小波分析中英文对照外文翻译文献

小波，近似和压缩1在过去的十年里，小波在信号处理理论和实践中的影响正在变得越来越大，这是因为它们的统一的角色和成功的应用(参见这篇文章的42和38)。

位于基于小波算法核心部分的滤波器组已经在信号处理器中实现了标准化，并且在从信号压缩到调制中已经有了固定的应用。

在离散时间和连续时间信号处理之间的相互作用中常常能看到小波的贡献。

本文的目的就是从信号处理的角度来观察最近小波理论的进展。

尤其是，讨论了近似结果和压缩算法，同时也解决了新的结构和开放的问题。

基准，近似，压缩寻找一个好的能解决问题的标准至少要追溯到傅里叶和他的热方程的研究[18]。

由傅里叶提出来的级数有如下显著的特征：在一个区间内该级数能表示任何有限能量函数。

这个基函数是线性时不变系统的本征函数，换句话说，傅里叶级数就是能够对角线化的线性时不变处理器。

同样的，在采样理论中用的sinc 函数能够描述任何有限带宽的函数，并且能够以样本代替函数本身进行处理。

简而言之，一个基函数被选择出来就是为了即能够描述客观值（例如，系数较少的好的近似）又能够算出实际的值（例如，某些处理器的对角线化处理）。

为了更好的介绍，假设我们有一个函数S ，我们希望描述一个S ∈f 的元素。

例如，这个具有有限空间函数S ，在区间[]1,0上的可积函数有限平方的积分()∞<⎰dt t f 12(1)我们用()1,02L 表示。

接下来的问题就是为S 找到一个这样的基函数，也就是在S 中的一组基函数{}I i i ∈ϕ，使得任何元素S ∈f 可以被写成一个线性组合i if βα∑=(2)最接近信号处理核心的例子当然是在sinc 函数方面具有带限功能的扩展。

假设在傅里叶域使函数空间限带为[]ππ，-并且有一个有限的平方的积分。

我们表示此空间为()ππ,2-BL ，然后由香农采样定理可知在这个空间中的任何函数可以表示为[36],[28]1Martin V etterli.Wavelets Approximation, and Compression[J].IEEE SIGNAL ProcessingMagazine,2001,64(2):59-73.()()∑∞-∞=-=n nn t c t f sin α(3)()n f n =α是()t f 在整点的采样值，()()tt t c ππsin sin =(4)而且整数移位是基函数。

题目：多分辨率分析＆连续小波变换TITLE: MULTIRESOLUTION ANALYSIS & THE CONTINUOUS WA VELETTRANSFORM院系：电气信息工程系专业：通信工程姓名：学号：毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译多分辨率分析＆连续小波变换多分辨率分析虽然时间和频率分辨率的问题是一种物理现象（海森堡测不准原理）无论是否使用变换，它都存在，但是它可以使用替代方法分析，称为信号多分辨率分析（MRA）。

