【红宝书】考研英语——考前模拟试题(第三套)

考研英语红宝书考研英语红宝书，是众多考研学子们在备考英语科目时不可或缺的复习资料。

这本书以其全面、系统的内容和实用的解题技巧，成为了考研英语复习的必备工具。

它不仅涵盖了考研英语的各个部分，包括词汇、语法、阅读理解、翻译和写作，还提供了大量的模拟题和历年真题，帮助考生熟悉考试题型和难度。

首先，红宝书的词汇部分是其核心内容之一。

它按照考研英语大纲的要求，精选了高频词汇，并配以例句和短语，帮助考生在记忆单词的同时，能够理解其在实际语境中的用法。

此外，书中还提供了词汇的词根词缀记忆法，使得记忆过程更加高效。

其次，红宝书在语法部分也做了精心编排。

它不仅包含了考研英语所需的全部语法点，还通过大量的例句和练习题，帮助考生巩固语法知识。

书中的语法讲解清晰易懂，即使是语法基础薄弱的考生，也能够通过学习红宝书，迅速提升自己的语法水平。

在阅读理解部分，红宝书提供了大量的阅读材料和练习题。

这些材料涵盖了社会、文化、科技等多个领域，旨在提高考生的阅读速度和理解能力。

同时，书中还总结了阅读理解的解题技巧，如寻找主题句、推断作者意图等，帮助考生在考试中快速准确地找到答案。

翻译部分是考研英语的难点之一，红宝书对此也做了充分的准备。

书中不仅提供了大量的翻译练习，还详细讲解了翻译的技巧和方法，如如何准确理解原文、如何进行语言转换等。

通过不断的练习和学习，考生可以提高自己的翻译能力。

最后，写作部分是考研英语的另一个重点。

红宝书提供了各种类型的写作范文，如议论文、说明文等，并分析了写作的结构和技巧。

书中还提供了写作练习和模拟题，帮助考生在实际写作中运用所学知识，提高写作水平。

总之，考研英语红宝书是一本全面、实用的考研英语复习资料。

它不仅帮助考生系统地复习英语知识，还提供了大量的练习题和模拟题，使考生能够在实际考试中取得优异的成绩。

通过认真研读红宝书，考生可以在考研英语的道路上走得更远。

Text 3Great emotional and intellectual resources are demanded in quarrels; stamina helps, as does a capacity for obsession. Butno one is born a good quarreler, the craft must be learned.There are two generally recognized apprenticeships. First, and universally preferred, is likely to grow up failing to understandthat quarrels, unlike arguments, are not about anything, least of all the pursuit of truth. The apparent subject of a quarrel is amere pretext; the real business is the quarrel itself.Essentially, adversaries in a quarrel age out to establish or rescue their dignity. Hence the elementary principle: anythingmay be said. The unschooled, may spend an hour with knocking heart, sifting the consequences of calling this oldacquaintance a lying fraud.Those who miss their first apprenticeship may care to enroll in the second, the bad marriage. This can be perilous for theneophyte; the mutual intimacy of spouses makes them at once more vulnerable and more dangerous in attack. Once sex isinvolved, the stakes are higher all round. And there is an unspoken rule that those who love, or have loved, one another aregranted a license for unlimited beastliness such as is denied to mere sworn enemies. For all that some of our most tenaciousblack belt quarrelers have come to it late in life and mastered every throw.A quarrel may last years. Among brooding types with time on their hands, like writers, half a lifetime is not uncommon. In itsmost refined form, a quarrel may consist of the participants not talking to each other. They will need to scheme laboriously toappear in public together to register their silence.Brief, violent quarrels are also known as rows. In all cases the essential ingredient remains the same; the original cause mustbe forgotten as possible. From here on, dignity, pride, self󰀀esteem, honor is quarrelling, like jealousy, is an ail󰀀consumingbusiness, virtually a profession. For the quarreler’s very self󰀀hood is on the line. To lose an argument is a briefdisappointment, much like losing a game of tennis; but to be crushed in a quarrel rather bite off your tongue and spread it atyour opponent’s feet.

