新闻听力中的背景知识联想与语篇构建
夏日光
（长沙理工大学外国语学院，湖南长沙410077）
摘要：运用近代语言科学创始人索绪尔的词项联想的观点，对英语新闻语篇中有关背景知识的词项展开联想，从而帮助解码者把握新闻脉络，预测新闻内容，减轻记忆负荷，扩大记忆容量，达到对新闻语篇准确构建和迅速解码的目的。在此基础上，探讨了在教学实践中如何提高英语新闻背景知识联想能力的问题。
关键词：背景知识；联想；联想场；新闻语篇
Background Knowledge Association and Text Construction in News-listening
XIA Ri-guang
（College of Foreign Languages., Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410077, China）
Abstract:This thesis attempts to adopt the theory of word association which was held by Saussure, the founder of modern linguistic science , and to have an association about the words of background knowledge in the English news text in order to help the decoder, on one hand, to distinguish the orientation and preview the contents of the news, on the other hand , to lighten the burden and enlarge the capacity of memory . If so, the listener will construct the news text correctly and decode it quickly. .Based on the analysis, the problem on how to improve the ability in English news background knowledge association in the process of teaching and learning has been studied.
Key Words:Background Knowledge; Association; Association Field; News Text
0引言
在收听英语新闻时，学生常常会遇到这样一个令人困惑的问题：一条新闻听过以后，很难把握其中内容。究其原因，听者并非对新闻语篇中的各种衔接词项，如照应、替代、连接等没有理解，而是对所听的新闻话题产生不了联想，因而对新闻语篇中的其它相关信息难于激活，理解程度当然就大打折扣了。
听力，顾名思义，即听的能力。也就是说，交际时受话者以听觉接受说话者的信息后，具有把对方话语构建成衔接而又连贯的语篇的能力。在收听英语新闻时，具体的要求是对所听的材料做到“理解大意、抓住主要论点或情节，能根据所听的材料进行分析、领会说话人的态度、感情或真实意图。”（《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》2000：24）要达到这一要求，听者仅仅理解新闻语篇中的有关衔接的词项显然不够，必须考虑到包括语义在内的篇章整体的连贯性。
篇章语言学认为，“篇章的连贯性并非取决于具体的衔接手段本身，而是取决于句与句之间的语义联系。”（林纪诚，1988（4））“篇章中的衔接手段只能揭示输出的篇章表层形式的结构特征，而不能揭示篇章形式连接赖以存在的语义连贯以及制约语义连贯的语用因素”（林纪诚，1989（2））。因此，交际双方的共知，即人们常说的背景知识（background knowledge），对语篇的解码尤为重要。学生对听过的新闻话题，不能产生联想，在头脑中形成不了连贯的语篇，说明交际双方缺乏共知，听过之后不能充分理解的原因，当然就不言自明了。本文就背景知识联想展开讨论，以帮助学生熟悉一些当今国际上较大的冲突热点，在收听英语新闻广播时展开联想，提高英语新闻听力水平。
1联想与联想场
心理学认为，联想就是由某人或某事物而想起其它相关的人或事物，或者是由于某概念而引起其他相关的概念的一种思维活动。这种思维活动以某人或某事物为基点展开联想。其思维模式正如现代语言科学创始人索绪尔所谈到的语义联想场一样，一个给定的词项就象一个星座的中心，周围有不定数量的并列词项向中心聚汇。同理，在收听英语新闻时，对某个背景知识展开联想，周围同样存在数不清的描述人或事物的词项会与之发生联系。这种联系纵横交错，辐射四周，形成以某个背景知识为主体的词项联想场。例如，Israeli and Palestinian negotiators say they are serious about moving the peace process forward. Israeli police minister Slomo Ben Ani and Palestinian security chief Bahamod Dalan met in Gaza City. They said they discussed ways to continue the process begun at the peace talks near Washington last week. In Jericho, Israeli negotiator Obdad Alan and Palestinian official Saeb
Erekat discussed the Israeli surrender of more West Bank land to the Palestinians. They also discussed Israel’s possible release of Palestinian prisoners.The future of Jerusalem was not discussed at the meeting.