MRA，如它的名字一样，分析了不同分辨率不同频率的信号。

每个频谱分量不能得到同样的解决是因为在STFT的情况下。

MRA是为了在高频率时，能够得到良好的时间分辨率和较差的频率分辨率，而在低频率时，能够得到良好的频率分辨率和较差的时间分辨率而设计的。

这种方法是十分有意义的，特别是当手头的信号高频成分持续时间短和低频成分持续时间长时。

幸运的是，在实际应用中所遇到的信号往往是这种类型。

例如，下面显示了这种类型的信号。

它有一个贯穿整个信号相对较低的频率分量，而在信号中间有一个短暂的、相对较高的频率成分。

连续小波变换连续小波变换作为一种替代快速傅里叶变换办法来发展，克服分析的问题。

小波分析和STFT的分析方法类似，在这个意义上说，就是信号和一个函数相乘，{\它的小波}，类似的STFT的窗口功能，并转换为不同分段的时域信号。

但是，STFT和连续小波变换二者之间的主要区别是：1、Fourier转换的信号不采取窗口，因此，单峰将被视为对应一个正弦波，即负频率是没有计算。

2、窗口的宽度是相对于光谱的每一个组件变化而变化的，这是小波变换计算最重要的特征。

连续小波变换的定义如下：公式3.1从上面的方程可以看出，改变信号功能的有两个变量，τ和s，分别是转换参数和尺度参数。

psi(t)为转化功能，它被称为母小波。

母小波一词得名是由于如下所述的两个小波分析的重要性质：这个词意味着小波浪。

小指的条件是本（窗口）函数的有限长度的（紧支持）。

知识产权论文中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献1外文参考文献译文the well-known trademarks and dilute anti-diluted First, well-known trademarks SummaryWell-known trademarks is a long-term use, in the market enjoy a high reputation, known for the relevant public and by certain procedures that the trademark. Since the "Paris Convention" was first introduced the concept of well-known trademarks, the well-known trademarks for special protection legislation has become the world trend.Paris Convention stipulates: all of the members were identified as the well-known trade marks, or registered First, the first to ban others, and the other is to prohibit the use of others with identical or similar logo. Trips further provides: 1, the Paris Convention for the special protection and extension of the services of well-known trademarks, 2, the scope of protection does not extend to prohibit similar goods or services with the well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar logo, 3, on how to That a well-known trademarks in principle a simple requirement.National legislation on the practice, the well-known trade marks that standards vary, often based on specific trade mark promotion of public awareness of related areas, logo merchandise sales and the scope of national interests, and o ther factors identified. From an international treaty to protect the well-known trademarks mind, that well-known trade marks and protection of well-known trade marks are closely linked.Second, the well-known trademarks protected modeOn the protection of the main trademarks of relative and absolute protectionism two models.The former refers to ban others with well-known trademarks identical or similar trademark with the trademark owner the same or similar industries in the registration or use of similar goods in non-use of the same or similar trademarks is permitted, "the Paris Convention "That is, relative to protectionism.While the latter refers to ban others in any industry, including the well-known trade mark goods with different or similar to those in the industry to register with the well-known trade marks and the use of the same or similar trademarks, TRIPS agreement that is taken by the expansion of the absolute protectionism.In simple economic form, as specified by the trade mark goods at a single, specific trade mark goods and the link between more closely. With, a valuable well-known trademarks have been more and more use of different types of commodities, which are among the types of goods on the property may be totally different, in a trademark associated with the commodity groups and the relative weakening of trade marks Commodity producers and the relative isolation. Not well-known trademarks such as cross-category protection and allow others to register, even if the goods obvious differences, the public will still be in the new goods and reputable well-known trademarks to establish a link between people that the goods may be well-known trademark, the new commodities , Or the well-known trademarks of goods and people between the existence of a legal, organizational or business association, thus leading to the misuse of consumers purchase. The rapid development of the commodity today, the relative protectionism has not improved the protection of the public and well-known trademark owner's interests.In view of this, in order to effectively prevent the reputation of well-known trademarks, and the identification of significant features and advertising value by the improper use of the damage, many countries on the implementation of a well-known trademarks is protectionism, which prohibits the use of any products on the same or with the well-known trademarks Similar to the trademark.TRIPS Agreement Article 16, paragraph 3 states: Paris Convention 1967 text, in principle, applicable to the well-known trademarks and logos of the commodities or services are not similar goods or services, if not similar goods or services on the use of the trademark will be Suggest that the goods or services with the well-known trademarks on a link exists, so that the interests of all well-known trademarks may be impaired.Third, the well-known trademarks dilutedThe protection of trademark rights, there are mainly two: one for the confusion theory, a theory for desalination.The main traditional trademark protection for trade marks the difference between functional design, and its theoretical basis for the theory of confusion. In summary, which is to ensure that the trademark can be identification, confirmation and different goods or services different from the significant features, to avoid confusion, deception and E Wu, the law gives first use of a person or persons registered with exclusive rights, which prohibits any Without the permission of the rights to use may cause confusion among consumers in the same or similar trademarks. Clearly, the traditional concept of trademark protection, to stop "the possibility of confusion" is the core of trademark protection.With the socio-economic development andcommercialization of the continuous improvement of the degree, well-known trademarks by the enormous implication for the growing commercial value have attracted the attention of people. Compared with ordinary marks, bearing well-known trademarks by the significance and meaning beyond the trademark rights to the general, and further symbol of product quality and credit, contains a more valuable business assets - goodwill. Well-known trade mark rights of people to use its excellent reputation of leading the way in the purchasing power, instead of the use of trademarks to distinguish between different products and producers.When the mark beyond the role of this feature to avoid confusion, then, this factor is obviously confused and can not cover everything, and other factors become as important as or more important. Thus, in theory confusion on the basis of further development of desalination theory.Trademark Dilution (dilution), also known as trademark dilution, is one of trademark infringement theory. "Watered down", according to the U.S. "anti-federal trademark law dilute" means "regardless of well-known trade mark rights and the others between the existence of competition, or existence of confusion, misunderstanding or the possibility of deception, reduce and weaken the well-known trademarks Its goods or services and the identification of significant capacity of the act. " In China, some scholars believe that "refers to dilute or weaken gradually weakened consumer or the public will be trademarks of the commercial sources with a specific link between the ability." Trademark faded and that the main theory is that many market operators have Using well-known trademarks of the desire of others, engage in well-known trademarks should be toprevent others from using its own unique identification of special protection.1927, Frank ? Si Kaite in the "Harvard Law reviews" wrote the first trademark dilute theory. He believes that people should not only be trademarks of others prohibit the use of the mark, he will compete in the commodity, and should prohibit the use of non-competitive goods on. He pointed out: the real role of trade marks, not distinguish between goods operators, but satisfied with the degree of difference between different commodities, so as to promote the continuous consumer purchase. From the basic function of trademarks, trade mark used in non-competitive goods, their satisfaction with regard to the distinction between the role of different commodities will be weakened and watered down. Trademarks of the more significant or unique, to the public the impression that the more deeply, that is, should be restricted to non-compete others in the use of goods or services.Since then, the Intellectual Property Rights Branch of the American Bar Association Chairman Thomas ? E ? Si Kaite Smith on the theory made a fu rther elaboration and development. He said: "If the courts allow or laissez-faire 'Rolls Royce' restaurants, 'Rolls-Royce' cafeteria, 'Rolls-Royce' pants, 'Rolls-Royce' the candy, then not 10 years, ' Rolls-Royce 'trademark owners will no longer have the world well-known trademarks. "Si Kaite in accordance with the theory of well-known trade marks have faded because of the effect of non-rights holders with well-known trademarks in the public mind the good image of well-known trademarks will be used in non-competitive goods, so as to gradually weaken or reduce the value of well-known trademarks, That is, by the well-known trademarks havecredibility. Trademark tag is more significant or unique characteristics, which in the public mind the impression that the more deep, more is the need for increased protection, to prevent the well-known trade marks and their specific goods was the link between the weakening or disappearance.In practice, trademarks diluted share a wide range of operating methods, such as:A well-known trademarks of others will still use as a trademark, not only in the use of the same, similar to the goods or services. For example, household appliances, "Siemens" trademark as its own production of the furniture's trademark.2. To other people's well-known trademarks as their corporate name of the component. Such as "Haier" trademark for the name of his restaurant.3. To the well-known trademarks of others as the use of domain names. For example, watches trademark "OMEGA" registered the domain name for themselves (/doc/cf12487433.html,).4. To the well-known trademarks of others as a commodity and decorating use.5. Will be others as well-known trade marks of goods or services using the common name. For example, "Kodak" interpreted as "film, is a camera with photographic material", or "film, also known as Kodak,……" This interpretation is also the mark of the water down. If the "Kodak" ignored the trademark owner, after a period of time, people will Kodak film is, the film is Kodak. In this way, the Kodak film-related goods has become the common name, it as a trademark by a significant, identifiable on limbo. The public well-known Jeep (Jeep), aspirin (Aspirin), freon (Freon), and so was the registration of foreign goods are due toimproper use and management and the protection of poor, evolved into similar products common name, Thus lost its trademark logo features.U.S. "anti-diluted Federal trademark law" before the implementation of the Federal Court of Appeal through the second from 1994 to 1996 case, identified thefollowing violations including the Trademark Dilution: (1) vague, non-means as others in similar goods not on Authorized the use of a trademark so that the sales of goods and reduce the value of trademarks or weakened (2) pale, that is because of violations related to the quality, or negative, to demonize the acts described a trademark goods may be caused to others The negative effects of the situation, (3) to belittle, or improperly changed, or derogatory way to describe a trade mark case.The majority of our scholars believe that the well-known trademarks diluted There are two main forms: watered down and defaced. The so-called dilute the people will have no right to use the same or similar trademark with the well-known trademarks used in different types of commodities, thus making the mark with the goods weakened ties between the specific acts the so-called defaced is that people will have no right to use the same Or similar marks for the well-known trade marks will have to belittle good reputation, tarnished the role of different types of goods on the act.Some scholars believe that the desalination also refers to the three aspects of well-known trademarks damage. First, in a certain way to demonize the relevant well-known trademarks; Second, some way related to well-known trademark dark; Third is the indirect way so that consumers will distort trade mark goods for the general misunderstanding of the name.In general, can be diluted in the form summarized as follows: 1, weakeningWeakening is a typical diluted form, also known as dark, is that others will have some visibility in the use of a trademark is not the same, similar to the goods or services, thereby weakening the mark with its original logo of goods or services The link between, weakening the mark was a significant and identifiable, thus bearing the trade mark by the damage caused by acts of goodwill. Weakening the mark of recognition of the significant damage is serious, it can be the recognition of trademark dilution, was significant, or even make it completely disappeared, then to the mark bycarrying the reputation of devastating combat.First, the weakening of the identification is the weakening and lower. Any unauthorized person, others will have some visibility in the use of a trademark is not the same, similar to the goods or services, will reduce its recognition of. But consumers were referred to the mark, it may no longer think of first is the original goods or services, not only is the original or goods or services, consumers simply will not even think of goods or services, but the Trademark Dilution of goods Or services. There is no doubt that this marks the recognition of, is a heavy blow.Weakening of the mark is significantly weakened and the lower. Mark is significantly different from other commercial trademark marked characteristics. A certain well-known trademarks, which in itself should be a very significant, very significant and can be quickly and other signs of its own separate. However, the Trademark Dilution of the same or similar trademarks used in different goods or services, so that was the trademark and other commercial marked difference in greatlyreduced, to the detriment of its significant.Of course, regardless of the weakening of the mark was a significant or identifiable, are the ultimate impact of the mark by the bearer of goodwill. Because the trade mark is the carrier of goodwill, the mark of any major damage, the final performance for all bearing the trade mark by the goodwill of the damage.2, tarnishedMeans others will have some well-known trademarks in the use of the good reputation of the trademark will have to belittle, defaced role of the goods or services on the act. Contaminate the trademarks of others, is a distortion of trade marks to others, the use of the damage, not only reduced the value of the mark, even on such values were defaced. As tarnished reputation is a trademark of damage, so tarnished included in the diluted acts, is also relatively accepted view. Moreover, in the field of trademark faded, tarnished than the weakening of the danger of even greater acts, the consequences are more serious.3, degradationDegradation is due to improper use of trademarks, trade mark goods for the evolution of the common name recognition and loss of function. Trademark Dilution degradation is the most serious kind. Degradation of the event, will completely lose their identification marks, no longer has the distinction function as the common name of the commodity.Fourth, protection against diluteBased on the well-known trademarks dilute the understanding, and accompanied by a serious weakening of well-known trademarks, all countries are gradually legislation to provide for the well-known trademarks to protect anti-diluted. There are specific models:1, the development of special anti-dilute the protection of well-known trademarksThe United States is taking this protection on behalf of the typical pattern.1995, in order to prevent lower dilute "the only representative of the public eye, the unique image of the trademark" to protect "the trademark value of advertising," the U.S. Congress passed the National reunification of the "anti-federal trademark law watered down", so as to the well-known trademarks All provide the unified and effective national anti-dilute the protection.U.S. anti-diluted in trademark protection has been added a new basis for litigation, which is different from the traditional basis of trademark infringement litigation. Trademark infringement of the criteria is confusing, the possibility of deception and misleading, and the Trademark Dilution criteria is unauthorized to others well-known trademarks of the public to reduce the use of the trademark instructions for goods and services only and in particular of Feelings. It is clear that the U.S. law is anti-diluted basis, "business reputation damage" and the possibility of well-known trade mark was a significant weakening of the possibility of providingrelief. Moreover, anti-faded law does not require the application of competitive relations or the existence of possible confusion, which is more conducive to the exercise of trademark right to appeal.2, through the Anti-Unfair Competition Law ProtectionSome countries apply anti-unfair competition law to protect famous trademarks from being watered down. Such as Greece, "Anti-Unfair Competition Law," the first one: "Prohibition of theUse of well-known trademarks in order to take advantage of different commodities on the well-known trademarks dilute its credibility was significant." Although some countries in the Anti-Unfair Competition Law does not explicitly prohibits trademark faded, but the Trademark Dilution proceedings, the application of unfair competition litigation.3, through or under well-known trademark protection within the scope of trademark protectionMost civil law countries is this way. 1991, "the French Intellectual Property Code," Di Qijuan trademark law section L.713-5 of the provisions that: not in similar goods or services on the use of well-known trade marks to the trademark owner or a loss caused by the improper use of trademarks , Against people should bear civil liability.Germany in 1995, "the protection of trademarks and other signs of" Article 14 also stipulates that: without the consent of the trademark rights of third parties should be banned in commercial activities, in and protected by the use of the trademark does not like similar goods or services , And the use of the trademark identical or similar to any signs.4, in the judicial precedents in the application of anti-dilute the protection ofIn some countries there are no clear legislative provisions of the anti-dilute well-known trademarks, but in judicial practice, they are generally applicable civil law on compensation for the infringement of the debt to protect the interests of all well-known trademarks, through judicial precedents to dilute the protection of applicable anti.China's well-known trademarks in the protection of the law did not "water down" the reference, but on the substance of therelevant legal provisions, protection of anti-diluted. 2001 "Trademark Law" amendment to increase the protection of well-known trademarks, in particular, it is important to the well-known trademarks have been registered to conduct cross-category protection. Article 13 stipulates: "The meeting is not the same as or similar to the trademark application for registration of goods is copied, Mofang, translation others have been registered in the well-known trademarks, misleading the public, the standard of the well-known trade mark registration may be the interests of the damage, no registration And can not be used. "But needs to be pointed out that this provision does not mean that China's laws for the well-known trademarks has provided an effective anti-dilute the protection. "Trademark Law" will prohibit only well-known trademarks and trademarks of the same or similar use, without the same or similar goods not on the behavior, but the well-known trade marks have faded in various forms, such as the well-known trademarks for names, domain names, such acts Detract from the same well-known trademarks destroyed the logo of the ability to make well-known trade mark registration of the interests of damage, this is not a legal norms.It must be pointed out that the trade mark that should be paying attention to downplay acts of the following:1, downplay acts are specifically for the well-known registered trade marks.Perpetrators diluted one of the main purpose is the free-rider, using the credibility of well-known trademarks to sell their products, and general use of trademarks do not have this value. That acts to dilute limited to well-known trademarks, can effectively protect the rights of trademark rights, have notexcessively restrict the freedom of choice of logo, is right to resolve the conflict right point of balance. "Trademark Law" will be divided into well-known trademarks have beenregistered and unregistered, and give different protection. Anti-has been watered down to protect only against the well-known trade marks registration, and for China not only well-known trade marks registered in the same or similar ban on the registration and use of goods. This reflects the "Trademark Law" the principle of protection of registered trademarks.2, faded in the different categories of goods and well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar logo.If this is the same or similar goods with well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar to the logo should be in accordance with the general treatment of trademark infringement. There is also a need to downplay the use of the tags are similar to a well-known trademarks and judgments.3, not all the non-use of similar products on the well-known trade marks and logos of the same or similar circumstances are all faded.When a trademark has not yet become well-known trademarks, perhaps there are some with the same or similar trademarks used in other types of goods on. In the well-known trademarks, the original has been in existence does not constitute a trademark of those who play down.4, acts that play down the perpetrator does not need to consider the subjective mental state.Regardless of their out of goodwill or malicious, intentional or fault, is not watered down the establishment. But the acts of subjective mental state will assume responsibility for its impact on the manner and scope. Generally speaking, if the perpetratoracts intentionally dilute the responsibility to shoulder much weight, in particular, bear a heavier responsibility for damages, if the fault is the commitment will be less responsibility. If there are no mistakes, just assume the responsibility to stop infringement.5, due to anti-faded to protect well-known trade marks with a specific goods orservices linked to well-known trademarks a long time widely used in a variety of goods, will inevitably lead to trademark the logo of a particular commodity producers play down the link, well-known trademarks A unique attraction to consumers will also be greatly reduced. So that should not be watered down to conduct a source of confusion for the conditions of goods, after all, not all the water down will cause consumers confusion. For example, a street shop's name is "Rolls-Royce fruit shop," people at this time there will be no confusion and that the shop and the famous Rolls-Royce trademark or producers of the contact. However, such acts can not be allowed, a large number of similar acts will dilute the Rolls-Royce trademark and its products linked to undermine the uniqueness of the trademark, if things continue this way when the mention of Rolls-Royce trademark, people may think of is not only Automobile, food, clothing, appliances, etc.. That faded as to cause confusion for the conditions, some will not dilute norms and suppression of acts, makes well-known trade marks are not well protected. Therefore, as long as it is a well-known trademark detract from the logo and unique ability to act on the behavior should be identified as diluted.1. Zheng Chengsi: "Intellectual property law", legal publishers 2003 version.2. Wu Handong editor: "Intellectual Property Law," China Politics and Law University Press 2002 edition.3. Susan. Sela De: "The United States Federal trademark law dilute the anti-legislation and practice," Zhang Jin Yi, contained in the "Law on Foreign Translation" 1998 No.4.4. Kong Xiangjun: "Anti-Unfair Competition AFP theory," People's Court Press, 2001 edition.5. Liu Ping, Qi Chang: "On the special protection of famous trademarks", in "law and commercial" 1998 No.6.6. Well-Tao, Lu Zhou Li: "On the well-known trademarks to protect the anti-diluted", in "Law" 1998 No. 5.2 外文参考文献原文浅谈驰名商标之淡化与反淡化一、驰名商标概述驰名商标是指经过长期使用，在市场上享有较高声誉，为相关公众所熟知，并经一定程序认定的商标。

