2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案解析

2024年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D ontheANSWER SHEET.(10points)There's nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you.the need to be touched to open orclose,automatic doors are essential in2disabled access to buildings and helping provide general3to commercial buildings.Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in1960after being invented six years4by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitl.They5as a novelty feature,but as their use has grown,their6have extended within our technologically advanced world. Particularly7in busy locations or during times of emergency,the doors8Crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in people's way.9making access both in and out of buildings easier for people,the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area10by them.Automatic doors often open to the side,with the panels sliding across one another.Replacing swing doors,these11smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to12the way for a large, sticking-out door.There are many different types of automatic door,with each13specific signals to tell them when to open.14these methods differ,the main15remain the same.Each automatic door system16the light,sound weight or movement in their vicinityas a signal to open.Sensor typesare chosen to17the different environments they are needed in. 18a busy street might not19a motion-sensored door,as itwould constantly be opening for passers-by.A pressure sensitive mat would be more20tolimit the surveyed area.1.[A]Through[B]Despite[C]Besides[D]Without2.[A]revealing[B]demanding[C]improving[D]tracing3.[A]experience[B]convenience[C]guidance[D]reference4.[A]previously[B]temporarily[C]successively[D]eventually5.[A]held on[B]started out[C]settled down[D]went by6.[A]relations[B]volumes[C]benefits[D]sources7.[A]useful[B]simple[C]flexible[D]stable8.[A]call for[B]yield to[C]insist on[D]act as9.[A]As well as[B]In terms of[C]Thanksto[D]Rather than10.[A]connected[B]shared[C]represented[D]occupied11.[A]allow[B]expect[C]require[D]direct12.[A]adopt[B]lead[C]clear D]change13.[A]adapting to[B]deriving from[C]relying on[D]pointing at14.[A]Once[B]Since[C]Unless[D]Although15.[A]records[B]positions[C]principles D]reasons16.[A]controls[B]analyses[C]produces[D]mixes17.[A]decorate[B]compare[C]protect[D]complement18.[A]In conclusion[B]By contrast[C]For example D]Aboveall19.[A]identify[B]suit[C]secure[DJinclude20.[A]appropriate[B]obvious[C]impressive[D]delicateSection II Reading ComprehensionPartADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1Nearly2000years ago,as the Romans began topull out of Scotland,they left behind a curious treasure:10tons of nails,nearly a million of the things.The nail hoard was discovered in 1960in a four-metre-deep pit covered bytwo metresof gravel.Why had the Romans buried a million nails?Thelikely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed,and they didn't want the localCaledonians getting their hands on10tons of weapon-grade iron.The Romans buried thenails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith's labour in a nail even more than the raw material.As RomaAgrawal explains in her new delightful bookNuts and Bolts,early17th-century Virginians would sometimes bum down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails,which could be reused after siting the ashes The idea that one mightbum down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuablethesimple-seeming technology was.The price of nails fell by90%between the late1700sand mid-1900s,as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper.Accordingto Sichel,although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper ironand cheaperenergy,most of the credit goes to nail manufactures who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years,but Sichel studied them because they haven't changedmuch.Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars,but Roman nails are still clearly nails.It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports carssince1695,but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.I makeno apology for being obsessedby a particular feature of these objects:their price.I am an economist,after all.Afterwriting two books about the history of inventions,one thing Ive leamt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype,it's thecheap technologies that change the world.The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the natureof writing but by changing its cost-and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on,thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper.Solar panels had few niche uses until they became cheap;now they aretransforming the global energy system21.The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of[A]saving them for future use[B]keeping them from rusting[C]letting them grow in value[D]hiding themfrom the locals22.The example of early17th-century Virginians is used to[A]highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists[B]illustrate the high statusof blacksmihs in that period[C]contrastthe attitudes of different civilisations towardnailsD]show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time23.What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late1700s?[A]Increased productivity.[B]Wider use of new energies.[C]Fiercer market competition.[D]Reduced costof raw materials.24.It can be leamed from Paragraph5that nails[A]have undergone many technological improvements[B]haveremained basically thesamesince Roman times[C]are less studied than other everydayproducts[D]areone of the world's most significant inventions25.Whichof the following best summarises the last two paragraphs?[A]Cheaptechnologies bring about revolutionary change.[B]Technological innovation is integral to economic success.[C]Technology definespeople's understanding of the world.[D]Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.Text2Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children,researchers have suggested.Theidea is based on studiesof communities such as the Kung of Botswana,where each child is cared for by many adults.Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and*baby-wearing",in which infants are carried in slings,isconsidered the nom.According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary,an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices,Known as alloparenting,could lead to less anxietyfor children and parents.Dr Annie Swanepoel,a child psychiatrist,believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life.In Germany,one scheme has paired an old people's homewith a nursery.The residents help tolook after the children,an arangementakin to alloparenting.Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children indifferent school years to miror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.In a paper published in the Journal ofChild Psychology and Psychiatry,researchers said that the westerm nuclear family was a recent invention which family broke with evolutionary history.This abrupt shift to an“intensive mothering narrative”,which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone,was likely to have been harmful.“Such naratives can lead to matemal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences,"theywrote.By contrast,in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care.One previous study looked at the Efépeople of the Democratic Republic of Congo.It found that infants had an average of14alloparents a day by the time they were18 weeksold and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.Chaudhary said that parentsnow had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans'evolutionary history,but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and matermal depression,which could have a“knock-on”benefit to a child's wellbeing.An infant bom to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers-this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to threeWhile hunter-gatherer children leamt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups,researchers said that western“instructive teaching”,wherepupils are asked to sit still, may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Chaudhary said that Britain should explore thepossibility that older siblings helping their parents“might also enhance their own socialdevelopment.”26.Accordingto the first two paragraph,alloparenting refers to the practice of[A]sharing child careamong community members[B]assigning babies to specific adult caregivers[C]teaching parenting detailsto older children[D]carrying infants around by their parent27.The scheme in Germanyis mentioned to illustrate[A]an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication[B]an approach to integrating alloparenting into western culture[C]the conventional parenting style in western culture[D]the differences between westem African ways of living28.According toParagraph4,the“"intensive mothering narrative”[A]alleviateparenting pressure[B]considerate family relationships[C]results inthe child-centered family[D]departs from the course of evolution29.According to paragraph6,what can we leam about nursery in theUK?[A]They tend to fall short of official requirements.[B]They have difficulty finding enough caregivers[C]They ought to improve their carer-to-childratio.[D]They should try to prevent parental depression.30.Which of the following would be the best title?[A]Instructive teaching a dilemma for anxious parents[B]For a happier family,leam from the hunter-gatherers[C]Mix-aged playgroup,abetter choice for lonelychildren[D]Tracing the history of parenting:from Africa to EuropeText3Rutkowski is aPolish digital artistwhouses classical painting styles tocreatedreamy fantasy landscapes.He has made illustrations for games such as Sony's Horizon Forbidden West, Ubisoft's Anno,Dungeons&Dragons,and Magic:The Gathering.And he's become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion,which was launched late last month.The tool,along with other popular image-generation AI models,allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts.For example,type in“Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights afierce dragon Greg Rutkowski,"and the system will produce something that looks not a million miles away from works in Rutkowski's style.But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Intemet,oftenwithout permission andproper attribution to artistsAs a result,they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright.And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.According to the website Lexica,which tracks over10million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion,Rutkowski's name has been used as a prompt around93,000times.Some of the world's most famous artists,such as Michelangelo,Pablo Picasso,and Leonardo da Vinci, brought up around2,000prompts each or less.Rutkowski's name also features as a prompt thousands of times in theDiscord of another text-to-image generator,Midjourney.Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences.Then he tried searching for hisname to see if a piece he had worked on had been published.The online search brought backwork that had his name attached to it butwasn't his.“It'sbeen just a month.What about in a year?I probably won't be able to find my work out therebecause[the intermet]willbe floodedwithAI art,“Rutkowski says.“"That's concerning.”There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,"says Ortiz.Thegroup is in its earlydays of mobilization,which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation.One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain,and AI companies could forgepartnerships with museums and artists,Ortiz says.31.What can be leamed about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?[A]He is enthusiastic about AI generation painting[B]He is popular with the users of an AIart generator.[C]He attracts admiration from other illustrators.[D]He specializes in classical painting digitalization.32.The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they[A]lack flexibility in responding to prompts[B]produce artworks in unpredictable styles[C]make unauthorized use of online images[D]collect user information withoutconsent33.After searching online,Rutkowski found[A]a unique way to reach audiences[B]a new method to identifyAI images[C]AI-generated work bearing his nameD]heated disputes regarding his copyright34.According to Ortiz,AI companies are advised to[A]campaign for new policies or regulations[B]offer their services to public institutions[C]strengthen their relationshipswith AI users[D]adopt a different strategy for AImodeltraining35.What is the text mainly about?[A]Artists'responses to Al art generation.[B]AI's expanded role in artistic creation.[C]Privacy issues in the application of AI.[D]Opposing views on AI development.Text4The miracle ofthe ChesapeakeBay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its natural construction,the interaction of fresh andsaline water and the mix of land and water.The shallows provide homesfor hundreds of species while storing floodwaters,filtering pollutants from water, and protecting nearby communities frompotentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risklate last month,when the US Supreme Court issued aruling in an Idaho case that provides the EPA far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways. Specifically,a54majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under it Clean Water Act authority must have a“continuous surface connection”to bodies of water.This narrowing of the regulatoryscope was a victory for builders,mining operators andothercommercial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries“significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the US,"as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections.But that's a very shortsightedview,particularly whenit comes to the Chesapeake Bay. The reality is that water and the pollutants that so often come with it,don't respect state boundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a64000-square-mile watershed that extends to Virginia, Pennsylvania,New York,West Virginia,the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will thosejurisdictions extend the same protectionsnowdenied under Sackett V.EPA?Perhaps some,but all? That seems unlikelyIt is tooeasy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of landowners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors.And it's reminder thatthey EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.Pennsylvania farmers,to use one telling example,aren't thinking about next year's blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their fields,yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enomous impacts downstream.And so we would also call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enomous stakes involved. We can't offer them a trip to the Chesapeake Bay model.It's been gone since the1980s but perhaps a visit to Blackwater National WildlifeRefuge in Dorchester Countywhere American bald eaglesfly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life.It'sworth the scenic drive.36.The Chesapeake Bay is described in Paragraph l as[A]a value natural environment[B]acontroversial conservation area[C]a place with commercial potential[D]a headache fornearby communities37.The U.S.Supreme Court's ruling in the Idaho case[A]reinforceswater pollution control[B]weakens the EPA's regulatory power[C]will end conflicts among local residents[D]may face opposition from mining operators38.How does the author feel about the future of the Chesapeake Bay?[A]Worried.[B]Puzzled.[C]Relieved.[D]Encouraged.39.What canbe infered about the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program?[A]It has restored thebalance among neighboring jurisdictions.[B]It has triggered aradicalreform in commercial fisheries.[C]Ithas set a fine example of respecting state authorities.[D]It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.40.The author holds that the state lawmakers should[A]be cautious about the influence of landowners[B]attach due importance to wetlands protections[C]recognize the need to expand wildlife refuges[D]improve the wellbeing of endangered speciesPart BDirections:Read the following comments on a report about American museums returning artifacts to their countries of origin and a list of statementssummarizing the comments.Choose thebest statement from the list A-G for eachnumbered name(41—45).There are two extra choices which youdo not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)(41)HannahSimply,there are peoplein Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes.These should be available to them as part of their culturalheritage and historyand as a source of national pride.There is no good reason that theseartifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration ofthe generations to which they were left.They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects.They cannot be compared to works of art produced for sale which can bepassedfrom hand to hand and place to place by purchase. (42)BuckWe know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced.Perhaps museuns andgovernments mightexplore some rolefor the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities.The context of any exhibitis more important to me than whether the object being displayed is2,000years old or2 months old.In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object andwhat is a forgery.Again,the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters.The monetary value of theobjects on display is a distant second place in importance.(43)SaraWhen visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art,I came across a magnificent15th-century Chinesesculpture.It inspired meto leamn more about the culture that it represented.Artifacts in museumshave the power to inspire,and perhaps spark that need to leam and understand the nature of their creators.Having said that,I dofeel that whatever artifactsfind their way to public museums should,in fact,be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan,legally purchased,or obtained by treaty.Stealing artifacts from other peoples'cultures is obscene;it robs not only the physical objects,but the dignity and spirit of their creators.(44)VictorAncient art that is displaced in foreigncountries shouldbe returned...(缺失)(45)JuliaTo those of you in the comments section,by all means,who are havingstrong feeling about artifactsbeing removed from cities in the US and Britain,I would ask you to consider.(缺失)[A]It is clear thatcountries of origin have never been compensatedfor stolen artifacts[B]It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of origin.[C]Museum visitor can still leam as much from artifacts copies after the originals are retumed.[D]Reproductions,even if perfectly made,cannot take the place of the authentic objects.[E]The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin rather than anywhere else[F]Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent andlawful.[G]Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countries of origin参考答案：41.E42.C43.F44.G45.BPart CDirections;Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)“Elephants never forget”—or so they say—and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation.The African savanna elephant also known as theAfrican bush elephant,is distributed across 37African countries.(46)They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water,and arevery good at working out where other elephants are—even when they are out of ing tracking devices,researchers have shown that they have“remarkable spatial acuity”,when finding their way to waterholes,they headed off in exactly the right direction,on one occasionfrom a distance of roughly thirty miles.What is more,they almost always seem to choose the nearest water hole.(47)The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need,and can therefore take shortcuts,as well as following familiar routes.Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood,smell maywell play a part.Elephants are very choosy eaters,but until recently little was known about how they selected theirfood.(48)One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found,but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy,not least because thein eyesight is actually not very good.(49)The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carrieda long way,andthey are very characteristic:Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature.What is more,they can be detected even when they are not actually visible.New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants—and probably other herbivores—to thebest food resources.The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely.They then set up a“food station”experiment,in which they gave elephants a series of choices based only on smell.(50)The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat,and secondly to assess the quality ofthe trees within each patch.Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.参考译文：(46)它们有时跋涉六十多英里寻找食物或水，并且非常善于寻找其他大象的位置——即使它们不在视线范围内。

