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GIS复习题

GIS复习题
GIS复习题

Chapter 1 Introduction

PartⅠ:Explanation of Terms

1.GIS:Computer system for capturing storing querying analyzing and displaying geographically referenced data. 地理信息系统(GIS) 是用于输入、存储、查询、分析和显示地理参照数据的计算机系统。

2.Geographically referenced data: Also called geospatial data, describe both locations and characteristics of spatial features. 地理参照数据又称地理空间数据,描述空间要素的位置和特征

3.Attrbute data:描述空间要素特征的数据

4. Spatial Data:描述空间要素几何特征的数据

5. Discrete features:指观测值不连续的要素,形成分离的实体,并可单个地识别。

6. Continuous features:指观测值连续的要素

PartⅡ:Short Answer

1. Define geographically referenced data.定义地理参照数据

Geographically referenced data are data that describe both the locations and characteristics of spatial features such as roads, land parcels, and vegetation stands on the Earth’s surface.

2. Define spatial data and attribute data.定义空间数据和属性数据

Spatial data describe the locations of spatial features, which may be discrete or continuous. Attribute data describe the characteristics of spatial features.

3. Explain the difference between vector data and raster data.解释矢量数据和栅格数据之间的不同

Vector data use points and their x-, y-coordinates to represent spatial features of points, lines, and areas. Raster data use a grid and grid cells to represent the spatial variation of a feature.

4. Explain the difference between the georelational data model and the object-based data model.解释地理相关数据模型和基于对象数据模型之间的不同

The georelational data model uses a split system to store spatial data and attribute data. The object-based data model stores spatial data and attribute data in a single system.

5. How does data exploration differ from data analysis?数据探查与数据分析有何不同

Data exploration involves the activities of exploring the general trends in the data, taking a close look at data subsets, and focusing on possible relationships between data sets, whereas data analysis uses GIS commands to perform operations on data.

Part Ⅲ:Single-choice

1. (T or F) GIS software is only one of the components of a GIS.

①True√②False

2. Which of the following features is a discrete feature?

①Precipitation ②Elevation ③Roads√④None of the above

3. Which of the following features is a continuous feature?

①Precipitation ②Elevation ③Land use ④All of the above ⑤a and b only√

4. Vector data are better suited for representing __________ features and raster data are better suited for representing __________ features.

①continuous, discrete ②discrete, continuous√

5. (T or F) One can use both vector data and raster data in a GIS project.

①True√②False

6. Which of the following statement is not true?

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①The geodatabase data model is the new data model introduced in ArcGIS.

②The geodatabase data model uses object-oriented technology.

③The geodatabase data model is built on ArcObjects.

④None of the above√

7. Which of the following represents composite features?

①Polygons ②TINs √③Lines ④None of the above

8. One would normally begin with ________ in a GIS project:

①data display ②database construction√③data analysis ④data exploration

9. Which of the following statements is true?

①Shapefiles are topology-based but coverages are not.

②Coverages are topology-based but shapefiles are not. √

③Both shapefiles and coverages are topology-based.

10. Which is the simplest version of ArcGIS?

①ArcView√②ArcEditor ③ArcInfo

11. Which of the following statements is true?

①ArcToolbox is available in both ArcCatalog and ArcMap. √

②ArcToolbox is only available in ArcMap.

③ArcToolbox is only available in ArcCatalog.

④None of the above

12. Which of the following applications in ArcGIS Desktop is designed for data management?

①ArcMap ②ArcCatalog√

13. Which of the following statements is true about the Spatial Analyst extension to ArcGIS?

①The extension is available in both ArcCatalog and ArcMap.

②The extension is only available in ArcMap. √

③The extension is only available in ArcCatalog.

14. To open the context menu of a data set, one should ______the data set:

①highlight ②right-click√③left-click

Chapter 2 Coordinate Systems

PartⅠ:Explanation of Terms

Map Projections :Projecting from the spherical shape of the Earth to the planar shape of the map

PartⅡ:Short Answer

1.Why is the datum important in GIS? 大地基准在GIS中的重要性何在?

A datum is important in GIS because it serves as the reference or base for calculating the geographic coordinates of a location.

2.Explain the importance of map projection.解释地图投影的重要性

A map projection offers a couple of advantages. First, a map projection allows us to use two-dimensional maps, either paper or digital, instead of a globe. Second, a map projection allows us to work with plane or projected coordinates rather than longitude and latitude values. Computations with geographic coordinates are more complex and yield less accurate distance measurements.

Part Ⅲ:Single-choice

1. (T or F) All layers to be used together in a GIS operation should be based on the same coordinate system.

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①True√②False

2. Map projection is a process of converting from

①a three-dimensional surface to a two-dimensional surface. √

②a two-dimensional surface to a three-dimensional surface.

③a two-dimensional surface to a two-dimensional surface.

④none of the above.

3. A conformal projection preserves the property of:

①relative size ②local shapes√③distances ④none of the above

4. Which of the following statements is true about North American Datum (NAD)?

①NAD83 is a newer datum than NAD27.

②NAD83 is based on a satellite-determined spheroid.

③Maps based on NAD83 can register spatially with maps based on NAD27.

④All of the above

⑤Only a and b√

5. (T or F) When converted from NAD27 to NAD83, horizontal shifts of point positions in the conterminous United States can be as much as 100 meters (328 ft).

①True√②False

6. Which of the following statements is not true about a meridian with a scale factor of 1?

①The meridian must be a standard meridian.

②There is no projection distortion along the meridian.

③he meridian must be the line of 00 longitude. √

④None of the above.

7. The center of a map projection is determined by the:

①standard parallel and standard meridian

②standard parallel and central meridian

③standard meridian and central parallel

④central parallel and central meridian√

8. The secant case means that a cylindrical projection has _____ line(s) of tangency:

①1 ②2√③3

9. Which of the following spheroids is ground-measured, rather than satellite-determined?

①Clarke1866√②WGS84 ③GRS80

10. The longitude reading of a point in Oregon should be entered as a _______ value in a GIS package:

①positive ②negative√

11. Which of the following statements is true?

①A coordinate system is based on a map projection. √

②A map projection is based on a coordinate system.

③Map projection and coordinate system are unrelated.

12. Each UTM zone covers ______ degrees in longitude:

①4 ②5 ③6√④7

13. The two common map projections used for the SPC (State Plane Coordinate) system are:

①transverse Mercator and Albers conic equal-area

②transverse Mercator and Lambert conformal conic√

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③Lambert conformal conic and Albers conic equal-area

14. The central meridian of a UTM zone has a scale factor of:

①1 ②0.9996√③0.9 ④None of the above

15. (T or F) An X-shift of -500,000 means you add 500,000 to the original X coordinate value.