外文文献翻译 例如例如：：下面是一个样板下面是一个样板，，如需要更多的机械相关专业的外文文献可以联系QQ: 763077177 (非诚勿扰) Coating thickness effects on diamond coated cutting tools F. Qin, Y.K. Chou,D. Nolen and R.G. ThompsonAvailable online 12 June 2009. Abstract ：Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown diamond films have found applications as a hard coating for cutting tools. Even though the use of conventional diamond coatings seems to be accepted in the cutting tool industry, selections of proper coating thickness for different machining operations have not been often studied. Coating thickness affects the characteristics of diamond coated cutting tools in different perspectives that may mutually impact the tool performance in machining in a complex way.In this study, coating thickness effects on the deposition residual stresses, particularly around a cutting edge, and on coating failure modes were numerically investigated. On the other hand, coating thickness effects on tool surface smoothness and cutting edge radii were experimentally investigated. In addition, machining Al matrix composites using diamond coated tools with varied coating thicknesses was conducted to evaluate the effects on cutting forces, part surface finish and tool wear.The results are summarized as follows. Increasing coating thickness will increase the residual stresses at the coating–substrate interface. On the other hand, increasing coating thickness will generally increase the resistance of coating cracking and delamination. Thicker coatings will result in larger edge radii; however, the extent of the effect on cutting forces also depends upon the machining condition. For the thickness range tested, the life of diamond coated tools increases with the coating thickness because of delay of delaminations. Keywords: Coating thickness; Diamond coating; Finite element; Machining; Tool wear1. IntroductionDiamond coatings produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technologies have been increasingly explored for cutting tool applications. Diamond coated tools have great potential in various machining applications and an advantage in fabrications of cutting tools with complex geometry such as drills. Increased usages of lightweight high-strength components have also resulted in significant interests in diamond coating tools. Hot-filament CVD is one of common processes of diamond coatings and diamond films as thick as 50 µm have been deposited on various materials including cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co) . There have also been different CVD technologies, e.g., microwave plasma assisted CVD , developed to enhance the deposition process as well as the film quality too. However, despite the superior tribological and mechanical properties, the practical applications of diamond coated tools are still limited.Coating thickness is one of the most important attributes to the coating system performance. Coating thickness effects on tribological performance have been widely studied. In general, thicker coatings exhibited better scratch/wear resistance performance than thinner ones due to their better load-carrying capacity. However, there are also reports that claim otherwise and . For example, Dorner et al. discovered, that the thickness of diamond-like-coating (DLC), in a range of 0.7–3.5 µm, does not influence the wear resistance of the DLC–Ti6Al4V . For cutting tool applications, however, coating thickness may have a more complicated role since its effects may be augmented around the cutting edge. Coating thickness effects on diamond coated tools are not frequently reported. Kanda et al. conducted cutting tests using diamond-coated tooling . The author claimed that the increased film thickness is generally favorable to tool life. However, thicker films will result in the decrease in the transverse rupture strength that greatly impacts the performance in high speed or interrupted machining. In addition, higher cutting forces were observed for the tools with increased diamond coating thickness due to the increased cutting edge radius. Quadrini et al. studied diamond coated small mills for dental applications . The authors tested different coating thickness and noted that thick coatings induce high cutting forces due to increased coating surface roughness and enlarged edge rounding. Such effects may contribute to the tool failure in milling ceramic materials. The authors further indicated tools with thin coatings results in optimal cutting of polymer matrix composite . Further, Torres et al. studied diamondcoated micro-endmills with two levels of coating thickness . The authors also indicated that the thinner coating can further reduce cutting forces which are attributed to the decrease in the frictional force and adhesion.Coating thickness effects of different coating-material tools have also been studied. For single layer systems, an optimal coating thickness may exist for machining performance. For example, Tuffy et al. reported that an optimal coating thickness of TiN by PVD technology exists for specific machining conditions . Based on testing results, for a range from 1.75 to 7.5 µm TiN coating, thickness of 3.5 µm exhibit the best turning performance. In a separate study, Malik et al. also suggested that there is an optimal thickness of TiN coating on HSS cutting tools when machining free cutting steels . However, for multilayer coating systems, no such an optimum coating thickness exists for machining performance .The objective of this study was to experimentally investigate coating thickness effects of diamond coated tools on machining performance — tool wear and cutting forces. Diamond coated tools were fabricated, by microwave plasma assisted CVD, with different coating thicknesses. The diamond coated tools were examined in morphology and edge radii by white-light interferometry. The diamond coated tools were then evaluated by machining aluminum matrix composite in dry. In addition, deposition thermal residual stresses and critical load for coating failures that affect the performance of diamond coated tools were analytically examined.2. Experimental investigationThe substrates used for diamond coating experiments, square-shaped inserts (SPG422), were fine-grain WC with 6 wt.% cobalt. The edge radius and surface textures of cutting inserts prior to coating was measured by a white-light interferometer, NT1100 from Veeco Metrology.Prior to the deposition, chemical etching treatment was conducted on inserts to remove the surface cobalt and roughen substrate surface. Moreover, all tool inserts were ultrasonically vibrated in diamond/water slurry to increase the nucleation density. For the coating process, diamond films were deposited using a high-power microwave plasma-assisted CVD process.A gas mixture of methane in hydrogen, 750–1000 sccm with 4.4–7.3% of methane/hydrogen ratio, was used as the feedstock gas. Nitrogen gas, 2.75–5.5 sccm, was inserted to obtain nanostructures by preventing columnar growth. The pressure was about 30–55 Torr and the substrate temperature was about 685–830 °C. A forward power of 4.5–5.0 kW with a low deposition rate obtained a thin coating; a greater forward power of 8.0–8.5 kW with a highdeposition rate obtained thick coatings, two thicknesses by varying deposition time. The coated inserts were further inspected by the interferometer.A computer numerical control lathe, Hardinge Cobra 42, was used to perform machining experiments, outer diameter turning, to evaluate the tool wear of diamond coated tools. With the tool holder used, the diamond coated cutting inserts formed a 0° rake angle, 11° relief angle, and 75° lead angle. The workpieces were round bars made of A359/SiC-20p composite. The machining conditions used were 4 m/s cutting speed, 0.15 mm/rev feed, 1 mm depth of cut and no coolant was applied. The selection of machining parameters was based upon previous experiences. For each coating thickness, two tests were repeated. During machining testing, the cutting inserts were periodically inspected by optical microscopy to measure the flank wear-land size. Worn tools after testing were also examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, cutting forces were monitored during machining using a Kistler dynamometer.5. ConclusionsIn this study, the coating thickness effects on diamond coated cutting tools were studied from different perspectives. Deposition residual stresses in the tool due to thermal mismatch were investigated by FE simulations and coating thickness effects on the interface stresses were quantified. In addition, indentation simulations of a diamond coated WC substrate with the interface modeled by the cohesive zone were applied to analyze the coating system failures. Moreover, diamond coated tools with different thicknesses were fabricated and experimentally investigated on surface morphology, edge rounding, as well as tool wear and cutting forces in machining. The major results are summarized as follows.(1) Increase of coating thickness significantly increases the interface residual stresses, though little change in bulk surface stresses.(2) For thick coatings, the critical load for coating failure decreases with increasing coating thickness. However, such a trend is opposite for thin coatings, for which radial cracking is the coating failure mode. Moreover, thicker coatings have greater delamination resistance.(3) In addition, increasing the coating thickness will increase the edge radius. However, for the coating thickness range studied, 4–29 µm, and with the large feed used, cutting forces were affected only marginally.(4) Despite of greater interface residual stresses, increasing the diamond coating thickness, for the range studied, seem to increase tool life by delay of coating delaminations.AcknowledgementsThis research is supported by National Science Foundation, Grant No.: CMMI 0728228. P. Lu provided assistance in some analyses.金刚石涂层刀具的涂层厚度的影响作者：F. Qin, Y.K. Chou,D. Nolen and R.G. Thompson发表日期：2009摘要：化学气相沉积法（CVD），金刚石薄膜的发现，作为涂层刀具的应用。

