非谓语动词
一、概念
非谓语动词指不能单独做谓语，但同时仍保留动词的某些特征的动词形式。非谓语动词主要有不定式、动词的-ing形式、动词的-ed形式三类。它们没有人称和数的变化，但可以有自己的宾语、状语等。
二、真正领悟非谓语动词的用法要具备以下基础知识：
1．具有句子结构的知识，要分得清简单句与复合句，陈述句与祈使句。
2．具有简单句最基本的五种句型的知识，要分得清双宾语和复合宾语。
3．具有扎实而丰富的动词知识，要分得清及物动词和不及物动词，双宾动词和复宾动词。
一些最基础最常用的动词的用法应当烂熟于胸。
4．具备各种复合句的知识，能够拆析30词左右长度的复合长、难句。
三、解题思路：
1.、解析句子结构，确定设空在句子中充当的功能（如状语、定语或宾补）。
2.、找准相关动词的逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系（主动还是被动）。
3.、搜索句子中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式。
4.、将该选项置入空中，看能否做到字从意顺，或传达有效信息、完成交际任务。
(一) 动词不定式
动词不定式是指在句中不能独立做谓语的动词形式，在句子起名词、形容词或副词作用的成分。不定式有两种形式，一种是带有不定式符号to的不定式，一种是不带不定式符号to的不定式，后者又称动词原形。
一、不定式的特征
1.及物动词的不定式可以跟宾语。I like to read detective stories.
2.可以被状语修饰。He asked me to say my name aloud.
3.没有人称和数的变化。She likes to play the piano.
She liked to play the piano when she was young.
4.否定形式在不定式符号to前加not. The teacher has told me many times not to come late again.
She seems not to have a bright time with her new friends.
5.不定式的逻辑主语由for或of结构引出。
It’s important for us to look into the world.
It’s impolite of you to visit someone without telling him in advance.
二、不定式的语法功能。
1.做主语，相当于名词或代词的作用。
To learn an art is very hard.
To master a foreign language calls for a great deal of memory work.
2.做表语，表示主语的“职业、职责或性质”。
Our duty is to help the young children to grow better.
He seemed to know everything about this matter.
注：不定式做主语往往用形式主语it来替代，然后将不定式置于句尾。
It is very hard to learn an art.
It calls for a great deal of memory work to master a foreign language.
3.不定式可以作某些动词和介词的宾语。作介词宾语时，一般情况下需要加上wh-词，besides, except, but这三个词要根据具体的意义和结构使用动词的其他形式，如省略to的不定式或动词的-ing形式等。
He does everything except go/going to school.
I am interested in what to do but not how to do it.
I had no choice but to give up this chance to go abroad.
I have got nothing to do but depend on myself.
4.作宾语补足语。多数动词要用带to的不定式做宾补。
I told Jeff to join the club, but he wouldn’t listen.
但下列动词需要用不带to的不定式做宾补（但在这些动词的被动形式下，需要带to）。
一摸：feel 二听：listen to，hear 三使：make，let，have
四看：look at，watch，see，observe 一注意：notice
主语+v.（谓语）+sb.（宾语）+do（宾补）Sb.+v.+to do（主语补足语）+by短语
These pictures made me think of my childhood.
Did you see him go out?
What would you have me do?
John was made to wash the truck for a week as a punishment.
5. 做定语，需放在被修饰的词后面（定语后置）。
不定式和它修饰的词构成动宾关系。
Have you got anything to do this evening?
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on.
I have some friends to invite over. 不定式和它修饰的词构成同位关系。
The blacks had no right to vote. 被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语。
She is always the first to come to school.
The next thing to do is to keep the machine on for five minutes.