①True ②False√

16. When converted from DMS to DD units, 46030’00’’ will read:

①46.30 ②46.50√③46.70 ④none of the above

17. Which coordinate does a false easting apply to?

①X√②Y

18. The Geographic Coordinate Data Base (GCDB) is a database based on the:

①UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) Grid system

②SPC (State Plane Coordinate) system

③PLSS (Public Land Survey System) √

④None of the above

19. Which of the following coordinate systems is treated as a predefined coordinate system in ArcGIS?

①UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) ②STP (State Plane)

③IDTM (Idaho Transverse Mercator) ④all of the above

⑤only a and b√

Chapter 3 Georelational Vector Data Model

PartⅠ:Explanation of Terms

Vector data model:Uses x, y coordinates of points to represent points, lines, areas 用点的 x, y 坐标来代表点、线、面

Georelational data model:Stores spatial and attribute data separately with a link in a split system 空间数据和属性数据分别贮存在链接的分离系统

Topology:Explicit expression of spatial relationship between features要素空间关系的清晰表达Composite Features:Features represented as composites of points, lines, and areas 要素以点、线、面的复合体表示

TIN:Approximates terrain with a set of non-overlapping triangles用一系列不叠置三角形近似表示地形PartⅡ:Short Answer

https://www.doczj.com/doc/937403732.html, the three data formats that ESRI, Inc. has developed for vector data over the past 20 years.说出ESRI公司过去20多年来开发的三种矢量数据格式

They are the coverage, shapefile, and geodatabase.

2.The georelational data model uses a split system to store vector data. What does a split system mean?地理关系数据模型用独立的系统存储矢量数据。“独立的系统”表示什么意思?

A split system stores spatial data in graphic files and attribute data in a relational database. Typically, a georelational data model uses the feature label or ID to link the two components.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/937403732.html, the three types of simple features used in GIS and their geometric properties.说出三种GIS中的简单要素及其几何属性

A point has 0 dimension and has only the property of location. A line is one-dimensional and has the property of length. And an area is two-dimensional and has the properties of area (size) and perimeter.

4.Explain the importance of topology in GIS.阐述拓扑在GIS中的重要性

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Topology is important in GIS for two reasons. First, it ensures data quality, such as lines meeting perfectly and polygons closed properly. Second, topology can enhance certain types of GIS analysis such as geocoding and traffic volume analysis.

Part Ⅲ:Single-choice

1. (T or F) The TIGER database is topology-based.

①True√②False

2. Which of the following is true about the vector data model?

①The model uses x-, y-coordinates to store the geometry of spatial features.

②The model uses points, lines, and areas to represent spatial features.

③The representation of spatial features using the vector data model depends on map scale.

④All of the above√⑤Only a and b

3. Which of the following topological relationships describe the arc-node relationship?

①Connectivity √②area definition ③contiguity

4. Which of the following statements is not true about the area model?

①An area is a two-dimensional object.

②An area has the properties of area and boundary.

③An area may form a hole within another area.

④None of the above √

5. (T or F) A stream is more likely to be represented as a single line on a 1:100,000-scale map than a 1:24,000 scale map.

①True√②False

6. Which of the following topological relationships describe the directions and left and right polygons of arcs?

①connectivity ②area definition ③contiguity√

7. Which of the following objects is not part of the vector data model?

①point ②line ③area ④volume√

8. Which of the following is true about a line feature?

①A line feature is made of line segments.

②A line segment connects two end points.

③The shape of a line segment is made of connected points.

④All of the above√⑤Only a and b

9. (T or F) Areas of complex topography are represented by large triangles in a TIN.

①True ②False√

10. Which of the following refer to positions along arcs in the dynamic segmentation model?

①sections√②routes ③events ④none of the above

11. (T or F) As defined the dynamic segmentation model, a route is made of sections.

①True√②False

12. (T or F) Shapefiles are not topology-based.

①True√②False

Chapter 4 Object–Based Vector Data Model

PartⅠ:Explanation of Terms

Object-based Data Model stores spatial and attribute data together rather than in a split system 基于对象的

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数据模型将空间数据和属性数据存储在一个系统中

Classes: Set of objects with similar characteristics一系列具有相似属性的对象

Feature class: Stores spatial data of the same geometry type 存储具有相同几何类型的空间数据

Feature dataset: Stores feature classes that share the same coordinate system and area extent存储具有相同坐标系和区域范围的要素类

PartⅡ:Short Answer

1. Explain the difference between the georelational data model and the object-based data model.说明地理关系数据模型和基于对象数据模型的区别

The object-based data model differs from the georelational data model in two aspects. First, the object-based data model stores both the spatial and attribute data of spatial features in a single system rather than a split system. Second, the object-based data model allows a spatial feature (object) to be associated with a set of properties and methods.

2. Explain the class relationship of type inheritance.说出类继承中类与类之间的关系

Type inheritance defines the relationship between a superclass and a subclass. A subclass is a member of a superclass and inherits the properties and methods of the superclass.

3. Explain the class relationship of instantiation.说出实例化中类与类之间的关系

Instantiation means that an object of a class can be created from an object of another class.

4. What is ArcObjects? 什么是ArcObjects?

ArcObjects is a collection of objects, properties, and methods, which provides the foundation for ArcGIS Desktop.

5. Describe the difference between the geodatabase data model and the coverage (traditional) model in terms of the geometric representation of spatial features. 就空间要素的几何显示而言,Geodatabase 数据模型和Coverage模型间有何区别?

The geodatabase is similar to the coverage model in terms of the geometric representation of simple features. The difference between the two models lies mainly in the composite features of regions and routes. The geodatabase does not support the region subclass and replaces the route subclass with polylines with m (measure) values.

6. Explain the relationship between geodatabase, feature dataset, and feature class.说明geodatabase、要素数据集和要素类之间的关系

A feature dataset stores feature classes that share the same coordinate system and area extent.

7. How does a standalone feature class differ from a feature class in a feature dataset?一个独立的要素类与包含在一个要素数据集中的要素类,两者间有何区别?

A standalone feature class does not have to share the same coordinate system and area extent with other feature classes.

8. Feature dataset is useful for data management. Can you think of an example in which you want to organize data by feature dataset? 要素数据集在数据管理上优势明显。请举出一个可使用要素数据集组织数据的例子。

For example, census data sets such as counties, census tracts, and block groups can be stored as feature classes in a feature dataset called census.

9.What is an interface? 什么是界面?

