Peterson Perspectives
Interviews on Current Topics
Benefits of More Trade Between South Asian Rivals
Mohsin S. Khan argues that India and Pakistan have much to gain from putting aside their hostilities and increasing economic cooperation and trade.
Recorded July 13, 2009. ? Peterson Institute for International Economics.
Steve Weisman: This is Steve Weisman at the Peterson Institute for International Economics. Mohsin Khan, senior fellow at the Institute is here to talk about the possibility of increased
trade on the Asian subcontinent, a subject he has studied over the years. Thanks for
joining us, Mohsin.
Mohsin S. Khan: You’re quite welcome, Steve.
Steve Weisman: At the time of their independence, India and Pakistan traded heavily with each
other. But that trade has diminished, certainly as a percentage of their overall trade.
There have been efforts as you’ve pointed out in your paper, to restart trade. What
has happened since the announcement by the leaders of India and Pakistan a few
years ago, to improve trade relations?
Mohsin S. Khan: I think the point you’re making is very correct. At the time of their independence
they were the largest trading partners of each other, India and Pakistan.
Steve Weisman: Let’s remind our listeners and readers, what year that was.
Mohsin S. Khan: That was in 1947. So in ’48 and ’49 trade was huge between the two countries. Sev-enty percent of Pakistan’s trade was with India, sixty plus percent of Indian exports
went to Pakistan. Now that dwindled over the years, slowly and steadily and then
finally it had come to a stage where, in 2003/2004 total official trade was something
like $300 million, a really paltry amount.
Since then, there’s been an increase. I’ll come back to the famous meeting between the
leaders in 2005. There’s been an increase since that meeting and trade is now about
$2 billion, between the two countries. But it’s still a very small percentage of Indian
trade certainly, and it’s actually a very small percentage of Pakistan trade as well.
But nevertheless, it was a jump from three hundred million within two years to two
billion, and that was a direct consequence of this meeting between the then President
Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh. This was in April
2005, where they discussed trade relations and ways of trying to take a small set of steps,
to improve trade relations and increased trade. I think that’s where we are now.
There is a lot of unofficial trade that goes on, principally via Dubai, estimated about
$2 billion to $3 billion, which if there were good bilateral trading relations, this
would become official trade.
Steve Weisman: Do you mean illicit trade or contraband or just genuine trade that goes unrecorded? Mohsin S. Khan: No, what happens is that rules of origin in fact are hidden. So for example, Indian
exports to Pakistan would go via Dubai and they would show up in Pakistani import
data, as imports from Dubai and vice versa.
Steve Weisman: So Indian and Pakistani merchants want to increase trade, and may see opportuni-
ties. But political constraints are keeping them from going in that direction? Mohsin S. Khan: I think that strained relations at the political level between the two countries tend
to put a damper on attempts to improve the relations and increased trade. That’s
certainly an important factor. But at the same time, within each country, there is
opposition. There’s not only overt, direct, political opposition, but it can be red tape,
bureaucratic inertia, et cetera. These are various things that hinder trade between the
two countries. And the argument that I wanted to make in the paper was a two fold
one. First of all, trade between the two countries is unnaturally small. So trade by
itself is a good thing for these countries to do.
Steve Weisman: For both countries.
Mohsin S. Khan: For both countries, exactly. You know, I mean, if you are a businessman in say,
Lahore in Pakistan and you wanted to trade with a businessman in India located in
Amritsar, it’s very complicated. Yet, in both countries, these two cities are probably
the largest…well for Lahore, Amritsar is the largest, nearest city and vice versa. Steve Weisman: Yes, I mean you could drive over from one to the other.
Mohsin S. Khan: It’s 22 miles actually.
Steve Weisman: In less than an hour, right.
Mohsin S. Khan: Exactly, and so there were some small steps taken after 2005 to do this, and sure
enough we saw a sudden jump from three hundred million to two billion. I think
a lot more can be done in the short term, building on the Musharraf-Manmohan
Singh meeting. And that’s one thing I argue in the paper, which is that there are
short term measures that will not require parliamentary approval or will not require
going to the legislators, etc. They’re already there. It’s just a question of implement-
ing them and expanding on them.
Steve Weisman: Mohsin, when you were at the IMF, you studied trade flows. When Americans think of trade in the developing world and in the top tier developing countries, they think
of it as trade with the United States and Europe. But I think the IMF and the WTO
have studied… there’s a tremendous potential generally, for increased trade among
countries in the developing world.
Mohsin S. Khan: Absolutely correct.
Steve Weisman: And this would be a good example of that, of course, also an example of the
obstacles as you say.