6.做状语，表示目的、原因、结果、比较和独立成分。表示原因、结果时，不可置于句首。Since March 2003, many students have begun to learn about AIDS prevention and the risks of drugs to stay far away from AIDS. (目的状语，可置于句首，可用in order to或so as to替代)。He woke up and looked out of the window to find the world outside greatly changed. (结果状语, 有时在不定式前面加上only，例he went away only to leave his two children by themselves.) I’m pleased to be invited to speak here. (原因状语，往往跟在表示“高兴、愉快、生气、荣耀、遗憾”的形容词之后，说明之所以产生这种感情的原因。)
I’m sorry to have troubled you so much.
To turn to the left, you could find a post office. (条件状语)
To listen to him, you should think that there is no problem whatever exists.
7.独立成分，表示说话者的态度、语气等，又称评论性状语。
To tell you the truth, we don’t want to include you.
Today’s writers should turn a real life into a piece of literature, to be frank.
常用作独立成分的不定式有：to be honest, to be frank, to speak frankly, to begin with, to start with, to put it briefly, to tell you the truth.
三、不定式的逻辑主语
不定式用for或of引出逻辑主语，带有逻辑主语的不定式成为不定式的复合结构。这种复合结构在句子可做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。有些形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的特征或属性，此时要用of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语。Right，wrong，wise等既可以描述人或事物的性质，又可描述行为的特征，这些词用of或for引出不定式结构的逻辑主语时，意义不同。
It’s necessary for us to get timely help around.
We think it impossible for such heavy work to be done within so short a time.
It’s really kind of you to help me so much.
It’s the time for the people to protect all the living things in the sea.
I usually get up early in the morning in order for my children to go to school on time.
It is wrong of you to shout at your children. (说明你总是喜欢对孩子这样，你这样做不对)
It is wrong for you to shout at your children. (说明你的这种行为不对，你可能不常这样做，但这次这样做是不对的)。
常用of引出不定式逻辑主语的形容词有：good, kind, cruel, brave, honest, selfish, unselfish, wise, clever, silly, stupid, foolish, right，wrong, rude, polite, impolite, careless, careful, lazy等。
四、和疑问词连用的不定式：这种结构在句中相当于一个名词的作用，常作主语、宾语、表
语等。
How to stop polluting rivers is a big problem.
I hardly know what to say before you.
As a fresh man of society, the question is how to start work.
注：在英语中一些动词后跟不定式时，必须加wh-词，如：show，know等。另一些动词，如learn，teach后可加wh-词，也可省略。有些动词后跟与不跟带wh-词的不定式意思不同。Could you show me how to operate the computer?
I’m now learning (how) to play the guitar.
I have decided to stay for another year in China.
I can’t decide whom to turn to for help.
注2：不定式做介词宾语时，必须根据具体的意义加不同的wh-词，besides, except, but等介词后，要根据情况用动词原形或动词的-ing形式. 通常当谓语为do nothing, have nothing to do, there is nothing to do but…时，but后只用不带to的动词原形做宾语。当谓语为其它动词如want nothing, wait for nothing, desire nothing 后跟but时，要用带to的不定时做介词宾语。My teacher gave me lots of valuable advice on how to make friends.
You can do nothing but obey the rules.
We had nothing to do but wait for their help.
There is nothing to do but lie down to have a rest.
We waited for nothing but to see the manager.
五、省略to的不定式：在句子可以作宾语、宾补。
1. 常用不带to的不定式结构
Had better do sth, would rather do sth, cannot do but do sth, do nothing but do sth, have nothing to do but do sth, there is nothing to do but…，why not do sth?
We cannot choose but hear.
You’d better go home right now.
He would rather stay with his old grandmother than go to travel.
2. 下列动词跟不带to的不定式做宾补：一摸：feel 二听：listen to，hear 三使：make，let，have 四看：look at，watch，see，observe 一注意：notice
3. 动词help之后的不定式做宾补时，to有时可省略。但当主语是表示物的名称或主语不能发出不定式的动作时需要带to。
I helped her (to) finish her work on time.
Your perfect spoken English can help to find a good job.
4. 以why开头的省略疑问句中不定式前的to一定要去掉。
Why not join us in the game?=Why don’t you join us in the game?