An interface represents a set of externally visible operations of an object. To use the properties and methods of an object, we work through an interface that has been implemented on the object

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10. Define the encapsulation principle in object-oriented technology. 请说出面向对象技术中封装性规则的定义

Encapsulation refers to the mechanism to hide the properties and methods of an object so that the object can only be accessed through the predefined interfaces.

Part Ⅲ:Single-choice

1. As defined by the geodatabase model, all feature classes in a feature dataset:

①Must have the same coordinate system. √②Must contain point features.

③Must contain polygon features. ④Must be converted from shapefiles.

2. The geodatabase model is based on the:

①the georelational data model ②the object-oriented data model √

③both the georelational data model and the object-oriented data model

3. (T or F) One can build a geodatabase in ArcGIS by importing coverages and shapefiles.

①True√②False

4. Which of the following is most similar to a feature class in the geodatabase model?

①a shapefile ②a coverage ③a TIN

a polygon coverage with region subclasses

5 A geodatabase is denoted by the extension of _____ in ArcGIS:

①mxd ②mdb√③prj ④dbf

Chapter 5 Raster Data Model

PartⅠ:Explanation of Terms

Raster Data:

Rasterization: conversion from vector to raster

Vectorization : conversion of raster to vector

PartⅡ:Short Answer

1. What are the basic elements of the raster data model?栅格数据模型的基本要素是什么?

The basic elements of the raster data model are cell value, cell size, raster bands, and spatial reference.

2. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the raster data model vs. the vector data model.请解释栅格数据模型与矢量数据模型相比有哪些优点?

The main advantage of the raster data model is having fixed cell locations, which make it easier for data manipulation, aggregation, and analysis. The main disadvantage is its weakness in representing the precise location of spatial features.

3. Explain the relationship between cell size, raster data resolution, and raster representation of spatial features.请解释像元大小、栅格数据分辨率和空间要素的栅格表示三者之间的关系

A larger cell size means a lower raster data resolution and greater difficulty in representing spatial features with cells.

4. Name two examples each for integer rasters and floating-point rasters.请分别举出整型栅格数据和浮点型栅格的例子

Examples of integer rasters are land use and soil types. Examples of floating-point rasters are precipitation and elevation.

5. Explain the difference between lossless and lossy compression methods.请解释无损压缩和有损压缩有何不同

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A lossless compression method allows the original image to be precisely reconstructed. A lossy compression method cannot reconstruct fully the original image but can achieve high-compression ratios.

6. What is vectorization? 什么是矢量化

Vectorization refers to the conversion of raster data into vector data.

Part Ⅲ:Single-choice

1. (T of F) A grid with a larger cell size has a higher resolution than a grid with a smaller cell size.

①True ②False√

2. Raster data are described as ____-based, and vector data are described as _____-based.

①object, field ②field, object √③object, object ④field, field

3. A vegetation grid is most likely a(n) _________ grid:

①integer√②floating point

4. Which type of grid does not have an attribute table associated with it?

①an integer grid ②a floating point grid √

③both a and b ④none of the above

5. (T or F) DEMs can be created from satellite imagery.

①True√②False

6. (T or F) Some of the newer satellite images have a spatial resolution of 1 meter or less.

①True√②False

7. Which data structure stores raster data as a matrix and writes the cell values into a file by row and column?

①cell by cell√②run length code ③chain code ④quad tree

8. Vectorization refers to the process of converting from _____ data to _____ data:

①raster, vector √②vector, raster ③raster, raster ④vector, vector

9. The origin of a grid is at the ______corner of the grid:

①upper left√②upper right ③lower left ④lower right

10. If a grid has the cell resolution of 30 meters, then a cell in the grid measures:

①300 square meters ②600 square meters

③900 square meters√④none of the above

11. Which data structure stores the cell values by row and by group?

①cell by cell√②run length code ③chain code ④quad tree

12. Which of the following resampling methods is most complex computationally?

①nearest neighbor ②bilinear interpolation ③cubic convolution√

13. The process of converting a grid to a polygon coverage is called:

①vectorization√②rasterization

14. Integrating raster and vector data can take place with

①data display ②data processing ③data analysis ④all of above√

15. Which of the following resampling methods usually results in the smoothest output?

①nearest neighbor ②bilinear interpolation ③cubic convolution√

chapter6、7

PartⅠ:Explanation of Terms

Geometric Transformation: Process of using a set of control points and transformation equations to register a digitized map, satellite image, or aerial photograph onto a projected coordinate system 就是利用一系列控制点和转换方程式在投影坐标上配准数字化地图、卫星图像或航空照片的过程。

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Resampling: Resampling means filling each pixel of new image with a value or derived value from original image重采样是指以原始图像的像元值或导出值填充新图像的每个像元

Metadata: Data about data描述数据的数据

Digitizing: Digitizing is process of converting from analog to digital format数字化是将数据由模拟格式转化成数字格式的过程

PartⅡ:Short Answer

1.Describe two common types of field data that can be used in a GIS project.描述2种能用于GIS项目的野外数据的通用类型

Two important types of field data that can be used in a GIS project are survey data and global positioning system (GPS) data.

2.The affine transformation allows rotation, translation, skew, and differential scaling. Describe each of these transformations.仿射变换可以旋转、平移、倾斜和不均匀缩放,请描述各种变换

Rotation can rotate a map’s x-and y-axis from the origin. Translation can shift its origin to a new location. Skew can allow a nonperpendicularity (or affinity) between the axes, thus changing its shape to a parallelogram with a slanted direction. And differential scaling can change the scale by expanding or reducing in the x and/or y direction.

3. Operationally, an affine transformation involves three sequential steps. What are these steps?从操作上讲,仿射变换有三个步骤,哪三个?

Step 1: update the x- and y-coordinates of selected control points to real-world coordinates.

Step 2: run an affine transformation on the control points and examines the RMS error. Step 3: use the estimated coefficients and the transformation equations to compute the x- and y-coordinates of map features in the digitized map or pixels in the image.

4.Describe three common resampling methods for raster data.试述栅格数据重采样的三种常用方法Suppose the control points are located at the four corner points of a USGS quadrangle map. Even if the control points are shifted from their true locations, the RMS error remains unchanged as long as the object formed by the control points retains the shape of a parallelogram

Part Ⅲ:Single-choice

1. Which of the following represents the neutral format for data exchange?

①shapefile ②Arc coverage ③DLG ④SDTS√⑤c and d

2. Which of the following represents a secondary data source?

①GPS readings ②Satellite images ③Paper maps√

3. (T or F) Digital orthophotos do not contain image displacement or distortion.

①True√②False

4. (T or F) A GPS receiver can collect height in addition to the horizontal position of a point on the Earth’s surface.