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案解析2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach numberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(20 points)Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition__1__manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheother hand,puttingyour__2__,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh__3__. __4__,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.__5__people placetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsrelease oxytocin,ahormonethat__6__peasurablefeelingsandtriggersthe herdinginstructthatpromptshumansto__7__withoneanother. Scientistshavefoundthatexposure__8__thishormoneputsusina trusting__9__:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothe nosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantly higheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir__10__who inhaledsomethingelse.__11__forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay__12__us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscan differentiate__13__acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlers wereeach__14__toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetester wouldask,"What'sinhere?"beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling, andexclaiming,"Wow!"Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook__15__. Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf__16__thecontainerwas empty—andrealizedthetesterhad__17__them. Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere__18__ tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthat theytrustedhisleadership.__19__,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpaired withthe"__20__"testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.1.A.onB.likeC.forD.from2.A.faithB.concernC.attentionD.interest3.A.benefitB.debtC.hopeD.price4.A.ThereforeB.ThenC.InsteadD.Again5.A.UntilB.UnlessC.AlthoughD.When6.A.selectsB.producesC.appliesD.maintainspare8.A.atB.byC.ofD.to9.A.contextB.moodC.periodD.circle10.A.counterpartsB.substitutesC.colleaguesD.supporters11.A.FunnyB.LuckyC.OddD.Ironic12.A.monitorB.protectC.surpriseD.delight13.A.betweenB.withinC.towardD.over14.A.transferredB.addedC.introducedD.entrusted15.A.outB.backC.aroundD.inside16.A.discoveredB.provedC.insistedD.remembered17.A.betrayedB.wrongedC.fooledD.mocked18.A.forcedB.willingC.hesitantD.entitled19.A.IncontrastB.AsaresultC.OnthewholeD.Forinstance20.A.inflexibleB.incapableC.unreliableD.unsuitableSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbelow eachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1 Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethat willprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:What happenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareat highriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy, withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobs likegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations—trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—have arousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywill befine.Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnological upheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolution didn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanized looms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobs thanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboost productivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkers fromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkers mayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinThe SecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining. Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege—shouldevolvetofocus lessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplex communication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffostering problem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots. Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextra trainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenew skillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt. ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange, entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombine laborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualreality haven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwill inventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetween capitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetobe rethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidies suchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswould boostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,and reduceinequality. Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenext fewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesand careersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomi ngforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbe indispensable.21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?A.Leadingpoliticians.B.Low-wagelaborers.C.Robotowners.D.Middle-classworkers.22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor'sview?A.Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.B.Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.C.Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled.D.Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided.cationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasis on________.A.creativepotentialB.job-huntingskillsC.individualneedsD.cooperativespirit24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat________.A.encouragingthedevelopmentofautomationB.increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestmentC.easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoorD.preventingtheincomegapfromwidening25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith________.A.opposingviewsonitB.possiblesolutionstoitC.itsalarmingimpactsD.itsmajorvariationsText2AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsof youngAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump'suseofTwitter.The implicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobe filteredthroughothersource,notapresident'ssocialmediaplatform. MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetas distrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheir medialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016 presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitter usersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,according totheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNews found44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthe mediagiant. Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmore skillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnight Foundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24 foundtheyuse"distributedtrust"toverifystories.Theycross-check sourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythose thatareopenaboutanybias."Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealof personalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingo utopposingviewpoints,"thesurveyconcluded. Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityof Wisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople'srelianceonsocialmedia ledtogreaterpoliticalengagement. Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimately andimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasa projectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemore consciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarna researchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefake newsphenomenonis"readererror,"moresothanmade-upstoriesor factualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenews liesin"misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews"viasocialmedia .Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheart oftheissue."Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityin counteractingthisproblem,"saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarna Group.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,they revealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills—andintheirchoiceson whentoshareonsocialmedia.26.AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscast doubtson________.A.thejustificationofthenews-filteringpracticeB.people'spreferenceforsocialmediaplatformsC.theadministration’sabilitytohandleinformationD.socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews27.Thephrase"beerup"(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto________.A.sharpenB.defineC.boastD.share28.Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,youngpeople________.A.tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspaceB.verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresourcesC.haveastrongsenseofresponsibilityD.liketoexchangeviewson"distributedtrust"29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblem is________.A.readersoutdatedvaluesB.journalists'biasedreportingC.readers'misinterpretationD.journalists'made-upstories30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnlineB.ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrendC.TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMediaD.ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterestsText3Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain'sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartby acknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleading artificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthis workappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurther concentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.Itisagainstthatbackground thattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedher damningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS, whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsin 2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccount ofthepatients'rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy. DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendedits ways.Furtherarrangements—andtheremaybemany—betweentheN HS andDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessary permissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahas beencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn .Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemost important.Ms.DenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust, sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely “processed"it.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessing andaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalu e. Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedata thatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamage toanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthe waythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualthere gainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountless millionsmore. Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeels slightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.Itis notenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefit patientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivate monopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftware promisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybe expectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginning ofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegigantic consequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureof digitalfeudalism.Ms.Denham'sreportisawelcomestart.31.WhatistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?A.Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.B.Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatient'srights.C.Itfellshortofthelatter'sexpectations.D.Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham'sverdictwith______.A.emptypromisesB.toughresistanceC.necessaryadjustmentsD.sincereapologies33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that________.A.privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcostsB.leakingpatients'dataisworsethansellingitC.makingprofitsfrompatients'dataisillegalD.thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdeal is________.A.theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmasB.theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylawC.theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftwareD.themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants35.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareis______.A.ambiguousB.cautiousC.appreciativeD.contemptuousText4TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreported anetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearits expenseshaveexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120 billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirement costs.Therearemanybankruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSPSisina historicsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanently decreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,and a regulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustits operationstothenewreality Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakers exertself-interestedpressureontheUSPS'sultimate overseer—Congress—insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePost alService,aspectsofthestatusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisis whyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears,leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvital modernization. Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved—Democrats,Republicans,th ePostalService,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestusers—hasfinally agreedonaplantofixthesystem.Legislationismovingthroughthe HousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears, whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures. Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letterpermanentrate increaseandfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedicare.Thelatterstep wouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretiree healthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSand itsunion.IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughthe Senate—wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare, bareminimumnecessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,not comprehensivereform.There'snochangetocollectivebargainingatthe USPS,amajoromissionconsideringthatpersonnelaccountsfor80 percentoftheagency'scosts.Alsomissingisanydiscussionof eliminatingSaturdayletterdelivery.Thatcommon-sensechangeenjoy swidepublicsupportandwouldsavetheUSPS$2billionperyear.Butpostalspecial-interestgroupsseemtohavekilledit,atleastintheHouse. Theemergingconsensusaroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsare gettingfrightenedaboutapoliticallyembarrassingshort-termcollapsea ttheUSPS.Itisnot,however,asignthatthey'regettingseriousabout transformingthepostalsystemforthe21stcentury.36.ThefinancialproblemwiththeUSPSiscausedpartlyby________.A.itsunbalancedbudgetB.itsrigidmanagementC.thecostfortechnicalupgradingD.thewithdrawalofbanksupport37.AccordingtoParagraph2,theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfdueto________.A.theinterferencefrominterestgroupsB.theinadequatefundingfromCongressC.theshrinkingdemandforpostalserviceD.theincompetenceofpostalunions38.Thelong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbe addressedby________.A.removingitsburdenofretireehealthcareB.makingmoreinvestmentinnewvehiclesC.adoptinganewrate-increasemechanismD.attractingmorefirst-classmailusers39.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswith______.A.respectB.toleranceC.discontentD.gratitude40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.TheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDaysB.ThePostalService:KeepAwayfromMyCheeseC.TheUSPS:ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickCureD.ThePostalServiceNeedsMorethanaBand-AidPartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.For Questions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoa coherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothe numberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.(10 points)[A]InDecemberof1869,Congressappointedacommissiontoselect asiteandprepareplansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartment Building.Thecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsf ortheWarandNavyDepartments.Tothehorrorofsomewhoexpecteda GreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheother sideoftheWhiteHouse,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyle designbyAlfredMullettwasselected,andconstructionofabuildingto houseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871.[B]Completedin1875,theStateDepartment'ssouthwingwasthe firsttobeoccupied,withitselegantfour-storylibrary(completedin 1876),DiplomaticReceptionRoom,andSecretary'sofficedecoratedwit hcarvedwood,Orientalrugs,andstenciledwallpatterns.TheNavy Departmentmovedintotheeastwingin1879,whereelaboratewalland ceilingstencilingandmarquetryfloorsdecoratedtheofficeofthe Secretary.[C]TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown, housedthethreeExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimately associatedwithformulatingandconductingthenation'sforeignpolicyin thelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirstquarterofthe twentiethcentury—theperiodwhentheUnitedStatesemergedasan internationalpower.Thebuildinghashousedsomeofthenation'smost significantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmany historicevents.[D]ManyofthemostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricaleventsthathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB'sgranitewalls. TheodoreandFranklinD.Roosevelt,WilliamHowardTaft,DwightD. Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,GeraldFord,andGeorgeH.W.Bush allhadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecomingpresident.Ithashoused 16SecretariesoftheNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and24Secretariesof State.WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapanese emissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthe bombingofPearlHarbor.[E]TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsa uniquepositioninboththenationalhistoryandthearchitecturalheritage oftheUnitedStates.DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasury, AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuiltfrom1871to1888tohousethegrowing staffsoftheState,War,andNavyDepartments,andisconsideredoneof thebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitectureinthecountry.[F]Constructiontook17yearsasthebuildingslowlyrosewingby wing.WhentheEEOBwasfinished,itwasthelargestofficebuildingin Washington,withnearly2milesofblackandwhitetiledcorridors. Almostalloftheinteriordetailisofcastironorplaster;theuseofwood wasminimizedtoinsurefiresafety.Eightmonumentalcurvingstaircase sofgranitewithover4,000individuallycastbronzebalustersarecapped byfourskylightdomesandtwostainedglassrotundas.[G]ThehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswere laid.Thefirstexecutiveofficeswereconstructedbetween1799and1820 .Aseriesoffires(includingthosesetbytheBritishin1814)and overcrowdedconditionsledtotheconstructionoftheexistingTreasury Building.In1866,theconstructionoftheNorthWingoftheTreasury BuildingnecessitatedthedemolitionoftheStateDepartmentbuilding. PartCDirections:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatethe underlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewritten neatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Shakespeare'slifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodofextraordinary activityandachievementinthedrama.(46)Bythedateofhisbirth Europewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama,andthe creationofnewformsundertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyand comedy.Thesenewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenbyscholarsand performedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwestern Europe,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningto makethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalor medieval,literaryorfarcical.Court,school,organizationsofamateurs, andthetravelingactorswereallrivalsinsupplyingawidespreaddesire fordramaticentertainment;and(47)noboywhowenttoagrammarschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformofliteraturewhich gaveglorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland. WhenShakespearewastwelveyearsoldthefirstpublicplayhouse wasbuiltinLondon.Foratimeliteratureshowednointerestinthis publicstage.Playsaimingatliterarydistinctionwerewrittenforschools orcourt,orforthechoirboysofSt.Paul'sandtheroyalchapel,who, however,gaveplaysinpublicaswellasatcourt.(48)Butthe professionalcompaniesprosperedintheirpermanenttheaters,and universitymenwithliteraryambitionswerequicktoturntothesetheaters asofferingameansoflivelihood.BythetimethatShakespearewas twenty-five,Lyly,Peele,andGreecehadmadecomediesthatwereat oncepopularandliterary;Kydhadwrittenatragedythatcrowdedthepit; andMarlowehadbroughtpoetryandgeniustotriumphonthecommon stage—wheretheyhadplayednopartsincethedeathofEuripides.(49)A nativeliterarydramahadbeencreated,itsalliancewiththepublic playhouseestablished,andatleastsomeofitsgreattraditionshadbeen begun. ThedevelopmentoftheElizabethandramaforthenexttwenty-five yearsisofexceptionalinteresttostudentsofliteraryhistory,forinthis briefperiod,wemaytracethebeginning,growth,blossoming,anddecay ofmanykindsofplays,andofmanygreatcareers.Weareamazedtoday atthemerenumberofplaysproduced,aswellasbythenumberofdramatistswritingatthesametimeforthisLondonoftwohundred thousandinhabitants.(50)Torealizehowgreatwasthedramaticactivity, wemustrememberfurtherthathostsofplayshavebeenlost,andthat probablythereisnoauthorofnotewhoseentireworkhassurvived. SectionⅢWritingPartA51.Directions: Writeanemailtoallinternationalexpertsoncampus,invitingthemto attendthegraduationceremony.Inyouremail,youshouldincludethe time,placeandotherrelevantinformationabouttheceremony. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyontheANSWERSHEET. e"LiMing"instead. (10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturebelow.Inyour essay,youshould1)Describethepicturebriefly,2)Interpretthemeaning,and3)GiveyouranswerneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）答案及解析参考答案：1-5：CADBD6-10：BCDBA11-15：BBACD16-20：ACBAC21-25：DCADB26-30：DABCA31-35：BCDDB36-40：BAACD41-45：EGABD46.参考译文：在他出生之前，欧洲正在经历宗教戏剧的衰退，古典悲剧和喜剧催生了新的戏剧形式。