六、单独使用to的不定式：为了避免重复前面已出现过的动词，可以用不定式符号to来代
替不定式结构。在一些习惯用法中，可以保留to，也可以不要to。
I shall go if you wish me to.
Why didn’t you come at six? You were told to.
----will you join us in a walk?
----I’ll be glad to.
If you wish/want/like (to), I would like to treat you to tea this evening.
You shouldn’t come in unless asked (to).
Be going to/be to/have to/ought to/used to后的动词在这种情况下也可省略。但如果不定式结构中是be或have（作“有”解），需保留be或have。
----Do you live here? ----No, but I used to.
----are you a taxi driver? ----No, but I used to be.
七．不定式的时态与语态
不定式虽然没有人称和数的变化，但所表达的动作仍具有先后顺序、主动或被动形式。具体如下：
1.一般式（动作同时发生或在谓语动作之后发生）：to do, to be done
She seems to know all, which makes her lose many friends.
I hope to see you next week.
2. 进行时（两动作同时发生）：to be doing
Don’t pretend to be working hard. Just do what you should.
3. 完成时（动作发生在谓语动作之前）：to have done, to have been done
She is well known to have been to many countries, lecturing about animal protection.
I meant to have sent the book to you by mail.
4. 完成进行时（谓语动词的动作之前一直在进行的动作）：to have been doing.
She is said to have been writing the novel about New York for years.
5. 不定式的否定形式是在符号to前加not。
She seems not to know anything about it.
6. 不定式的被动形式：当动词不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式
用被动语态。
The car needs to be repaired before we go on a trip to the Europe.
The press conference is to be held tomorrow.
The room seems to have been tidied up already.
八．不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
a)不定式做定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系。
We have masses of work to do, so I’m afraid we can’t keep on with the talk with you right now.
Have you got anything to say for yourself before you end your speech?
b)在“be+性质形容词+不定式”结构中。常见的形容词：easy, hard, difficult, interesting,
heavy, pleasant, comfortable, safe, dangerous, impossible等。
The water is not fit to drink, so hold out until we get to a shop.
Thoughts and feelings of all kinds are easy to communicate with the piano.
c)与疑问词连用。
School uniforms are not cool enough, so students almost don’t know what to expect.
In society, I really don’t know who to compete fairly with.
d)某些动词的不定式与be连用时。
The causes of the 11.3 fire are not far to seek.
I felt I was to blame for the accident.
e) 当动词不定式的逻辑主语并非句子的主语时。
The best thing to do/to be done is to send a fax to the company.
Give me a list of the people to invite/to be invited.
He is the very man to choose/to be chosen for the work.
高中英语动词不定式用法大全(名师总结必考语法知识点，值得下载) 英语动词的非谓语形式为三种：动词不定式、动名词和分词。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化。 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式，其结构为“to＋动词原形”，其中to 不是介词，而是动词不定式的符号，称为小品词，动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。动词不定式和其后面的名词等构成不定式短语，在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等。 一. 作主语例如： To be a doctor is hard. 做医生很难。 To learn English well is not easy. 学好英语不容易。 To say is to believe.眼见为实。 动词不定式（短语）作主语时，为了避免句子的头重脚轻，可以用“it”作形式主语，而把真正的主语－－动词不定式（短语）放在句子的后部。例如上面的句子可以表示为： It is hard to be a doctor. It is not easy to learn English well. 再如： It’s important to pla nt trees in spring. 如果动词不定式的动作是谁做的，可以在动词不定式前面加一个由介
词for引导的短语，称为不定式的复合结构。例： It’s good for us to read English aloud in the morning. 对我们来说每天早晨大声读英语是很有益的。 It is important for students to use English every day. 对学生来说每天使用英语是很重要的。 二. 作表语：（在形式上，位于系动词后的就是表语。从含义上讲，表语是回答主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的语法成分。） 动词不定式（短语）作表语常用于系词be的后面。例： His work is to drive a car. 他的工作是开车。 My job is to feed animals. 我的工作是饲养动物。 Her ambition is to be a doctor. 她的理想是当医生。 三. 作宾语 动词不定式（短语）可以放在一些动词后面用作宾语，能以动词不定式作宾语的动词有：begin, start, want, forget, remember, show, learn, like, hate, love, ask等。例： I want to tell you a story. 我想给你讲个故事。 They begin to work at eight every morning. 他们每天早晨8点开始工作。 Don’t forget to lock the door.别忘了锁门。 Would you like to go and have a picnic with us tomorrow?明天和我们一