①True√②False

5. Which of the following is an automatic digitizing method?

①digitizing using a scanner√②digitizing using a table digitizer

③on-screen digitizing

6. Which of the following digitizing methods is normally more accurate?

①digitizing using a table digitizer√②on-screen digitizing

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7. Which of the following organizations is in charge of coordinating the development of the National Spatial

①Data Infrastructure (NSDI) ②Environmental Protection Agency

③Federal Geographic Data Committee√④Natural Resources Conservation Service

⑤US Forest Service

8. The data exchange format that is now mandatory for federal agencies in the United States is called:

①DLG ②SDTS ③TIGER ④VPF√

9. COGO (Coordinate geometry) refers to:

①remotely sensed data ②GPS data ③street addresses ④survey data√

10. To look for the coordinate system of a data set, one should look under the subheading of ______ in the data

①set’s metadata ②identification information

③spatial data organization information ④spatial reference information√

⑤distribution information

11. Which of the following is not true about an interchange (.e00) file?

①An interchange file is created in ArcInfo.

②An interchange file can be converted into an ArcInfo coverage.

③An interchange file can be converted into a shapefile.

④None of the above√

12. (T or F) One can create a digital map by using a text file with x-, y-coordinates.

①True√②False

13. Which transformation method is most commonly used in GIS?

①Equiarea transformation ②Similarity transformation

③Affine transformation√④Topological transformation

14. Geometric transformation of a newly digitized map normally require a minimum of ____ control points:

①1 ②2 ③3√④4

Chapter 8 Spatial Data Editing

PartⅠ:Explanation of Terms

Topological Editing:Ensures that digitized spatial features follow topological relationships that are either built into a data model or specified by the user 确保数字化空间要素符合拓扑关系并且这种拓扑关系或建成一个数据模型或是用户指定的

Map topology: temporary set of topological relationships地图拓扑-拓扑关系的临时集合

Line simplification: process of simplifying or generalizing a line by removing some of its points通过去除一些点来简化或概括线的过程

PartⅡ:Short Answer

1. Explain the difference between location errors and topological errors.说明定位错误和拓扑错误的差

Location errors such as missing polygons or distorted lines relate to the geometric inaccuracies of spatial features, whereas topological errors such as dangling lines and unclosed polygons relate to the logical inconsistencies between spatial features.

2. What are the primary data sources for digitizing?什么是数字化的原始数据源

Global positioning systems (GPS) and remote sensing imagery provide the primary data sources for digitizing. These data sources can bypass printed maps and the practice of various methods of map generalization.

3. Explain the difference between a dangling node and a pseudo node.试述悬挂节点和伪节点的不同

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A dangling node is at the end of a dangling arc, whereas a pseudo node appears along a continuous line and divides the line unnecessarily into separate lines.

4. What is a map topology?什么是地图拓扑?

A map topology is a temporary set of topological relationships between the parts of features that are supposed to be coincident.

5.Describe the three basic steps in using a topology rule.描述运用地图拓扑的三个基本步骤

Step 1: create a new topology by defining the participating feature classes, the ranks for each feature class, the topology rule(s), and a cluster tolerance.

Step 2: evaluate the topology rule and creates errors indicating those features that have violated the topology rule.

Step 3: fix errors or accepts errors as exceptions.

6. Edgematching requires a source layer and a target layer. Explain the difference between these two types of layers.图幅拼接需要一个源图层和一个目标图层。解释这两种图层的区别。

Features, typically vertices, on the source layer are moved to match those on the target layer during the edgematching process.

7. The Douglas-Peucker algorithm typically produces simplified lines with sharp angles. Why? Douglas-Peucker算法产生不平滑的简化线条。为什么?

The Douglas-Peucker algorithm connects trend lines to create simplified lines. Because the trend lines are straight lines, they form sharp angles when connected.

Part Ⅲ:Single-choice

1. Which of the following is true about a check plot?

①A check plot is a plot of a digitized map.

②The main purpose of making a check plot is to find digitizing errors.

③A check plot should be plotted at the same scale as the source map.

④All the above√

2. Which of the following can be a source of location errors?

①human errors in manual digitizing ②errors in scanning and tracing

③errors from geometric transformation ④all of the above√⑤only a and b

3. Which of the following topological relationship does an overshoot violate?

①connectivity√②area definition ③contiguity

4. Which of the following has an acceptable dangling node?

①a dead end street√②a street intersection ③a loop ④none of the above

5. (T or F) A dangling arc has the same polygon on its right and left sides.

①True√②False

6. An unclosed polygon will result in:

①pseudo nodes ②dangling nodes√③both a and b

7. Each polygon in a polygon coverage should have ____label(s):

①zero ②one√③two ④three

8. (T or F) A large fuzzy tolerance can distort features on a digitized map.

①True√②False

9. The Douglas-Peucker algorithm is used for:

①line densification ②line smoothing ③line simplification√④line reshaping

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10. Which of the following operations can be accomplished by non-topological editing?

①Delete features ②Reshape features ③Split polygons

④All of the above√⑤Only a and b

11. Which of the following operations can be accomplished by non-topological editing?

①Merge features ②Buffer features ③Union features

④All of the above√⑤Only a and c

12. Which application in ArcGIS Desktop is designed for spatial data editing?

①ArcCatalog ②ArcMap√③ArcToolbox

13. The Shared Edit tool in ArcGIS is used for:

①editing shared polygon boundaries√②adding new vertices

③deleting lines ④all of the above

Chapter 9 Attribute Data Input And Management

PartⅠ:Explanation of Terms

1.Normalization:Breaking a table down into smaller tables while maintaining linkages to将一个表分解成较小的表格,同时保持它们之间的必要链

PartⅡ:Short Answer

1. What is a feature attribute table?什么是要素属性表?

A feature attribute table is a table associated with a vector data set, which has access to the data set’s spatial data.

2. What is a distributed database system? Can you think of an example that uses a distributed database system? 什么是分布式数据库系统?你可以想出一个应用分布式数据库系统的例子吗?

A distributed database system consists of a server and clients. A client sends a request to the server, retrieves data from the server, and processes the data on the local computer. [An example of a distributed database system may be found in a national forest, where the server is located at the headquarter office and the clients are GIS users located at various ranger district offices.]

3. Describe the four types of attribute data by measurement scale.描述基于量测标尺概念的四种属性数据类型

Nominal data describe different kinds or different categories of data. Ordinal data differentiate data by a ranking relationship. Interval data have known intervals between values. And ratio data are the same as interval data except that ratio data are based on a meaningful, or absolute, zero value.

4. Can you convert ordinal data into interval data? Why, or why not?你能把有序数据转成区间数据

吗?为什么?

One cannot convert ordinal data into interval data because ordinal data do not have known intervals between values, which are required for interval data.

