贵方产品在我国的市场。
We have excellent connections in the trade and are fully experienced with the import business for this type of product.
在贸易方面，我们有良好的关系，对此类产品进口业务更具有丰富的经验。
We are one of the leading exporters of Chinese silk goods and are enjoying an excellent reputation through fifty years’ business experience.
我公司是中国丝绸产品大出口商之一，具有五十年商贸经验，享誉中外。
As to our credit and financial standing, we can refer you to the Bank of China and the Chamber of Commerce in Guangzhou.
至于我们的信用和财务状况，请向中国银行和广州商会了解。
Our reference is the Bank of China.
我们的证明人是中国银行。
We are in the market for chemicals.
我们要购买化工产品。
We are in the market for Chinese leather shoes and should be obliged if you would send us your best quotation.
我方拟购中国皮鞋，请报最优惠价格为感。
The export of textiles is our line of business (or: our business scope).
出口纺织品是我们的经营范围。
to establish （or: enter into）business relations with sb.
与某人建立贸易关系
on the basis of equality, mutual benefit and exchange of needed goods
在平等互利、互通有无的基础上
We hope to trade with you on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.
我们希望在平等、互利的基础上和你方进行贸易。
to fall within the scope of our business activities
属于我们的经营范围
We deal exclusively in light industrial products.
我们专营轻工业产品。
We come to know the name and address of your firm through …..
承蒙。。。。告知贵公司的名称和地址。
The articles we require should be durable and the colors should be bright and attractive. 本公司要求的货物务必经久耐用，色彩鲜明，有吸引力。
We have a long experience in the import and export trade and a wide knowledge of commodities as well as of the best sources of supply of these materials.
本公司在进出口贸易方面历史悠久，经验丰富。对各种货品及其货源十分熟悉。
We have your name and address from the Commercial Counsellor’s Office of the Chinese Embassy in ….
我们从中国驻…使馆商务处得悉贵公司的行名。
We take the liberty of writing to you with a view to establishing business relations with you and meanwhile asking you to make us a competitive offer for 50 metric tons of Bitter Apricot Kerne
成语翻译
Do a thing quickly often means doing it badly. 欲速则不达
Though we are poor, we have lofty aspiration. 人穷志不穷
A miss is as good as a mile. 差之毫厘，谬以千里
Bad workmen often blame their tools. 拙匠常怪工具差。
Gold will not buy everything. 金钱不是万能的。
The best place to find a helping hand is at the end of your own arm. 求人不如求己。
Respect yourself, or no one else will respect you. 人必自敬而后人敬之。
Out of the depth of misfortune comes bliss.否极泰来
He whose belly is full, believes not him who is fasting. 饱汉不知饿汉饥。
A man may lead a horse to the water, but he cannot make him drink.老牛不喝水，不可强按头
Every new sovereign brings his own courtiers. 一朝天子一朝臣
Beauty will not buy beef . 漂亮不可当饭吃。
Every cloud has a silver lining . 拨开云雾见晴天
The darkest hour is that before the dawn . 黎明前的黑暗
The fragrance always stays the hand that gives rose . 予人玫瑰，手指留香
To be born under a lucky star. 福星高照
A chain is no stronger than its weakest link. 麻绳单打细头断
Anger begins in folly, and ends in repentance. 休争三寸气，白了少年头
Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水
A wise man holds his tongue. 智者寡言
All his own geese are swans as the swans of others as geese. 自己一朵花，别人豆腐渣The devil was sick, the devil a monk would be. 平时不烧香，急来抱佛脚
Pardon makes offenders. 姑息养奸
With time and patience the leaf of the mulberry becomes satin. 只要功夫深，铁棒磨成针Laugh and grow fat. 心宽体胖
A clean fast is better than a dirty breakfast. 宁可清饥，不可浊饱
Better a live coward than a dead hero. 好死不如赖活
Misery loves company. 同病相怜
Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩
Half a tale is enough for a wise man. 举一反三
You get what you pay for. 一分钱一分货
Birds once snared fear all bushes. 伤弓之鸟惊曲木
The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak. 心有余而力不足
Advice comes too late, when thing is done. 事后诸葛亮
Every failure one meets with adds to one‘s experience. 不经一事，不长一智
Eat slow and live a long life. 细嚼慢咽寿活百年
The proof of the pudding is in the eating. 实践出真知
The squeaking wheel gets the oil. 会哭的孩子有奶吃
You are never too old to learn. 活到老学到老
Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧
Lock the stable door after the horse is stolen. 亡羊补牢，未为迟也
A work ill done must be twice done. 一回生二回熟
More is meant than meets the ear. 弦外之音
Don’t scald you lips in another man’s porridge. 事不关已，高高挂起
One man’s meat is another man’s poison. 萝卜白菜各有所爱
Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同
Much ado about a small matter. 天下本无事，庸人自扰之
Better late than never. 不怕慢，就怕站
He who borrows to repay may borrow yet another day. 好借好还再借不难
Every lover sees a thousand graces in the beloved object. 情人眼里出西施
There is black sheep in every flock. 害群之马
Better some of a pudding than none of a pie . 聊胜于无
Take away fuel, take away flame . 釜底抽薪
Give him an inch and he’ll take a yard. 得寸进尺
Experience is something you get while looking for something else. 前事不忘后事之师An artist lives everywhere. 一招鲜吃遍天
No man is his craft’s master the first day. 师傅领进门，修行在个人
Greatest genius often lies concealed. 真人不露相
Gold is the dust that blinds all eyes. 财迷心窍
A bargain is a bargain. 一言为定
Habit is second nature. 习惯成自然
Man proposes, god disposes. 谋事在人，成事在天
One cannot alter the past. 生米做成熟饭
To go out for wool and come home shorn. 偷鸡不成反蚀把米
It is a wise father that knows his own child. 知子莫如父
Great honors are great burdens. 人怕出名猪怕壮
Rome wasn’t built in a day. 冰冻三尺非一日之寒
When in Rome do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗
Making a lot of noise doesn’t constitute a sound argument. 有理不在声高
The gentlest thing in the world will override the strongest. 以柔克刚
A man knows his company in a long journey and a little inn. 路遥知马力，日久见人心
Give a lark to catch a kite. 得不偿失
I shall grow old, but never lose life’s zest. 老骥伏枥，志在千里
Good to begin well, better to end well. 善始犹待于励终
When the tree is fallen, every one runs to it with his axe. 墙倒众人推
A man can do no more than he can. 量力而行
He who has not tasted bitter knows not what sweet is. 不尝黄连苦，哪知蜂蜜甜
There are more ways to the wood than one. 车到山前必有路
One cloud is enough to eclipse all the sun. 一叶障目不见泰山
If there were no clouds, we should not enjoy the sun. 不知苦，焉知甜
Speak of angels and you will hear their wings. 说曹操，曹操到
A man cannot whistle and drink at the same time. 一心不可二用
A bad compromise is better than a good lawsuit. 冤家宜解不宜结
Beat the dog before the lion. 杀鸡给猴看
Where there is life, there is hope. 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧
Past cure, past care. 好了伤疤忘了疼
He is lifeless that is faultless. 人非圣贤，孰能无过
职位职称翻译法
1) 职位有正职、副职之分。各种机构有自己独特的职位名称，不可混淆。英语有相应的约定俗成的译名。专门表示正职的词有：
chairman 主席
president总统
premier总理
minister 部长
governor省长
mayor市长
secretary general 秘书长
president／principal (of the university) 大学校长
chairman (of the federation／association) 联合会／协会主席