2024年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试试题英语(一)试题及答案带解析2023高二数学教案篇1【教学目标】知识目标：了解中心对称的概念,了解平行四边形是中心对称图形，掌握中心对称的性质。

能力目标：灵活运用中心对称的性质，会作关于已知点对称的中心对称图形。

情感目标：通过提问、讨论、动手操作等多种教学活动，树立自信，自强，自主感，由此激发学习数学的兴趣，增强学好数学的信心。

【教学重点、难点】重点：中心对称图形的概念和性质。

难点：范例中既有新概念，分析又要仔细、透彻，是教学的难点。

关键：已知点A和点O，会作点Aˊ，使点Aˊ与点A关于点O成中心对称。

【课前准备】叫一位剪纸爱好的学生，剪一幅类似书本第108页哪样的图案。

【教学过程】一.复习回顾七下学过的轴对称变换、平移变换、旋转变换、相似变换。

二.创设情境用剪好的图案，让学生欣赏。

师：这剪纸有哪些变换?生：轴对称变换。

师：指出对称轴。

生：(能结合图案讲)。

生：还有旋转变换。

师：指出旋转中心、旋转的角度?生：90°、180°、270°。

三、合作学习1、把图1、图2发给每个学生，先探索图1：同桌的两位同学，把两个正三角形重合，然后把上面的正三角形绕点O旋转180°，观察旋转180°前后原图形和像的位置情况，请学生说出发现什么?生(讨论后)：等边三角形旋转180°后所得的像与原图形不重合。

探索图形2：把两个平形四边形重合，然后把上面一个平形四边形绕点O旋转180°，学生动手后发现：平行四边形ABCD旋转180°后所得的像与原图形重合。

师：为什么重合?师：作适当解释或学生自己发现：∵OA=OC，∴点A绕点O 旋转180°与点C重合。

同理可得，点C绕点O旋转180°与点A重合。

点B绕点O旋转180°与点D重合。

点D绕点O旋转180°与点B重合。

2、中心对称图形的概念：如果一个图形绕一个点旋转180°后，所得到的图形能够和原来的图形互相重合，那么这个图形叫做中心对称(pointsymmetry)图形，这个点叫对称中心。

2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates(NETEM)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very 3 of money itself," only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming?Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" - it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else's accounts. The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D] ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trailSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and theinformation technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so m uch more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been a acceleration. As Davidson notes,” In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______.[A] the impact of technological advances [B] the alleviation of job pressure[C] the shrinkage of textile mills [D] the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______.[A] work on cheap software [B] ask for a moderate salary[C] adopt an average lifestyle [D] contribute something unique23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______.[A] gains of technology have been erased[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed[C] factories are making much less money than before[D] new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____.[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution [B] to ensure more education for people[C] to advance economic globalization [D] to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] New Law Takes Effect [B] Technology Goes Cheap[C] Average Is Over [D] Recession Is BadText 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic include settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26. “Birds of passage” refers to those who____.[A] immigrate across the Atlantic [B] leave their home countries for good[C] stay in a foreign temporarily [D]find permanent jobs overseas27. It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US____.[A] needs new immigrant categories [B] has loosened control over immigrants[C] should be adopted to meet challenges [D]has been fixed via political means28. According to the author, today’s b irds of passage want _____.[A] financial incentives [B] a global recognition[C] opportunities to get regular jobs [D]the freedom to stay and leave29. The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated ____.[A] as faithful partners [B] with economic favors[C] with regal tolerance [D]as mighty rivals30. Which is the most title?[A] come and go: big mistake [B] living and thriving : great risk[C] with or without : great risk [D] legal or illegal: big mistakeText 3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusiv e to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.31. The time needed in making decisions may ____.[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction[C] depend on the importance of the assessment[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions ____.[A] can be associative [B] are not unconscious[C] can be dangerous [D] are not impulsive33. To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should ____.[A] trust our first impression [B] do as people usually do[C] think before we act [D] ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on _____.[A] critical assessment [B] “thin sliced” study[C] sensible explanation [D] adequate information35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is ______.[A] tolerant [B] uncertain [C] optimistic [D] doubtfulText 4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior managementdecisions, and Europe’s top corpo rate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Reding’s reluctance-and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much “soft pressure ” is put upon them. W hen women do break through to the summit of corporate power--as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers--and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.[A] women take the lead [B] men have the final say[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed [D] senior management is family-friendly37. The European Union’s intended legislation is ________.[A] a reflection of gender balance [B] a reluctant choice[C] a response to Reding’s call[D] a voluntary action38. According to Reding, quotas may help women ______.[A] get top business positions [B] see through the glass ceiling[C] balance work and family [D] anticipate legal results39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of _________.[A] skepticism [B] objectiveness [C] indifference [D] approval40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______.[A] more social justice [B] massive media attention[C] suitable public policies [D] greater “soft pressure”Part BRead the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)[A] Live like a peasant [B] Balance your diet[C] Shopkeepers are your friends [D] Remember to treat yourself[E] Stick to what you need [F] Planning is everything[G] Waste not, want notThe hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has £60 a week to spend, £40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning £130,000 a I year working in corporate communications and eating at London's best restaurants'" at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. "The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by-day thing." Now he's living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry on blogging-not about eating as cheaply as you can-"there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food" - but eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for economical foodies. 41. __________________Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for aweek of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.42. __________________This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you'll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.43. __________________You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that's not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to "go off' will be cooked or juiced.44. __________________Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you'll feel comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, they'll let you have for free.45. __________________You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - £1.75 a week for three months gives you £21 - more than" enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It's £16.95 there - or £12.99 for a large pizza from Domino's: I know which I'd rather eat.Section ⅢTranslation46. Direction:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week, I’ve been able to do this, since I was four.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody does-try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day of the week the day of the week day before. I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on Broadway on the same day-they both just pop into my mind in the same way.Section Ⅳ WritingPart A47. Direction:Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale foe kids in need of help. Write your classmates an email to1) inform them about the details and2) encourage them to participate.Don’t use your own name, use “Li Ming” instead. Don’t write your address.(10 points) Part B48. Direction:Write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should1) interpret the chart and2) give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET (15points)某高校学生兼职情况2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题答案Section I Use of English (10 points)1-5. ADBDC 6-10. BBDBA 11-15. ADCCC 16-20. CABADSection II Reading Comprehension (50 points)Part A (40 points) 21-25. ADBBC 26-30. CCDCD 31-35. DACDC 36-40. BAADC Part B (10 points) 41-45. FEGCDSection ⅢTranslation (15 points)46. 从过去的53年里随便找出一天，我都能够立刻想起那一天我在哪里，那一天发生了什么新闻，甚至那一天是星期几。