Mohsin S. Khan: It’s a good example of that. The increase in trade between the two countries is good in itself. Models that try and estimate what trade should be between countries in
theory should use these models. And the numbers that I’ve seen say that trade could
be five or ten times larger than it is. So we’re talking about ten to twenty billion in
trade between the two countries. That’s a good thing in itself. But I go on further,
Steve, and argue that in fact, there is yet another benefit to be derived from the trade
relations, which is: it can help in building relations more broadly between the two
countries. And in my view if you develop vested interest or constituencies interested
in trading with each other, I think you could develop vested interest for much larger
liberalisation, and you could develop vested interest for exchanges of other kinds,
and maybe even I daresay, a lowering of the tensions between the two countries.
Steve Weisman: Of course, anyone who has studied the India-Pakistan relationship, which I have had the opportunity to do, looks at it as one of the most obsolete of the world’s rivalries,
especially since now both countries have a common concern about terrorism in their
neighbourhood. So why can’t they do more together?
Mohsin S. Khan: I think you know, there have been some very serious attempts to overcome that dis-
trust. But you know they sort of either fizzle out, or something happens to trigger a
change you know, whether it’s Kargil or the attack on the Indian Parliament in 2001. Steve Weisman: Kargil, just to explain was the Pakistani intervention in northern India in…
Mohsin S. Khan: That was 1999. And I think these are the sort of things that come up to in fact
throw any kind of peace movement off course. So I think this is going to be a long
haul. Both countries or leaders claim that they want peace and you’d have to take
them at their word. But that’s a long time coming. What I am suggesting is that,
look, you can take small steps. I mean, in some ways some people might view my
paper as being a bit too ambitious because it’s got a long list of things that they can
do, or they should do.
But Steve, I mean it’s not all or nothing. I mean, you do some of the things, you’ll
get somewhere and you could build on those steps. And some of these things are
very easy. I’ll give you an example.
Steve Weisman: Yes, I was about to ask.
Mohsin S. Khan: Issuance of visas. At the moment, visas -- by both countries -- are issued single entry, city specific and you have to report to the police station on entry and on departure
to register, if you’re a national of the other country. Now to me, it just seems incred-
ible in this day and age to have this sort of system, whereby a businessman wanting
to set up a business relationship with somebody else across the border, has to go
through these steps in order to do that.
This is a Ministry of Interior or Ministry of Foreign Affairs issue. It’s an executive
order that could be taken care of immediately, by issuing multiple entry visas for the
entire country, not city specific, and eliminating the requirement that you have to
report to the police. It could take five minutes to do if the will is there.
Steve Weisman: What sort of goods might flow back and forth?
Mohsin S. Khan: This is something that people raise in …well usually it’s raised in Pakistan a lot,
in terms of opposition to trade with India, and that was that India would simply
swamp Pakistan with its manufacturing because we all know that India is way ahead
of Pakistan on the manufacturing front. I think that that feeling has disappeared,
wherein Pakistanis have realized that they do have a comparative advantage in some
areas. T extiles is one of them, agricultural products is another one, agro industry is
another one, leather and so on, and so forth.
So it’s true, that Indian manufacturers will have a negative impact on certain Paki-
stani manufacturing. But the Pakistanis on the other hand, also have an advantage in
certain goods, so that they would do well, as well. So I think that realization has set
in into the Pakistani businessman’s mind.
Steve Weisman: It’s summertime, and anyone who has lived in South Asia knows that the delicacy of this season is mangoes.
Mohsin S. Khan: Absolutely.
Steve Weisman: Both the Indians and Pakistanis, all claim that their mangoes are the superior ones.
Maybe we would see under your proposal or test, of whose mangoes are best.
Mohsin S. Khan: Whose mangoes are better, yes that’s…
Steve Weisman: And by the way, whose mangoes are better?
Mohsin S. Khan: Oh well, I mean, I wouldn’t get into that. But you know, I’m a Pakistani and so
you’d probably know the answer. [Laughter]
Steve Weisman: [Laughter] Mohsin, thanks very much for joining me today.
Mohsin S. Khan: You’re quite welcome, Steve. Thank you very much.