考研英语复习诀窍+所有复习资料下载地址前几月也写过一个帖子，谈了医学考研的复习思路，好像已经石沉大海了。

今天又有学弟学妹问我考研心得，问我有没有什么窍门之类的，我苦想了3分钟，说“没有什么啊”。

现在想一想，研究生英语考了不错的分数，其中一定还是有些值得注意的东西吧，叫做窍门也好，经验也罢，总之拿出来，给大家开阔一下思路吧。

首先是要用多长时间复习英语，这是个问题。

应该说，我从来都没有完全丢开英语。

英语是一门语言，想提高英语成绩必须按照语言自身的规律。

首当其冲的就是培养对英语的兴趣。

有很多人在一开始就把英语视为仇敌，还有很多人从来都把英语丢在一边，到了要考试了才开始突击背单词、做阅读。

这些都是不对的，也不可能英语的高分。

如果你能在过去的1年里，经常看英文书报，杂志，小说，网站，听英文广播，英文歌，看欧美电影，那么你会有良好的语感。

事实证明，良好的语感对阅读和写作有太大的帮助了。

如果你能做到专业书尽量读英文版的，那么你的英语阅读水平一定了得了。

所以说，英语的复习是从平时的点滴积累中开始的。

没有平日的积累很难靠突击来提高多少成绩。

当然，考前的针对性复习的主要意义在于使你适应考试的氛围。

而且，临阵磨枪不快也光啊！其次，需要背多少单词？其实问这个问题就是错误的。

再一次，英语是一门语言。

考研大纲规定了大约5500个单词。

即使你对这5500个单词都很熟悉了，可能你读到考研英语阅读的文章还是会磕磕绊绊，而当你读到外国小说的时候你才会发现原来不认得的单词更多。

那么我们应该怎么看这5500单词呢？首先，这是一个基础。

当你达到这5500的词汇量的时候也意味着你对英语的构词法则有了一定的了解，对词根、词缀有了一定的认识，由此你可以在阅读中通过推测，派生等办法认得更多的单词。

但是单词本身毕竟不是语言，最终还是要回到语言中去。

我们中国人学外语还是主要以书面语言为主，所以，多阅读是唯一的出路。

我发现现在周围的人特别是工作以后，越来越没有阅读的习惯了。

模拟试题三Part I Vocabulary and Structure (30 points)Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.1. Carbon monoxide, funned by the incomplete combustion of some carbonaceous material, hasbeen a to humans since the domestication of fire.A. hazardB. disputeC. docileD. boost2. The house by the sea had a mysterious air of about it.A. melancholyB. serenityC. seriosoD. retroject3. There is only time to the plan and we will discuss it in detail next week.A. decryB. eliminateC. expoundD. adumbrate4. Catherine‟s mother was ill last summer, but fortunately, she was making a slow but steady recovery after an operation was done on her lung.A. definitelyB. definitivelyC. criticallyD. fatally5. While this healthy lifestyle approach to health worked for some (the wealthy members of society), people experiencing poverty, unemployment or little control the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from this approach.A. toB. intoC. onD. over6. Research into the validity of selection methods has consistently shown that the unstructured interview, the interviewer asks any questions he or she likes, is a poor predictor of future job performance.A. whomeverB. whenC. wheneverD. where7. The doctor assured Victor that his wife would certainly although she had beenunconscious for 48 hours.A. take toB. come toC. see toD. stick to8. Excuses relieve tension by helping __________ both sides that the mistake was an aberration that will not be repeated.A. insureB. ensureC. reassureD. assure9. A static technocratic order, by contrast, requires a very different sort of personality: a drone who does what he is told and shuns novelty, someone who avoids facing, or__________ challenges.A. composingB. proposingC. imposingD. posing10. Walt Disney‟s board is stepping up plans to find a new ruler to save the Magic Kingdom andfight off a $54 billion hostile from Comcast, the US cable giant.A. purchaseB. bidC. offerD. merger11. His story of rescuing ten drowning men totally by himself was .A. wonderfulB. incredibleC. indignantD. immense12. What a sad sight, with all the shops and the people gone.A. shuttledB. shutteredC. shuttlesD. shutters13. Although he suffered from discrimination, Martin Luther King is a man who believed inreconciliation and only rarely _______ a grudge during his Civil Rights movement.A. he carriedB. did he carryC. when he carriedD. that he carried14. The committee members resented _______ them of the meeting.A. the president that he did not tellB. the president not to informC. the president‟s not informingD. the president that he failed informing15. The introduction of gunpowder gradually made the bow and arrow________, particularly inWestern Europe.A. obsoleteB. obscureC. optionalD. overlapping16. My tutor frequently reminds me to myself of every chance to improve my English.A. availB. informC. assureD. notify17. The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is an anonymous,statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.A. everything exceptB. anything butC. no less thanD. nothing more than18. Even though formidable winters are the norm in the Dakotas, many people were unpreparedfor the of the blizzard of 1888.A. inevitabilityB. ferocityC. probabilityD. mildness19. It‟s a modern city, full of _________ tower block.A. risingB. heavingC. ascendingD. soaring20. The author took a ________ approach to the topic. He presented both sides of the issueevenhandedly and did not let his own feelings intrude.A. dispassionateB. passionateC. disputableD. contesting21. The path follows the river closely, occasionally ________round a clump of trees.A. divertingB. divergingC. deviatingD. deflecting22. The official was arrested for inability to ________all his fortune he has enjoyed.A. clarifyB. intensifyC. verifyD. justify23. She was extremely lucky; when her great-uncle died, she ________a fortune.A. came byB. came overC. came intoD. came about24. The couple departed ____a heavy rain.A. far awayB. betweenC. in the midst ofD. among25. The ____of smoking among women, formerly negligible, has grown to such a degree that lungcancer has become the chief causer of cancer-related deaths among women.A. affluenceB. ferociousnessC. impudenceD. incidence26. If you ____your demand, then maybe you will have more chance of getting the job you want.A. lessenB. alleviateC. moderateD. degenerate27. They________ so tired if they ________for a whole day.A. wouldn‟t feel, didn‟t walkB. wouldn‟t feel, weren‟t walkingC. wouldn‟t be feeling, weren‟t walkingD. wouldn‟t be feeling, hadn‟t been walking28. They climbed to the top of the hill ________they could get a bird‟s-eye view of the city.A. for fear thatB. in order thatC. in caseD. as a result29. A ________is a growth of feathers, fur or skin along the top of the heads of some animals,especially birds.A. crestB. crustC. crushD. crumb30. The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was ________ to theissue at hand.A. irrationalB. unreasonableC. invalidD. irrelevantPart II Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions:In this section there are five reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions and 5 short-answer questions. Please read the passages and then write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage OneMen cannot manufacture blood as efficiently as women can. This makes surgery riskier for men. Men also need more oxygen because they do not breathe as often as women. But men breathe more deeply and this exposes them to another risk. When the air is polluted, they draw more of it into their lungs.A more recent and chilling finding is the effect of automobile and truck exhaust fumes on children‟s intelligence. These exhaust fumes are the greatest source of lead pollution in cities. Researchers have found that the children with the highest concentration of lead in their bodies have th e lower scores on intelligence tests and that boys‟ score lo wer than girls. It is possible that these low scores are connected to the deeper breathing