president (of the society) 学会会长
manager (of the company) 公司经理
一般表示正职的词有 director，chief，head，例如：
director／chief／head (of the department) 司长
director／chief／head (of the bureau) 局长
director／chief／head (of the division) 处长
director／chief／head (of the section) 科长
英语表示副职的词有vice，deputy，assistant等，跟chairman／president有关的副职用vice表示，例如：
副主席 vice-chairman
副总统vice-president
副总理 vice-premier
副部长 vice-minister
副省长 vice-governor
副市长 vice-mayor
(大学) 副校长 vice-president (of the university)
(联合会／协会)副主席 vice-chairman (of the federation／association)
(学会) 副会长vice-president (of the society)
跟director有关的副职用deputy表示，例如；
副局长deputy director (of the bureau)
副处长deputy director (of the section)
跟manager有关的副职用assistant表示，例如；
(公司) 副经理 assistant manager (of the company)
2）常见职务：
accounting supervisor 会计主管
administration manager 行政经理
administration staff 行政人员
administrative assistant 行政助理
administrative clerk 行政办事员
bond analyst 证券分析员
bond trader 证券交易员
business controller 业务主任
business manager 业务经理
buyer 采购员
cashier 出纳员
export sales manager外销部经理
export sales staff外销部职员
financial controller财务主任
financial reporter财务报告人
fund manager财务经理
general manager/ president总经理
general manager assistant总经理助理
general manager's secretary 总经理秘书
management consultant 管理顾问
manager for public relations公关部经理
market analyst市场分析员
market development manager 市场开发部经理
marketing manager 市场销售部经理
marketing staff 市场销售员
marketing assistant 销售助理
marketing executive 销售主管
marketing representative 销售代表
marketing representative manager 市场调研部经理
office assistant 办公室助理
office clerk 职员
operational manager 业务经理
promotional manager 推售部经理
real estate staff 房地产职员
regional manager 地区经理
sales assistant 销售助理
sales clerk 店员、售货员
sales coordinator 销售协调人
sales engineer 销售工程师
sales executive 销售主管
sales manager 销售部经理
salesperson 销售员
seller representative 销售代表
sales supervisor 销售监管
Reservation passengers having reserved their seats shall board the plane in accordance with the reserved seats. Passengers travelling on the domestic services can reserve their seats in advance at the carrier booking offices of its sales agents according to the relevant regulations. Passengers who have already reserved their seats should purchase their tickets within the time limit set by the carrier, otherwise the reservation they have made will be cancelled accordingly. 定座旅客只有在定妥座位以后，才能凭该定妥座位的客票乘机。旅客可根据有关规定向承运人售票处或其销售代理人售票处预定座位。已定妥座位的旅客，应按有关航空公司规定的购票时限购票。如未在购票时限内购票，所定座位不予保留。
Purchase of ticket In purchasing tickets, Chinese passengers should show their own Inhabitant Identity Cards or other valid identity certificates and fill in the Passenger Reservation Record. Foreigners, Overseas Chinese and Compatriots from HongKong, Macau and Taiwan should show their valid passports, Returning-home Card, Taiwan Compatriots Cards, Residence Permits, Travel Certificates or other valid identity cards provided by the Public Security Authorities, and fill in the Passenger Reservation Record. Sick and Invalid Passenger should hold a medical certificate certifying that he or she is fit for air travel and should be approved by the carrier or its sales agents beforehand.
购票中国旅客购票，须出示本人《居民身份证》或其他有效身份证，并填写《国内旅客购票单》；外国旅客、华侨、港、澳、台胞购票，须出示有效护照、回乡证、台胞证、居留证、旅行证或公安机关出具的其他有效身份证件，并填写《国内旅客购票单》。重病旅客购票，应持有县级（含）以上医疗单位出具的始于乘机的证明，并事先经承运人或其销售代理同意，方可购票。
Reconfirmation of reservation Passengers having reserved seats on connecting or return flights shall reconfirm their reservations at the connecting or returning points no later then 12:00 AM 2 days before the departure of the flight if they stay in the stopping place more than 72 hours, otherwise their reservations will be automatically cancelled.
座位再证实旅客持有定妥的联程或来回程客票，如在该联程或回程地点停留72小时以上，须在该联程或回程航班飞机离站前两天中午12时以前，办理座位再证实手续。否则，原定座位不予保留。
Ticket The ticket is valid only for the passenger whose name is on the ticket and is not transferable. The ticket will be void and not be refundable if it has been modified or altered.
客票客票只限票上所列姓名的旅客本人使用，不得转让或涂改，否则，客票无效，票款不退。
Validity period of ticket The normal fare ticket is valid for one year from the date of commencement of travel, or from the issuing date thereof if no portion of the ticket has been used. The validity period of special fare ticket is in accordance with the carrier’s regulations.
客票有效期国内运输客票的有效期为一年。定期客票自旅客开始旅行之日起计算，不定期客票自填开客票之次日零时起计算。完全未使用的定期客票按不定期客票计算客票有效期。特种票价客票的有效期以承运人的规定为准。
Children fare Fare for a child between 2 and 12 years of age is 50% of the adult fare, Fare for an infant under 2 years of age not occupying a separate seat is 10% of the adult fare provided that it is accompanied by an adult passenger. If one adult is accompanying more than 1 infant, the additional infant should be charged the child fare.
儿童票已满两周岁未满12周岁的儿童按同一航班从成人普通票价的50％付费，提供座位；未满两周岁的婴儿按同一航班成人普通票价的10％付费，不提供座位。每一成人旅客职能有一个婴儿享受这种票价，如需要单独占用座位时，应购买儿童票。
Fares Fares are the air transportation fares from the airports of origin to the airports of destination, not including the ground transportation charges between airport and downtown.
客票价客票价系指由出发地点机场至到达地点机场的航空运输票价，不包括机场与市区间的地面运输费用。
Lost ticket A passenger having lost his or her ticket should write a loss report to the carrier or its sales agent with the attachment of the valid Identity card, the certificate of the date and place the ticket is issued, and any other means that can sufficiently prove the loss of the ticket. The carrier holds no liability for the lost ticket which has been fraudulently used or refunded under the passenger’s name when the passenger requests refund before the expiration of the lost ticket.
客票遗失旅客遗失客票，应以书面形式，向承运人或其销售代理人申请挂失，并提供原购票的日期、地点、有效身份证件以及足以证实客票遗失的其他证明。在原遗失客票有效期满申请退款前，客票如已被使用或退款，承运人不承担责任。
Check-in procedure A passenger should arrive at the airport within the time limit set by the carrier and check in beforehand by showing his or her ticket and valid identity card. Check-in counter usually be closed at least 30 minutes before flight departure.
乘机旅客必须在承运人规定的时限，凭客票及本人有效身份证办理乘机手续。通常在飞机离站前30分钟停止办理乘机手续。
Modification If a passenger having purchased a ticket wishes to change the flight, date, or class of seat, the carrier will do its best to meet his or her requirements according to the current circumstances and conditions of carriage.
客票变更旅客购票后，如要求变更航班、日期、舱位等级，承运人将根据实际可能和运输条件给予办理。Refund If a passenger wishes to refund the purchased ticket, he/she should present the carrier or its sales agents with the valid Identity certificate and all valid ticket. Refund for an unused ticket or portion thereof shall be made in accordance with the carrier’s regulations.