一、such as 的七个用法 1. 表示举例，意为“例如，诸如此类的，像……那样的”，相当于like或for example。如： There are few poets such as Keats and Shelly. 像济慈和雪莱这样的诗人现在很少了。 Adverbs are used to modify verbs, such as “quickly” in “she ran fast”. 副词用来修饰动词，例如“她跑得快”中的“快”。 Animals such as rabbits and deer continue to be active all winter，finding food wherever they can . 像兔和鹿这样的动物整个冬天都是很活跃的，它们到处寻找食物。 用于此义时的几点说明： (1) 这类结构既可表现为“名词+such as+例子”，也可表现为“such+名词+as+例子”。如： I enjoy songs such as this one.= I enjoy such songs as this one. 我喜欢像这首歌一样的歌。 (2) 若后接动词，通常用动名词，有时也可用动词原形。如： Don’t do anything silly such as marry him. 不要做什么蠢事，比如说去嫁给他。 Magicians often perform tricks such as pulling a rabbit out of a hat. 魔术师常常变从帽子里抓出兔子的戏法。 (3) 不要按汉语意思将such as用作such like。 (4) 其后不可列出前面所提过的所有东西。如： 正：I know four languages, such as Japanese and English. 我懂四种语言，如日语、英语。 误：I know four languages, such as Chinese, French, Japanese and English. 我懂四种语言，如汉语、法语、日语和英语。 (5) 在现代英语中，such as可与etc. 连用。如： They planted many flowers, such as roses, sunflowers，etc. 他们种了许多种花，如玫瑰花、向日葵等。 They export a 1ot of fruits，such as oranges，lemons，etc. 他们出口许多水果，如桔子、柠檬等。 2. 表示“像……这样的”，其中的as 用作关系代词，引导定语从句，as 在定语从句中用作主语或宾语。此外，不要按汉语意思把该结构中的as 换成like。如： He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像他看起来那么傻。
word短语用法小结 甘肃省民勤一中高雪萍邮编733300 一．中学阶段常用的含有word的短语主要有以下几个： 1．in other words换句话说，也就是说 He doesn’t like work. In other words, he is lazy. 他不爱工作，换句话说，他很懒。 2. in words 用文字 Can you describe it in words? 你能用文字描述它吗？ 3. in a / one word 总之，简言之 In a word, I think he’s a fool. 总之，我认为他是个傻瓜。 4. in word 口头上 The teacher asked his students to explain the law in word.老师让学生口头上解释一下这个定律。 5. have a word with sb.和某人说几句话 Can you spare me a few minutes? I’d like to have a word with you. 你能给我几分钟的时间吗？我有话跟你谈。 6. have words with sb.与某人争吵 She had words with his husbands about who should do the housework. 她和她丈夫就谁应该做家务吵了一架。 7. by word of mouth 口头上的 He received the news by word of mouth. 他得到的是口头上的消息。
8. a play on words 双关语 The advertising slogan was a play on words. 那条广告的口号是双关语。 9. word for word逐字地 He repeated what you said word for word.他一字不差地复述您说的话。 二．word常用的其他短语有： break one’s word失信； be as good as one’s word/keep one’s word守信；例如： You’ll find she is as good as her word. eat one’s words承认自己说错话； leave word留言；例如： Please leave word of your safe arrival/that you have arrived safely. big words大话； fair/good word恭敬话； go back on one’s word 食言； from the word go从一开始；例如： She knew from the word that it was going to be difficult.
more than的多种用法 简简单单的“more than”，用法可多呢！ 下面是些好例子： ●A. “More than＋名词”表示“多于……”、“非但……尤其是”如： 1)Modern science is more than a large amount of information. 2)Jason is more than a lecturer; he is a writer, too. ●B. “More than＋数词”含“以上”或“不止”之意，如： 3) I have known David for more than 20 years. 4)Let's carry out the test with more than the sample copy. ●C. “More than＋形容词”等于“很”或“非常”的意思，如： 5)In doing scientific experiments, one must be more than careful with the instruments. 6)I assure you I am more than glad to help you. ●D. 在“More...than...”中，肯定“more”后面的而否定“than”后面的，约等于“是……而不是……”如： 7)The difference between pure linguistics and applied linguistics is more apparent than real. 8)This book seems to be more a manual than a text. 9)Catherine is more diligent than intelli-gent. 10)Hearing the loud noise, the boy was more surprised than frightened. ●E. “More than”或“More...than...”＋含“can”的分句时表示“否定意”，如： 11)That's more than I can do. 12) Don't bite off more than you can chew. 13)In delivering his lecture, Jason makes sure not to include more things than the students can understan d. ●F. “No more...than...”表示“不……；不如……”，如： 14) I can no more do that than anyone else.