that is typical of the male.Men‟s bones are larger than women‟s and they are arranged somewhat differently. The feminine walk that evokes so many whistles is a matter of bone structure. Men have broader shoulders and a narrower pelvis, which enables them to stride out with no waste motion. A woman‟s wider pelvis, designed for childbearing, forces her to put more movement into each step she takes with the result that she displays a bit of a jiggle and sway as she walks.If you think a man is brave because he climbs a ladder to clean out the roof gutters, don‟t forget that it is easier for him than for a woman. The angle at which a woman‟s thigh is joined to her knees makes climbing awkward for her, no matter whether it is a ladder or stairs or a mountain that she is tackling.A man‟s skin is thicker than a woman‟s and not nearly as soft. The thickness prevents the sun‟s radiation from getting through, which is why men wrinkle less than women do.Women also stay cooler in summer. The fat layer helps in sulate them against heat. Men‟s fat is distributed differently. And they do not have that layer of it underneath their skin. In fact, they have considerably less fat than women and more lean mass. Forty-on e percent of a man‟s body is muscle compared to thirty-five percent for women, which means men have more muscle power. When it comes to strength, almost 90 percent of a man‟s weight is strength compared to about 50 percent of woman‟s weight.The higher proportion of muscle to fat makes it easier for men to lose weight. Muscle burns up five more calories a pound that fat does just to maintain itself. So when a man goes on a diet. the pounds roll off much faster.For all men‟s muscularity they do not have the energy reserves women do. They have more start-up energ y, but the fat tucked away in women‟s nooks and crannies provides a rich energy reserve that men lack.Cardiologists at the University of Alabama who tested healthy women in treadmills discovered that over years the female capacity for exercise far exceeds the male capacity. A woman of sixty who is in good health can exercise up to 90 percent of what she could do when she was twenty. A man of sixty has 60 percent left of his capacity as a twenty-year-old.31. The main topic of this passage is about .A. the biological differences between men and womenB. the differences in social roles between men and womenC. the differences in living habits between men add womenD. the challenges men and women face from the point of view of biology32. Men need more oxygen, .A. and that makes them have more muscle powerB. because they do not manufacture blood as efficiently as womenC. and there is a risk to draw more polluted air into their lungsD. so their skin is thicker33. Men are superior to women in the situation of .A. resisting coldB. standing hungerC. remaining energetic in old ageD. climbing high34. From the passage, we can infer that .A. boys are less intelligent than girls because they breathe in more leadB. it takes women a shorter time to get hungryC. men have more muscles than fatD. men sweat more than women in summer35. It can be concluded from the passage that .A. women can stay active longer than menB. men like to take risks for biological causesC. women are more careful than menD. men have more strength than womenPassage twoIt is not compatible with the egalitarian ideal that there should be sharp differences in the scale of monetary reward for services performed. In New Zealand, care of the underdog has long since been a more important consideration than is the case in very many other countries. Successive governments may claim with some justice to have abolished poverty, but this has not been done without there taking place a narrowing of margins between the rewards for skilled and unskilled labor, with its consequent denial of incentive to acquire skill, to strive for self-improvement. The country‟s citizens have come to regard social security as their inalienable right, but by taking too readily for granted the State‟s obligation towards themselves they are apt to lose sight of the converse proposition that they themselves have obligations to the State.The reluctance to reward skilled labor at rates calculated to provide an incentive for acquiring skill has its counterpart in the reluctance to remunerate the nations‟ best scholars and scientists on a scale sufficient to keep a fair proportion of them at home.The fact is often deplored that so many young men of the highest ability prefer to take up a career overseas, but it is doubtful whether higher salaries would stem their exodus in more than a minor degree. Under any circumstances, regardless of monetary reward, the intellectual élite would be tempted to go abroad in search of a wider field of endeavor than can be found in so small a country as New Zealand.In a society where great wealth is regarded as antisocial, it is natural that ostentation should be looked at skance. Marks of distinction are liable to be a handicap, For instance, the politician who accepts a title does not usually improve his chances of gaining or retaining office by doing so. Richard Seddon, it will be remembered, consistently and doubtless wisely, refused to accept aknighthood. Wealth carries with it a minimum of prestige; it is a positive disadvantage to the aspirant to a political career. Strongly marked individuality or eccentricity are seldom in evidence among New Zealanders, and even where they do exist, the qualities are tolerated rather than appreciated. The rule of conformity prevails, and if the American writer, Sydney Greenbie, is to be believed, it has already produced a considerable measure of standardization among the inhabitants of the Dominion. “In face and feature, in mind and taste.”writes Greenbie, “the modern New Zealanders are so much alike that it is hard to remember the names of persons you meet casually for lack of distinguishing characteristics to which the eye can cling.”Under conditions such as those described above, it is not surprising that no privileged class should have come into existence through long possession of landed estate or other permanent source of income. Nevertheless, the claim that New Zealanders have developed a classless society can scarcely be substantiated. Snobbery, when discouraged in one quarter, is prone to appear in some new form elsewhere. Recent investigations by A. A. Congalton and R. J. Havighurst show that there is a fairly well defined and universal appreciation of the graduated social status attaching to various social occupations. Results of a survey in which a cross section of the public was asked to answer a series of apposite questions showed, for example, that doctors, lawyers, and big businessmen were graded above heads of Government Departments, clergymen, and university professors; that office workers rated higher