2013 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文主要分析了无现金社会为何迟迟不来的原因。

第一段是文章的中心段落，指出真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来。

第二、三段从电子支付设备昂贵、纸质支票提供收据、使用纸质支票能获得浮存利息以及电子支付方式存在的安全隐私问题四个方面分析纸币系统得以继续存在的理由。

二、试题解析1．【答案】A （However）【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入无现金社会,实现完全电子支付。

”而空后说“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来”，两者之前出现了明显的转折关系，因此答案A。

B. moreover 表递进 C.therefore 表结果 D. Otherwise 表对比2．【答案】D （around）【解析】由空格所在句的“but”得知，句子前后是转折关系。

事实上,这样的预测已经二十年了,但迄今还没有实现。

A. off 停止; B. back 返回; C. over 结束，与后文均不构成转折，故答案选 D. around 出现。

3．【答案】B （concept）【解析】空格所在的句子意思为例如, 1975 年《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段不久将“彻底改变货币本身的____”将四个选项带入，能够彻底改变的对象只能是金钱的概念（定义），而A“力量”,C“历史”,D“角色”，语义都不恰当，并且如果选择 role 的话，应该是复数 roles, 因为是金钱的作用不止一个，故答案选 B。

4．【答案】D （reverse）【解析】空格填入的动词跟前面的动词revolutionize （变革）意思上应该是同义替换的，要选择含有变革，彻底改变意思的词汇，四个选项中 A. reward 奖励 B. 抵抗 C. resume 重新开始，继续，都不合适，只有 D 选项reverse“颠覆”最为贴切，本句译为“电子支付方式不久将改变货币的定义,并将在数年后颠覆货币本身。

2023Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read thefollowing text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)It’s not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, 1 ,to understand their negative consequences.Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2 one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and you’ll 3 see how this works with drivers.Watch people get on and show their tickets.Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are 5 . How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why? Because the target is 6 . People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 7 , the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they 9 hit cyclists. If the target was changed to 10 , you would have more inspectors and moresensitive pricing.If the criterion changed to safety,you would get more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another 12 : people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now ballad as a two-hour flight.The 15 of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others.Everything Can be done faster and made cheaper,but there is a 17 Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting.But it is an argument for exploring consequences first.All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to 19 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective.1. [A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All2 ．[A] put [B] take [C] run [D] come3 ．[A] Since [B] If [C] Though [D] Until4 ．[A] formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5 ．[A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6 ．[A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] alone7 ．[A] unattractive [B] uncrowded [C] unchanged [D] unfamiliar8 ．[A] site9 ．[A] So 10．[A] immediately 11．[A] surprised 12．[A] problem 13．[A] Above all 14．[A] bridge 15．[A] form 16．[A] posts17 ．[A] artificial 18．[A] Finally 19．[A] memories 20．[A] restrict [B] point[B] Yet[B] intentionally[B] annoyed[B]option[B] In contrast[B] avoid[B] through[B] links[B] mysterious[B] Consequently[B] marks[B] adopt[C] way[C] Instead[C]unexpectedly[C] frightened[C] view[C] On average[C] spot[C] beyond[C] shades[C] hidden[C]incidentally[C] notes[C] lead[D] place[D] Besides[D] eventually[D] confused[D] result[D] For example[D] separate[D] under[D] breaks[D] limited[D] Generally[D] belongings[D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read thefollowingfour texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text2Communities throughout New England have been attemptingto regulate short-term rentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the2010s. Now with record-high home prices and historically low inventory,there’s an increased urgency in such regulation,particularly among those whoworry that developers will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term rental market.In New Hampshire,where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1percent,housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market. The State Legislature recently voted against a bill that would’ve made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short-term rentals.“We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing,”said Nick Taylor, executive director of the Workforce Housing Coalition of the Greater Seacoast. Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns,“ employers are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live,” Taylor said.However, short-term rentals also provide housing for tourists, pointed out Ryan Castle,CEO of a local association of realter.“A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry,and the tourism industry is serviced by those people coming in short term,”Castle said,“and so it’s a cyclical effect.”Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue, said Keren Horn,an expert on affordable housing policy.“I think individuals being able to rent out their second home is a good thing.If it’s their vacation home anyway,and it’s just empty,why can’t you make money off it?”Horn said. Issues arise, however, when developers attempt to create large-scale short-term rental facilities— de facto hotels — to bypass taxesand regulations. “I think the question is, shouldn’t a developer who’s really building a hotel,but disguising it as not a hotel,be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?” Horn said.At the end of 2018, governor Charlie Baker of Massachusetts signed a bill to rein in those potential investor-buyers. The bill requires every rental host to register with the state mandates they carry insurance, and opens the potential for local taxes on top of a new state levy. Boston took things even further,requiring renters to register with the city’s Inspectional Services Department.Horn said similar registration requirements could benefit struggling cities and towns, but “if we want to make a change in the housing market, the main one is we have to build a lot more.”26. Which of the following is true of New England?A. Its housing supply is at a very low level.B. Its communities are in need of funding.C. Its rental vacancy rate is going up slowlyD. Its home prices are under strict control.27. The bill mentioned in Paragraph 2 was intended toA. curb short-term rental speculation.B. ensure the supply of cheap housing.C. punish illegal dealings in housing.D. allow a free short-term rental market.28. Compared with Castle, Taylor is more likely to supportA. further investment in local tourism.B. an increase in affordable housing.C. strict management of real estate agents.D. a favorable policy for short-term workers.29. What does Horn emphasize in Paragraph 5?A. The urgency to upgrade short-term rental facilities.B. The efficient operation of the local housing market.C. The necessity to stop developers from evading taxes.D. The proper procedures for renting out spare houses.30. Horn holds that imposing registration requirements isA. an irrational decision.B. an unfeasible proposal.C. an unnecessary measure.D. an inadequate solution.Text3If you’re heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones,the biggest book retailer in the UK, in search of the Duchess of Sussex’s new children’s book The Bench, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit, the same may be true of The President’s Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James Patterson.Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House(PRH), a company currently involved in a stand-offwith Waterstones.The problem began late last year,when PRH confirmed that it had introduced a credit limit with Waterstones “at a very significant level”. The trade magazine The Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables, display spaces and windows, and were“ quietly retiring them to their relevant sections” .PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones told me:“Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade. We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despite the lower overall levels of stock.We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return and that we will be allowed to buy appropriately.Certainly,our shops are exceptionally busy.The sales for our May Books of the Month surpassed any month since 2018.”In the meantime,PRH authors have been the losers.Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it’s those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher,Simon &Schuster—the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars, lower advances, and more conformity in terms of what is published.“This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power,”says literary agent Andrew Lownie.“The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices. After all, many of the most interesting books in recent years have come from small publishers.”We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among publishers to be big enough to take on all-comers.31. The author mentions two books in Paragraph 1 to presentA. an ongoing conflict.B. an intellectual concept.C. a prevailing sentiment.D. a literary phenomenon.32. Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant sections?A. To make them easily noticeable.B. To comply with PRH’s requirement.C. To respond to PRH’s business move.D. To arrange them in a systematic way.33. What message does the spokesperson for Waterstones seem to convey?A. Their customers remain loyal.B. The credit limit will be removed.C. Their stock is underestimated.D. The book market is rather slack.34.What can be one consequence of the current dispute?A. Sales of books by mid-list PRH writers fall off considerably.B. Lesser-known PRH writers become the target of criticism.C. Waterstones staff hesitate to promote big-name authors’ books.D. Waterstones branches suffer a severe reduction in revenue.35. Which of the following statements best represents Lownie’s view?A. Small publishers ought to stick together.B. Big publishers will lose their dominance.C. The publishing industry is having a hard time.D. The merger of publishers is a worrying trend.Text4Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research.Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30,000journals. The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways,including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the title’s impact factor) andthe number of citations a specific paper accumulates. The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce,but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.Citation cartels,where journals,authors,and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time. In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns,including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications.Recently,another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged:so-called support service consultancies that provide languageand other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.The advent of electronic publishing and authors’need to find outlets for their papers resulted in thousands of new journals. The birth of predatory journals wasn’t far behind.These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers.In some instances,there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations.The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor is supposedly working for is not profiting at all — it is just providing citations to other journals.Such practices can lead an article to accrue more than 150 citations in the same year that it was published.How insidious is this type of citation manipulation?In one example, an individual - acting as author, editor, and consultant - was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities. The problem is rampant in Scopus, a citation database, which includes a high number of the new “international” journals. In fact, a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation.Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice. Red flags include a large number of citations to an article within the first year. And for authors who wish to steer clear of citation cartel activities:whenan editor, a reviewer,or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige and do report the request to the journal.36.According to Paragraph 1,the careers of scientists can be determined by________.[A] how many citations their works contain.[B] how many times their papers are cited.[C] the prestige of the people they work with.[D] the status they have in scientific circles.37. The support service consultancies tend to________.[A] recommend journals to their clients.[B] list citation patterns their clients.[C] ask authors to include extra citations.[D] advise contributors to cite each other.38. The Function of the “milk cow” journals is to________.[A] boost citation counts for certain authors.[B] help scholars publish articles at low cost.[C] instruct First-time contributors in citation.[D] increase the readership of new journals.39. What can be learned about Scopus from the last two paragraphs?[A] It Fosters competition among citation providers.[B] It has the capability to identify suspicious citations.[C] It hinders the growth of “international” journals.[D] It is established to prevent citation manipulation.40. What should an author do to deal with citation manipulators?[A] Take legal action.[B] Demand an apology.[C] Seek professional advice[D] Reveal their misconduct.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)46.AI can also be used to identify the lifestyles choices of customers regarding their hobbies, favorite celebrities, and fashions to provide unique content in marketing messages put out through social media.47.Some believe that AI is negatively impacting on the marketer's roleby reducing creativity and removing jobs,but they are aware that it is a way of reducing costs and creating new information.48.Algorithms used to simulate human interactions are creating many of those concerns,especially as no-one is quite sure what the outcomes of using AI to interact with customers will be.49.If customers are not willing to share data,AI will be starved of essential information and will not be able to function effectively or employ machine learning to improve its marketing content and communication.50.The non-intrusive delivery of the marketing message in a way that is sensitive to the needs of target customers is one of the critical challenges to the digital marketer.Section III WritingPart A51.Write a notice to recruit a student for Prof. Smith’s research project on campus sports activities. Specify the duties and requirements of the job.Write your answer about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice; use “Li Ming”instead.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the implied meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)。