For example与such as的用法及区别 1)for example和such as都可当作“例如”解。但such as用来列举事 物，插在被列举事物与前面的名词之间。例如： The farm grows various kinds of crops, such as wheat, corn, cotton and rice. 这个农场种植各种各样的庄稼，例如麦子，玉米，棉花和稻米。 2)for example意为用来举例说明，有时可作为独立语，插在句中，不影 响句子其他部分的语法关系。例如： A lot of people here, for example, Mr John, would rather have coffee. 这儿的许多人，例如约翰先生，宁愿喝咖啡。 【注意】 (a)such as一般不宜与and so on连用。 (b)对前面的复数名词部分起列举作用，一般不全部列出。故不可以说： He knows four languages, such as Chinese, English, French and German. 应将such as改成namely, 后面加逗号。即：He knows four languages, namely, Chinese, English, French and German. 这两个短语都可以表米“例如”，但含义及用法不同。 l）for example强调“举例”说明，而且一般只举同类人或物中的一个作为插入语，且用逗号隔开，可置于句首、句中或句末。如： Many people here, for example, John, would rather have coffee.这里有许多人，例如约翰很喜欢喝咖啡。 There are many kinds of pollution, for example, noise is a kind of pollution.有许多种污染方式，例如噪音就是一种污染。 2）such as用来“罗列”同类人或物中的几个例子，可置于被列举的事物与前面的名词之间，但其后边不能用逗号。如： Many of the English programmes are well received, such as Follow Me, Follow Me to Science . 其中有许多英语节目，如《跟我学》《跟我学科学》，就很受欢迎。 English is spoken in many countries, such as Australia, Canada and so on.许多国家说英语，如澳大利亚加拿大 1
1. 问：WORD 里边怎样设置每页不同的页眉？如何使不同的章节显示的页眉不同？ 答：分节，每节可以设置不同的页眉。文件――页面设置――版式――页眉和页脚――首页不同。 2. 问：请问word 中怎样让每一章用不同的页眉？怎么我现在只能用一个页眉，一改就全部改了？ 答：在插入分隔符里，选插入分节符，可以选连续的那个，然后下一页改页眉前，按一下“同前”钮，再做的改动就不影响前面的了。简言之，分节符使得它们独立了。这个工具栏上的“同前”按钮就显示在工具栏上，不过是图标的形式，把光标移到上面就显示出”同前“两个字来。 3. 问：如何合并两个WORD 文档，不同的页眉需要先写两个文件，然后合并，如何做？ 答：页眉设置中，选择奇偶页不同/与前不同等选项。 4. 问：WORD 编辑页眉设置，如何实现奇偶页不同? 比如：单页浙江大学学位论文，这一个容易设；双页：（每章
标题），这一个有什么技巧啊？ 答：插入节分隔符，与前节设置相同去掉，再设置奇偶页不同。 5. 问：怎样使WORD 文档只有第一页没有页眉，页脚？ 答：页面设置－页眉和页脚，选首页不同，然后选中首页页眉中的小箭头，格式－边框和底纹，选择无，这个只要在“视图”――“页眉页脚”，其中的页面设置里，不要整个文档，就可以看到一个“同前”的标志，不选，前后的设置情况就不同了。 6. 问：如何从第三页起设置页眉？ 答：在第二页末插入分节符，在第三页的页眉格式中去掉同前节，如果第一、二页还有页眉，把它设置成正文就可以了 ●在新建文档中，菜单―视图―页脚―插入页码―页码格式―起始页码为0，确定；●菜单―文件―页面设置―版式―首页不同，确定；●将光标放到第一页末，菜单―文件―页面设置―版式―首页不同―应用于插入点之后，确定。第
more than... 与more ...than ... more than 与more …than 短语在英语中使用得十分广泛。其用法和意义并不简单，一不留神就可能用错。因为more than 与more …than 除了具备其基本用法外，还有些特殊用法。理解和翻译时要特别小心，不能一看到more than就简单地按照字面上的意思将其理解为“比……更……”或“超过”等，而是要根据上下文找出more than 短语的确切含义，只有这样才不至于贻笑大方。 more than 相当于一个形容词或副词短语，在句中作定语或状语，修饰其后的动词、副词、数词或名词等。 一. more than 的用法 1. more than 后跟数词，相当于over，翻译成“……多、超过……”等，强调某物数量上超出某一范围。 More than 1,500 people were killed in the earthquake. 地震中有一千五百多人遇难。 I have collected more than 3 hundred stamps so far. 到目前为止，我已收集了300多张邮票。 I’ve known him for more than 20 years. 我认识他已经二十多年了。 Their college enrolled more than five hundred new students this year. 他们学院今年招收了五百多名新生。 2. more than 后跟名词或动名词，相当于over, not just, not only，表示“不只是、不仅仅是”等。例如： She is more than a teacher to us, she is our friend. 他不只是教师，她还是我们的朋友。 Hibernation is more than sleep. 冬眠不仅仅是睡眠。 Wood is used for more than building. 木头不仅仅用于建筑。 Blood is much more than the simple fluid it seems to be. 血液不仅仅是一种外表似乎简单的液体。 My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing. 我去北京不仅仅是旅游观光。 I like autumn more than summer. 我喜欢秋天胜过夏天。