than shop assistants, miners than wharf laborers, and so on. Incidentally, the investigation also brought to light the fact that may attempt to inquire into the existence of social distinctions within the community invariably roused resentment.A privileged class being also a leisured class, its rejection is in keeping with a deep-seated belief that work has a virtue in its own right, without regard to its usefulness. In pioneer days, when hands were few and subsistence hard to win, it was indeed a crime to remain idle, and the habit of seeing idleness as a vice has endured. At the beginning of the great slump, when Forbes the Prime Minister, shocked at what he had seen of the “dole” during a visit to England, declared that so long as he retained office there would be no payment without work, his words appealed to a moral precept deeply inculcated not only in the minds of reactionaries but of many radicals as well.36. One result of New Zealand‟s effort to abolish poverty is ____.A. sharp differences between the rich and the poorB. the egalitarian ideal becomes incompatibleC. care of the underdog becomes more importantD. skill learning and self-improvement are not desired37. Some high ability people prefer a career overseas because of ____.A. fierce competition at homeB. higher social status overseasC. more opportunities abroadD. monetary reward at home38. Which of the following best describes the New Zealand society?A. ostentationB. eccentricityC. individualityD. conformity39. New Zealand is not a classless society in that ________.A. snobbery is discouraged everywhere in New ZealandB. people with more wealth seem to enjoy a high social statusC. the difference between the rich and the poor is greatD. New Zea landers don‟t have a permanent source of income40. If people believe that work has a virtue in its own right, they will do all the following EXCEPT ____.A. see idleness as a viceB. try their best not to be idleC. not accept a privileged classD. inquire into social distinctionsPassage threeThe premise with which the multiculturalists begin is unexceptional: that it is important to recognize and to celebrate the wide range of cultures that exist in the United States. In what sounds like a reflection of traditional American pluralism, the multiculturalists argue that we must recognize difference, that difference is legitimate; in its kindlier Versions, multiculturalism represents the discovery on the part of minority groups that they can play a part in molding the larger culture even as they are molded by it. And on the campus multiculturalism, defined more locally as the need to recognize cultural variations among students, has tried with some success to talk about how a racially and ethnically diverse student body can enrich everyone‟s education.Phillip Green, a political scientist at Smith and a thoughtful proponent of multiculturalism, notes that for a significant portion of the students the politics of identity is all-consuming. Students, he says, “are unhappy with the thin gruel of rationalism. They require a therapeutic curriculum to overcome not straightforward racism but ignorant stereotyping.”But multiculturalism‟s hard-liners, who seem to make up the majority of the movement, damn as racism any attempt to draw the myriad of American groups into a common American culture. For these multiculturalists, differences are absolute, irreducible, and intractable—occasions not for understanding but for separation. The multiculturalists, it turns out, is not especially interested in the great American hyphen, in the syncretistic (and therefore naturally tolerant) identities that allow Americans to belong to more than a single culture, to be both particularizes and universalisms.The time-honored American mixture of assimilation and traditional allegiance is denounced as a danger to racial and gender authenticity. This is an extraordinary reversal of the traditional liberal commitment to a “truth” that transcends parochialisms. In the new race/class/gender formation, universality is replaced by, among other things, feminist science Nubian numerals (as part of an A, fro-centric science), and what Marilyn Frankenstein of the University of Massachusetts-Boston describes as “ethno-mathematics,” in which the cultural basis of counting comes to the fore.The multiculturalists insist on seeing all perspectives as tainted by the perceiver‟s particular point of view. Impartial knowledge, they argue, is not possible, because ideas are simply the expression of individual identity, or of the unspoken but inescapable assumptions that are inscribed in a culture or a language. The problem, however, with this warmed-over Nietzscheanism is that it threatens to leave no ground for anybody to stand on, so the multiculturalists make a leap, necessary for their own intellectual survival, and proceed to argue that there are some categories, such as race and gender, that do in fact embody an unmistakable knowledge of oppression. Victims are at least epistemologically lucky. Objectivity is a mask foroppression. And so an appalled former 1960s radical complained to me that self-proclaimed witches were teaching classes on witchcraft. “They‟re not teaching students how to think,” she said, “they‟re telling them wha t to believe.”41. Which one of the following ideas would multiculturalists NOT believe?A. That we should recognize and celebrate the differences among the many cultures in theUnited States.B. That we can never know the “…truth” because “truth” is always shaped by one‟s culture.C. That “difference” is more important than “sameness.”D. Those different cultures should work to assimilate themselves into the mainstream culture sothat eventually there will be no excuse for racism.42. According to a hard-line multiculturalists, which one of the following groups is most likely to know the “truth” about political reality?A. Educated people who have learned how to see reality from many different perspectives.B. A minority group that has suffered oppression at the hands of the majority.C. High government officials who have privileged access to secret information.D. Political scientists who have thoroughly studied the problem.43. The author states that in a “kindlier version” of multiculturalism, minorities discover “that theycan play a part in molding the larger culture even as they are molded by it.” If no new ethnic groups were incorporated into the American culture for any centuries to come, which one of the following would be the most probab le outcome of this “kindlier version”?A. At some point in the future, there would be only one culture with no observable ethnicdifferences.B. Eventually the dominant culture would overwhelm the minority cultures, which would thenlose their ethnic identities.C. The multiplicity of ethnic groups would remain but the characteristics of the different