2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Justice Antonin Scalia, for e某ample, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the codeof conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisionssplit along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That wouldmake rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2.[A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless 3. [A]restored [B]weakened[C]established [D] eliminated5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies 8. [A]evade[B]raise [C]deny [D]settle 9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards 11. [A]so [B]since[C]provided [D]though 12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset[D]replace 13. [A]confirm [B]e某press [C]cultivate [D]offer 14.[A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied 15. [A]concepts[B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]e某cludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted 18.[A]suppress [B]e某ploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable 20.[A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultRosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of e某ample of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe se某 among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desirenothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough e某ploration of thesocial and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mi某ed.Far less certain, however, is how successfully e某perts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer theiractivities in virtuous d irections. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as [A] a supplement to the social cure [B] a stimulus to group dynamics [C] an obstacle to school progress [D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should [A] recruit professional advertisers [B] learn from advertisers’ e某perience[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to [A] adequately probe social and biological factors [B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure [C] illustrate the functions of state funding [D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors [A] is harmful to our networks of friends [B] will mislead behavioral studies [C] occurs without our realizing it [D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that theeffect of peer pressure is [A] harmful[B] desirable[C]profound[D] questionable2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to [A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators. [B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an e某tension of its business license . [D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its [A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals. [D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test [A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises. [B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations. [C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected. [B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application. [D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[B] misconception and deceptiveness. [C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires。

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题解析 Section I Use of English 1、【答案】A where 【解析】本句的句义是：我们突然不能回忆起刚才把钥匙放在哪里了，或者一个老熟人的姓名，或者是一个老乐队的名称。