这条新闻主要反映以色列和巴勒斯坦之间的民族冲突，根据联想场的观点，与之相关的各个语项可以由此展开联想，如下图所示：
民族冲突（以色列--巴勒斯坦）
加沙华盛顿巴勒斯坦方案本·阿里
杰里科非斯非斯方案达兰
西岸奥斯陆奥斯陆协议阿拉法特
耶路撒冷特拉维夫以色列方案沙龙
纳布卢斯戴维营路线图计划库赖
……………………
根据图示，当我们听到新闻语篇中Israel（以色列）这个词项的时候，会马上想到Palestine （巴勒斯坦）。因为这两个民族在近一百年来，在一块仅为两万平方千米的土地上，为了生存，拼命厮杀，一场你死我活的民族冲突无休无止。现在，这种冲突几乎天天可闻。在这个联想场中：（1）当听到Gaza（加沙）的时候，就会联想到Jericho(杰里科)、West Bank(西岸)、Jerusalem(耶路撒冷)和Nabulus（纳布卢斯）等地名。这些地方都与巴勒斯坦人的家园有关；（2）当听到Washington(华盛顿)的时候，人们会自然联想到摩洛哥的宗教城市Fes（非斯）、挪威首都Oslo（奥斯陆）、以色列的海滨城市Tel Aviv（特拉维夫）以及美国总统的别墅David Camp(戴维营)等地名。这些地方都与巴以冲突解决方案诞生地有关；（3）在此基础上，人们还会想到历史上为解决巴以冲突所提出的各种方案，如Palestine Plan(巴勒斯坦方案)、Israel Plan(以色列方案)、Fes Plan非斯方案、Oslo Accords(奥斯陆协议)和Roadmap to Peace（路线图计划）等；（4）根据新闻中所提到的巴以谈判代表Slomo Ben Ani(本·阿里)和Bahamod Dalan(达兰)，人们甚至还会想到巴以双方长期以来活跃在国际政治舞台上的风云人物Arafat（阿拉法特）、Sharon（沙龙）、Abass（阿巴斯）和Qurei（库赖）等等。以上四个方面大体形成了有关巴以冲突背景知识的词项联想场。
这种联想方式和人们的记忆是分不开的。按照心理学的观点，平时，人们的知识并不是孤立地留在记忆中，而是分门别类地储存在大脑中。当人们在收听新闻中捕捉到某个信息的时候，其他相关信息就会被激活，形成一个联想场。系统功能语言学家韩礼德也指出，“话语不是杂乱无章地从一个话题跳到另一个话题，它总是以一定的话题的连贯性和话题展开的可能性按照规律合理地发展的。”（韩礼德1976：288）因此，以话题的背景知识为出发点，在词项联想场中展开联想，就可以搜索到众多的词项，从而构建出一个完整的语篇，对新闻语篇的理解自然就水到渠成了。
2 联想与新闻背景知识
一般说来，英语新闻听力教学中的背景知识联想，是指在国际事物中，以某个热点为中心，围绕某个事件而展开，其中包括时间、地点、参与者、现状、历史渊源和国际社会的舆论以及所采取的行动等。这种联想是自由的、辐射的、呈跳跃式的，但决不可凭空想象，空穴来风。要以史为据，以理为据，合乎逻辑地展开。这一点正是学生们深感不足的。下面将就英语新闻听力学习中出现频率较高的一些国际冲突热点的背景知识，结合联想场的观点进行介绍。这些背景知识主要包括民族冲突、领土纠纷、宗教矛盾等等。
2.1 民族冲突
在英语新闻听力学习中，常常会收听到有关民族冲突的新闻。这些冲突的发生有国与国之间的，也有国内各民族之间的；有历史上已经发生过的，也有现在正在发生的，历史上发生过的正是眼下正在发生的冲突的诱因和铺垫。例如：
COLOMBO：Sri lanka is set to mark a full year without major ethnic bloodshed as government forces and Tamil Tiger rebels notch up their longest ceasefire in the decades-old separatist war, officials said yesterday.
The truce, initially declared by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam（LTTE）on Christmas
Eve last year, and reciprocated by the new government of Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesing .He was holding well ,military spokesman Sanath Karenaratne said.