退票旅客自愿退票，除凭有效客票外，还应提供旅客本人的有效身份证件，按承运人有关规定办理。
No-show A no-show means a passenger fails to board the aircraft either because he or she has not completed the check-in procedure at the designated time limit, or because the passenger could not travel due to his or her improper travel documents. The passenger could change to a later flight or change carrier or refund ticket in accordance with the carrier’s regulations.
误机误机系指旅客未按规定时间办妥乘机手续或因其旅行证件不符合规定而未能乘机。旅客误机后，须按承运人有关规定，办理改乘后续航班，改变承运人或退票。
Carry-on baggage Passenger holding first-class tickets may carry 2 separate articles, passenger holding business or economy class ticket may carry 1 article only. The volume of either 1 or 2 articles should not be more than 20×40×55cm and with a total weight not exceeding 5kg. Carry-on baggage in excess of the above limits should be checked in for transportation in accordance with the carrier’s regulations.
随身携带物品持头等舱客票的旅客，每人可随身携带两件物品；持公务舱或经济舱客票的旅客，每人职能随身携带一件物品。每件物品的体积不得超过20ⅹ40ⅹ50厘米，上述两项总重量不得超过5公斤。超过规定件数、重量或体积的限制，要按规定作为托运行李托运。
Free baggage allowance Passengers holding adult-fare tickets are entitled to the free baggage allowance of 40kg for first-class, 30kg for business class, and 20kg for economy class. No free baggage allowance is granted to infants. Checked baggage such as precision instruments, electrical equipments cannot be included in free baggage allowance.
免费行李额持成人票或儿童票的旅客，每人免费托运行李的限额为：头等舱40公斤，公务舱30公斤，经济舱20公斤。持婴儿票的旅客无免费行李额。
Article which cannot be shipped as baggage Passengers are not allowed to carry in their checked or carry-on baggage dangerous articles, such as inflammable, explosive, corrosive, poisonous, radioactive, polymerizable and magnetized materials. Passengers are not allowed to carry with them arms, sharp or lethal weapons when taking flights.
不准作为行李运输的物品旅客不得在托运行李或随身携带物品内夹带易燃、爆炸、腐蚀、有毒、放射性物品，可聚合物质，磁性物质及其它危险品。旅客乘坐飞机不得随身携带武器、管制刀具、利器和凶器。Articles which cannot be packed in the checked baggage Passengers are not allowed to pack in the checked baggage confidential documents, classified materials, diplomatic mail bags, negotiable securities, currencies, money orders, valuables, vulnerable and perishable articles and other articles needed in special custody. The carrier will only be liable for the loss of or damage of ordinary checked baggage.
不准在托运行李内夹带的物品旅客不得在托运行李内夹带机密文件、资料、外交信贷、有价值证券、货币、汇票、贵重物品、易碎易腐物品、以及其他需要专人保管的物品。承运人对托运行李内夹带上述物品的遗失或损坏，按一般托运行李承担赔偿责任。
Baggage packing The checked baggage should be packed correctly, well locked and tied up and be able to withstand reasonable handing. The carrier may refuse to accept baggage incorrectly packed not conforming to transportation requirements.
行李包装托运行李必须包装完善、锁扣完好、捆扎牢固、并能承受一定压力。对包装不符合要求的行李，承运人可拒运或不负损坏责任。
Baggage compensation The carrier will be liable for the loss of or damage of the checked baggage. The norm of compensation shall not exceed RMB 50 yuan per kg according to the actual weight recorded at the check-in.
行李赔偿托运行李如发生损坏或丢失，由承运人负责赔偿。赔偿限额每公斤不得超过人民币50元。按实
际托运重量计算。
Baggage declared value A passenger may declare the value of his or her baggage if the value exceed 50 yuan per kg. The carrier will collect a declare value surcharge. Baggage declared value can not exceed the value of the contents. The maximum baggage declared value is 8000 yuan. When such baggage is lost or damaged, compensation will be made according to its declare value.
行李声明价值托运行李每公斤价值超过人民币50元时，可以办理行李声明价值。承运人收取声明价值附
加值。每一旅客的行李声明价值最高额为人民币8，000元。如此项行李发生损坏或丢失，承运人按声明价
值赔偿。
Security inspection Passengers and their baggage (including checked and carry-in baggage) must be subject to the security inspection before boarding.
安全检查在乘机前，旅客及其行李（含托运行李和随身携带物品）必须经过安全检查。
Flight irregularity services When the flight is delayed or cancelled due to the fault as of the carrier, meals and hotel accommodation for the passengers will be provided free of charge by the carrier as appropriate. If the delay or cancellation occurs at departure due to the weather condition, unexpected event, Air Traffic Control, safety inspection or passengers’ fault etc., which are beyond the control of the carrier, meals and hotel accommodation will be arranged by the carrier at the passengers’ own cost.
航班不正常服务由于机务维护、航班调配、商务、机组等承运人原因，造成航班在始发地延误或取消，承
运人应当向旅客提供餐食或住宿等服务；由于天气、突发事件、空中交通管制、安检和旅客等非承运人原因，造成航班在始发地延误或取消，承运人应协助旅客安排餐食或住宿，费用由旅客自理。
Compensation for injury or death The maximum norm of compensation made by the carrier for each passenger in case of accidental death or bodily injury shall be defined in accordance with the related regulations proclaimed by the State Council.
伤害赔偿承运人对每名旅客身体伤害的最高赔偿限额，按照国务院的有关规定办理。
Passenger’s voluntary insurance Passengers can purchase in surance at their option with an insurance company for accidental death or any unexpected bodily injury for passenger domestic air transportation. The compensation from such insurance does not discharge or reduce the liability undertaken by the carrier.