5. Define a relational database.说说关系数据库的定义

A relational database is a collection of tables, also called relations, which can be connected to each other by keys.

6. Explain the advantages of a relational database. 解释关系数据库的优点

A relational database has two distinctive advantages. First, each table in the database can be prepared, maintained, and edited separately from other tables. Second, the tables can remain separate until a query or an analysis requires that attribute data from different tables be linked together.

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7. Explain the similarity, as well as the difference, between a join operation and a relate operation.解释合并操作与关联操作的相似性和差异性

A join operation brings together two tables by using a key that is common to both tables, and a relate operation temporarily connects two tables but keeps the tables physically separate. The two types of operations are similar in that they both link tables together, but they differ in terms of how the linkage is performed.

Part Ⅲ:Single-choice

1. Each map feature in an attribute table is represented by a:

①field ②column ③record √④item

2. Data that can be differentiated by a ranking relationship are called:

①nominal data ②ordinal data√③interval data ④ratio data

3. Which of the following is not considered a data type?

①date ②degree√③number ④character

4. The simplest data relationship for GIS operations is:

①one-to-one relationship√②one-to-many relationship

③many-to-one relationship ④many-to-many relationship

5. (T or F) The width used in a field definition should accommodate the largest number or the longest string in the data.

①True√②False

6. Which of the following is not true about the relational database model?

①A key is needed to relate two files.

②Attribute values can be numeric or character.

③A database can be made of separate data files.

④None of the above.

7. Data grouped into different categories are called:

①nominal data√②ordinal data ③interval data ④ratio data

8. Which of the following operation can create new attribute data from existing data?

①data classification ②data query ③data computation ④a and c ⑤b and c

9. Which of the following is potentially a major drawback of normalization?

①slowing down of data access√②running out of primary and foreign keys

③missing tables ④none of the above

10. (T or F) ArcGIS can import attribute data from dBASE and ASCII files.

①True √②False

11. (T or F) ArcGIS can work with both internal and external databases.

①True√②False

12. In ArcGIS, domain is considered to be a property of:

①a feature class ②a feature dataset ③a geodatabase√

13. If you have 3 tables to be linked, how many relates do you need to establish?

①1 ②2√③3 ④4

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Ch10 Data display and Cartography

PartⅠ:Explanation of Terms

Visual variables are variations in color, size, texture, shape, and pattern that can be used to distinguish between map symbols.

PartⅡ:Short Answer

1. What are the common elements on a map for presentation?

The common elements on a map for presentation include the title, body, legend, north arrow, scale, acknowledgment, and neatline/map border.

2. Why is it important to pay attention to map design?

A well-designed map can help the mapmaker communicate spatial information to the map reader, whereas a poorly designed map can confuse the map reader and even distort the information intended by the mapmaker.

3. Mapmakers apply visual variables to map symbols. What are visual variables?

Visual variables are variations in color, size, texture, shape, and pattern that can be used to distinguish between map symbols.

4. Name common visual variables for data display.

Common visual variables include hue, value, chroma, size, texture, shape, and pattern.

5. Describe the three visual dimensions of color.

Hue is the quality that distinguishes one color from another, such as red from blue. Value is the lightness or darkness of a color, with black at the lower end and white at the higher end. And chroma refers to the richness, or brilliance, of a color.

6. Use an example to describe a “hue and value” color scheme.

A ―hue and value‖ c olor scheme progresses from a light value of one hue to a darker value of a different hue, such as from yellow to dark red.

7. Use an example to describe a “diverging” color scheme.

A ―diverging‖ color scheme uses graduated colors between two dominant colors, such as dark blue to light blue and light red to dark red.

8. How does a general reference map differ from a thematic map?

A general reference map is used for a general purpose, whereas a thematic map is used to show the distribution pattern of a theme.

9. Define the choropleth map.

The choropleth map symbolizes, with shading, derived data based on administrative units.

10. ArcMap offers the display options of graduated colors and graduated symbols. How do these two options differ?

The graduated colors option uses a graduated color scheme to show the variation in spatial data, useful for choropleth or dasymetric mapping. The graduated symbols option uses different-sized symbols such as circles, squares, or triangles to represent different ranges of values.

11. Suppose you are asked to redo Figure 10.9. Provide a list of type designs, including typeface, form, and size that you will use for the four classes of cities.

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46,000 – 126,000: Arial (a sans serif typeface), bold, 12 points

28,000 – 46,000: Arial, regular, 12 points

20,000 – 28,000: Arial, regular, 10 points

14,300 – 20,000: Arial, regular, 8 points

12. What are the general rules for achieving harmony with text on a map?

Mapmakers can generally achieve harmony by adopting only one or two typefaces on a map. Use of conventions can also lend support for harmony. Conventions in type selection include italic for names of water features, uppercase and letter spacing for names of administrative units, and variations in type size and form for names of different sized cities.

13. ArcGIS offers interactive labeling and dynamic labeling for placement of text. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each labeling method?

Interactive labeling works with one label at a time. If the placement does not work out well, the label can be moved immediately. Dynamic labeling can automatically label all or selected features. But dynamic labels cannot be selected or adjusted individually. They have to be converted to text elements before they can be individually moved and changed.

Part Ⅲ:Single-choice

1.Which of the following symbols will you use if you want to display rates of population change by county (or equivalent area unit) in your state?

a.single symbol

b.graduated color

c.unique value

d.dot√

2.Type size is measured in points, with ____ points to an inch:

a.24

b.36

c.48

d.72√

3.Which of the following visual variable(视觉变量) can be used to add contrast in map design?

a.color

b.size

c.texture(纹理)

d.all of the above√

4.Which color model is used for printing color maps?

a.RGB

b.HSV

c.CMYK√

d.none of the above

Chapter 11 Data Exploration

PartⅠ:Explanation of Terms

Data exploration:allows you to examine trends, focus on relationships 数据探查允许用户查验数据中的总趋势,并关注其间可能存在的关系

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Part Ⅲ:Single-choice

1. How many variables can be displayed in a bubble plot?

①1 ②2 ③3 ④4

2. Which Boolean connector is the keyword used in the operation of INTERSECT on sets?

①NOT ②AND ③OR

3. Which of the following is not a Boolean connector?

①AND ②AT LEAST ③OR ④XOR

4. Which Boolean connector is the keyword used in the operation of UNION on sets?

①NOT ②AND ③OR

5. Which of the following is true about relational database query?

①One can work with two or more tables in a relational database query.

②Relational database query relies on keys that connect tables in a relational database.

③One may choose join or relate for a relational database query.

④All of the above

⑤Only a and b.

6. (T or F) ArcGIS Desktop allows users to query an external database.