当听到这条新闻的消息来源地Colombo（科伦坡）的时候，我们马上会想到印度洋上的美丽岛国斯里兰卡。在这个国家里，居住着两个主要民族：僧伽罗人和泰米尔人。以前，两族人民和睦相处，可是，到了1976年，泰米尔人却要求建立独立的泰米尔国，成立了泰米尔伊拉姆猛虎解放组织（Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam---_LTTE）并开始武装斗争。从此，国内两大民族反目为仇，浴血厮杀，时打时停，几无宁日,直到该条新闻中所提到的最近一年中，在国际社会的调停下，战争才平息下来。在这条新闻里，我们可以发现以僧泰两族为冲突背景的词项联想场：（1）斯里兰卡（Sri lanka）、科伦坡（Colombo）；（2）政府（government）、猛虎组织（LTTE）；（3）僧伽罗人（Sinhalese）和泰米尔人（Tamil）；（4）杀戮（bloodshed）、停战（truce）等等。结合本条新闻，在这个联想场里自由联想，我们不难发现，斯里兰卡多年来的民族冲突已暂告一段落，呈现出了民族和解的曙光。
此外，在民族冲突背景知识联想场中，我们还会联想到国际上类似的冲突，例如，北爱尔兰民族独立问题（爱尔兰共和军Republic Army of Ireland）、西班牙巴斯克地区巴斯克人的民族独立问题（埃塔（ETA））、加拿大魁北克省法裔居民要求脱离加拿大而独立建国问题（魁北克独立（Independence of Quebec））、苏丹南部尼罗省、赤道省和扎加勒河省等省份要求脱离苏丹而独立的问题（南部苏丹独立（Indepndce of Southern Sudan））等等。以上问题共处于民族冲突的联想场中，在收听英语新闻的时候，各条信息有可能被相互激活，从而产生丰富的词项联想，聚汇大量的相关信息，实现对整个新闻语篇迅速解码的目的。
2.2领土纠纷
当今世界上，所有的土地都各有其主。即使为无主土地，也有国际条约规范（如南极洲）。然而，领土纠纷依然存在。这些矛盾的产生存在多种多样的原因，但大多数冲突都源于殖民时期种下的祸根。请看下面这条新闻：
Also in India ：At least four people have been wounded in an explosive attack near the Moslem holy area in Indian Kashmir’s summer capital Srinagar. Indian police say militants threw a bomb near the Hashrabow Shrine. The attack follows a car bombing that killed 12 people in Srinagar on Thursday. That bombing was blamed on militants of the pro-Pakistan Hesbu Mujahedin. The militants had warned of new attacks after peace talks with India failed.
在这条新闻中，当我们一听到Kashmir（克什米尔）这个词项，几乎可以同时想到印度的宿敌巴基斯坦。印巴两国原来都是英属印度的一部分，自1947年6月两国分治以来，为了克什米尔的归属问题，战火不断，难解难分。
克什米尔在印巴独立前是英属印度最大的土邦之一，它对外归英国殖民政府管辖，对内独立施政。按照“蒙巴顿方案”，印巴独立以后，这个土邦可以自由选择归属：或并入印度，或并入巴基斯坦，或与英国保持原有关系。然而，巴认为，克什米尔应成为巴的领土，因为该土邦的居民78%是穆斯林人。可是印巴独立时该土邦的大君（实际统治者）是印度教徒，印度也想通过对大君的影响把这片土地划入自己的版图。1947年7月，大君下令解除伊斯兰教徒的武装，遭到教徒们的强烈反对，反被赶出克什米尔。大君被逐之后，随即向印度求助。印度政府迅速出兵，占领了克什米尔的大片土地，并声称接受克什米尔加入印度的要求。此后，印巴为了这片土地的归属问题连续发生过三次大战，到2001年，这场领土纠纷几乎酿成了一场核战争。
目前，尽管两国已经恢复大使级外交关系，但克什米尔的归属问题仍未解决，战争的阴影依然没有从两国人民的心头消逝。了解这些背景知识后，人们的思维就可以迅速进入印巴领土纠纷的词项联想场：（1）印控克什米尔（Indian Kashmir）、巴控克什米尔（Pakistani Kashmir）；（2）斯利拉加（Srinagar）、查谟（Jammu）；（3）穆斯林（Moslem）、印度教徒（Hindu）等等。当以上新闻结合该联想场进行联想的时候，人们会发现克什米尔的局势依然动荡不安。
在当今世界上以领土纠纷为中心展开的联想场中，人们还会发现许多类似的例子。如英国和阿根廷在南大西洋的马尔维纳斯群岛（Malvinas Islands）之争、日本和俄罗斯的北方四岛（Northern Islands）之争、西班牙和英国的直布罗陀（Gibraltar）之争、摩
洛哥和西班牙的塞卜泰（Sebta）和梅利利亚（Melilia）之争、埃塞俄比亚和索马里关于欧加登（Ogaden）地区的归属问题等等。这些纠纷由来已久，而且很难在近期内得到解决，因此，冲突不断，新闻迭出。在收听有关领土纠纷的英语新闻时，对它们展开充分的联想是很有必要的。
2.3 宗教矛盾
在收听英语新闻时，宗教矛盾时有所闻。在多个宗教盛行的国家里，由于管理失控，有时可能会出现尖锐的宗教冲突。这一点对中国学生而言，由于国情不同，可能难于理解。请看下面这条新闻：
India: Indian commandos are moving in on a basement of the Golden Temple Complex in Amritsar to flush out militant Sikh separatists who have taken refuge there. More Sikh militants are believed sheltered in the inner sanctum of the Golden Temple itself, the Sikhs holiest shrine. Indian forces have had the Temple Complex in Punjab State under siege since May 9. The Sikh extremists are waging an armed campaign for an independent Sikh homeland.