ethnicgroups would change.D. The smaller ethnic groups would remain, and they would retain. their ethnic heritage.44. The author speaks about the “politics of identity” that Phillip Green, a political scientist atSmith, notes is all-consuming for many of the students: Considering the subject of the passage, which one of the following best describes what the author means by “the politics of identity”?A. The attempt to discover individual identities through political actionB. The political agenda that aspires to create a new pride of identity for AmericansC. The current obsession for therapy groups that help individuals discover their inner selvesD. The trend among minority students to discover their identities in their ethnic groups ratherthan in their individuality45. Which one of the following best describes the attitude of the writer toward the multiculturalmovement?A. Tolerant. It may have some faults, but it is well-meaning overall.B. Critical. A formerly admirable movement has been taken over by radical intellectuals.C. Disinterested. He seems to be presenting an objective report.D. Enthusiastic. The author embraces the multiculturalists movement and is trying to present itin a favorable light.46. “Multiculturalists relativism” is the notion that there is no such thing as impartial or objectiveknowledge. The author seems to be grounding his criticism of this notion on .A. the clear evidence that science has indeed discovered “truths” that have been independentof both language and culture.B. the conclusion that relativism leaves one with no clear notions of any one thing that istrue.C. the absurdity of claiming that knowledge of oppression is more valid than knowledge ofscientific facts.D. the agreement among peoples of all cultures as to certain undeniable truths—e. g., whenthe sky is clear, day is warmer than night.Passage fourI expect this course to open my eyes to story material，to unleash my too dormant imagination，to develop that quality utterly lacking in my nature—a sense of form. I do not expect to acquire much technique. I expect to be able to seize upon the significant，reject the trivial. I hope to acquire a greater love for humanity in all its forms.I have long wondered just what my strength was as a writer. I am often filled with tremendous enthusiasm for a subject，yet my writing about it will seem a sorry attempt. Above all，I possess a driving sincerity-that prime virtue of any creative worker. I write only what I believe to be the absolute truth—even if I must ruin the theme in so doing. In this respect I feel far superior to those glib people in my classes who often garner better grades than I do. They are so often pitiful frauds—artificial—insincere. They have a line that works. They do not write from the depths of their hearts. Nothing of theirs was ever born of pain. Many an incoherent yet sincere piece of writing has outlived the polished product.I write only about people and things that I know thoroughly. Perhaps I have become a mere reporter, not a writer. Yet I feel that this is all my present abilities permit. I will open my eyes in my youth and store this raw, living material. Age may bring the fire that molds experience into artistry.I have a genuine love of nature. It is not the least bit affected, but an integral and powerful part of my life. I know that Cooper is a fraud-that he doesn‟t give a true sense of the sublimity of American scenery. I know that Muir and Thoreau and Burroughs speak the truth. I can sense the moods of nature almost instinctively. Ever since I could walk, I have spent as much time as I could in the open. A perception of nature—no matter how delicate，how subtle，how evanescent--remains with me forever.I am influenced too much，perhaps，by natural objects. I seem bound by the very room I‟ m in. I‟ve associated so long with prosaic people that I‟ve dwarfed myself spiritually. When I get alone under an open sky where man isn‟t too evident—then I‟m tremendously exalted and a thousand vivid ideas and sweet visions flood my consciousness.I think that I possess story material in abundance. I have had an unusual upbringing. I was let alone, thank God! My mother insisted upon two things--that I strive for perfection in whatever I did and that I always try to be a gentleman. I played with Italians, with Russians，Poles，and the “sissies” on Michigan avenue. I was carefully watched，yet allowed to follow my own inclinations.I have seen a good deal of life that would never have been revealed to an older person. Up to the time I came to college then I had seen humanit y in diverse forms. Now I‟m cramped and unhappy.I don‟t feel that these idiotic adolescents are worth writing about. In the summer，I turn animal and work for a few weeks in a factory. Then I‟m happy.My literary achievements have been insignificant. At fourteen，I made a speech which wastranslated into twenty-six languages and used as Red Cross propaganda. When I was younger, it seemed that everything I wrote was eminently successful. I always won a prize when I entered an essay contest. In college, I‟ve been able to get only one "A" in four rhetoric courses. I feel this keenly. If I can‟t write, what can I do？I wonder.When I was a freshman, I told Carlton Wells that I knew I could write whether he thought so or not. On my next theme he wrote “You can Write!” How I have cherished that praise!It is bad form to talk about grades. I know. If I don‟t get an “A” in this course, it wouldn‟t be because I haven‟t tried. I‟ve made a slow start. I‟ m going to spend Christmas vacation writing. A “B” symbolizes defeat to me. I‟ve been beaten too often.I do wish that we were allowed to keep our stories until we felt that we had worked them into the best possible form.I do not have the divine urge to write. There seems to be something surging within,—a profound undercurrent of emotion. Yet there is none of that fertility of creation which distinguishes the real writer.Nevertheless，I have faith in myself. I‟m either going to be a good writer or a poor fool. 47. There are a number of paradoxical statements in the au thor‟s self-analysis. Identify two ofthem and explain.48. The author says “Many an incoherent yet sincere piece of writing has outlived the polishedproducts.”（Paragraph 2）Explain and comment on the idea.49. What things and people are regarded by the author to be the proper material for his writing?Explain.50. Does the author think of himself as a talented writer？Why or why not？III. Writing (30 points)People can recognize differences between children and adults. Can you simply say that college students are adults? What events (experiences or ceremonies) make a person an adult?You composition should be no less than 400 words. And please write your composition on the Answer Sheet.参考答案及解析Part I Vocabulary and Structure1.A 句意：由一些含碳材料的不充分燃烧产生的一氧化物，自从人类驯化使用火以来对人类就是一个危险。