①True ②False

7. Which spatial relationship would one use to find banks within a county?

①containment ②intersect ③proximity/adjacency

8. Which spatial relationship would one use to find land parcels on an earthquake fault line?

①containment ②intersect ③proximity/adjacency

9. Which of the following graphic objects can be used for selecting map features?

①a circle ②a rectangle ③an irregular polygon ④all of the above

⑤a and b only

10. Which of the following statement is true when one wants to query using spatial and attribute data?

①One must perform attribute data query first.

②One must perform spatial data query first.

③One can perform query first with either spatial data or attribute data.

④None of the above.

11. Raster data query can be performed on:

①single grid ②multiple grids ③both a and b

12. Using SQL, you will set up a query expression following the keyword_____:

①Select ②From ③Where

13. Which of the following statements is true about ArcGIS Desktop?

①Maps, tables, and charts can be dynamically linked.

②Only maps and tables can be dynamically linked.

③Only tables and charts can be dynamically linked.

④None of the above.

14. Selection by Location in ArcMap is designed for:

①attribute data query ②spatial data query

③both attribute data query and spatial data query

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Chapter 12 Vector Data Analysis

PartⅠ:Explanation of Terms

Buffering: A buffer zone is the area that is within the specified distance in a buffering operation.

Overlay: Combines geometries and attributes of two or more feature layers 将两个或两个以上要素图层的几何形状和属性组合在一起,生成新的输出图层

Pattern Analysis: Quantitative analysis of spatial distribution of features 描述和分析空间要素分布模式的定量方法

PartⅡ:Short Answer

1. Describe three variations in buffering.描述缓冲区建立中的三种差别

The buffer distance can vary by the values of a given field. Buffering can be on either the left side or the right side of the line feature, instead of both sides. Buffer zones may remain intact so that each buffer zone is separate from others, or dissolved so that there are no overlapped areas between buffer zones.

2. Describe a point-in-polygon overlay operation.描述“点与多变形的叠置”操作

A point-in-polygon overlay operation uses a point layer as the input layer and a polygon layer as the overlay layer so that each point in the output is assigned with attributes of the polygon within which it falls.

3. Define slivers from an overlay operation.定义由地图叠置操作生成的碎屑多边形。

Slivers are very small polygons along correlated or shared boundary lines (e.g., the study area boundary) of the input layers on an overlay output.

4. What is a minimum mapping unit? And, how can a minimum mapping unit be used to deal with the sliver problem?什么是最小制图单元?最小制图单元是如何用于处理碎屑多边形问题的?

A minimum mapping unit represents the smallest area unit that will be managed by a government agency or an organization. It can deal with the sliver problem by simply removing slivers that are smaller than the minimum mapping unit.

5. What does a Dissolve operation accomplish?边界消除(Dissolve)操作能够做什么?

Dissolve aggregates features that have the same attribute value or values by removing the internal boundaries between them.

Part Ⅲ:Single-choice

1. Which of the following is true about buffering?

①You can either dissolve the buffer zones or keep the buffer zones separate.

②You have the options of creating a single ring or multiple rings.

③You can buffer with different buffer distances.

④All of the above. √

⑤Only a and b

2. Which overlay method combines the area extents from both input maps?

①UNION√②INTERSECT ③IDENTITY

3. Which overlay method uses the Boolean operation of AND?

①UNION ②INTERSECT√③IDENTITY

4. Buffering a point creates a buffer zone that is a ____:

①point ②line ③circle√④square

5. Which of the following statements is not true about map overlay?

①Map overlay combines spatial and attribute data from two maps.

②Map overlay can only work with two polygon maps at a time.

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③Map overlay can work with polygon maps based on different coordinate systems. √

④None of the above.

6. Which overlay method uses the Boolean operation of OR?

①UNION√②INTERSECT ③IDENTITY

7. Error propagation in map overlay operations can be caused by:

①digitizing errors ②inaccuracies of attribute data ③both a and b√

8. If you want to create a composite map from 4 input polygon maps, how many overlay operations do you have to perform?

①2 ②3 ③4④5

9. The GIS operation that removes boundaries between polygons that have the same value of a selected attribute is called:

①dissolve√②merge ③clip

10. Which overlay method preserves only those features that fall within the area extent common to the input and overlay maps?

①UNION ②INTERSECT ③IDENTITY√

11. (T or F) You must use a polygon map to define the area for clipping in a clip operation.

①True√②False

12.The input map can be a line or polygon map but the overlay map must be a polygon map.

①Both the input and overlay maps must be polygon maps.

②The input map must be a polygon map but the overlay map can be a line or polygon map.

③None of the above

13. (T or F) The GeoProcessing Wizard offers the same vector-based analytical tools as those in ArcToolbox.

①True ②False

Chapter 13 Raster Data Analysis

PartⅠ:Explanation of Terms

1.Reclassification:Create new raster by classification 通过分类生成一个新的栅格数据

Neighborhood Operations:Focal cell and a set of its surrounding cells 涉及一个焦点像元和一组环绕像元2.Zonal Operations:Works with groups of cells of same values or like features 用于处理相同值或相似要素的像元分组

3.Raster data Extraction:Creates a new raster or a new field by extracting data from an existing raster从一个现有栅格提取数据生成一个新的栅格或一个新的字段

PartⅡ:Short Answer

1. How can an analysis mask save time and effort for raster data operations?分析掩膜在栅格运算中如

何节省时间和工作量?

Because an analysis mask limits data analysis to cells that do not carry th e cell value of ―no data,‖ it can save time and effort for raster data operations.

2. Why is a local operation also called a cell-by-cell operation?为什么局部运算又称为逐个像元运算?

A local operation is also called a cell-by-cell operation because it computes the cell values in the output raster, one cell at a time.

3. Neighborhood operations are also called focal operations. What is the focal cell?邻域运算又称焦点运算。什么是焦点像元?

The focal cell is the center cell of the neighborhood.

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4. Describe the common types of neighborhoods used in the neighborhood operation.试述邻域运算中的常用邻域类型。

Common types of neighborhoods include rectangles, circles, annuluses, and wedges. A rectangle is defined by its width and height in cells, with the focal cell at the center. A circle extends from the focal cell with a specified radius. An annulus or doughnut-shaped neighborhood consists of the ring area between a smaller circle and a larger circle centered at the focal cell. And a wedge consists of a piece of a circle centered at the focal cell.

5. Explain the difference between the physical distance and the cost distance.试解释自然距离与耗费距离之差异。

The physical distance measures the straight-line or euclidean distance, whereas the cost distance measures the cost for traversing the physical distance.