在这则新闻中，当Golden Temple（金庙）一出现，人们可以马上联想到教派林立的印度。在该国旁遮普邦的阿姆利则市，有一座锡克教的圣殿——金庙。该庙由信奉锡克教的锡克族人管理。从1981年起，锡克教徒就开始向印度政府要求扩大自治权，甚至要求整个旁遮普邦脱离印度，建立独立的锡克教国家。此后，锡克教武装以金庙为据点同政府保安部队不断发生冲突。随着事态进一步扩大，印度总理甘地夫人竟然指挥军队攻打金庙，枪杀了近五百多名锡克教徒。此事直接导致了甘地夫人在官邸的花园，被两名满怀宗教仇恨的锡克教卫兵枪杀的悲剧。了解这些背景知识后，以金庙为中心的词项联想场就渐显端倪：（1）旁遮普邦（Punjab State）、阿姆利则（Amritsar）、金庙（Golden Temple）；（2）锡克教徒（Sikh）、印度武装部队（Indian forces）；（3）锡克教圣殿（the Sikh holist shrine）、锡克教国家（Sikh homeland）等等。在此基础上结合该条新闻的其他内容进行联想，可以得知，金庙的争夺战正在打响。
在以宗教矛盾为中心的联想场中，人们还可以联想到世界上其它地区的宗教纷争。例如，在巴勒斯坦地区，由于历史原因，伊斯兰教和犹太教长期对立；在伊拉克，逊尼派穆斯林和什叶派穆斯林长期不和等等。
除了民族冲突、领土纠纷和宗教矛盾外，有关新闻背景知识的联想场还有很多，例如矿产资源和水资源争夺、反恐斗争等。这些知识都有待学习者在收听新闻中去发现和积累。
3 结语
综上所述，背景知识是英语新闻语篇解码的基础。背景知识联想能有效地激活大脑中所储存的信息，加快语篇解码速度，提高新闻听力水平。同时，在解码的过程中，可以帮助解码者预测新闻内容，削减记忆负荷，通过词项的相互联想，还能扩大记忆容量，提高表达能力。认知心理学家卡雷尔指出，“语言能力实际上就是一个人总的背景知识的一部分。”（Carrell,P.L.,1983:183）因此，在英语新闻语篇解码时，为了达到迅速构建新闻语篇，提高解码速度，掌握丰富的背景知识是不可或缺的。怎样才能掌握丰富的背景知识，提高联想能力？以下三个方面值得考虑。
第一，教师在教学中不但要考虑提高学生的英语语言基本功（语音、语法等），而且还要让学生尽可能多地接触世界各国的政治、经济、军事、外交、宗教、历史、地理、国际关系、社会习俗和风土人情等知识，以此拓宽视野，调整知识结构，扩大知识容量。第二，在课程的开设和教材的编写方面应对此予以关注，如开设“英语新闻背景导读”、“新闻背景知识”等课程。此外，编写相应的教材对系统地整理和传授有关背景知识也是大有裨益的。第三，加强隐性课程的建设，积极鼓励和督促学生在课后利用各种渠道，如举办讲座，刊印学习小报等，多多涉猎这方面的知识。
尽管联想是一项复杂的心理活动，但掌握了丰富的新闻背景知识后，就可以在各个词项的联想场中自由驰骋，任意检索，从而达到对新闻语篇准确而又迅速解码的目的。
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Section A 短对话 (11~18) 11. M: Oh my god! The heat is simply unbearable here. I wish we’ve gone to the beach instead. W: Well, with the museums and restaurants in Washington I’ll be happy here no matter what the temperature. Q：What does the woman mean? 12. M: How’s the new job going? W: Well, I’m learning a lot of new things, but I wish the director would give me some feedback. Q：What does the woman want to know? 13. M: Can you help me work out a physical training program John? W: Sure, but whatever you do be careful not to overdo it. Last time I had two weeks’worth of weight-lifting in three days and I hurt myself. Q: What does the man suggest the woman do? 14. M: I have an elderly mother and I’m worried about her going on a plane. Is there any risk?