Book7 unit2动词不定式被动语态形 一、复习各种时态的被动语态 ★被动语态的基本结构: be+ done （以the book , publish 为例） 一般现在/过去时： The book is/ was published. 一般/过去将来时: The book will/would be published. The book is/was going to be published. 现在/过去进行时： The book is/was being published. 现在/过去完成时: The book has/had been published. 情态动词： The book can/could/may/might…be published. 1）一般式：（not/never ）to be done 2）完成式：（not/ never）to have been done （表示不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前） 三、▲通常在believe, suppose, say, report等动词构成的句子中可以进行主动语态到被动语态以及被动语态和动词不定式的转换.如: They say that Mike is sick in bed. =It is said that Mike is sick in bed. =Mike is said to be sick in bed. 据说麦克卧床不起. People believe that he was killed. =It is believed that he was killed. =He is believed to have been killed. 大家相信他被杀了. 四、当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者而非发出者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式(to be done). 语法功能： 1．作主语： It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 2．作宾语： She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang. 3．构成复合宾语： He wanted the letter to be typed at once. She didn’t like herself to be praised like that.
考情分析五年考情分析—不定式 时间 2009年 2010年 2011年 2012年 2013年 占分 1分 1分 1分 1分 1分 题号 第 40题 第40题 第40题 第27题 第32题 考点 作宾语 作目的状语 作表语 作宾语补足语 不定式作定语 考点解读 1、不定式知识点综述 2、不定式重难点讲解 重难点1：动词不定式的时态语态 动词不定式(infinitive)两种形式：一种是“to + 动词原形”构成（to- infinitive ）；另一种是不带to 的不定式,即动词原形(bare- infinitive)。动词不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式、完成进行式四种时态变化形式， 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done 完成进行式 to have been writing a. 不定式的时态是以句中谓语动词的时间为依据的： 不定式知识点 综述 1.不定式的基本形式 to do, to be done to be doing; to have done, to have been done 2. 否定式构成 1. 不定式词作主语句型 2. 识记用不定式作宾语的动词 3. 跟动名词作宾语区别 1. 省略to 的不定式作宾语补足语动词“五看三使两听一感” 2. 不定式作目的、结果状语
（1）一般式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动词之后或同时发生。 例：They made plans to live in Paris.他们计划住在巴黎。（to live 发生在made plans之后） （2）进行式表示其动作正在进行，与谓语动词发生的动作同时进行。 例：He pretended to be listening to me carefully. 他假装认真地听我讲。 （3）不定式的完成式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 例：I am sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。 （to have kept发生在I am sorry所表示的时间之前） （4）不定式的完成进行式表示动作在谓语动词之前发生，而且一直进行着。 例：He was happy to have been staying with his uncle.他很高兴一直跟他叔叔住在一起。 b. 不定式的语态 不定式的时态是以逻辑主语为依据的： 例：The sports meeting on the weekend has to be put off. 周末的运动会被迫推迟。 注意：意义上被动形式上主动的不定式 在“名词（代词）＋be easy(difficult, fit等形容词) ＋不定式”结构中，有时尽管主语是动作的承受者，不定式在意义上是被动，形式上却是主动，这时可以看成省略了动词逻辑主语for us, for me , for you 等。 例：The book is difficult to read. 这本书很难读懂。 重难点2：动词不定式作主语 不定式及不定式短语作主语时，为了平衡句子结构，可用it作形式主语，而把真正的不定式后置。在下列情况下只宜采用it作形式主语 （1）当句中谓语动词不是be, seem, appear等连系动词时。 例：It took us 20 minutes to get to the station.赶到车站花了我们20分钟。 （2）在“it +be + adj. + of/for + sb. +不定式”结构中。如果句中的形容词表示人物特征或品质，常同of 搭配构成“It is + 形容词＋of＋代词（名词）＋不定式”句型。如：bold ，brave, careful, careless, considerate, cruel, rude, generous, :right，wrong, kind，nice，good，polite，clever，wise，foolish, silly等；表示事物性质的形容词如easy, difficult, hard, important, impossible, possible, safe, dangerous, necessary常同for 搭配。 例：It's very nice of you to help me with my work.帮我的工作，你真是太好了。 重难点3：动词不定式作宾语 （1）有些及物动词常跟不定式作宾语，如agree, afford, arrange, ask, begin , decide, forget, hope, like , start , want, wish, threaten, pretend, promise, plan等。也可用来作形容词的宾语，如able, afraid, anxious, careful, content, determined, eager, foolish, free, glad, inclined, likely, pleased, prepared, ready, slow, sure, sorry, willing 等。 例：The boys and girls are anxious to learn how to swim. 孩子们渴望学会游泳。 （2）不定式作宾语时，句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，与不定式动词的关系是主动关系，但有时不定式和主语却是动宾关系。 例：English is not difficult to learn.英语不难学。 （3）feel, find, judge, make, think, believe, consider等动词后如果是不定式作宾语，后面有宾语补足语时，将真正的宾语不定式放在补足语的后面，而将形式宾语it放在补语之前。 例：I think it our duty to support the elder.我认为赡养老人是我们的义务。 (5) 关系词+动词不定式 动词不定式可以和疑问代词：who, what, which 及疑问副词：when, where, how, why等连用，构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等成份。如： 例：He showed me how to use a computer.他向我示范了一下怎样使用计算机。（宾语）重难点4：动词不定式作定语