旅客保险旅客可以自愿向保险公司投保国内航空运输旅客人身意外伤害险。此项保险金额的给付，不免除
或减少承运人应当承担的赔偿限额。
如何翻译不确定数目
1)表示大约数目
大约数目指的是围绕特定数目、以及比特定数目或多或少的数目。汉语在数词前加“约”、“约计”、
“大约”、“大概”等词，或在数词后加“左右”、“上下”等词表示。英语在数词前加。about， around，some，approximately，roughly，more or less，in the neighbourhood of等词或词组，或在数词后加or so，or thereabout，in the rough等词组表示，例如； a) about／around five o’clock大约五点钟／五点钟左右
b) about／around／some／approximately／roughly／more or less／in the neighbourhood of twenty people 大约二十人／二十人左右
c) about／around／some／approximately／roughly／more or less in the neighbourhood of one hundred yuan：大约一百元／一百元左右
2) 表示“少于”的数目
表示比特定数目少或小的数目，汉语用在数词前加“少于”、“小于”、“低于”、“不到”、“不及”、“不足”等词，或在数词后加“以下”、“以内”、“以里”等词表示。英语用在数词前加fewer than，less than，under，below，within等词或词组表示，例如；
a) fewer than／less than／under／below／within one thousand yuan少于一千元／不到一千元／一千元以下
b) below zero degrees Celsius 摄氏零度以下
3) 表示“差不多”的数目
差不多，是一种特殊的表示“少于”的数目的方法，接近特定数目或仅差一点。汉语用在数词前加“近”、“将近”、“接近”、“几乎”、“差不多”、“差一点”、“差一点不到”等词表示。英语在数词前加nearly，almost，toward，close on等词或词组表示，
例如： a) nearly／almost eight o'clock接近八点
b) nearly／almost/toward fifty years old将近五十岁／差一点五十岁
c) nearly／almost／close on one hundred yuan将近一百元／差不多一百元
4)表示“多于”的数目
表示比特定数目多或大的数目，汉语用在数词前加“多于”、“大于”、“高于”、“超过”等词，或在数词后加“多”、“来”、“几”、“余”、“以上”等词表示。英语用在数词前加more than ，over，above，upwards of等词或词组表示，或用在数词后加and more，odd，and odd等词或词组表示，例如：
a) more than／over／above ten days ten days and more十来天／十几天
b) more than／over／above／upwards of a hundred yuan one hundred yuan and more／odd／and odd 一百多元／一百来元
c) above thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit华氏32度以上
5) 表示“介于"的数目
表示介于两个特定数目之间的数目，汉语用“到"、“至”等词连接两个数词，或用“介于…之间”表示。英语用from．．．to；(anywhere)between…and…表示，例如：
a) from five to six days; between five and six days五至六天
b) from thirty to forty metres；between thirty and forty metres 三十到四十公尺
c) from seven thousand to eight thousand yuan between seven thousand and eight thousand yuan (介于) 七千到八千元 (之间)
d) from eight hundred to nine hundred kilometres anywhere between eight hundred and nine hundred kilometres(介于) 八百到九百公里 (之间)
6) 表示“相邻”的数目
连用两个相邻的数字，表示一个不确定数目。英语用or连接两个相邻数字来表示。注意“三三两两”是特殊的“相邻”的数目。表示“两个或两个以上”等，英语在数词后加or more表示，
例如：a) one or two一两个
b) two or three两三个
c) sixty or seventy六七十
d) seven hundred of eight hundred七八百
e) three thousand or four thousand三四千
f) by twos and threes 三三两两
g) two or more两个或两个以上
h) ten or more 十个或十个以上
7) 表示“数十”等数目
表示“数十”、“数百”、“数千”等不确定数目，英语在ten／dozen／score／hundred/thousand／million／billion等数词的复数形式后加of 构成，例如：
a) tens of(20—99)；dozens of(24—99); scores of(40-99) 数十／几十／好几十
b) hundreds of (200—999)several hundred 数百／数以百计／几百／好几百／成百
c) thousands of (2，000—9，999)；several thousand 数千／数以千计／几千／好几千／成千
d) tens of thousands of (20，000—99，999) 数万／数以万计／几万／好几万
e) hundreds of thousands of (200，000—999，999) 数十万／几十万／好几十万
f) millions of (2，000，000—9，999，999) 数百万／几百万／好几百万
g) tens of millions of (20，000，000-99，999，999) 数千万／几千万／好几千万
h) hundreds of millions of (200，000，000-999，999，999) 数亿／几亿／好几亿
i) 数十亿／几十亿／好几十亿 billions of(2，000，000，000—9，999，999，999)
国际贸易术语解释通则
《国际贸易术语解释通则》(International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms)。这是由国际商会制定并进行过多次修订。在进入2l世纪之际，国际商会广泛征求世界各国从事国际贸易的各方面人士和有关专家的意见，对实行60多年的《通则》进行了全面的回顾与总结。为使贸易术语更进一步适应世界上无关税区的发展、交易中使用电子信息的增多以及运输方式的变化，国际商会再次对《通则》进行修订，并于1999年7月公布《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》，简称《INCOTERMS 2000》(以下简称《2000年通则》)。《2000年通则》于2000年1月1日起生效。
《2000年通则》的公布和实施，使《通则》更适应当代国际贸易的实践，这不仅有利于国际贸易的发展和国际贸易法律的完善，而且起到了承上启下、继往开来的作用，标志着国际贸易惯例的最新发展。
《2000年通则》(《INCOTERMS2000》)
E组 (Group E)
--启运 (Departure)
----EXW (Ex works) 工厂交货
F组 (Group F)
--主要运费未付(Main Carriage Unpaid)
---(1) FCA (Free Carrier) 货交承运人
----(2) FAS (Free Alongside Ship) 装运港船边交货
----(3) FOB (Free on Board) 装运港船上交货
C组 (Group C)
--主要运费已付 (Main Carriage Paid)
----(1) CFR (Cost and Freight) 成本加运费
----(2) CIF (Cost，Insurance and Freight) 成本、保险费加运费
---(3) CPT (carriage Paid To) 运费付至目的地
----(4) CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To ) 运费 / 保险费付至目的地
D组 (Group D)
--到达 (Arrival)
----(1) DAF (Delivered at Frontier) 边境交货
----(2) DES (Delivered Ex Ship) 目的港船上交货
----(3) DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay) 目的港码头交货
----(4) DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid) 未完税交货
----(5) DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) 完税后交货
名胜名称翻译法
中国名胜古迹名称的英译，一般遵循下列原则：
1) 根据名胜古迹的历史作用、功能、用途或特点，采用意译的方法。这些译名大都是“约定俗成”的，
例如:
长城 the Great Wall
紫禁城 the Purple Forbidden City
故宫博物院the Palace Museum
万寿山 the Longevity Hill
天坛 the Temple of Heaven
清漪园 the Clear Ripples Garden
2) 第二种方法是“音译”+“意译”。地名部分用对应的汉语拼音来音译，而功能或特点部分则用意译，
例如：
天安门广场 the Tian An Men Square
八达岭 the Badaling Hill／the Badaling Pass
八达岭长城 the Badaling section of the Great Wall
慕田峪长城 the Mutianyu section of the Great Wall
但是，一般情况下，音译部分需解释一下，例如，
天安门 the Heavenly Peace Gate
3) 有的名胜古迹由于历史原因早有固定的英译。根据“约定俗成”原则，采用固定译名，例如：
卢沟桥the Marco Polo Bridge
4)下面为常用的表示名胜古迹功能和特点的名词，及其相应
的英译，例如：
(1) 园garden 圆明园the Yuanmingyuan Garden
(2) 公园 park 北海公园 the Beihai Park
(3) 动物园zoo 北京动物园the Beijing Zoo
(4) 植物园 botanical garden 北京植物园the Beijing Botanical Garden
(5) 博物馆 museum 中国历史博物馆the Museum of China's History
(6) 展览馆 exhibition centre 北京展览馆 the Beijing Exhibition Centre
(7) 美术馆art gallery 中国美术馆the National Art Gallery
(8) 宫palace/ temple 雍和宫the Yonghe Temple (the Lama Temple of Peace and Harmony)
(9) 殿 hall 太和殿 the Hall of Supreme Harmony
（10）堂 hall 玉澜堂 the Hall of Jade Ripples
(11) 馆 hall 珍宝馆 the Hall of Treasures
(12) 门 gate 午门 the Meridian Gate
商务英语翻译试题(二)试卷及答案-2
商务英语翻译试题（二） Ⅰ词汇测试题：（2题，每题10分，共20分） 1．该组有10个商务英语英文词或词组，下面均有英文词或词组来进行解释。请将正确的选项标出，要求英英转换意义准确，符合商务英语规范。（10分） (1) promote A. to encourage the popularity, sale or development B. to change or vary C. to act as judge in an argument D. to speak or write to someone (2) to address A. to speak or write to someone, or to direct information at someone. B. to offer, supply C. to stipulate D. to come up with ideas (3) to indemnify A. to pay for the damage B. to state something officially C. to suggest an idea D. to use something instead of another (4) to cancel an order A. to confirm an order B. to deliver a letter C. to recommend a candidate D. to make void or of no effect (5) ceiling A. upper limit B. cancellation C. bottom D. the lowest point (6) tide over A. to help sb. during a period of difficulty B. to spend a lot of time doing C. to tie to sth. D. to try one’s best (7) carry out A. to take away B. to perform or complete C. to give or offer something D. to suggest an idea (8) to complicate A. to finish something B. to be dissatisfied with something C. to make something more difficult to deal with D. to compare with something (9) to put on an event A. to come up with ideas B. to come on for sth. 2