这根据句义，这里是表示忘记了钥匙所放在的地点，where 作为宾语从句的引导词，和后面的部分一起，作为remember的宾语，因此正确答案为A。

B、when 引导表示时间的状语从句，C、that放在这里不合适，DWhy引导表示原因的状语从句。

B、C、D均不符合题意。

2、【答案】B fades 【解析】本句的句义是：本句的句义是关于大脑的退化，我们婉转地把它称作"老年时分"(老年人的瞬间记忆丧失)。

从前文可以看出，文章讲的是随着年龄增长，记忆力的衰退。

由语境确定B。

fade away是一个固定搭配，表示消失、衰弱、消退、消歇。

A. Improve 表示提高;C. recover表示恢复、D.collapse表示崩塌。

A、C、D均不符合题意。

3、【答案】B while 【解析】本句的句义是：这看起来问题不大，但精神集中能力的丧失，对于我们的职业生涯，社会交往以及个人生活都能产生有害影响。

这个空在句首，需要填一个连接词，看起来问题不大和后面的内容之间存在转折关系，因此正确答案为B。

A选项unless表示让步关系;C选项Once作为连词表示条件关系，表示一……就;D选项也是条件关系。

A、C、D均不符合题意。

4、【答案】A damaging 【解析】本句的句义同第3题。

通过整篇文章语境，我们可以看出注意力的丧失会对我们造成不好的影响，造成损害，因此正确答案是damaging，表示损害。

B选项limited表示有限，局限性;C选项uneven表示不均匀，奇数;D选项obscure表示晦涩的不清楚的。

B、C、D均不符合题意。

5、【答案】C well-being 【解析】本句的句义同第3题。

2024年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)小作文PartA(10 points)Dear Paul,In your letter you asked me for some advice on how to prepare for an oral report on an ancient Chinese scientist,and now I am writing with sincerity to give you some necessary suggestions.What follows,as you requested in your letter,is my advice on the oral report.To begin with,you are expected to select an ancient Chinese scientist and conduct extensive research on his life and work.Apart from that,you are also supposed to organize your findings into an outline, covering his major achievements and contributions.What I suggested would be beneficial for you,and I do hope you can follow them.If you need more detailed interpretation of my proposals,I would be available any time for you.Sincerely yours,Li Ming2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word (s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)It's not difficult to set targets for staff.It is much harder, 1 ,to understand their negative consequences.Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2 one and the others become distorted.1.[A] [B] |C] [D]2.[A] [B] [C] [D]3.[A] [B] [C] [D]4.[Al [B] |C|[DI5.[A] [B] [C] [D]6.[A] [B] [C] [D]7.[A] [B] [C] [DI8.[A]9.[Al [B][B][C][C][D][DI10.[A] [B] [C] [DI11.[A]12.[A]13.[A]14.[A] [B][B][B][B][C][C][C][Cl[D][D][D][DI15.[A] [B] [C] [D]16.[A] [B] [C] [DI17.[A]18.[AJ19.[A]20.[A][B][B][B][B][C][C][C][C][DJ[D][D][D] Section I Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four tex(s.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,Cor D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1“Reskilling”is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future in which a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind.We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly,as will the requirements of the jobs that remain.Research by the World Economic Forum finds that on average 42 percent of the“core skills”within job roles will change by 2022.That is a very short timeline.21.[A][B]2[C][D]22.[A][B][C][D]23.[A][B][C][D]24.[A][B][C][D]25.[A][B][C][D]3 ■Text 2“Reskilling”is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future in which a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind.We know we are moving into a period where thejobs in demand will change rapidly,as will the requirements of the jobs that remain.Research by the World Economic Forum finds that on average 42 percent of the“core skills”within job roles will change by 2022.That is a very short timeline.26.[A][B][C][D]27.[A][B][C][D]28.[A][B]■■5[C] [D]29 ·[A] [B][C¹[ 」[D]30.·[A][B] [C] [D]Text 3“Reskilling”is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future in which a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind.We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly,as will the requirements of the jobs that remain.Research by the World Economic Forum finds that on average 42 percent of the“core skills”within job roles will change by 2022.That is a very short timeline.31._ _■6[A] [B] [C] [D]32.33.[A] [B] [C] [D]34.[A][B] [C] [D] 35.[A][B]巨 巨 同 3[C][D]Text 4The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its n atural construction,the interaction of fresh and saline waters,and the mix of land and water. The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters,filtering pollutants from water,and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month,when the U.S.Supreme Court issued a ruling in an idaho case that provides the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways.Specifically,a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under its Clean Water Act authority must have a "continuous surface connection"to bodies of water.This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders,mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries "significant repercussions for water quality and food control throughout the United States,"as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections.But that's a very shortsighted view,particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay.The reality is that water,and the pollutants that so often come with it,don't respect state boundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a 64,000-square-mile watershed that extends into Virginia,Pennsylvania,New York,West Virginia,the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will those jurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett v. EPA?Perhaps some,but all?That seems unlikely.It is too easy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors.And it's a reminder that the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states. Pennsylvania farmers,to use one telling example,aren't thinking about next year's blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to sprend animal waste on their fields,yet the ■7runoff into nearby creeks can haveenormous impact downstream.And so we would call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved.We can offer them a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County wherebald engles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life.It's worth the scenic drive.36.The Chesapeake Bay is described in paragraph I as[A]a valuable natural environment[B]a contraversial conservation area[C]a place with commercial potential[D]a headache for nearby communities.37.The U.S.Supreme Court's ruing in the Idaho case[A]reinforces water pullution control[B]weakens the EPA's regulatory power[C]will end conflits among local residents[D]may face opposition from mining operators38.How does’the autor fell about future of the chesapenke Bay?[A]woried[B]Puzzied[C]Relieved[D]Encouraged39.What can be inferred about the EPA's involvement in the chesapeake ■8Bay Program?[A]It has restored the balance among neighboing jurisdictions.[B]It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries[C]It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities.[D]It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.40.The author holds that the state lawmakers should[A]be cautious about the influence of landowners[B]attach due importance to wetlands protections[C]recognize the need to expand wildlife refuges[D]improve the wellbeing ofendangered speciesPart BDirections: In the following text,some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Long before Man lived on the Earth,there were fishes,reptiles, birds,insects,and some mammals.Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today,others are now extinct,that is,they have no descendants alive now.41. Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin,so that,apart from color,we can build up a9reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land,often of the plants that grew on it,and even of its climate.42. Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action,and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water.Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals,birds,and insects of which we know nothing.Directions:For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text.Paragraph F and G have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A]“I just don't know how to motivate them to do a better job.We're in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal.In fact,we'll probably have to lay some people off in the near future.It's hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn't—it's boring,routine paperwork,and there isn't much you can do about it.”[B]“Finally,I can't say to them that their promotions will hinge on t he excellence of their paperwork.First of all,they knew it's not true.Ifgroups during the decades before the war.But after the war,great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education.(47) And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war. These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education,beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly (though unevenly)during the 1970s and 1980s.Section II WritingPart A51.Directions:Suppose you are organizing an online meeting.Write an email toJack, an international student,to1)invite him to participate,and2)tell him the details.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the email;u se“LiMing”instead.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)。

2013 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文主要分析了无现金社会为何迟迟不来的原因。

第一段是文章的中心段落，指出真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来。

第二、三段从电子支付设备昂贵、纸质支票提供收据、使用纸质支票能获得浮存利息以及电子支付方式存在的安全隐私问题四个方面分析纸币系统得以继续存在的理由。

二、试题解析1．【答案】 A （However ）【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为 ,我们将快速步入无现金社会,实现完全电子支付。

”而空后说“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来”，两者之前出现了明显的转折关系，因此答案A 。

B. moreover 表递进 C.therefore 表结果 D. Otherwise表对比2．【答案】 D （around）【解析】由空格所在句的“ but”得知，句子前后是转折关系。

事实上 ,这样的预测已经二十年了 ,但迄今还没有实现。

A. off 停止 ; B. back返回 ; C. over结束，与后文均不构成转折，故答案选 D. around 出现。

3．【答案】 B （ concept）【解析】空格所在的句子意思为例如, 1975年《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段不久将“彻底改变货币本身的 ____”将四个选项带入，能够彻底改变的对象只能是金钱的概念（定义），而 A“力量” ,C“历史” ,D “角色”，语义都不恰当，并且如果选择 role 的话，应该是复数roles,因为是金钱的作用不止一个，故答案选B。

4．【答案】 D （reverse）【解析】空格填入的动词跟前面的动词revolutionize （变革）意思上应该是同义替换的，要选择含有变革，彻底改变意思的词汇，四个选项中 A. reward奖励 B. 抵抗 C. resume 重新开始，继续，都不合适，只有 D 选项 reverse“颠覆”最为贴切，本句译为“电子支付方式不久将改变货币的定义,并将在数年后颠覆货币本身。