2010年12月大学英语四级听力真题 (含文本) 11. M: Oh my god! The heat is simply unbearable here. I wish we’ve gone to the beach instead. W: Well, with the museums and restaurants in Washington I’ll be happy here no matter what the temperature. Q：What does the woman mean? 12. M: How’s the new job going? W: Well, I’m learning a lot of new things, but I wish the director would give me some feedback. Q：What does the woman want to know? 13. M: Can you help me work out a physical training program John? W: Sure, but whatever you do be careful not to overdo it. Last time I had two weeks’ worth of weight-lifting in three days and I hurt myself. Q: What does the man suggest the woman do? 14. M: I have an elderly mother and I’m worried about her going on a plane. Is there any risk? W: Not if her heart is all right. If she has a heart condition, I’d recommend against it. Q: What does the man want to know about his mother? 15. M: Why didn’t you stop when we first signaled you at the crossroads? W: Sorry, I was just a bit absent-minded. Anyway, do I have to pay a fine? Q: what do we learn from the conversation? 16. M: I’m no expert, but that noise in your refrigerator doesn’t sound right. Maybe you should have it fixed. W: You’re right. And I suppose I’ve put it off long enough.
【关键字】大学 英语四级听力必备高频词汇 1.校园生活 图书馆 shelf书架overdue 超/过期renew/renewal(n.)续借reference room 资料室periodical room期刊阅览室fine罚款 study lounge 自习室librarian图书管理员index索引 latest issue最新一期copier 复印机subject 题目/科目catalogue 书目学生及学位 freshman 大一学生sophomore 大二学生junior 大三学生 senior 大四学生full-time student全日制学生 undergraduate 本科生postgraduate/graduate 研究生post doctorate 博士后bachelor’s degree学士学位master’s degre e硕士学位doctor’s degree博士学位 上课、选课 semester 学期（美国英语）biology 生物学pick up 学习、选择 term学期（英国英语）registration 注册curriculum 课程 course 课程class permit听课证compulsory course 必修课optional course 选修课literature class 文学课credit 学分 professor 教授supervisor导师register 注册 lecturer 讲师stay awake保持清醒science 理科 complicated 复杂extra copies 多余的篇子arts 文科 informative 信息量大presentation陈述，解释，示范mission 任务，使命 faculty 全体教职员工 演说 nervous 紧张的contest 比赛 calm 平静的contestant 参赛选手 a large audience 一大群观众talk of the town 镇上谈论的焦点 shaking all over 浑身发抖not a big deal 不是什么大不了的事情 beyond me 超出我的理解范围 阅读 reading assignment 阅读任务selectively 有选择地 chapter by chapter 一章一章地theory 理论 read through 从头到尾地读plot 情节 cover a few chapters 涉及了几个章节intensively 精细地character 人物角色 论文及考试 typing errors 打字错误revise 修订diploma 毕业证书、文凭quality paper 好纸get it published 出版thesis 毕业论文 proofread 校对paragraph 段落quiz 小测 final exam 期末考试fail 不及格，失败make up 补考 mid-term 期中考试results (pl) 分数stay up 熬夜 release发布（分数）two sleepless nights 两天两夜没睡觉 be through with 结束，完成
2017年6月大学英语四级考试真题（一）听力原文【News Report 1】 One of Google's self-driving cars crashed into a bus in California last month. There were no injuries. It is not the first time one of Google's famed self-driving cars has been involved in a crash, but it may be the first time it has caused one. On February 14th the self-driving car, travelling at 2mph (3km/h), pulled out in front of a public bus going 15mph (24km/h). The man in the Google vehicle reported that he assumed the bus would slow down to let the car out, and so he did not switch to the manual mode. In a statement, Google said: "We clearly bear some responsibility,?because if our car hadn't moved, there wouldn't have been a crash." That said, our test driver believed the bus was going to slow or stop to allow us to merge into the traffic, and that there would be sufficient space to do that." The company's self-driving cars have done well over a million
4级听力原文