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Profit PatternsThe most important objective of companies is to create, develop and maintain one or more competitive advantages in order to generate dividends for the shareholders. For a long time, it was simply a question of dominating the market, either by costs or by a policy of differentiation. As Michael Porter advised, it was essential to avoid being “stuck in the middle”. This way of thinking set up competitive rivalry in a closed world, and tended towards stability. This model is less and less relevant today for whole sectors of the economy. We see a multitude of strategic movements which defy the logic of the old system. “Profit Patterns” lists numerous strategies which have joined the small number that we knew before. These patterns often combine to give rise to strategic models which are better adapted to the new and changing needs of the consumer.Increasing the value of a company depends on its capacity to predict Valuemigration from one economic sector to another or from one company to another has unimaginable proportions, in particular because of the new phenomena that mass investment and venture capital represent. The public is looking for companies that will succeed in the future and bet on the winner.Major of managers have a talent for recognizing development market trends There are some changing and development trends in all business sectors. They can be erected into models, thereby making it possible to acquire a technique for predicting them. This consists of recognizing them in the actual economic context. This book proposes thirty strategic prediction models divided into seven families. Predicting is not enough: one still has to act in time! Managers analyze development trends in the environment in order to identify opportunities. They then have to determine a strategic plan for their company, and set up a system aligning the internal and external organizational structure as a function of their objectives.For most of the 20th century, mastering strategic evolution models was not a determining factor, and formulas for success were fixed and relatively simple. In industry, the basic model stated that profit was a function of relative market share. Today, this rule is confronted with more and more contradictions: among car manufacturers for example, where small companies like Toyota are more profitable than General Motors and Ford. The highest rises in value have become the exclusive right of the companies with the most efficient business designs. These upstart companies have placed themselves in the profit zone of their sectors thanks, in part, to their size, but also to their new way of doing business – exploiting new rules which are sources of value creation. Among the new rules which define a good strategic plan are:1. Strong orientation towards the customer2. Internal decisions which are coherent with the overall activity, concerning the products and services as well as the involvement in the different activities of the value chain3. An efficient mechanism for value–capture.4. A powerful source of differentiation and of strategic control, inspiring investorconfidence in future cash-flow.5. An internal organization carefully designed to support and reinforce the company’s strategic plan.Why does value migrate? The explanation lies largely in the explosion of risk-capital activities in the USA. Since the 40’s, of the many companies that have been created, about a thousand have allowed talented employees, the “brains”, to work without the heavy structures of very big companies. The risk–capital factor is now entering a new phase in the USA, in that the recipes for innovation and value creation are spreading from just the risk-capital companies to all big companies. A growing number of the 500 richest companies have an internal structure for getting into the game of investing in companies with high levels of value-creation. Where does this leave Eur ope? According to recent research, innovation in strategic thinking is under way in Europe, albeit with a slight time-lag. Globalization is making the acceptation of these value-creation rules a condition of global competitively .There is a second phenomenon that has an even more radical influence on value-creation –polarization: The combination of a convincing and innovative strategic plan, strategic control and a dominant market share creates a terrific increase in investor confidence. The investors believe that the company has established its position of strength not only for the current, but also for the next strategic cycle. The result is an exponential growth in value, and especially a spectacular out-distancing of the direct rivals. The polarization process typically has two stages. In phase 1, the competitors seem to be level. In fact, one of them has unde rstood, has “got it”, before the others and is investing in a new strategic action plan to take into account the pattern which is starting to redefine the sector. Phase 2 begins when the conditions are right for the pattern to take over: at this moment, th e competitor who “got it”, attracts the attention of customers, investors and potential recruits (the brains). The intense public attention snowballs, the market value explodes to leave the nearest competitor way behind. Examples are numerous in various sectors: Microsoft against Apple and Lotus, Coca-Cola against Pepsi, Nike against Reebok and so on. Polarization of value raises the stakes and adds a sense of urgency: The first company to anticipate market changeand to take appropriate investment decisions can gain a considerable lead thanks to recognition by the market.In a growing number of sectors today, competition is concentrated on the race towards mindshare. The company which leads this race attracts customers who attract others in an upwards spiral. At the transition from phase 1 to phase 2, the managing team’s top priority is to win the mindshare battle. There are three stages in this strategy: mind sharing with customers gives an immediate competitive advantage in terms of sales; mind sharing with investors provides the resources to maintain this advantage, and mind sharing with potential recruits increases the chances of maintaining the lead in the short and the long term. This triple capture sets off a chain reaction releasing an enormous amount of economic energy. Markets today are characterized by a staggering degree of transparency. Successes and failures are instantaneously visible to the whole world. The extraordinary success of some investors encourages professional and amateurs to look for the next hen to lay a golden egg. This investment mentality has spread to the employment market, where compensations (such as stock-options) are increasingly linked to results. From these three components - customers, investors and new talent – is created the accelerating phenomenon, polarization: thousands of investors look towards the leader at the beginning of the race. The share value goes up at the same time as the rise in customer numbers and the public perception that the current leader will be the winner. The rise in share-price gets more attention from the media, and so on. How to get the knowledge before the others, in order to launch the company into leadership? There are several attitudes, forms of behavior and knowledge that can be used: being paranoiac, thinking from day to day that the current market conditions are going to change; talking to people with different points of view; being in the field, looking for signs of change. And above all, building a research network to find the patterns of strategic change, not only in one’s particular sector, but in the whole economy, so as always to understand the patterns a bit better and a bit sooner than the competitors.Experienced managers can detect similarities between movements of value in different circumstances. 30 of these patterns can be divided into 7 categories.Some managers understand migrations of value before other managers, allowing them to continually improvise their business plan in order to find and exploit value. Experience is an obvious advantage: situations can repeat themselves or be similar to others, so that experienced managers recognize and assimilate them quickly. There about 30 patterns .which can be put into 7 groups according to their key factors. It is important to understand that the patterns have three general characteristics: multiplicity,variants and cycles. The principle of multiplicity indicates that while a sector or a company may be affected by just one simple strategic pattern, most situations are more complicated and involve several simultaneously evolving patterns. The variants to the known models are developed in different circumstances and according to the creativity of the users of the models. Studying the variants gives more finesse in model-analysis. Finally, each model depends on economic cycles which are more or less long. The time a pattern takes to develop depends on its nature and also on the nature of the customers and sector in question.1) The first family of strategic evolution patterns consists of the six “Mega patterns”: these models do not address any particular dimension of the activity (customer, channels of distribution and value chain), but have an overall and transversal influence. They owe their name “Mega” to their range and their impact (as much from the point of view of the different economic sectors as from the duration). The six Mega models are: No profit, Back to profit, Convergence, Collapse in the middle, De facto standard and Technology shifts the board. • The No profit pattern is characterized by a zero or negative result over several years in a company or economic sector. The first factor which favors this pattern is the existence of a single strategic a plan in several competitors: they all apply differentiation by price to capture market-share. The second factor is the loss of the “crutch” of the sector, that is the end of a system of the help, such as artificially maintained interest levels, or state subsidies. Among the best examples of this in the USA are in agriculture and the railway industry in the 50’s and 60’s,and in the aeronautical industry in the 80’s and 90’s.• The Back to profit pattern is characterized by the emergence of innovative strategic plans or the projects which permit the return of profits. In the 80’s, the watch industry was stagnating in a noprofits zone. The vision of Nicolas Hayek allowed Swatch and other brands to get back into a profit-making situation thanks to a products pyramid built around the new brand.The authors rightly attribute this phenomenon to investors’ recognition of the superiority of these new business designs. However this interpretation merits refinement: the superiority resides less in the companies’ current capacity to identify the first an indications of strategic discontinuity than in their future capacity to develop a portfolio of strategic options and to choose the right one at the right time. The value of a such companies as Amazon and AOL, which benefit from financial polarization, can only be explained in this way. To be competitive in the long-term, a company must not only excel in its “real” market, but also in its financial market. Competition in both is very fierce, and one can not neglect either of these fields of battle without suffering the consequences. This share-market will assume its own importance alongside the commercial market, and in the future, its successful exploitation will be a key to the strategic superiority of publicly-quoted companies.Increasing the value of a company depends on its capacity to predictValue migration from one economic sector to another or from one company to another has unimaginable proportions, in particular because of the new phenomena that mass investment and venture capital represent. The public is looking for companies that will succeed in the future and bet on the winner.Major managers have a talent for recognizing development market trendsThere are some changing and development trends in all business sectors. They can be erected into models, thereby making it possible to acquire a technique for predicting them. This consists of recognizing them in the actual economic context.Predicting is not enough: one still has to act in timeManagers analyze development trends in the environment in order to identify opportunities. They then have to determine a strategic plan for their company, and set up a system aligning the internal and external organizational structure as a function of their objectivesSource: David .J. Morrison, 2001. “Profit Patterns”. Times Business.pp.17-27.译文：利润模式一个公司价值的增长依赖于公司自身的能力的预期，价值的迁移也只是从一个经济部门转移到另外一个经济部门或者是一个公司到另外一个意想不到的公司。