全国商务英语翻译统一考试 初级笔译试题 注意事项 1. 请首先按要求在试题卷和答题卷的标封处填写姓名、准考证号等； 2. 请仔细阅读题目要求进行答题，答案写在答题卷上； 3. 请保持卷面整洁，不要在标封区填写无关内容； 4. 答题时间为150分钟。 Part I Translate the following sentences into English or into Chinese. 1.早在1910年，通用电器就开始与中国发展贸易，被认为是最活跃和最有影响力的在华外国企业之一。 2.近年来，中泰两国国民经济发展迅速，为两国的经济、贸易合作提供了良好的基础。 3.本合同用中、英两种文字写成，每种文字正本两份。两种文本具有同等效力，签字后双方各执中、英文本一份为凭。 4.布朗先生曾经能吃能睡，但现在由于作为领导责任重大而变得吃不下睡不好。 5.由于我们也要支付我们供货商的货款，因此您的还款期限不能再延长了。 6.Do not ask questions that respondents feel are rude or embarrassing. If such questions are necessary, people should be offered the chance to say that they prefer not to answer. What constitutes an invasive question will vary from culture to culture. 7. He knew this guy was a smart political worker. But he was hard to control. In fact, he was a loose cannon who might do more damage to his side than the man he was running against. 8. As a region with the largest number of developed countries, the EU boasts abundant capital and advanced technology. Therefore, both the EU countries and China enjoy a high degree of complementarities in economic, trade, scientific and technological fields. 9. I had the honour of attending the opening ceremony of the Beijing Y outh Palace earlier this week and was proud to see that Compaq was making such a large contribution to China’s youth. 10. Though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we cite the incredible slaughter of men, women and children on the roads. Man versus the motor car! PartⅡTranslate the following passages into Chinese. Passage 1 On behalf of the U.S. Department of Commerce and the Association for Manufacturing Technology, I would extend my greetings to the seventh China International Machine Tool Show (CIM T—2010), and welcome the visitors to the U.S. Pavilion. We are proud of our U.S. Pavilion, where 170 U.S. exhibitors are displaying the latest world class machine tool technology and related manufacturing services. The technology and services demonstrated here are the primary building blocks for industrialization in every nation of the
商务英语论文题目 1、论文化因素对英汉翻译的影响 2、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧 3、商务函电翻译的用词技巧 4、商标名称的翻译与策略 5、汉语中新词汇的翻译技巧 6、商务谈判中的语言艺术 7、商务谈判的文化障碍 8、商务英语函电在对外贸易中的作用 9、商务英语函电翻译技巧 10、商务谈判中英语的重要性 11、浅谈商务英语写作时避免修饰语错位的方法 12、礼仪在商务谈判中的作用 13、浅谈涉外合同英语特色 14、电子商务对国际贸易的影响及对策 15、商务谈判的艺术性 16、跨文化的商务谈判 17、商务英语交往中的礼貌原则 18、如何翻译好日常商务文书 19、商务英语信函的语体分析 20、浅谈商务信函的文体特征 21、英语商务信函和合同中被动语态的语用意义及其翻译 22、商务英语汉英翻译中从句的运用技巧 23、论跨文化因素对商业广告英语翻译的影响 24、跨文化商务交际中的语言和非语言因素 25、浅谈英语告示语的语言特色与翻译 26、商务英语阅读研究 27、商务英语写作问题研究 28、商务英语考试技巧研究 29、商务英语听力策略研究 30、英语口语或语法在商务领域中的应用 31、商务函电交流研究 32、商务英语学习方法 33、跨文化交际与中西文化冲突 34、国际商务中的跨文化交际问题 35、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突 36、国际商务谈判中应注意的文化因素 37、国际商务谈判中的“文化壁垒” 38、广告英语的分类及分析 39、虚拟语气与商务英语表达 40、跨文化交际在商务英语学习中的运用 41、商务英语学习中跨文化交际能力的培养 42、商务英语在国际营销中的作用
43、术语在国际商务中的重要性 44、商务谈判语言技巧 45、浅析跨文化交际中的商务礼仪 46、例析论网络环境下商务英语的拓展学习模式 47、浅析商务英语汇商务英语中俚语的风格及翻译 48、商务英语教学中英语知识与商务知识的关系 49、商务英语中以谓语动词为中心的基本句型的翻译 50、商务英语的语言特色探讨 51、反译法在商务英语中的应用 52、奈达“等值”理论于商务英语翻译中的理解和应用 53、商务英语中的平行结构及其翻译方法 54、语用原则在商务英语应用中的度范畴 55、商务英语语篇文体特征分析 56、商务英语常用单词的多义现象例析 57、商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译 58、商务英语翻译中的跨文化因素 59、商务英语中书面语言的文体特征及语用分析 60、社会文化迁移对中国式英语的影响 61、英语写作中常见中式英语分析 62、汉译英中遇到新词语的译法问题 63、美国英语习语与文化 64、中美日常交际中的文化差异 65、中西方文化差异及语言体现 商务英语论文题目|商务英语毕业论文题目参考 一、英语论文基本格式 1、毕业论文结构包括：主标题、论文摘要、正文（一般不少于5000字）、注释、参考书目，注释统一用尾注。 2、板式：毕业论文一律用计算机打印。（使用A4规格打印，每页30行） 二、阅读类参考题目以下参考题目对应的范文请到VIP留学生论文网下载，如需原创论文需与在线辅导老师沟通。 1、持续性交际法对商务英语学习者口语和写作能力提高的研究分析 2、商务英语文体学分析 3、语篇功能对等视角的商务英语翻译 4、高职商务英语专业实践课程开发 5、关联理论在商务英语阅读教学中的应用 6、成人商务英语教学中学生自主学习能力的培养 7、功能对等理论视角下的商务英语翻译 8、中职商务英语教学中跨文化交际意识的培养 9、论商务英语翻译中的文化转向 10、职前学生商务英语词汇教学法探索 11、商务英语中模糊语言的应用及其语用分析 12、从目的论角度看国际商务英语翻译的质量评估 13、高职院校商务英语精读教学中的任务型教学法 14、词典类型对翻译与习得商务英语新词作用的实证研究
1 你什么时候要货呢？When do you want the goods? 2 货送到哪里去？Where shall we deliver the goods? 3 有没有送货地点的名片？Do you have card of delivery address. 4 你拿多点数量可以便宜点。We can lower the price, if you take more. 5 这个很便宜了，我都算批发价价格给你了。This is cheap, it is whole sale price. 6 先生（女士），等一下，我看最低能多少钱给你。 Wait a minute, Sir/ Madam, 7 这种款式没货了，这种质量和那种是一样的，价格也一样。 This style is out of stock. This one and that one are the same quality, same price. 8 还需要点别的什么东西吗？Do you want any others? 9 要好点的还是便宜的？Want goods products or cheap one? 10 你要多少米的？How long do you want? 11 算了，给你了。下次多点来关顾。OK, hope you can come again next time. 12 等一下，他去仓库拿货给你看。 Wait a minute. He is going to the warehouse to take the goods. 13 保修一年one year warranty 14 一年内是质量问题可以拿回来换。 If there is quality problem, take it back, we replace it. 15 我怎么联系你呢？How can I contact with you? 16 这个数量太少了。能不能订多点呢? Your order is too small, can you order more? 17 我有便宜点的。I have cheaper one. 18 这个一扎是50米。50 meters, a bundle 19 你要多大的？小一点的就便宜点。 What size do you want? The smaller, the cheaper. 20 拿这种就便宜点，一样大小的，牌子不同。 This one is cheaper, the same size, different brand. 21 这种款式要多少个？How many do you want of this style? 22 等一下，我上二楼拿给你。Wait a minute. I am going upstairs to take it. 23 不行，这个价格我们要亏本的。Sorry, for this price, we will lose money. 24 你还要多点吗？Do you want some more? 25 我们的仓库不远，很快就到了。Our warehouse is not far, we will arrive soon. 26 这么慢，来了没有？再不来我就走了。----很快就来了，再等三分钟。 We have been staying here for a long time. When will he come? If no, we will go. Wait more 3 minutes. 1 请问要多少卷？How many rolls do you want? 2 你的货是自己带走，还是要送? You want us to deliver goods or take by yourself? 3 是货到付款，还是现在支付？ Cash on delivery (COD), or on-site payment 4 如果要送货，运费由你出。 You should pay for the cost of delivery if you want. 5 你想要买什么电器？What electronic equipment do you want to buy? 6 这个款式很畅销。This style sells very well.