（红宝书 网上附赠）2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题（第一套）Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)At the beginning of the century, medical scientists made a surprising discovery: that we are 1 not just of flesh and blood but also of time. They were able to 2 t hat we all have an internal “body clock” which 3 t he rise and fall of our body energies, making us different from one day to the 4 . These forces became known as biorhythms; they create the 5 i n our everyday life.The 6 o f an internal “body clock ”should not be too surprising, 7 t he lives of most living things are dominated by the 24 hour night and day cycle. The most obvious 8 o f this cycle is the 9 w e feel tired and fall asleep at night and become awake and 10 d uring the day. 11 t he 24 hour rhythm is interrupted, most people experience unpleasant side effects. 12 , international aeroplane travelers often experience “jet lag” when traveling across time 13 . People who are not used to 14 w ork can find that lack of sleep affects their work performance. 15 t he daily rhythm of sleeping and waking, we also have other rhythms which 16 l onger than one day and which influence wide areas of our lives. Most of us would agree that we feel good on 17 d ays and not so good on others. Sometimes we are 18 f ingers and thumbs but on other days we have excellent coordination. There are times when we appear to be accident prone, or when our temper seems to be on a short fuse. Isn’t it also strange 19 i deas seem to flow on some days but at other times are 20 n onexistent? Musicians, painters and writers often talk about “dry spells ”.1. ［A ］built ［B ］shaped ［C ］molded ［D ］grown2. ［A ］demonstrate ［B ］illustrate ［C ］present ［D ］propose3. ［A ］designates ［B ］fluctuates ［C ］calculates ［D ］regulates4. ［A ］second ［B ］latter ［C ］other ［D ］next5. ［A ］“ups and downs ” ［B ］“goods and bads ”［C ］“pros and cons ” ［D ］“highs and lows ”6. ［A ］name ［B ］idea ［C ］expression ［D ］image7. ［A ］unless ［B ］when ［C ］since ［D ］although8. ［A ］nature ［B ］character ［C ］feature ［D ］fact9. ［A ］mode ［B ］way ［C ］form ［D ］fashion10.［A ］watchful ［B ］ready ［C ］alert ［D ］attentive w w w .h o n g b a o s h u .c o m11.［A ］As ［B ］Because ［C ］Though ［D ］If 12.［A ］Of course ［B ］For example ［C ］In consequence ［D ］In particular 13.［A ］zones ［B ］areas ［C ］belts ［D ］sphere 14.［A ］change ［B ］shift ［C ］transfer ［D ］alternate 15.［A ］Instead of ［B ］Rather than ［C ］As well as ［D ］In comparison with 16.［A ］last ［B ］move ［C ］live ［D ］survive 17.［A ］many ［B ］several ［C ］some ［D ］most 18.［A ］all ［B ］partly ［C ］seldom ［D ］often 19.［A ］when ［B ］how ［C ］that ［D ］which 20.［A ］particularly ［B ］specifically ［C ］apparently ［D ］virtually Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1For more than two decades, U.S. courts have been limiting affirmative -action programs in universities and other areas. The legal rationale is that racial preferences are unconstitutional, even those intended to compensate for racism or intolerance. For many colleges, this means students can be admitted only on merit, not on their race or ethnicity. It has been a divisive issue across the U.S., as educators blame the prolonged reaction to affirmative -action for declines in minority admissions. Meanwhile, activists continue to battle race preferences in courts from Michigan to North Carolina.Now chief executives of about two dozen companies have decided to plunge headfirst into this politically unsettled debate. They, together with 36 universities and 7 non -profitable organizations, formed a forum that set forth an action plan essentially designed to help colleges circumvent court -imposed restrictions on affirmative -action. The CEOs’ motive:“Our audience is growing more diverse, so the communities we serve benefit if our employees are racially and ethnically diverse” as well, says one CEO of a company that owns nine television stations.Among the steps the forum is pushing: finding creative yet legal ways to boost minority enrollment through new admissions policies; promotion admissions decisions that look at more than test scores; and encouraging universities to step up their minority outreach and financial aid. And to counter accusations by critics to challenge these tactics in court, the group says it will give legal assistance to colleges sued for trying them. “Diversity diminished by the court must be made up for in other legitimate legal ways,” says a forum member.w w w.h o n g b a o s h u .c o mOne of the more controversial methods advocated is the so-called 10% rule. The idea is for public universities —which educate three -quarters of all U.S. undergraduates—to admit students who are in the top 10% of their high school graduating class. Doing so allows colleges to take minorities who excel in average urban schools, even if they wouldn’t have made the cut under the current statewide ranking many universities use.21. U.S. court restrictions on affirmative -action signifies that .［A ］minorities no longer hold the once favored status［B ］the quality of American colleges has improved［C ］racial preferences has replaced racial prejudice［D ］the minority is on an equal footing with the majority22. What has been a divisive issue across the United States?［A ］Whether affirmative -action should continue to exist.［B ］Whether this law is helping minorities or the white majority.［C ］Whether racism exists in American college admission.［D ］Whether racial intolerance should be punished.23. CEOs of big companies decided to help colleges enroll more minority students becausethey .［A ］think it wrong to deprive the minorities of their rights to receive education［B ］want to conserve the fine characteristics of American nation［C ］want a workforce that reflects the diversity of their customers［D ］think it their duty to help develop education of the country24. The major tactic the forum uses is to .