Section B 26: While Gail Obcamp, an American artist was giving a speech on the art of Japanese brush painting to an audience that included visitors from Japan, she was confused to see that many of her Japanese listeners have their eyes closed. Were they tuned off because an American had the nerve to instruct Japanese in their own art form or they deliberately tried to signal their rejection of her Obcamp later found out that her listeners were not being disrespectful. Japanese listeners sometimes closed their eyes to enhance concentration. Her listeners were showing their respect for her by chewing on her words. Some day you may be either a speaker or a listener in a situation involving people from other countries or members of minority group in North America. Learning how different cultures signal respect can help you avoid misunderstandings. Here are some examples. In the deaf culture of North America, many listeners show applause not by clapping their hands but by waving them in the air. In some cultures, both overseas and in some minority groups in North America, listeners are considered disrespectful if they look directly at the speaker. Respect is shown by looking in the general direction but avoiding direct eye contact. In some countries, whistling by listeners is a sign of approval while in other countries it is a form of insult. 29: Chris is in charge of purchasing and maintaining equipment in his Division at Taxlong Company.
2016年12月17日全国大学英语四级考试已结束，本次考试为多题多卷，本站第一时间收集整理不同版本试题，供考生参考： Section A A 16th century castle in Scotland is close to collapsing after lumps of soils were washed away by floods, threatening its foundations. On Sunday, the castle’s owner John Gordon, 76, was forced to move out his property after the River Dee swept away about 60 feet of land, leaving the castle dangerous close to the river. According to the Scottish Daily Record. Abergeldie castle located in Aberdeenshire, Scotland was built by Sir Alexander Gordon of Midmar who later became the Earl of Huntly. The castle which is located on 11,700 acres was leased to members of the royal family between 1848 and 1970, including King Edward VII and George V. The Scottish Environment Protection Agency has issued more than 35 flood warnings covering several regions, as Scotland continues to clean up the after Storm Frank hit the country last Wednesday. “This means that rivers will rise more slowly, but then stay high for much longer.” the environmental age ncy said. Q1. Why did John Gordon move out of Abergeldie castle? Q2. What happened in Scotland last Wednesday? Section A - 2 Rescue efforts were underway Thursday morning for 17 miners who were stuck in an elevator below ground at a Cargill rock salt mine near Lansing, New York, according to Marcia Lynch. Public information officer with Tompkins County’s emergency response department, emergency workers have made contact with the miners via a
如果有需要听力音频的话请留言！ 2011年12月英语四级 Section A 11. W: This crazy bus schedule has got me completely confused. I can?t figure out when my bus to Cleveland leaves? M: Why don?t you just go to the ticket window and ask? Q: What does the man suggest the woman do? 12. W: I really enjoyed the TV special about drafts last night. Did you get home in time to see it? W: Oh, yes, but I wish I could have stayed awake long enough to see the whole thing. Q: What does the man mean? 13. W: Airport, please. I?m running a little lat e. So just take the fastest way even if it?s not the most direct. M: Sure, but there is a lot of traffic everywhere today because of the football game. Q: What do we learn about the woman from the conversation? 14. W: May I make a recommendation, sir? Our seafood with this special sauce is very good. M: Thank you, but I don?t eat shellfish. I?m allergic to it. Q: Where does this conversation most probably take place? 15. W: now one more question if you don?t mind, what position in the company appeals to you most? M: Well, I?d like the position of sales manager if that position is still vacant. Q: What do we learn about the man? 16. M: I don?t think I want to live in the dormitory next year. I need more privacy. W: I know what you mean. But check out the cost if renting an apartment first. I won?t be surprised if you change your mind. Q: What does the woman imply? 17. M: You?re on the right track. I just think you need to narrow the topic down. W: Yeah, you?re right. I always start by choosing two boarder topi cs when I?m doing a research paper. Q: What do we learn from the conversation? 18. W: This picnic should beat the last one we went to, doesn?t it? M: Oh, yeah, we had to spend the whole time inside. Good thing, the