动词不定式专题练习 1. This company was the first ____ portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world. A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced 2. The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, ____it more difficult. A .not making B. not make C .not to make D. nor to make 3. Helen had to shout ______above the sound of the music . A .making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D .to make herself heard 4. I don’t know whether you happen_______ ,but I am going to study in the U.S.A this September. A .to be heard. B. to be bearing C .to hear D .to have heard 5. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ______the film stars had left. A .to tell B .to be told C .telling D .told 6. You were silly not _______your car. A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked 7. The teacher asked us ______so much noise. A .don’t make B. not make C. not making D .not to make 8. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered _____clear warnings before firing any shots. A .to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued
高考英语动名词和动词不定式 一、后面只能接不定式的情况： 不定式可以接在动词后面作宾语、宾补，接在名词后面作定语，接在形容词后面作状语。 1、动词+不定式作宾语 ask, afford, agree, arrange, aim, apply，beg, care, choose, decide, demand, determine,? desire, expect, fail, fear, long渴望, know，hope，help, happen, h ope, hesitate, intend，learn, long, manage, mean, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, struggle, teach, want, wish,? 2、词组+不定式作宾语 be likely to, be ready, try one’s best, make up one’s mind，make an at tempt, make a decision,（would，should)+(like, love, hare ,prefer) 3、feel, hear, listen to 等感观动词/ have, let , make等使役动词? +不带to不定式作宾补
在主动语态中，不定式不带to；在被动语态中，则必须带to 4、动词+sb to do作宾补 ask, advise, allow, beg, bear，cause，challenge, convince, consider, comma nd，drive，elect，enable, expect, encourage，forbid，force，get，hate，hire, ins truct, invite, like，mean，need，order，oblige, persuade，prepare, permit, prom ise, recommend, request，remind, request, require, teach，tell，trouble，train，urge, want, warn, wish 5、不能直接接不定式，但可接“疑问词+ to do sth”作宾语 consider, understand, discuss+疑问词(how等) + to do sth 6、名词+to do作定语，常用主动 ability, ambition, attempt, capability, chance, decision, demand, desire, fail ure, freedom, fun, honor, occasion, offer, opportunity, permission, pity, plan, p leasure, promise, responsibility, the first, the last way, warn, wish 7、形容词+to do，to do做形容词的状语，多用主动态
非谓语动词之动词不定式被动语态形 一、复习各种时态的被动语态 ★ 被动语态的基本结构：be+ done （以the book , publish 为例） 一般现在/过去时： The book is/ was p ublished 一般/过去将来时： The book will/would be p ublished The book is/was going to be p ublished 现在/过去进行时： The book is/was being p ublished 现在/过去完成时： The book has/had bee n p ublished 情态动词： The book can/could/may/might …be p ublished 二、不定式的被动式的基础知识： 1）一般式：（not/never ）to be done 2）完成式：（not/ never ）to have been done （表示不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前） 三、▲通常在believe, suppose, say, report等动词构成的句子中可以进行主动语态到被动语态以及被动语态和动词不定式的转换.如： They say that Mike is sick in bed. =lt is said that Mike is sick in bed. =Mike is said to be sick in bed. 据说麦克卧床不起. People believe that he was killed. =It is believed that he was killed. =He is believed to have been killed. 大家相信他被杀了. 四、当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者而非发出者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式(to be done). 语法功能： 1.作主语： It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 2.作宾语： She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.