Word2003使用技巧大全 在默认情况下，我们用Word打开WPS文档时，系统提示打不开，这是不是就代表Office 不能读取WPS文件呢？其实不是，只要你经过一些简单的操作，就能达到目的，下面就是具体的方法。 在默认情况下OfficeXP并没有安装转换器，我们可以在安装时安装WPS文件转换器，这样就可以打开WPS文件了。在光驱中放入OfficeXP安装光盘，运行安装程序，并选择“添加或删除功能-更改已安装的功能或删除指定的功能”按钮，接着选择“Office共享功能→转换和过滤器→文本转换器”中的“中文WPSFORDOS”和“中文WPS97/2000FORWindows”选项即可。这样再在Word中单击“文件→打开”命令时，在打开对话框中的“文件类型”中就可以看到打开“WPSDOS导入”和“WPS文件”两个选项，分别对应DOS版的WPS文件和WPS97／WPS2000/WPSOffice文件，选中文件就可以在Word中打开。 Word2002在新建文档任务窗格中显示了你最近打开的4个文档的列表，用这种方式可以非常轻松地打开文档，不过你可能常常会感觉只显示最近的4个文档有些不够用，想在该列表中看到第5个或更多打开过的文档吗？方法如下:单击“工具→选项”命令，打开对话框，然后单击“常规”选项卡，在“列出最近所用文件”框中指定你想在新建文档任务窗格中显示的最近所用文档的数量，这个数字最高可以指定为9，单击“确定”按钮即可。 方法一:单击“文件→打开”命令下的“打开”对话框，选中要打开的多个文档，若文档顺序相连，可以选中第一个文档后按住Shift键，再用鼠标单击最后一个文档，若文档的顺序不相连，可以先按住Ctrl键，再用鼠标依次选定文档;单击“打开”按钮即可。 方法二:在“资源管理器”中，选中要打开的多个Word文档，按下回车键，系统会自动启动Word2002，并将所选文档全部打开。在选择文档时，如果是要选中多个连续文档，可以按下Shift键再用鼠标单击相应的文件名;如果要选中多个不连续文档，就按下Ctrl键再用鼠标单击相应的文件名。 方法三:如果文件在不同的目录中，可以在“资源管理器”的相应目录中，选中要打开的文档，按下鼠标左键，将文档拖到任务栏中的Word图标上（注意:此时的Word中没有打开的文档），所选文档就被打开了;再找到其它目录，用同样方法将所选文档拖到Word图标上。 选择“文件”菜单，在菜单最下方会出现最近编辑过的4个文件名，单击其中一项，便可快速打开相应文档。 如果希望Word每次启动时都能自动打开某个文档，可以通过简单的宏命令来实现这个功能，方法是 2.在“录制宏”对话框中，在“宏名”输入框中输入要建立的宏的名称，如“auto”，点击“确定 3.从菜单中单击“文件”，点击最近打开文件列表中显示的某一个文件名 在Word2002中想保存多篇打开的文档，可以先按住Shift键，然后单击“文件”菜单，这时原来的“保存”命令就变成了“全部保存”命令，单击它就可以保存所有打开的Word 文档。也可以先按住Shift键，然后用鼠标单击常用工具栏上的“保存”按钮，这时“保存”按钮的图标就变成“全部保存”的图标，松开鼠标，即保存完毕。 你可以一次性关闭所有打开的文档，方法是:按住Shift键，单击“文件”菜单，在“文件”菜单中将出现“全部关闭”选项，单击该命令即可一次性关闭所有打开的文档，且在关
一、 more than 1. more than 可放在数词之前，意为“超过；不止；以上”，用于此意义时可与 over 互换使用。例如： Altogether more than 70 percent of the surface of our planet is covered by water. 整体说来，我们这个星球表面有 70% 以上都为水所覆盖。 2. more than 可放在名词之前，表示“不只是；不仅仅”。例如： Hibernation is more than sleep. 冬眠不仅仅是睡眠。 Bamboo is used for more than building. 竹子不只是用于建筑。 3. more than 用于形容词或副词前，作“非常；十分”解，与 very 同义。例如： She is more than careful in doing things. 她做事非常细心。 In class, he listens more than attentively. 在课堂上，他听讲十分认真。 4. more than 之后接含有 can 的从句时，常表示否定意义。此时，从句中的谓语动词必须是及物动词，并且与句子的主语呈现逻辑上的动宾关系。例如： This secret is more than we can let out. 这个秘密我们是不能泄露的。（主语 secret 是 let out 的逻辑宾语） 比较：less than 后面接形容词、副词时，意为“不；很少；不到”，具有否定意义。例如： a) We were busy and less than delighted to have company that day. 那天我们很忙，不高兴有客人来。 b) The young man is less than twenty years old. 这个年轻人不到 20 岁。 二、more … than 1. more … than 意为“与其……不如……”；“是……而不是……”，常可与“ rather than ”或“ not so much … as”互换使用。例如： He is more like a spear than anything else. = He is like a spear rather than anything else. = He is not so much like anything else as like a spear.