商务英语翻译测试题及 答案 集团档案编码：[YTTR-YTPT28-YTNTL98-UYTYNN08]
I. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meanings of words italicized.(15%) 1. The above quoted are the articles in great demand, which have won a high reputation in various markets. 2. The articles in this agreement must not be modified and ended
without the agreement by the both parties. 3. However, the tariff should not be greater in amount than the margin of price caused by dumping. 4. As usual, the lion’s share of the budget is for defense. 5. He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.
II. Translate the following sentences with extension.(15%) 1. There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of Hitler. 2.China, which posted its highest growth rate in a decade, is Asia’s new star performer. 3. John took to his studies eagerly, and proved an adept pupil.
全国商务英语翻译统一考试 中级笔译试题 注意事项 1. 请首先按要求在试题卷和答题卷的标封处填写姓名、准考证号等； 2. 请仔细阅读题目要求进行答题，答案写在答题卷上； 3. 请保持卷面整洁，不要在标封区填写无关内容； 4. 答题时间为150分钟。 Part I Translate the following sentences into English or into Chinese. 1.国家统计局说，消费者价格3月份攀升8.3%，比2月份8.7%有所下降。2月份的上涨率是将近12年来的最高点。价格升高的部分原因被指是由于1月份和2月份的严重暴雪导致工厂停工，庄稼被毁。 2. 对于钢材、水泥、化肥、化工原料等这类商品来说，只要其规格、样式、型号或化学成分相符，价格优惠且交货及时，买方通常都不会派人去国外进行实地考察。 3.中国能不能顶住霸权主义、强权政治的压力，坚持我们的社会主义制度，关键就看能不能争得经济较快的增长速度，实现我们的发展战略。 4.部分地区由于需求增长，批发茶价几乎翻了一番。所以我公司拟大批量订货，希望贵方备足库存。 5.这个现行办法旨在扶持那些发展中国家与从其他国家进口的产品展开竞争，而不损害我们自己产业的利益。 6. After months of unfruitful negotiation with the trade unions, the government cut the Gordian knot by declaring that workers who did not accept a 2% pay rise would be fired. 7.China’s growing trade surplus has been a point of contention with both the United States and the European Union. China’s major trading partners accuse Beijing of manipulating its currency to keep its value low and give Chinese products an unfair price advantage on world markets. 8. One day’s sick leave with the application, after approved by the departmental head, is to be submitted to the admin executive on the day following the one day’s sick leave. 9. There were a few middle-aged and even elderly women in the train, their silver-wiry hair and wrinkled faces, scourged by time and trouble, having almost a grotesque, certainly a pathetic appearance in such a jaunty situation. 10.The 1970s brought a decline in eating out, but the 1980s, especially in homes where both parents were working, brought a big increase in the demand for many types of restaurants. Part II. Translate the following passages into Chinese. Passage 1 Savings provide one way to take care of financial losses. But savings are not the answer to large losses. The best way to guard against large financial losses is through insurance. Over 4,800 companies in the United States are in the business of providing insurance protection. These businesses are called insurance companies. Because most insurance companies operate on a big scale, they provide a way for large numbers of people to share their losses. Insurance can provide protection against almost any kind of loss. Singers may insure their voices. Photographers may insure their negatives. The owner of a home freezer may insure against food loss in case of a power failure. A business owner can insure his or her place of business. A business owner can also insure against a loss of profits during a shutdown following a fire or damaging accident. Like all private firms, insurance companies must charge enough for protection to pay their operating costs and make a profit. The main factor affecting the price of insurance, however, is the amount of risk involved. The more risk an insurance company assumes for a policyholder, the higher the premium. An insurance company must collect enough money from all its policyholders to pay the claims of those who have
商务英语翻译课程教学大纲 课程编码：课程性质：专业方向课 课时： 36（20+16）学分：2 开课学期：第5学期先修课程：基础英语 适用专业：商务英语专业 课程简介： 《商务英语翻译》课程是为培养“英语+专业”的应用型涉外人才而设置，从英汉两种语言在表达上的差异入手，旨在通过向学生传授基本的翻译理论和技巧，并结合大量的实践训练，培养学生的翻译能力，从而提高其英语综合运用能力，并使学生能够胜任国际贸易中出现的各类实用文体以及简单的文字翻译工作。 一、课程教学目标 本课程以培养学生的翻译能力为目标，旨在使商务英语专业学生掌握和运用一些基本的翻译理论；能够在一些参考书的辅助下，熟练翻译名片、商标、标识、公司简介、产品说明、广告等商务英语方面的资料；能够掌握常见的组织机构的翻译方式；能够运用所学翻译技巧熟练翻译各类公关文稿；能够正确翻译商务信函和单证材料；能够正确熟练翻译各种常见商务报告，译文达意，格式恰当；能够辨识一些商务文本存在的翻译问题和错误。在大量实例训练中锻炼学生在商务语境下有效进行英汉、汉英互译、正确传达信息、顺畅开展交流的能力。 二、课程重点、难点 该课程教学重点是英语商务文本汉译的基本知识、理论和方法，难点是专业外贸知识及专业术语；跨文化交际理论与实践 三、整体课时分配
四、课程内容安排 （一）Unit1 Business Cards 主要内容：英汉名片的互译、设计和正确运用中英文商务名片、商务英语翻译中遵循正确的翻译原则 教学要求：帮助学生初步了解商务名片的互译特点与原则 其它教学环节：案例教学 （二）Unit 2 Signs 主要内容：商务环境中的常见中英文标识、中英文标识的语言特点及其常见翻译技巧 教学要求：帮助学生了解商务环境中的常见中英文标识，掌握常见翻译技巧 重点、难点：商务环境中的直译法和意译法 其它教学环节：情景教学 （三）Unit 3 Trademarks 主要内容：识别中英文商标、商标的翻译、转译法 教学要求：帮助学生了解中英文商标的翻译 重点、难点：商标翻译中的转译法 其它教学环节：案例教学 （四）Unit 4 Organizations 主要内容：识别组织机构名称、外来词翻译法 教学要求：帮助学生了解商务环境下常见的组织机构名称与外来词翻译 重点、难点：织机构名称 其它教学环节：交互教学 （五）Unit 5 Company Introductions 主要内容：公司简介翻译 教学要求：帮助学生掌握被动语态、名词从句、定语从句、状语从句和长句的拆合、转译。 重点、难点：长句的拆译，各类从句的转译 其它教学环节：案例教学 （六）Unit 6 Product Descriptions & Advertisement 主要内容：产品介绍的翻译和广告 教学要求：帮助学生掌握运用反译法进行英汉互译 重点、难点：反译法 其它教学环节：案例教学 （七）Unit 7 Business Contracts 主要内容：商务合同的翻译 教学要求：帮助学生掌握商务合同常见术语和句式、正确翻译常见合同文本、长句的处理 重点、难点：商务合同常见术语和句式 其它教学环节：案例教学 五、教材与学习资源 1. 教材： 谢金领.《世纪商务英语翻译教程》.大连理工大学出版社，2009. 2. 主要参考资料： 张新红等.《商务英语翻译》.高等教育出版社，2004.