不定式 不定式的用法：不定式的否定形式是在所有的不定式to 前加not (1) 作主语 不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。 To see is to believe． 眼见为实。 It is right to give up smoking. 戒烟是对的。 It is kind of you to come to see me. (2) 作宾语 不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。 e.g. He wanted to go． 他想走。 I find it interesting to work with him. 我发现和他一起工作有趣。 有作形式宾语, 主要有两类动词: ●谓语动词是make; find; believe; think; feel等时, 常用it作形式宾语 ●谓语动词是表好恶的词, 如: like; dislike; hate; appreciate常用it作形式宾语 They made it possible to finish the task in two days. I find it difficult to study English well. I hate it when a person speak with his mouth full. We will appreciate it if you help us. (3) 作宾语补足语 He asked me to do the work with him． 他叫我跟他一起做这个工作。 注意： 1）在feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch, have，1et, make等词后的补足语中, 不定式不带to。 + 不定式强调动作的全过程; + 现在分词强调动作与宾语之间存在主动关系, 及动作正在进行; + 过去分词强调动作与宾语之间存在被动关系, 及动作已经完成. 如: I must see my child cross the street. I saw the thief stealing her money. You will see many problems settled in this way. 2）但是这些句中如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。 The boss made Miss White type the letter again. 注意: 当这些动词转成被动语态时必须补充出来. 如 Miss White was made to type the letter again. 如果对这些动词后的宾语提问, 则照抄 Who (Whom) did the boss make type the letter again? Who (Whom) would you rather have go with ? (4) 作定语
不定式在句子中可以作主语.宾语.宾补.表语.定语和状语： 1.不定式作主语 To learn a foreign language is not easy. 学外语不容易。 Is it necessary to complete the design before National Day? (it 为形式主语) 有必要在国庆节之前完成这个设计吗？ 如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加for引起的短语,即for +名词/代词宾格+不定式。 It is good for us to take part in physical labour 参加体力劳动对我们有益 某些表示人的品行的形容词(如kind, good, nice, wrong, careless, wise, foolish, polite, clever, right, unwise, stupid, thoughtful, rude, silly, impolite等)作表语时不定式前常可用of引起的短语,既be+形容词+of+ 名词/代词的宾格+不定式. It is stupid of her to make such a mistake. 她真蠢,犯这样的错误 2. 不定式作宾语 I forgot to turn the oven on. 我忘记打开炉子。 有些及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为动词+不定式。 afford aim agree arrange ask decide promise care choose demand desire determine expect hate hope fail help learn long mean manage offer plan pretend refuse intend bother tend 3.不定式作宾语补足语 不定式可以和名称或代词构成复合结构,作动词的宾语,不定式作宾语补足语We advised him to have a good rest 常带不定式作宾语补足语的动词有ask, tell, invite, force, advise,get,beg,allow,help,want,wish,like,order,expect,prefer,encourage,hate,warn,per mit等.但在make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, feel, observe, listen to, look at 等动词后的复合宾语中,不定式不带to. 在help后不定式可以带to,也可以不带to The boss made the workers work day and night.老板迫使工人们日夜干活 Will you help me (to) plant this tree, please? 请您帮我种这棵树好吗？ 4. 不定式作定语 He has a lot of questions to ask. 他有许多问题要问。 不定式作定语时,须放在被修饰的名词或代词之后.不定式常和它修饰的词有动宾关系.如果这个不定式是不及物的,它后面应有必要的介词 I use a pen to write with. 5. 不定式作表语 Disney’s greatest wish was to be a famous artist. 迪斯尼最大的愿望就是成为一个著名的艺术家。 6.不定式作状语 不定式作状语可以修饰动词,表示目的,结果,或原因 To catch the first bus, I have to get up early. (目的) She went aboard never to return. (结果) I was surprised to see him there.(原因)