大学英语四级听力题目答案及原文第套资料
Part II Listening Comprehension Section A News Report One 【话题预测】由college students，sleep，problem，stress，psychological 等词可推断，本则新闻与大学生 睡眠或心理健康有关。 【正确答案】1—2 B D 听力原文 You probably think college students are experts at sleeping, but parties, preparations for tests, personal problems and general stress can wreck a student’s sleep habits, which can be bad for the body and the mind. Texas Tech University is even offering a class called “Improving Your Sleep Habits”. People suffering from sleep loss are at an increased risk from obesity, psychological problems and car crashes. Students who don’t get enough sleep have poor attendance and lower grades. On top of all that, a new study published in the journal Learning and Memory finds you are probably better off
英语四级新闻听力材料【大学生英语四级听力材料】 大学生英语四级听力难易度和六级有一点点的区别。下面是小编给大家整理的大学生英语四级听力的相关知识，供大家参阅! 大学生英语四级听力1 Section A News Report Directions：In this section，you will hear three news reports。At the end of each news report，you will hear two or three questions。Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once。After you hear a question，you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A)，B)，C) and D)。Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre。 Drections: Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard. Question 1 A) How college students can improve their sleep habits. B) Why sufficient sleep is important for college students. C) Why college students are more likely to have stress problems. D) How college students can handle their psychological problems. Question 2
四级听力题目训练的完整步骤（北京新东方学校赵建昆） 赵建昆2011听力视频课全面上线，请猛击：https://www.doczj.com/doc/967681679.html,/product/16080_1.html 训练材料来源：为了更好的突破四六级考试，我们始终认为四六级真题是最好的训练材料。06年6月起至2010年12月份的题目是最需要训练得滚瓜烂熟的题目。若认为题目不够训练，也可以继续做05年或以前的题目。但是题目时间越早，难度和实效性就越低。但是，请注意使用正确方法。 第一步：预判（3-5分钟） 做题前，一定留出时间看题。正式考试时看题时间约3分钟左右。我们只能高效的看而非全面的看。选项中最需要注意的是：高频词，主语，谓语等。同时注意，相似选项和相反选项要保留，准确答案就在其间。复合式听写部分也需要注意高频词汇。 例（2010年12月小对话）： ［A］ Combine her training with dieting. ［B］ Repeat the training every three days. ［C］ Avoid excessive physical training. ［D］ Include weightlifting in the program. 很明显，考动作的动作题目，注意听懂第二句的动作即可。 例（长对话） A) marketing consultancy. B) Professional accountancy. C) luxury hotel management. D) business conference organization 选项都是某种行业，又因为此题是08年6月听力长对话中的第一题，所以就暗示自己注意长对话开始部分的行业词汇即可。 第二步：听力开始（35分钟） 2006年6月年后的四级听力放音时间约35分钟左右。请不间断地听完一套题，中间不要停顿，强化自己的耐力注意力和定力。记住，不要间断也不要提前看后方的答案。
2015年12月英语四级听力原文及答案 Part 1 短对话 Question 1 - M: Do you remember the wonderful film on space exploration we watched together last month? - W: Sure. It's actually the most impressive one I've seen on that topic. Q:What do we learn about the speakers? Question 2 - W: Are you looking for anything in particular? - M: Yes. My son is graduating from high school, and I want to get him something special. Q:Where does the conversation most probably take place? Question 3 - M: Mike told me yesterday that he had been looking in vain for a job in the art gallery. - W: Really? If I remember right, he had a chance to work there, but he turned it down.
Q:What does the woman say about Mike? Question 4 - W: Would you like to come to Susan's birthday party tomorrow evening? - M: I'm going to give a lecture tomorrow. I wish I could be in two places at the same time. Q:What does the man mean? Question 5 - W: Aren't you discouraged by the slow progress your staff is making? - M: Yes. I think I will give them a deadline and hold them to it. Q:What is the man probably going to do? Question 6 - W: Excuse me. Could you tell me where the visitors' parking is? I left my car there. - M: Sure. It's in Lot C. Over that way. Q:What does the woman want to know? Question 7 - W: You look great! Now that you've taken those fitness classes.