试卷号： ********学院20**学年度第1学期 期末考试试卷 考试年级 13.14.15 专业商务英语科目商务英语翻译出卷老师 ***** 试题号一二三四总分 得分 一请将下列合成词译成汉语:（1* 15=15） 1. free-spender 2. good--to—excellent care 3. office-bearer 4 . character-building 5 Bad news travels quickly. 6 knock-out system 7 marriage lines 8 nest egg 9 off-hour hobby 10 off-the-job training 11 on-the-job training 12 on-the-spot broadcasting 13 pension insurance
14 red-hot news 15 red-letter day 二下面的句子可采用增减词法来翻译,请写出具体的增词法或具体的减词法:（2*5=10）1.Rumors had already spread along the streets and lanes. 2. I could knit when I was seven. 3. The day when he was born remains unknown. 4.We live and learn. 5.Once you are in , you wouldn't be allowed to get out. 三写出下列每组分别属于何种合译：（2*5=10） 1．to and from here and there off and onup and down 2．often and often by and by men and men hours and hours 3．thick and thin within and without off and on fair or foul 4．forgive and forget now or never high and dry mend or end 5．bread and butter pick and steal odds and ends house and home 四. 按要求用所学过的翻译技巧翻译下例句子:（3*5=15） 1.我没注意到这一点.(用正译法) 2.你的工作令人满意.(用反译法) 3.我们不应该听闲话.(用正译法)
考试简介 全国商务英语翻译（ETTBL）是我国一项系统的“外语+专业”的商务翻译培训、考试，以全国《商务英语翻译教程》（口译/笔译）的培训大纲为基础，内容涵盖广告、产品描述、产品与保险、人力资源与职业、经济、国际贸易、金融证券、市场营销、法律、合同与协议、旅游业等。由商务英语专业教授及富有商务背景的外籍教师进行授课，侧重于常用商务材料英汉互译对照、常用商务专业词汇及典型句型解析、翻译技巧等。打造商务英语翻译培训的优秀品牌，弥补高素质商务英语翻译人才的市场缺口，培养出专业化、知识化的口译/笔译人才，缩短新学员进入企业的磨合期，尽快适应工作；提高在职人员商务英语翻译专业水平及职业能力，更好地胜任工作。 学员完成培训计划规定的全部内容和课时后，参加全国商务英语翻译的考核及综合评定，根据考评结果，颁发相应等级相应层次的《全国商务英语翻译证书》。是商务英语人员上岗就业的依据，是工商、合资企业、外事单位用人的资格凭证.该证书全国通用，并网上注册()。并为学员建立个人资料库，借助中国商务人才网（）的网络平台协助考生就业和提供继续教育服务等。
职业定义 初级：能在商务往来中进行一般性商务英语交谈。涉外企业的员工及同层次的企业外销人员、宾馆接待人员、商场收银员等。 中级：能在一般性商务会谈和商务活动中进行口译和笔译。涉外企业的职员及同层次的秘书，办公室主管等。 高级：能在一般性商务会议和外事商务活动中进行口译和笔译。涉外企业主管及同层次的企业经理助理、企业经理等。 翻译师：能在大型商务会议中进行复杂的口译和笔译，并胜任专职商务翻译工作。 高级翻译师：能在各种国际会议中进行口译和笔译。在口译中能交替传译和同声传译；在笔译中对商务活动会议的文件及商务专业性的资料作笔译。能承担国际商务会议中各种复杂的笔译、口译，解决商务英语中的一切疑难问题。 考试对象 凡遵守中华人民共和国宪法和法律、恪守职业道德、具备一定外语水平、有志于从事商务领域翻译工作的在职和求职人员及在校生，不论学历高低，均可参加。
《商务英语翻译》课程标准 适用专业：商务英语专业课程编码：TA0B28 开设时间：第5学期课时数：72学时 ? 一、课程概述 本课程旨在传授翻译理论知识及实用的翻译方法和技巧，培养学生独立完成英汉翻译任务。课程是翻译理论为基础，结合实际的典型翻译例文向学生传递实用的翻译技巧，与此同时培养学生的举一反三的能力，最后通过实际的翻译任务锻炼学生的实际翻译能力。 课程设计从商务英语教学的实际需要入手，结合基本的翻译理论、方法以及实际外贸业务对英汉翻译的专业知识需要，在比较全面的介绍英汉翻译知识的同时也为学生补充了大量实际有用的专业翻译方法和技巧，使学生不仅对英汉互译有进一步的学习，同时也可以将所学翻译技巧充分运用于实际工作，从而真正做到学有所用。 坚持以高职教育培养目标为依据，遵循“结合理论联系实际，以应知、应会”的原则，以培养锻炼职业技能为重点。注重培养学生的翻译理论灵活运用能力和翻译实践能力。把实践和创新素质的培养贯穿于教学中，采用翻译任务独立完成等方式注重发展学生独立思维和专业应用能力。培养学生在翻译过程中分析、解决实际问题的能力。 ?
二、课程培养目标 1.方法能力目标 （1）熟悉英语翻译的理论知识。 （2）掌握翻译的标准和原则。 （3）熟悉各种商务文体翻译的过程。 （4）了解译者的工作原则和职业操守。 2.社会能力目标 （1）能够处理对外贸易企业的日常涉外文件翻译。 （2）能够对外贸企业各种函电进行专业翻译。 （3）能够做到对外贸易工作过程中的陪同口译。 3.专业能力目标 （1）熟练掌握词义的选择和引申、词类转译法、增词法、省词法、被动结构的译法和正反、反正的译法。 （2）掌握各种名词性从句的译法、长句的译法和直译、意译法。 （3）能够熟悉掌握商业名片的翻译、标识的翻译、公司介绍的翻译、产品说明书的翻译、商业广告的翻译、商务函电的翻译、外贸单证的翻译等各种实用商务文体的英汉互译。 （4）熟悉各种实用文体的翻译技巧和典型句型，能够在词典的帮助下独立翻译各种基本实用商务文体。
The road to Hell is paved with good intention好心办坏事 The spirit is willing, but the fresh is weak. 心有余而力不足 A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力老大徒伤悲. 爱莫能助be disobliging 活该to have it/that coming to sb. 遇到克星meet one’s waster Cats hide their claws. 知人而不知心 Grasp all. Lose all. 贪多必失 Two’s company，but three’s a crowed. 两人成伴，三人不欢背黑锅The whipping boy./ to carry the can 逼得走投无路to bring/ drive sb. to bay. 进退维谷to be caught between the Devil and deep blue sea. 出格step out of line No way is impossible to courage. 勇者无惧 The more wit, the less courage. 初生牛犊不怕虎 Nothing ventured nothing gained. 不入虎穴焉得虎子 认为…不在话下think nothing of doing sth. 采取主动take the initiative in doing sth. 激流勇进advance through the rapids.