附录AResearch on Linear Motor Driving System Based on Wavelet Transform Abstractend-effect is a main reason of influence on the characteristic of linear motor driving system, its direct impact is nonstableand undulate edges magnetic field. the wavelet transform is applied to analyze the linear motor driving system performance in this paper. The improving thrust response system has been presented based on choice wavelet function and wavelet transform. Simulation results indicate that the proposed control strategy can abate the thrust ripple problem caused by end effect in linear motor control system, and make the system have good performances.Keywords wavelet transform; Linear motor; End effect；Direct thrust control systemIntroductionFrance physicist Morlet first applied the wavelet to analyzing the partial characteristic of earthquake wave in 1984. Because wavelet transform is a kind of analysis method for time-scale (frequency) signal, in time-domain and frequency-domain, which has the ability of exploring signal features with partial characteristic. Therefore, in the last years, the special analysis method has made itself theories rapid development and extensive application, especially in the aspects of signal analyzing and image processing areas.Linear motor has longitudinal edge and transverse edge, for this reason the linear motor exist special end-effect. Longitudinal end-effect is caused by finite length primary iron-core. Transverse end-effect is caused by finite width of primary and secondary, secondary current and secondary plates affecting the air-gap magnetic field. This is the main difference between the linear motor and the rotating machine. Longitudinal end-effect not only causes motor losses, lower electric efficiency and thrust, but also leads to motor work characteristic aggravation. Therefore, key factor is to analyze the longitudinal end effect in this paper.Traditional analysis method, Fourier transform, has localization contradiction of time-domain and frequency-domain, some messages while analyzing nonstable signal will be usually lost. Therefore, it is necessary to researcha new method that can solve this problem reasonably and effectively so as to improve linear motor driving system performance.Single dimension continuous wavelet transform has higher sensitivity, stronger ability of denoising and lower demand of the input signal, and doesn’t need objects mathematic model. The single dimension continuous wavelet transform is used foranalysis the performance of linear motor driving system.single dimension continuous wavelet transformThe continuous wavelet sequence can be described as,)(1)(,a t a t a τψψτ-=0;R ,≠∈a a τ (1)where a is scale parameter ，τ is shift parameter. The square-integrable function )(t ψis called Mother Wavelet. A wavelet sequence can be obtained by dilation and shift transformation of the mother wavelet )(t ψ. The continuous wavelet transform ofarbitrary function)()(2R L t x ∈ is expressed by (2). t t x a t a a W T x d )(1),(⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎰=∞∞-τψτ (2)the mother wavelet )(t ψ formed wavelet sequence has an observable window function, so )(t ψ should satisfy following constraint condition:∞<⎰∞∞-t t d )(ψ (3))(ˆωψis a continuous function which must be zero at the initial point for satisfying (2), then,0d )()0(ˆ=⎰=∞∞-t t ψψ (4) And its Fourier transform is )(ˆωψ, when )(ˆωψ fulfills the admissible condition:∞<⎰=ωωωψψd )(ˆ2R C (5)It is shown that single dimension continuous wavelet transform uses )(t ψ both scale a dilations and time τ shifts to analyze the signal. The signal is expanded in window area [δτδτ+-,]*[εωεω+-,], where δand ε represent the time-span and the frequent-span of window respectively. The time-frequency analysis is multi-resolution if varying the window area. The high frequency signal is suitably analyzed by the gradually exquisite time step, and the low frequent signal is finely analyzed by the exquisite frequency step. The windows of the time and frequency are adjusted through changing the signal frequency. Time-frequency localization analysis of signal can be achieved.ConclusionsComparing with the Fourier transform analysis method, the wavelet transform technique has the characteristics that it analyzes the signal combining time domain with frequency domain together, for this reason it can effectively solve the problem of time-domain and frequency-domain limitation. It is important to search a new method that can solve the problem in linear motor driving system so as to improve linear motor servo characteristic. Through correct choice wavelet function, it is possible to consider both the frequency spectrum of mother wavelet and the characteristics of original signal. The result of signal analyzed is beneficial for abating the end effect influence on linear motor driving system. Simulation results indicate that the proposed control strategy can reasonably and effectively abate the thrust ripple problem of linear motor control system, and make the control system have good performance. References[1]Liu Lili, Xia Jiakuan and Jiang Ping. Study on the end effect and compensationtechnique of permanent magnetic linear synchronous motor. Journal of ShenyangUniversity of Technology. Vol. 27, pp.261-266, 2005.[2]S. Nornaka, “Simplified Fourier Transform Method of LIM Analyses Based onSpace Harmoni c Method”, Linear Drives for Industry Application, pp.187-190, 1998.[3]Yoshihiko. Mori, “End-effect Analysis of Linear Induction Motor Based on theWavelet Transform Technique”, IEEE Transactions on magnetics, 35(5), pp.3739-3741, 1999.[4]Li. haodong, “Resear ch on the End-effect and Control of the PM Linear MotorUsed in the Electric Discharge Machining”, Shenyanguniversity of technology, 2003.[5]Guo. Qingding and Wang. Chengyuan and Zhou. Meiwen and Sun. Yanyu,“precision control of linear AC serve system”, Ch ina Machine Press, pp.30-37, 2000.[6]Hu. Changhua, Li. Guohua, and Liu.Tao, “The system analysis and design basedon MATLAB6.X- wavelet transform”, Xi’anuniversity of electron science & technology press, pp.15-17, 2004.[7]Liu Lifeng. Research of Direct Thrust Force Control System of Linear MotorBased on DSP. ShenyangUniversity of Technology. 2005.研究基于小波变换的直线电机驱动系统摘要年底效应是一个主要的原因的影响的特点，直线电机驱动系统，其直接影响是nonstable和起伏的边缘磁场。