［A ］battle the racial preferences in court［B ］support colleges involved in lawsuits of racism［C ］strive to settle this political debate nationwide［D ］find legally viable ways to ensure minority admissions25. If the 10% rule is applied, .［A ］the best white high school students can get into colleges［B ］public universities can get excellent students［C ］students from poor rural families can go to colleges［D ］good minority students can get into public universitiesw w w .h o n g b a o s h u .c o mText 2We humans have a remarkable brain -mediated capacity to make sounds and let them act as symbolic representations of other things. Two hundred thousand years ago, the first word was spoken. In the arms of an adoring mother, the babbling “mamam ”of an infant became the spoken representation of safety, warmth, nourishment and, the person who provided all of this, mother. Since then we have been able to sequence, structure, and sort the roughly 40 sounds we are capable of making into thousands of complex languages with millions of unique “words”.Yet while words are our most amazing invention, human communication starts when words have no meaning. It starts by gazing, rocking, stroking, kissing, humming, the sight, sound, smell, and touch of a loved one. It is in these first nonverbal interactions that one human becomes connected to another and communication begins. The infant’s cry means,“I’m hungry or scared or cold or tired.”The responsive caregiver’s actions mean,“It’s safe. Eat now. I bring warmth, comfort and pleasure. You are loved.” To the newborn, the sounds of “I love you” are, at first, meaningless. But over time, by holding, rocking, gazing and gently stroking—as the sounds “I love you” are whispered over and over—the baby learns the meaning in the word. The sound becomes a word. To the lucky infant, love is the responsive, safe, and warm rhythmic touch—the smile, the hum and the adoring gaze.When language does not develop in the context of caring relationships, we lose the beauty and meaning that words can convey. For each newborn, exposure to repetitive spoken language in a relationship provides the stimulus for neural organization that will allow that child to develop complex language capabilities—the capacity to understand and to communicate using “words”. This learning process requires that language be derived from social emotional communication. The face, not the voice, is the major organ of human communication. Words have become our shortcuts.26．The author cites the fact that humans are capable of making 40 sounds primarily in order to .［A ］ contrast it with the number of complex humans have created［B ］ educate the reader［C ］ emphasize the importance of nonverbal communication［D ］ make a transition into the next paragraph27．According to the author, communication begins .［A ］ with nonverbal interactions［B ］ two hundred thousand years ago［C ］ between mother and child［D ］ with wordsw w w .h o n g b a o s h u .c o m28．According to the author, infants learn the meanings of words through . ［A ］ hearing words repeatedly ［B ］ the association of words and actions ［C ］ their mother’s love ［D ］ a bath of physical sensations 29．The author believes that it is important that spoken language . ［A ］ be learned at an early age ［B ］ not be confused with body language ［C ］ not be confused with written language ［D ］ be learned in the context of a caring relationship 30．The author is convinced that the face is . ［A ］ imbued with a power to communicate beyond our imagination ［B ］ a window through which we can see a person 's thoughts ［C ］ more important than even the voice in human communication ［D ］ a symbolic representation of other things Text 3Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations foster family instability. They maintain that those regulations, which exclude most poor husband and wife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children assistance grants, contribute to the problem of family dissolution. Thus, they conclude that expanding the set of families eligible for family assistance plans or guaranteed income measures would result in a marked strengthening of the low -income family structure. If all poor families could receive welfare, would the incidence of instability change markedly? The unhappily married couple, in most cases, remains together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children, because of the high costs of separation, or because of the consumption benefits of marriage. The formation, maintenance, and dissolution of the family are in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage as seen by the individual members of the marriage. Major benefit generated by the creation of a family is the expansion of the set of consumption possibilities, the benefits from such a partnership depend largely on the relative dissimilarity of the resources or basic endowments each partner brings to the marriage. Persons with similar productive capacities have less economic “cement” holding their marriage together. Since the family performs certain functions society regards as vital, a complex network of social and legal buttresses has evolved to reinforce marriage. Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society, e.g. division of property, alimony, child support, and the social stigma attached to divorce.Martial stability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social price of instability in the marriage w w w .h o n g b a o s h u .c o mpartners -social -economic group. Expected AFDC income exerts pressures on family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution. To the extent that welfare is a form of government subsidized alimony payments, it reduces the institutional costs of separation and guarantees a minimal standard of living for wife and children. So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods, but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage. Rather, welfare-related instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its disruption by providing a system of government -subsidized alimony payments.31. Some criticize the current welfare regulations because .