Section A B11. A) Nick can’t go on studying because he has to work in a steel plant. B) Nick has earned enough money for his senior year. C) Nick prefers working in a steel plant to going to college. D) Nick doesn’t have enough money so he will work during his senior year. B12. A) Writing an article. B) Studying for a chemistry test. C) Shopping for shoes. D) Reading a magazine. B13. A) Save time by using a computer. B) By her own computer. C) Borrow Mary’s computer. D) Stay home and complete her paper. A14. A) He didn’t get the book he needed. B) He had no idea where his book was. C) The library is closed on weekends. D) He was not allowed check out the book. C15. A) He needs another job as a research assistant. B) He has asked Professor Williams for assistant. C) He assists Professor Williams with his teaching. D) He is dong research with Professor Williams. A16. A) The man is thinking about taking a new job. B) The man likes the job that enables him traveling. C) The man is sure that he can gain more money by taking the job. D) The man doesn’t want to stay home and take care of his child. A17. A) She’s learned a lot from the literature class. B) She’s writing some books about world classics. C) She’s met some of the world’s best writing. D) She’s just back from a trip around the world. C18. A) Move out of the South Dorm. B) Find a bigger room. C) Look for a room in the South Dorm. D) Stay where she lives now. 19---21 C19. A) In a school zone. B) In a residential district. C) In a commercial area. D) In a countryside. B20. A) The street signs. B) The pedestrians. C) The walls. D) The poles in the road. B21. A) She should take another test any day except Friday.
2016年12月英语四级听力原文（沪江网校版）2016年12月17日全国大学英语四级考试已结束，本次考试为多题多卷， 本站第一时间收集整理不同版本试题，供考生参考： Section A A 16th century castle in Scotland is close to collapsing after lumps of soils were washed away by floods, threatening its foundations. On Sunday, the castle’s owner John Gordon, 76, was forced to move out his property after the River Dee swept away about 60 feet of land, leaving the castle dangerous close to the river. According to the Scottish Daily Record. Abergeldie castle located in Aberdeenshire, Scotland was built by Sir Alexander Gordon of Midmar who later became the Earl of Huntly. The castle which is located on 11,700 acres was leased to members of the royal family between 1848 and 1970, including King Edward VII and George V. The Scottish Environment Protection Agency has issued more than 35 flood warnings covering several regions, as Scotland continues to clean up the after Storm Frank hit the country last Wednesday. “This means that rivers will rise more slowly, but then stay high for much longer.” the environmental agency said. Q1. Why did John Gordon move out of Abergeldie castle? Q2. What happened in Scotland last Wednesday? Section A - 2 Rescue efforts were underway Thursday morning for 17 miners who were stuck in an elevator below ground at a Cargill rock salt mine near Lansing, New York, according to Marcia Lynch. Public information officer with Tompkins County’s emergency response department, emergency workers have made contact with the miners via a radio. And they all appear to be uninjured, said Jessica Verfuss, the emergency department’s assistant director. Crews have managed to provide heat packs and blankets to the miners so that they can keep warm during the rescue operation, Verfuss said. Details about what led to the workers’ being trapped in the elevator went immediately available. The mine, along New York’s Cayuga Lake, processes salt used for road treatment. It produces about 2 million tons of salt that is shipped to more than 1,500 places in the northeastern United States, the rock salt mine is one of three operated by Cargill with the other two in Louisiana and Ohio. Q3. What does the news report say about the salt miners? Q4.What did the rescue team do? Section A - 3 The U.S. Postal Service announced today that it is considering closing about 3,700 post offices over the next year because of falling revenues. Facing an $8.3 billion budget deficit this year, closing post officers is one of several proposals the Postal Service has put forth recently to cut costs. Last week, for
2016年6月英语四级听力真题及答案详解 Section A News Report Directions： In this section， you will hear three news reports。 At the end of each news report， you will hear two or three questions。 Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once。After you hear a question， you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A），B），C） and D）。 Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre。 Drections: Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard. Question 1 A) How college students can improve their sleep habits. B) Why sufficient sleep is important for college students. C) Why college students are more likely to have stress problems. D) How college students can handle their psychological problems. Question 2 A) It is not easy to improve one’s sleep habits. B) It is not good for students to play video games. C) Students who are better prepared generally get higher scores in examinations. D) Making last-minute preparations for tests may be less effective than sleeping. Drections: Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard. Question 3 A) Whether more airports should be built around London. B) Whether adequate investment is being made to improve airport facilities. C) Whether the British Airports Authority should sell off some of its assets. D) Whether the Spanish company could offer better service. Question 4 A) Inefficient management.