Don’t hate the hand that fee ds you. 不要忘恩负义 Better be envied than pitied. 宁被人妒，不被人怜 To turn over a new leaf. 改过自新 吃不着葡萄说葡萄酸sour grapes 恨铁不成钢regret that one’s offspring does not live up to one’s expectations wish iron could turn into steel at once. 红颜易逝beauty fades likes a flower Care killed the cat. 忧愁伤身 To leave(sb) for behind/ in the dust 望尘莫及 Feast or famine 大起大落 To scratch one’s head/ rack one’s brain 冥思苦想 The fool wonders, the wise man asks. 愚人困惑，智者勤问 The squeaking wheel gets the oil. 无声无息，亦无所得 He who hesitates is lost. 犹豫不决错失良机 一头雾水To be in a complete fog/ to be puzzled and confused. 仁者见仁，智者见智To be all things to all men/people. 茅塞顿开click（to suddenly became clear or understand） Faith moves mountain. 精诚所至，金石为开 A friend is best found in adversity. 患难见真情
一.翻译原则 1.忠实原则,即信息对等而不是语意对等 Eg.每年的两届交易会,把全国几乎所有的外贸公司和出口商品集中起来,统一到广州展出,成交,减少了我们到国外推销的支出,外商也可以只派少数人到会选购,不必花大人力到我各口岸寻找生意,节省了买卖双方的费用,深受国外经营各种商品的中小客商的欢迎. The biannual Guangzhou Fair is attended by almost all foreign trade companies in China and presents a great number of export commodities to buyers from abroad. Many transactions are concluded at the fair. As sellers and buyers can all gather in one place to conduct trade talks, the fair apparently saves them a great deal of time and money. This explains why the Guangzhou Fair has long been popular among overseas traders. 2. 准确原则---选词准确,概念表达准确,数码单位准确. 如: 保税区≠Free trade zone 保税仓库≠Tarriff-free warehouse Eg.客商从开发区企业分得的利润汇出境外时,免征所得税. Profits gained by the investors and businessmen from the Development Zone terprises will be exempted from tax when remitted out of China. Eg.如贵方能将尿素报价降至每吨1200美元,我们可以订购150至180吨. If you can reduce your price of Urea to 1,200 dollars per ton, we may consider placing an order of 150-180 tons. 3.统一原则 译名,概念,术语应始终保持统一,不能随意改变译名. 如:基本建设≠basic construction 基本价格≠basic price 4.文化融入 A.注意文化因素---了解中西方文化差异 1)思维方式的不同 中国文化重权威与历史,西方重现实与事实---偏实用. 中国文化重整体,西方偏分析性思维 2) 语言的不同 中国语言重修饰,偏笼统与含糊,西方语言重具体和准确. 谦辞在许多场合被采用,体现了中国文化背景下语用特征之一.
Unit 1 1.从你的简历和应聘申请书来看，你对营销工作已有相当多的经验。 I see from your résumé and application that you’ve had quite a lot of experience in marketing already. 2.如果你处在我的位置，你希望你的雇员应具备哪些素质？ If you were in my shoes, what sort of qualities you’d look for in your employees? 3.部门经理应该能够主动处理很多事情。 A department manager has to be able to do a lot of things on your own initiative. 4.作为秘书，我做过大量的文字工作，如拟写报告、作会议记录等，而且似乎我的记忆力比一般人强。As a secretary, I’ve had to do quite a lot of paper work, such as handling report writing, keeping minutes at meetings, and I seem to have a better memory than average. 5.从秘书的角度看，我认为和上司共享一个办公室更好，这样对她的上司不太有可能忘记告诉她一些重要的事情。 From the secretary’s point of view I think it’s better to share an office room with her boss so that there’s not much chance of her superior forgetting to let her know about important matters. 6.我工作过的那家公司是一家做营销和公共关系的公司，主要是为在中国投资的外国公司提供咨询。The company where I worked is a marketing and public relations company and they do consultant work for foreign companies investing in China. 7.我想在贵公司会有更多个人发展的机会，而且这里的工作对于我来说更具挑战性。 I feel that I would have more scope and opportunity for personal development in your company and that the work will be more challenging for me. 8.我主要的工作是协助经理安排访问、会议及介绍，并且替他处理信件。 What I basically do is to assist the manager by arranging visits, setting up meetings and presentations and to deal with his correspondence. 9.申请书和简历一样重要，因为申请书通常是申请者和雇主之间第一次直接的接触。 The application letter can be as important as the CV in that it often provides the first direct contact between an applicant and an employer. 10.有效的申请书能说明你对具体单位兴趣的原因，并且辨认出你最相关的技能或经历。 Effective application letters explain the reasons for your interest in the specific organization and identify your most relevant skills or experiences. Unit2 1.本公司创建于1978年，现在已经成为我国主要的厨房用具出口商之一。 Our company, established in 1978, has now become one of the leading exporters of kitchen appliances in our country. 2.我们在国内有十家专业子公司，在国外有六家常驻办事处。我们在国内还建立了二十多家合资公司。 We have 10 specialist subsidiaries at home and 6 permanent offices abroad. We’ve also set up more than 20 joint ventures in the home market. 3.我们是多元化企业，主要是经营国际贸易、国际运输、劳务输出、房地产等。 We are a diversified company dealing mainly in international trade, international transportation, labor export, real estate and so on. 4.我们从事纺织品经营已经有30多年，并与当地纺织品大厂家及分销商保持密切的联系。 We have been handling textiles for more than 30 years and maintain close contact with large manufacturers and distributors in our area. 5.为了迅速发展，我们组成了多元化战略联盟，使我们能扩大到新的市场领域。 In order to grow rapidly, we’ve formed a diversifying strategic alliance which allows us to expand onto new market areas. 6.我们的目标主要是本地市场，但是我们也在研究进入欧洲市场的可能性。 We mainly target local markets, but we are looking at the possibility of entering the European market. 7.我们公司的领导体系是这样的：首先是合伙人；其次，直接在合伙人之下的是三位合作伙伴，也就是，最上层是两位合伙人和直接在合伙人之下的三个合作伙伴。在合作伙伴之下，我们有高级工程师、初级工程师、绘图员等，一直往下至办公室的勤杂工。 The system of command of our company is that we have the partners, and then we have three associates immediately below the partners, that is, two partners at the top and three associates directly below them. And then below the associate we have senior engineers, junior engineers, drafts-person and so on and so forth, down to the office boy. 8.我们是新成立的公司，只有大约五年的历史。公司共有四十名员工，分布在四个办事处中。 We’re a young company, only about five years old. There are only about 40 people in the company, split amongst four offices. 9. 谈到进口在中国畅销的美国产品，我们作为一家在中国的美国公司，感到比其他公司更有优势。 As an American company in China we find we have an advantage over other companies when it comes to importing American products that are marketable here in China.