被动语态讲解 一、被动语态的构成形式 1. 被动语态的基本时态变化 被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be＋过去分词构成， be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为： 1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时 例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 2）has /have been done 现在完成时 例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start. 3）am/is /are being done 现在进行时 例A new cinema is being built here． 4）was/were done 一般过去时 例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 5）had been done 过去完成时 例By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing. 6）was/were being done 过去进行时 例A meeting was being held when I was there. 7）shall/will be done 一般将来时 例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. 8）should/would be done 过去将来时 例The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived. 9）shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用） 例The project will have been completed before July. 2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式 1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。 例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. 2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一 个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。 例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为He was given a present by his mother for his birthday. 3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构 中的主语，其余不动。 例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. 4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。 例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building. 3. 非谓语动词的被动语态 v.+ing 形式及不定式to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。 例I don't like being laughed at in the public. 二、It is said that+从句及其他类似句型
动词不定式专项练习题Array 1. The teacher told them ________ make so much noise. A. don’t B. not C. will not D. not to 2. Our master often told us _______ things for granted. A. not to have B. not to take C. didn’t take D. not to make 3. Tell him _______ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 5. Mrs Smith warned her daughter ________ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive 6. The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 7. The workers want us ________ together with them. A. work B. working C. to work D. worked 8. They would not allow him ________ across the enemy line. A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going 9. I saw him _______ out of the room. A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes 10. They knew her very well. They had seen her _______ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 11. I’ve heard him _______ about you often. A. spoke B. speaks C. speak 12. Though he had often made his little sister _____, today he was made _____by his little sister. A. cry；to cry B. crying；crying C. cry；cry D. to cry；cry
被动语态 一、构成英语有两种语态: 主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者, 被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者, 其构成为be + 过去分词。 1 . 被动语态各种时态形式表 一般时态进行时态完成时态 现在am /is /are+ asked am /is /are +being asked has /have been asked 过去was /were+asked was /were +being asked had been asked 将来shall /will +be asked shall /will +have been asked 过去将来 should /would +be asked should /would +have been asked I’m afraid I am being followed . We had to take a detour . The road was being repaired . The case has recently been tried . All the tickets had been sold out when they arrived . English is taught in most schools in China . They were given a warm send-off . Their wedding will be held in the church . They were told that the result would be announced 2 . 情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的谓语变为被动语态时, 结构为: 一般式: 情态动词( can, could, may, might , must , should, need 等) + be + 过去分词 完成式: 情态动词( can, could, may, might , must , should, need 等) + have + 过去分词 This can be done by hand . This mustn’t be neglected . 二、被动语态使用要点 1 . 不及物动词不能用于被动语态 appear , rise, die, happen, occur, lie, depart , belong to, break out , take place 等都属此类动 词。例如: Great changes have been taken place in my hometown . (误) Great changes have taken place in my hometown . (正) 2 . 