Module 4 ＆5需要掌握的重点语法和词组： 复习：have的用法及否定句、一般疑问句的变法。 ①have的意思是：________，它的单数形式是：_______。have是_______词。 例如：我有许多好朋友。_____ _____ many good friends.他有许多好朋友。_____ _____ many good friends. ②把下列两道题改为否定句： 1、I have many good friends：_____________________________ 总结：have 的句子改为否定句要_______________________________________________________________ 2、He has a dog：_________________________ 总结：has的句子改为否定句要_____________________________________ 同样的道理：请将下列两道题改为一般疑问句： I have many good friends：_____________________________ 总结：______________________________________ He has a dog：_________________________ 总结：________________________________________________________ 练习： 一、用have的正确形式填空： 1、He_____two brothers. 2、I_____a beautiful picture. 3、Betty_____ a lovely dog. 4、They_____some friends here. 二、请将下列的句子改为否定句和一般疑问句。 1-3题改为否定句：1、He has two brothers. ___________________________________________________ 2、I have a beautiful picture. ___________________________________________________ 3、Betty has some friends here. ___________________________________________________ 4-6题改为一般疑问句： 4、They have a good teacher. _________________________________肯定回答：_________________ 5、I have some cards. __________________________________________否定回答：____________________ 6、Tony has a sister. __________________________________________否定回答：____________________ 三、请用所给词的适当形式填空。 1、I _________ （have）a brother，but I_________ （not have）a sister. 2、He _________ （have）a beautiful pen. _________ you_________（have）a pen？ 3、Lingling _________ （have）an English dictionary. 4、_________ Tony_________（have）a car？ have got 的用法及否定句、一般疑问句的变法。 ①have got 表示_________________________________ 例：我有一只猫。I have got a cat. have got 的第三人称单数形式是：____________________________ ②have got可以缩写为：_______________ 例如：I have got a cat = ________________________ has got 可以缩写为：_______________ 例如：He has got a cat = ________________________ 练习:请用has got或have got填空。 1、I a bike. 2、He a bike. 3、You a bike.
word 1 1、字,词,单词→ buzzword→ four-letter word → swear word ?Write an essay of about five hundred words、写一篇约500字得文章。 ?Wha t does that word mean? 那个单词就是什么意思？ 2、sb’s words某人说得话[写得内容] ?Those are his words, not mine、那都就是她说得话,我可没这么说。 ?In your own words, explain the term ‘personal service’、用您自己得话解释一下“个性化服务”得意思。 in sb’s words?Jones was, in the judge’s words, ‘an evil man’、用法官得话来说,琼斯就是个“邪恶得人”。 3、the words歌词 ?I know the tune, but I’ve forgotten the words、我知道曲调,但把歌词忘了。 [+ to]?Many people don’t know the words to the country’s national anthem、该国许多人不知道国歌得歌词。 4、have a word〔与某人〕说几句话〔尤因要征求对方意见或叫对方做事〕 ?Could I have a word? 我们可否谈谈？ [+ with]?I’ll have a word with him and see if he’ll help、我要与她谈谈,瞧她就是否愿意帮忙。 have a quick/brief word?I was hoping to have a quick word with you、我希望能与您简短地说两句。 have/exchange a few words?Could I have a few words with you? 我可以与您说几句话吗？ 5、want a word想与某人谈话〔尤指为批评某人〕 [+ with]?Wait a minute! I want a word with you! 等一下！我想与您谈谈！ 6、not hear/understand/believe a word一点都听不到/不理解/不相信 ?No one could hear a word because someone had cut the amplifier cable、没人听得到,因为有人把扩音器得电线切断了。 [+ of]?I can’t understand a word of Russian、我一句俄语也不懂。 7、without (saying) a word什么也没说 ?He left without a word、她一句话也没说就离开了。 8、say a word/say a few words〔关于某事〕说两句 ?I’d like to say a few words about the plans、我想就计划说两句。 