6. What is a physical distance measure operation?什么是自然距离量测运算?

A physical distance measure operation calculates straight-line distances away from cells designated as the source cells.

Part Ⅲ:Single-choice

1. (T or F) A local operation is limited to two input grids.

①True ②False

2. Which of the following functions can be used for local operations?

①arithmetic ②logarithmic ③trigonometric ④all of the above ⑤only a and b

3. Which of the following can be used to specify the area extent for analysis?

①a specified grid ②an area defined by its minimum and maximum values in X and Y

③a mask grid ④all of the above ⑤only a and c

4. Which local operation can assign a unique output value to each unique combination of cell values from multiple grids?

①Add ②Merge ③Combine ④Reclassify

5. (T or F) The cell value of No Data is treated as zero in raster data operations.

①True ②False

6. (T or F) All input grids used in a raster data operation must have the same cell size.

①True ②False

7. Which of the following can be used as a neighborhood in raster data operation?

①A 3x3 rectangle ②A 5x5 rectangle ③A circle ④All of the above ⑤Only a and b

8. (T or F) A zone in raster data operation may consist of contiguous cells or separate regions of cells.

①True ②False

9. Which of the following statistics is more appropriate for categorical data?

①Mean ②Median ③Majority ④Sum

10. (T or F) A neighborhood operation on a grid requires the focus cell to move from one cell to another until all cells are visited.

①True ②False

11. Which of the following statistics cannot be used in a neighborhood operation?

①maximum ②mean ③majority ④minority ⑤none of the above

12. (T or F) A zonal operation on a single input grid produces data on the geometry of zones.

①True ②False

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13. Which of the following can be used in a distance measure operation?

①physical distance ②cost distance ③both a and b

14. Which of the following statements is not true about a block operation?

①A block operation is similar to a neighborhood operation.

②A block operation assigns the calculated value to all cells in a block.

③A block operation does not move from cell to cell, but from block to block.

④None of the above

15. The output from a 5x5 neighborhood operation will be _________ the output from a 3x3 neighborhood operation:

①the same as ②more generalized than ③less generalized than

16. (T or F) A mask grid limits analysis to cells that do not carry the cell value of No Data.

①True ②False

17. The tool for local operations in ArcGIS Desktop is called:

①GeoProcessing Wizard ②Field Calculator

③Raster Calculator ④None of the above

Chapter 14 Terrain Mapping And Analysis

PartⅠ:Explanation of Terms

1.DEM:数字高程模型,表示高程点的规则排列

2.TIN:Series of nonoverlapping triangles一系列无重叠的三角形

3.Slope :rate of change of elevation at a surface location 地表位置上高度变化率的量度

4.Aspect : Directional measurement of a slope 斜坡方向的量度

5.breakline:截断线,表示河流、岸线、山脊和道路等地形突变的线要素

PartⅡ:Short Answer

1. Describe the two common types of data for terrain mapping and analysis.说出两种用于地形制图和分析的常用数据类型

Digital elevation models (DEMs) and triangulated irregular networks (TINs) are the two common types of data for terrain mapping and analysis. A DEM represents a regular array of elevation points. A TIN approximates the land surface with a series of nonoverlapping triangles.

2. List the types of data that can be used to compile an initial TIN.列出可用于生成原始TIN的数据类型。

Typically a DEM is used to compile an initial TIN. But other data sources such as LIDAR data, surveyed elevation points, and contour lines can also be used.

3. Describe factors that can influence the visual effect of hill shading试述影响地貌晕渲视觉效果的因子。

S un’s azimuth: the direction of the incoming light, ranging from 0° (due north) to 360° in a clockwise direction.

S un’s altitude: the angle of the incoming light measured above the horizon between 0° and 90°.

S urface’s slope: slope ranges from 0° to 90°.

S urface’s aspect: aspect from 0° to 360°.

4. Explain how the viewing azimuth, viewing angle, viewing distance and z-scale can change a 3-D perspective view.解释如何用观察方位角、观察角、观察距离和z-比例系数来改变三维透视图。Viewing azimuth: it changes the direction from the observer to the surface.

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GIS试题及答案

4.根据下面示意图,给出其的矢量数据结构编码。 4.根据下面示意图,给出其的矢量数据结构编码。 点: 线: 多边形

模拟试题二 4.下面两个多边形图层 A 和 B,图中标注的是多边形的属性,请画出 A 与 B 两个图层 Overlay 的结果图层 C 的示意图,并标注属性,其中 C 的属性为 C=A+B 。 “地理信息系统原理”课程考试试题一参考答案 一、名词解释 1.地理信息系统的定义是由两个部分组成的。一方面,地理信息系统是一门学科,是描述、存储、分析和输出空间信息的理论和方法的一门新兴的交叉学科;另一方面,地理信息系统是一个技术系统,是以地理空间数据库为基础,采用地理模型分析方法,适时提供多种空间的和动态的地理信息,为地理研究和地理决策服务的计算机技术系统。 2.TIN 即不规则三角网(Triangulated Irregular Network),是一种表示数字高程模型的方法。 TIN 模型根据区域有限个点集将区域划分为相连的三角面网络,区域中任意点落在三角面的顶点、边上或三角形内。如果点不在顶点上,该点的高程值通常通过线性插值的方法得到。 3.元数据是关于数据的描述性数据信息,它应尽可能多地反映数据集自身的特征规律,以便于用户对数据集的准确、高效与充分的开发与利用。元数据的内容包括对数据集的描述、对数据质量的描述、对数据处理信息的说明、对数据转换方法的描述、对数据库的更新、集成等的说明。 4.信息是向人们或机器提供关于现实世界新的事实的知识,是数据、消息中所包含的意义,它不随载体的物理设备形式的改变而改变。 二、简答题 1.地理信息系统的组成。 一个完整的 GIS 主要由四个部分构成,即计算机硬件系统、计算机软件系统、地理数据(或空间数据)和系统管理操作人员。其核心部分是计算机系统(软件和硬件),空间数据反映 GIS 的地理内容,而管理人员和用户则决定系统的工作方式和信息表示方式。 (1)计算机硬件系统:是计算机系统中的实际物理装置的总称,是 GIS 的物理外壳。包括输入/输出设备、中央处理单元、存储器等,向提供信息、保存数据、返回信息给用户。 (2)计算机软件系统:计算机软件系统是指必需的各种程序。对于 GIS 应用而言,通常包括:计算机系