表示状态的动词不能用于被动语态 英语中有些动词(短语动词)不是表示动作, 而是表示某种状态或情况, 有“拥有、容纳、适合、缺少、明白”等意, 这类动词不能用于被动语态, 常见的有: lack , fit , mean, hold , resemble, have, cost , equal , contain, suit , comprise, become, last , possess, benefit , lack, befall 降 临, fail, consist of, look like 等。例如:The book costs 10 yuan . Jane resembles her mother . Note: 当have 作“吃, 接收, 经历, 度过”解时, 虽用作行为动词, 但一般不用于被动语态。例如: The children had a most enjoyable holiday . .. 但当have 作“得到, 获得, 欺骗”解, 或同某些介词、副词结合构成及物性短语动词时, 可用于被动语态。例如: She has been had in the dealing( over the bargain) . The ticket can be had for the asking .The young man was had up by the boss . ( = was summoned) 3 . 某些动词的进行时也可表示被动意义,常见的这类词有: bake, owe, brew, cook, print, bind, do 等。例如: The meat is cooking .The book is printing . The guns are firing . Apples are selling cheaply . ( = are being sold) The cow was milking . ( = was being milked) Drums and gongs are beating .( are being beaten) Some clothes are airing on the fence . 4 . 不及物动词构成的短语动词能否用于被动语态 1)及物动词构成的短语动词总是及物性的, 故可以用于被动语态(注意不可省掉或漏掉介 词或副词) , 如win over, give up, ask for , make mention of 等。但是, 不及物动词构成的短 语可以是及物性的, 也可以是不及物性的; 不及物性的短语动词不可用于被动语态, 如 look up/ down, speak for 等Things are looking up .(正) 2)不及物动词构成的及物性短语动词则可以用于被动语态
动词不定式的用法 1 不定式作宾语 动词+ 不定式 afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, p retend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。 2) 动词+不定式；动词+宾语+不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish I like to keep everyt hing tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。 3) 动词+疑问词+ to decide, know, consider forg et, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to d o that. 请演示给我们如何去做。 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 注意 疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。如：The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。 2. 不定式作补语 1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
被动语态与不定式的被动形式 一、选择正确的动词形式 1. No one should be _________ fun of in the public. A. making B. to make C. made D. being made 2. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you wouldn’t have time to ________before the party. A. get dressed B. get dress C. get dressing D. get to dress 3. —How are things going? —The disabled people ________ care of by the volunteers right now. A. are taking B. will take C. are being taken D. is being taken 4. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium ____ in Beijing. A. would complete B. was being completed C. has been completed D. had been completed 5. In 1998, this was the longest bridge that ________. A. was ever built B. had ever built C. has ever been built D. had ever been built 6. —Did you see Sandy in the manager’s office? —Yes, she ________ by the manager. A. is questioned B. was being questioned C. had been questioned D. was questioned 7. The fans hurried to the airport, only _____ they had missed the famous singer. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told 8. An exhibition of paintings ____ at the museum next week． A. are to be held B. is to be held C. are holding D．will hold 9. Tom is said _______ to another school already. A. to send B. to be sent C. to have been sent D. to have sent 10. All the applicants ______ today shall wait in this room. A. to interview B. will be interviewed C. are interviewed D. to be interviewed 二、根据句子中所缺少的成分，并使用括号内的动词适当形式补全句子。 1. The topics ________________ (discuss) next class will be sent to you by email. 2.Where to have the party ________________ （discuss）now． 3. The new bridge ________________（build）in a month． 4. The bridge ________________（build）next month will be called the East Bridge. 5. This book is said _______________________(translate) into English by 1611. 6. This book ________________________(translate) into English by 1611.