9、a word of warning/caution/advice/thanks etc警告/告诫/建议/感谢等得话 ?It’s a beautiful city, but a word of warning: street robberies are very mon、这就是个美丽得城市,但就是我提醒一句: 街头抢劫得事屡见不鲜。 ?He left without a word of apology、她一句道歉得话也没说就走了。 10、not say a word绝口不谈,坚守秘密 ?Promise you won’t say a word to anyone? 您保证不跟任何人说？ to not say anything 不说话?What’s wrong? You haven’t said a word since you got here、怎么了？您来了以后还没说过一句话呢。 11、put your feelings/thoughts etc into words用语言表达自己得感觉/思想等 ?He found it difficult to put ideas into words、她发现很难用语言表达自己得想法。 12、have/exchange words (with sb)(与某人)吵架,(与某人)吵嘴〔委婉说法〕 ?I was in a bad mood and he kept pestering me, so we had words、我情绪不好而她又一直烦我,
more than 结构用法小结 英语中more than 的用法比较复杂，它除了用于比较结构外，还可以与名词、形容词、动词或从句等连用，表达不同的含义。下面是more than 结构的一些常见用法 1. more than 结构后跟名词表示“不只是”；“不仅仅”等。例如： (1) However, we must consider more than the beginning of the motion. 然而，我们必须考虑的不只是运动的初始阶段。 (2) Peace is more than the absence of war. 和平不只是意味着没有战争。 2．more than 用来修饰形容词、分词和动词，表示所修饰的词份量不重或含义不够，而加以说明，译成汉语可为“非常”，相当于“very”或“much”。例如： (1) He is more than selfish. 他非常自私。 (2) He is more than happy about it. 他对此事极为高兴。 (3) I am sure conditions over there will more than satisfy your requirements. 我相信那边的条件会极大地满足你的要求。 3．more than 后接单数名词，谓语动词用单数。例如： (1) More than one person has been concerned in this. 这里涉及的不止是一个人。 (2) More than one member protested against the proposal. 不止一个成员反对这个建议。 4. more A than B 结构。用来比较两种说法的正确程度，即前一种说法（A项）比后一种说法（B项）要正确一些，表示“与其……不如……”。在这个句型里，more 后不能用形容词或副词的比较级形式，而要用原级形式，此外还可用名词、代词、动词、介词短语等。例如：(1) He is more good than bad. 与其说他坏不如说他好。 (2) It is more a poem than a picture. 与其说这是一幅画，不如说这是一首诗。 5. more than 或more... than 后接从句，可表示否定意义。例如： (1) The beauty of Hangzhou is more than words can describe. 杭州景色之美是说言所不能描述的。 (2) That is more than I can tell you,sir. 这一点我是不能告诉你的，先生。 （注意：在这种句型中，more than 后常接含有can 或could 的从句，表示“……不能”。）对于下列表示否定意义的句子，有的语法学家认为在than 后面省略了when，有的认为省掉了it，也有的认为than 用作关系代词，因而并无省略。这类句子在理解上并不困难，结构上变化也不大，从实用出发，可将其视为一种句型来学习。例如： a. You spent more money than was intended to be spent. 你花掉的钱比原计划的要多。（原计划要花的钱没有这么多。） b. This is more money than is needed. 这笔钱比需要的多。（需要的钱没有这么多。） c. We often advise him not to drink more wine than is good for his health.
such as引导定语从句的四种类型 such as引导定语从句的四种类型 一、用于such…as结构，其中的as为关系代词 He’s not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像看上去的那样愚蠢。（摘自牛津词典） I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲的这种故事。（摘自张 道真语法） He is not half such a fool as they thought. 他远非他们认为的那么傻。（摘自 新牛津） Such women as knew Tom thought he was charming. 那些认识汤姆的女人都认为他 很迷人。（摘自张道真语法） Britain is not enjoying such prosperity as it was in the mid-1980s. 英国现在已经不像 20 世纪 80 年代中期那么繁荣昌盛。（摘自柯林斯） 二、such as相当于those who Such as alter in a moment, win not credit in a month. 那些朝令夕改的人是不会获得人们长久信任的。（摘自新牛津） 此句相当于Those who alter in a moment, win not credit in a month. Associate with such as will improve your manners. 要和那些能提高你的礼貌修养的人交往。（摘自薄冰语法） 三、such as相当于what或whatever Such as remains after tax will be yours when I die. 我死以后全部财产除了交税以外都给你。(摘自牛津词典) 此句相当于： What remains after tax will be yours when I die. Whatever remains after tax will be yours when I die. Everything that remains after tax will be yours when I die.