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译专业：班级：姓名：学号：一小波研究的意义与背景在实际应用中，针对不同性质的信号和干扰，寻找最佳的处理方法降低噪声，一直是信号处理领域广泛讨论的重要问题。

目前有很多方法可用于信号降噪，如中值滤波，低通滤波，傅立叶变换等，但它们都滤掉了信号细节中的有用部分。

传统的信号去噪方法以信号的平稳性为前提，仅从时域或频域分别给出统计平均结果。

根据有效信号的时域或频域特性去除噪声，而不能同时兼顾信号在时域和频域的局部和全貌。

更多的实践证明，经典的方法基于傅里叶变换的滤波，并不能对非平稳信号进行有效的分析和处理，去噪效果已不能很好地满足工程应用发展的要求。

常用的硬阈值法则和软阈值法则采用设置高频小波系数为零的方法从信号中滤除噪声。

实践证明，这些小波阈值去噪方法具有近似优化特性，在非平稳信号领域中具有良好表现。

小波理论是在傅立叶变换和短时傅立叶变换的基础上发展起来的，它具有多分辨分析的特点，在时域和频域上都具有表征信号局部特征的能力，是信号时频分析的优良工具。

小波变换具有多分辨性、时频局部化特性及计算的快速性等属性，这使得小波变换在地球物理领域有着广泛的应用。

随着技术的发展，小波包分析(Wavelet Packet Analysis)方法产生并发展起来，小波包分析是小波分析的拓展，具有十分广泛的应用价值。

它能够为信号提供一种更加精细的分析方法，它将频带进行多层次划分，对离散小波变换没有细分的高频部分进一步分析，并能够根据被分析信号的特征，自适应选择相应的频带，使之与信号匹配，从而提高了时频分辨率。