地理信息系统考试试题

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4.根据下面示意图,给出其的矢量数据结构编码。 4.根据下面示意图,给出其的矢量数据结构编码。 点: 点号坐标 1 x 1 , y 1 12 x 12 , y 12 21 X 21 , y 21 28 X 28 , y 28 39 X 39 , y 39 线: ID 起点终点点号 a 39 1 39,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,1 b 28 39 28,40,41,42,43,44,39 c 12 28 12,25,26,27,28 d 1 12 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 e 12 1 12,13,14,15,16,1 f 21 12 12,22,23,24,12 g 1 21 1,17,18,19,20,21 h 28 21 28m 29,30,31,21 i 21 39 21,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39 多边形

多边形编号多边形边界 I d, e II c, f, h III b, h, i IV a, i, g 模拟试题二 4.下面两个多边形图层 A 和 B,图中标注的是多边形的属性,请画出 A 与 B 两个图层 Overlay 的结果图层 C 的示意图,并标注属性,其中 C 的属性为 C=A+B 。 “地理信息系统原理”课程考试试题一参考答案 一、名词解释 1.地理信息系统的定义是由两个部分组成的。一方面,地理信息系统是一门学科,是描述、存储、分析和输出空间信息的理论和方法的一门新兴的交叉学科;另一方面,地理信息系统是一个技术系统,是以地理空间数据库为基础,采用地理模型分析方法,适时提供多种空间的和动态的地理信息,为地理研究和地理决策服务的计算机技术系统。 2.TIN 即不规则三角网(Triangulated Irregular Network),是一种表示数字高程模型的方法。 TIN 模型根据区域有限个点集将区域划分为相连的三角面网络,区域中任意点落在三角面的顶点、边上或三角形内。如果点不在顶点上,该点的高程值通常通过线性插值的方法得到。 3.元数据是关于数据的描述性数据信息,它应尽可能多地反映数据集自身的特征规律,以便于用户对数据集的准确、高效与充分的开发与利用。元数据的内容包括对数据集的描述、对数据质量的描述、对数据处理信息的说明、对数据转换方法的描述、对数据库的更新、集成等的说明。 4.信息是向人们或机器提供关于现实世界新的事实的知识,是数据、消息中所包含的意义,它不随载体的物理设备形式的改变而改变。 二、简答题 1.地理信息系统的组成。

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GIS试题 中国科学院 1995年博士入学试题 一、简述题(40分) 1.地理信息系统的主要功能。 2.图形数据输入的主要方法及特点。 3.地理信息系统的主要数据源及其特征。 4.空间数据库主要特征。 二、问答题(任选二题,60分) 1.地理信息系统的基本组成与应用。 2.土地管理信息系统与城市管理信息系统的比较。 3.地理信息系统与相关学科的相互关系。 (GIS与RS的相互关系 GIS与地球系统科学研究的相互关系) 1996年博士生(GIS)入学试题 一、简述题(40分) 1.地理信息系统的基本功能 2.地理信息输入方法及其特点 3.地理信息数据结构的类型 4.空间拓扑叠加 二、问答题(任选二题,60分) 1.综述地理信息系统空间分析功能 2.试论地理信息系统与遥感、全球定位系统、信息网络的关系及其综合应用。3.结合你的经验,谈GIS应用前景 1997年GIS 一、名词解释 拓扑关系 缓冲分析 关系数据模型 空间叠加 二、简答题 1、GIS的主要功能(略) 2、企业GIS系统的特色 三、问答题(选2) 1、GIS基本组成与主要应用领域 2、地理科学数据集成与管理 3、结合你的专业,谈GIS应用发展前景

1998-1999 GIS概论 GIS概论 一、简答: 1. 地理信息的基本特征。(99) 2. 数字地形模型的构建与应用。(99) 3. 地理信息系统数据库管理系统的特点。(99) 4.地理信息系统的主要分析方法。(99) 5. 地理信息系统与计算机制图关系剖析。(99) 6. 矢量与栅格数据的优缺点。(98) 二、问答(任选二) 1. 论地理信息系统与地理信息科学。(99) 2.专业模型与地理信息系统连接方式比较。(99) 3. 结合你的专业,举例说明地理信息系统的应用特点。( 99 ) 4. GIS产生、发展过程及前景。(98) 5. RS 与GIS 结合。(98) 1999 一、名词解释 数字地图、地理编码、拓扑叠加 二、问答 1、OpenGIS的特点 2、GIS的基本功能 3、空间坐标的转换方式和方法 2000年中科院博士入学考试GIS试题 一、名词解释(每个4分,共20分) 1.空间拓扑关系 2.地址匹配 3.元数据 4.栅格数据结构 5.空间数据精度 二、简答题(每个10分,共30分) 6.简述地理信息系统的组成 7.数字地形模型(DTM)的构建与应用 8.叠加分析 三、问答题(任选二,每个25分,共50分) 1.地理信息系统的发展及趋势 2.时空动态数据结构研究 3.结合你的专业,论述GIS应用的关键技术问题 2000年中科院博士入学考试GIS试题: 一、名词解释

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第一章绪论 1.什么是地理信息系统?与地图数据库有什么异同?与地理信息的关系是什么? 2.地理信息系统由哪些部分组成?与其他信息系统的主要区别有哪些? 3.地理信息系统中的数据都包含哪些? 4.地理信息系统的基本功能有哪些?基本功能与应用功能是根据什么来区分的? 5.与其他信息系统相比,地理信息系统的哪些功能是比较独特的? 6.地理信息系统的科学理论基础有哪些?是否可以称地理信息系统为一门科学? 7.试举例说明地理信息系统的应用前景。(2005年复试时考过,大题25分) 8.GIS近代发展有什么特点? (2005年复试时考过) 9.城市发展规划中应用GIS的意义有哪些? 10.城市公用事业管理中应用GIS的迫切性有哪些? 11.你认为地理信息系统在社会中最重要的几个应用领域是什么?给出一些项目例子。 12.你认为地理信息系统与自己的生活有关系吗?请举例说明。 13.你认为地理信息系统在政府决策中应该起什么作用?GIS应该具备什么条件? 14.地籍GIS有些什么特点?GIS功能应如何扩展? 第二章空间数据结构 1.GIS的对象是什么? 地理实体有什么特点? (2004年时考过名词解释) 2.地理实体数据的特征是什么?请列举出某些类型的空间数据.(2004年时考过名词解释)3.空间数据的结构与其它非空间数据的结构有什么特殊之处?试给出几种空间数据的结构描述。4.矢量数据与栅格数据的区别是什么?它们有什么共同点吗?(九几年时考过,忘了哪一年了)5.矢量数据在结构表达方面有什么特色? 6.矢量和栅格数据的结构都有通用标准吗?请说明。 7.栅格数据的运算具有什么特点?(2005年时考过,和另一个一起出的) 8.栅格与矢量运算相比较各有什么特征?(九几年时考过,忘了哪一年了)

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