word文字处理基本操作 1. 新建/ 打开文档 当直接启动Word 时，Word 自动新建一个标题为“文档1”的空白文档，用 户也可使用“文件”|“新建”新建文档。当新建文档时，“新建文档”任务窗格会提供多种文档模板来新建所需文档，如“报告”、“备忘录”、“信函和传真”等。用户可通过双击Word 文档启动Word 并打开该文档，也可使用“文件”| “打开”打开文档。 2. 输入文档内容 新建/打开文档后，在文档编辑区中可输入文档内容。 ·输入中英文 当关闭中文输入法时，可通过键盘输入英文；当打开中文输入法时，可输入 中文。用户可通过语言栏或Ctrl+空格键，切换中英文输入法。 ·输入数字 打开Num Lock，可使用数字小键盘输入数字。 ·输入符号 当输入某些键盘上没有的字符时，可使用“插入”|“特殊符号”或“符号”， 如特殊字符§和?(字体wingdings3)。 ·输入日期和时间 使用“插入”|“日期和时间”，可输入日期和时间。如选择了“日期和时间” 对话框中的“自动更新”，则每次打开文档时，日期和时间都自动更新为当前系统时间。 ·制作超链接 使用“插入”| “超级链接”，可在文档中制作某个Web 站点或文档的超链接。 ·自动替换 选择“工具”|“自动更正选项”|“自动更正”，并选中“键入时自动替换”， 就可使用自动替换简化文本输入。例如，在文档中经常输入“Microsoft Office 2003”，可在“替换”框中输入“M3”，在“替换为”框中输入“Microsoft Office 2003”，单击“添加”将此条目添加到自动更正条目中。此后，在文档中输入“M3”并回车，Word 就会自动更正为“Microsoft Office 2003”。 ·插入/改写模式 在插入模式下，输入的文本插入到光标位置。在改写模式下，输入的文本替 换光标后边的文本。 如状态栏中的“改写”为深色，表示当前处于改写模式，否则处于插入模式。 通常，Word 处于插入模式，可使用“Insert”或双击状态栏上的“改写”切换插入/改写模式。 ·回车换行 文本输入中可用Enter 产生一个“? ”符号，称为段落标记符或硬回车， 标志段落结束进行换行。如需在一个段落中换行，可用Shift+Enter 产生一个“?”符号，称为分行符或软回车。
such as 的七个用法 1. 表示举例，意为“例如，诸如此类的，像……那样的”，相当于like或for example。如： There are few poets such as Keats and Shelly. 像济慈和雪莱这样的诗人现在很少了。 Adverbs are used to modify verbs, such as “quickly”in “she ran fast”. 副词用来修饰动词，例如“她跑得快”中的“快”。 Animals such as rabbits and deer continue to be active all winter，finding food wherever they can . 像兔和鹿这样的动物整个冬天都是很活跃的，它们到处寻找食物。 用于此义时的几点说明： (1) 这类结构既可表现为“名词+such as+例子”，也可表现为“such+名词+as+例子”。如： I enjoy songs such as this one.= I enjoy such songs as this one. 我喜欢像这首歌一样的歌。 (2) 若后接动词，通常用动名词，有时也可用动词原形。如： Don’t do anything silly such as marry him. 不要做什么蠢事，比如说去嫁给他。 Magicians often perform tricks such as pulling a rabbit out of a hat. 魔术师常常变从帽子里抓出兔子的戏法。 (3) 不要按汉语意思将such as用作such like。 (4) 其后不可列出前面所提过的所有东西。如： 正：I know four languages, such as Japanese and English. 我懂四种语言，如日语、英语。 误：I know four languages, such as Chinese, French, Japanese and English. 我懂四种语言，如汉语、法语、日语和英语。 (5) 在现代英语中，such as可与etc. 连用。如： They planted many flowers, such as roses, sunflowers，etc. 他们种了许多种花，如
h a v e_g o t的详细用 法
复习：have的用法及否定句、一般疑问句的变法。 ①have的意思是：________，它的单数形式是：_______。have是_______词。 例如：我有许多好朋友。_____ _____ many good friends.他有许多好朋友。_____ _____ many good friends. ②把下列两道题改为否定句： 1、I have many good friends：_____________________________ 总结：have 的句子改为否定句要 _______________________________________________________________ 2、He has a dog：_________________________ 总结：has的句子改为否定句要 _____________________________________ 同样的道理：请将下列两道题改为一般疑问句： I have many good friends：_____________________________ 总结： ______________________________________ He has a dog：_________________________ 总结： ________________________________________________________ 练习： 一、用have的正确形式填空： 1、He_____two brothers. 2、I_____a beautiful picture. 3、Betty_____ a lovely dog. 4、They_____some friends here. 二、请将下列的句子改为否定句和一般疑问句。 1-3题改为否定句：1、He has two brothers. ___________________________________________________ 2、I have a beautiful picture. ___________________________________________________ 3、Betty has some friends here. ___________________________________________________ 4-6题改为一般疑问句： 4、They have a good teacher. _________________________________肯定回答：_________________ 5、I have some cards. __________________________________________否定回答： ____________________ 6、Tony has a sister. __________________________________________否定回答： ____________________ 三、请用所给词的适当形式填空。 1、I _________ （have）a brother，but I_________ （not have）a sister. 2、He _________ （have）a beautiful pen. _________ you_________（have）a pen？ 3、Lingling _________ （have）an English dictionary. 4、_________ Tony_________（have）a car？ have got 的用法及否定句、一般疑问句的变法。