小波包分析(wavelet packet analysis)能够为信号提供一种更加精细的分析方法，它将频带进行多层次划分，对小波分析没有细分的高频部分进一步分解，并能够根据被分析信号的特征，自适应地选择相应频带,使之与信号频谱相匹配，因而小波包具有更广泛的应用价值。

利用小波包分析进行信号降噪，一种直观而有效的小波包去噪方法就是直接对小波包分解系数取阈值，选择相关的滤波因子，利用保留下来的系数进行信号的重构，最终达到降噪的目的。

文献信息：文献标题：The Need Of Financial Statement Analysis In A Firm orAn Orgnization（企业或机构财务报表分析的必要性）国外作者：Suneetha G文献出处：《International Journal of Science Engineering and AdvanceI Technology(JSEAT)》,2017,5(6):731-735．字数统计：2541 单词，15110 字符；中文 4377 汉字外文文献：The Need Of Financial Statement AnalysisIn A Firm Or An OrgnizationAbstract Financial statement analysis play a dominate role in setting the frame watt of managerial decisions through analysis and interpretation of financial statement. This paper discusses about financial … strength and weakness of the company by properly establishing relationship between the items of balance shed and profit and loss account. In order to judge the profitability and financial soundness of the company horizontal, and vertical analyze or done. The various technique used in analyzing financial statement included 'comparative statement, common size statement, trend analysis and ratio analysis. The results suggest that the ratio approach is a highly useful tool in financial statement analysis, especially when a set of ratios is used to evaluate a firm's performance.Key words: Financial statement analysis, to evaluate a firm's performance.'Comparative statement. Common size statement, trend analysis and ratio analysis.1．IntroductionThe basis for financial analysis , planning and decision making is financial information/a business firm has to prepares its financial accounts viz., balance sheet , profit and loss account which provides useful financial information for the purpose of decision making . Financial information is needed to predict. Compare and evaluate the fin's earnings ability. The formers statements viz. profit and loss account shows that operating activities of the concern and the later balance sheet depicts the balance value of the acquired assets and of liabilities at a particular point of time. However these statements don't disclose all of the necessary for ascertaining the financial strengths and weaknesses of an enterprise. it is necessary to analyze the data depicted in the financial statements. The finance manager has certain analytical tools which helps is financial analysis and planning. [Doron nissim, stephen h. Penman, (2003), FinancialStatement Analysis of Leverage and How it Informs About Profitability and Price-to-Book Ratios. Survey of Accounting Studies, Kluwer Academic Publishers] As per examine by 'Doron Nissim. Stephen H. Penman' on Financial proclamation investigation of Leverage and how it illuminates about gainfulness and cost to book proportions, money related explanation examination that recognizes use that emerges in financing exercises from use that emerges in operations. The examination yields two utilizing conditions. one for getting to back operations and one for obtaining over the span of operations. This examination demonstrates that the budgetary explanation investigation clarifies cross-sectional contrasts in present and future rates of return and additionally cost to-snare proportions, which depend on expected rates of profit for value. This investigation helps in understanding working influence contrasts in productivity in the cross-areas. changes in future productivity from current benefit and legally binding working liabilities from evaluated liabilities. [Yating Van, H.W. Chuang,(2010) Financial Ratio Adjustment Process: Evidencefrom Taiwan and North America,1SSN 1450-2887 Issue 43 (2010)0 Euro Journals Publishing, Inc. 2010]2．Financial statements analysisIt is a process of identifying the financial strengths and weaknesses of a firm from the available accounting data and financial statements. The analysis is done by properly establishing the relationship between the items of balance sheet and profit and loss account. The first task of the financial analyst is to determine the information relevant the decision under consideration from the total information contained in financial statement. The second step is to arrange information in a way to highlight significant relationships. The final step is interpretation and drawing of inferences and conclusions. Thus financial analysis is the process of selection, relating and evaluation of the accounting data or information.Purpose of financial statements analysisFinancial statements analysis is the meaningful interpretation of 'financial statements 'for panics demanding financial information. It is not necessary for the proprietors alone. In general, the purpose of financial statements analysis is to aid decision making between the users of accounts•To evaluate past performance and financial position•To predict future performanceTools and techniques of financial analysis:•Comparative balance sheet•Common size balance sheet•Trend analysis•Ratio analysis•Comparative balance sheetComparative financial statements is a statement of the financial position of a business so designed as to facilitate comparison of different accounting variables for drawing useful inferences. Financial statements of two or more business enter prices may be compared over period of years. This is known as inter firm comparison Financial statements of the particular business enter pries may be compared over two periods of years. This is known inter period comparisonCommon size statementsIt facilities the comparison of two or more business entities with a common base .in case of balance sheet, total assets or liabilities or capital can be taken as a common base. These statements are called common measurements or components percentage or 100 percent statements. Since each statement is representated as a %of the total of 100 which in variably serves as the base.In this manner the announcements arranged to draw out the proportion of every benefit of risk to the aggregate of the monetary record and the proportion of every thing of cost or incomes to net deals known as the basic size articulations.Pattern investigationEven examination of money related explanations can likewise be completed by figuring pattern rates. Pattern rate expresses quite a long while's budgetary information as far as a base year. The base year rises to 100 %, with every single other year expressed in some rate of this baseProportion investigationProportion investigation is the technique or process by which the relationship of things or gatherings of things in the budgetary proclamations are registered. decided and introduced. Proportion investigation is an endeavor to determine quantitativemeasures or aides concerning the money related wellbeing and benefit of the business venture. Proportion investigation can be utilized both in pattern and static examination. There are a few proportions at the examiner yet the gathering of proportions he would incline toward relies upon the reason and the destinations of the investigation.Bookkeeping proportions are viable apparatuses of examination; they are pointers of administrative and over all operational productivity. Proportions, when appropriately utilized are fit for giving valuable data. proportion examination is characterized as the deliberate utilization of proportions to decipher the money related explanations with the goal that the qualities and shortcomings of a firm and in addition its chronicled execution and current monetary condition can be resolved the term proportion alludes to the numerical or quantitative connection between things factors this relationship can be communicated as:(1)Fraction(2)Percentages(3)Proportion of numbersThese option strategies for communicating things which are identified with each other are, for reason for money related investigation, alluded to as proportion examination. It ought to be seen that processing the proportion does not include any data in the figures of benefit or deals. What the proportions do is that they uncover the relationship in a more important manner in order to empower us to reach inferences from them.As indicated by look into by the Yating yang and 11．W. Chuang. on 'Monetary Ratio Adjustment Process: Evidence from Taiwan and North America'. measurable legitimacy of the proportion strategy in monetary articulation examination is researched. The outcomes hence recommend that the proportion approach is a valuable instrument in monetary explanation investigation, particularly when an arrangement of proportions is utilized to assess an association's execution. Thestraightforwardness of this strategy additionally underpins the utilization of proportions in money related basic leadership.3．Money related proportions in perspective of GAAPGAAP is the arrangement of standard systems for recording business exchanges and detailing accounting report passages. The components of GAAP incorporate norms for how to figure income, how to arrange things on a monetary record, and how to ascertain exceptional offer estimations. The models fused into (MAP give general consistency in assumes that are thusly used to ascertain imperative money related proportions that financial specialists and investigators use to assess the organization. Indeed, even agreeable monetary records can be trying to unravel, yet without a framework characterizing every class of section, corporate money related articulations would be basically dark and useless.There are seven fundamental rule that guide the foundation of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. The standards of normality, consistency, perpetual quality and genuineness go towards the urging organizations to utilize the same legitimate bookkeeping hones quarter after quarter in a decent confidence push to demonstrate the genuine money related state of the organization. None remuneration, judiciousness and progression build up rules for how to set up a monetary record, by and large to report the budgetary status of the organization as it is without treating resources in irregular ways that distort the operations of the organization just to balance different sections. The rule of periodicity basic implies that salary to be gotten extra time ought to be recorded as it is booked to be gotten, not in a singular amount in advance.The brought together arrangement of bookkeeping in this manner has various advantages. Not exclusively does it give a specific level of straightforwardness into an organization's funds. it likewise makes for generally simple examinations betweenorganizations. Subsequently, GAAP empowers venture by helping financial specialists pick shrewdly. GAAP gives America organizations preference over remote ones where financial specialists, unless they have a cozy comprehension of the business, may have a great deal more trouble figuring the potential dangers and prizes of a venture. GAAP applies to U.S.- based enterprises just, however every other real nation has bookkeeping measures set up for their local organizations. Now and again, remote bookkeeping is genuinely like U.S. GAAP, changing in just minor and effectively represented ways. In different cases, the models change fundamentally making direct examinations questionable, best case scenario.4．Advantages and Limitations of Financial Ratio AnalysisFinancial ratio analysis is a useful tool for users of financial statement. It has following advantages:Focal points•It improves the money related proclamations.•It helps in contrasting organizations of various size and each other.•It helps in drift examination which includes looking at a solitary organization over a period.•It highlights imperative data in basic frame rapidly. A client can judge an organization by simply taking a gander at few number as opposed to perusing of the entire monetary explanations.RestrictionsRegardless of convenience, finance.ial proportion examination has a few burdens. Some key faults of budgetary proportion examination are:•Different organizations work in various enterprises each having distinctivenatural conditions, for example, control, showcase structure, and so on. Such factors curve so huge that a correlation of two organizations from various ventures may be deceiving.•Financial bookkeeping data is influenced by assessments and presumptions. Bookkeeping principles permit diverse bookkeeping arrangements, which disables likeness and subsequently proportion examination is less helpful in such circumstances.• Ratio investigation clarifies connections between past data while clients are more worried about present and future data.The investigation helps for breaking down the alteration procedure of money related proportions; the model states three impacts which circular segment an association's interior impact, expansive impact, and key administration. It encourages us to clarify(1)That a company's budgetary proportions reflect unforeseen changes in the business.(2)Active endeavors to accomplish the coveted focus by administration and(3)An individual association's money related proportion development.DialogMonetary proclamations investigation is the way toward looking at connections among components of the organization's 'bookkeeping articulations" or money related explanations (accounting report, salary articulation. proclamation of income and the announcement of held profit) and making correlations with pertinent data. It is a significant instrument utilized by financial specialists. leasers, monetary investigators. proprietors. administrators and others in their basic leadership handle The most well known sorts of money related explanations examination curve:•Horizontal Analysis: monetary data are thought about for at least two years for asolitary organization:•Vertical Analysis: every thing on a solitary monetary explanation is figured as a rate of an aggregate for a solitary organization;•Ratio Analysis: analyze things on a solitary budgetary articulation or look at the connections between things on two monetary proclamations.Money related proportions examination is the most widely recognized type of budgetary explanations investigation. Monetary proportions delineate connections between various parts of an organization's operations and give relative measures of the company's conditions and execution. Monetary proportions may give intimations and side effects of the money related condition and signs of potential issue regions. It by and large holds no importance unless they are looked at against something else, as past execution, another organization/contender or industry normal. In this way, the proportions of firms in various enterprises, which confront distinctive conditions, are generally difficult to analyze.Money related proportions can be a critical instrument for entrepreneurs and administrators to gauge their advance toward achieving organization objectives, and toward contending with bigger organizations inside an industry; likewise, following different proportions after some time is an intense approach to recognize patterns. Proportion examination, when performed routinely after some time, can likewise give assistance independent ventures perceive and adjust to patterns influencing their operations.Money related proportions are additionally utilized by financiers. Speculators and business experts to survey different traits of an organization's monetary quality or working outcomes, this is another motivation behind why entrepreneurs need to comprehend money related proportions in light of the fact that, all the time, a business' capacity to get financing or value financing will rely upon the organization's budgetary proportions. Money related proportions are ordered by the monetary part ofthe business which the proportion measures. Liquidity proportions look at the accessibility of organization's money to pay obligation. Productivity proportions measure the organization's utilization of its benefits and control of its costs to create a satisfactory rate of return. Use proportions look at the organization's techniques for financing and measure its capacity to meet budgetary commitments. Productivity proportions measure how rapidly a firm changes over non-money resources for money resources. Market proportions measure financial specialist reaction to owning an organization's stock and furthermore the cost of issuing stock.5．ConclusionProportion Analysis is a type of Financial Statement Analysis that is utilized to acquire a snappy sign of an association's money related execution in a few key territories. Proportion investigation is utilized to assess connections among money related proclamation things. The proportions are utilized to distinguish inclines after some time for one organization or to look at least two organizations at one point in time. Money related explanation proportion investigation concentrates on three key parts of a business: liquidity, benefit, and dissolvability.The proportions are sorted as Short-term Solvency Ratios, Debt Management Ratios, and Asset Management Ratios. Productivity Ratios, and Market Value Ratios. Proportion Analysis as an instrument has a few vital elements. The information, which are given by budgetary proclamations. are promptly accessible. The calculation of proportions encourages the examination of firms which contrast in measure. Proportions can be utilized to contrast an association's money related execution and industry midpoints. What's more, proportions can be utilized as a part of a type of pattern investigation to recognize zones where execution has enhanced or crumbled after some time. Since Ratio Analysis depends on bookkeeping data, its adequacy is restricted by the bends which emerge in budgetary explanations because of such things as Historical Cost Accounting and swelling. Thusly, Ratio Analysis should justbe utilized as an initial phase in money related examination, to get a snappy sign of an association's execution and to distinguish territories which should be explored further.中文译文：企业或机构财务报表分析的必要性摘要财务报表分析在制定管理决策框架方面起着主导作用，其方法是通过对财务报表进行分析和解释。

翻译1Detecting Artifacts and Textures in Wavelet Coded Images小波编码图像的失真检测和纹理分析概述本文对一个小波编码图像的分割和分析的算法进行描述。

该算法形成的图像后处理方案，可以成功地还原压缩图像过程中纹理模糊的一部分。

该算法包括提取纹理特征，灰度（或彩色）特征和空间功能特征等等。

该算法是K均值算法的一个升华，可用来有效地分割大图像。

这种算法在分析阶段采用了以规则为基础的启发式类别来手动分割纹理相似的图片，并且可以恢复。

这种新颖的图像后处理方法需要最低限度的用户交互，并能成功利用相关纹理层次来压缩图片。

一，简介近年来，数码影像设备如数码相机，扫描仪和数字视频录像机等随着突然井喷式数字内容的创建、传输和发布而不断地被普及。

然而，这些数字内容易受人工操作的影响的，如有损压缩，在分组网络上传输等过程，从而明显降低此类数字内容的感知质量和其相关联的商业价值。

后期处理算法可以恢复和增强此类图像和视频，从而获得重要的意义。

大多数现代压缩算法运用了变换域的方法，量化这些变换系数被认为是无关紧要的感知。

通常情况下，它们是高频率系数和高压缩率，高质量的量化可以影响在压缩后的图像中的人工操作。

对于古老的JPEG压缩，这将使人工操作不流畅。

在现代基于小波变换的图像压缩算法，如JPEG2000，它会产生阻塞，色彩失真，振铃效应和人工操作的模糊等结果[1]。

显而易见的，振铃效应和人工操作的模糊作用是最突出的。

在高纹理区域，振铃效应影响轮廓边缘，人工操作的模糊导致模糊的补丁突出。

人工操作的模糊是通过在模糊的区域保存完好的相邻纹理特征表现出来的。

在图1a和1b中，可以看到模糊效应和和振铃效应。

Figure1:(a)彩色图片以未知比率压缩时的模糊效应和振铃效应(b)灰度图片以1:94比率压缩时的模糊效应和振铃效应研究者已经提出了许多不同的方法来解决振铃相应[2][3]和不同操作中的阻塞效应[4][5]。