［A ］ those regulations encourage family dissolution［B ］ the low income families are not given enough the family assistance grants［C ］ they expand the set of families eligible for family assistance ［D ］ the guaranteed income measures are increased32. According to this passage, family stability depends on .［A ］ the couples earning ability［B ］ the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage［C ］ how much possessions the couple have before marriage［D ］ a network of social and legal support33. All of the following are mentioned by the author as factors tending to perpetuate amarriage EXCEPT .［A ］ the stigma attached to divorce［B ］ the social class of the partners［C ］ the cost of alimony and child support［D ］ the loss of property upon divorce34. The author argues that .［A ］ the agreement between couples reinforce mortal stability［B ］ expected AFDC income helps to strengthen family stability［C ］ AFDC regulations are to blame for family instability［D ］ public assistance upsets the balance between benefit and cost of marriage35. The tone of the passage can best be described as .［A ］ confident and optimistic［B ］ scientific and detached［C ］ discouraged and alarmed［D ］ polite and sensitivew w w.h o n g b a o s h u .c o mText 4Ever since Al Gore invented it, the Internet has been a paradise for those with a creative attitude to facts. Students, for example, commission and sell essays with such ease there that online “paper mills” devoted to this trade are one of the few dotcom business models still thriving. With a few clicks of a mouse, a student can contract out any academic chore to “research” sites such as Gradersaver. com or the Evil House of Cheating.One market opportunity, however, frequently creates another. The past few months have seen a rapid rise in interest in software designed to catch the cheats. The subscriber base of Turnitin, a leading anti -plagiarism software house based in Oakland, California, has risen by 25% since the beginning of the year. Around 150,000 students in America alone are under its beady electronic eye. And in Britain, the Joint information Systems Committee, the unit responsible for advising the country’s universities on information technology, has tested the firm’s software in the five colleges. If it goes well, every university lecturer in the country will soon be able to inspect his students’ submissions with it.Turnitin’s software chops each paper submitted for scrutiny into small pieces of text. The resulting “digital fingerprint ”is compared, using statistical techniques originally designed to analyze brain waves (John Barrie, the firm’s founder, was previously a biophysicist), to more than a billion documents that have been fingerprinted in a similar fashion. These include the contents of online paper mills, the classics of literature and the firm’s own archive of all submitted term papers, as well as a snapshot of the current contents of the World Wide Web. Whenever a matching pattern is found, the software makes a note. After highlighting instances of replication, or obvious paraphrasing (according to Turnitin, some 30% of submitted papers are “less than original”), the computer running the software returns the interpreted document to the teacher who originally submitted it—leaving him with the final decision on what is and is not permissible.Which teachers and institutions will choose to employ such software? Past research has shown that, perhaps surprisingly, academic dishonesty links with high academic achievement. Nor is public exposure of widespread cheating likely to polish a university’s reputation. Universities with the highest-achieving students and the most faultless reputations may therefore have the most to lose from anti -plagiarism software. Indeed, a curious pattern has emerged among Turnitin’s clients: good universities, such as Duke, Rutgers and Cornell, employ it. Those that like to think of themselves as top -notch, such as Princeton, Yale and Stanford, do not. According to Dr. Barrie, “You apply our technology at Harvard and it would be like a nuclear bomb going off.”36.From paragraph one, we learn that .［A ］with Internet, students may find it even more difficult to do research work［B ］Internet has provided the students a rich source of material for paper compiling［C ］Internet has beaten the companies devoting to academic cheating greatly［D ］the invention of Internet has created great opportunity for academic cheatingw w w .h o n g b a o s h u .c o m37.According to the passage, the great development of Turnitin is due to . ［A ］its superb management［B ］the thriving of academic cheating［C ］its big electronic eye［D ］the test of its software by the Joint Information Systems Committee38.It can be inferred from passage that the most possible cheaters are . ［A ］students in good universities as Duke, Rutgers and Cornell［B ］students in top universities as Princeton, Yale and Stanford ［C ］students who can use the anti -plagiarism software［D ］students who need to compile academic paper39.We can infer from the last sentence of the passage that .［A ］Turnitin’s anti -plagiarism software can be well -accepted by Harvard University［B ］the anti -plagiarism software may create some computer virus which is like nuclear bomb inHarvard University［C ］there must be a lot of academic cheating in Harvard University in Dr. Barrie’s opinion ［D ］Harvard University will adopt the software in a short time40.According to the passage, the author’s attitude towards Turnitin’s anti -plagiarism software may be said to be .［A ］doubtful［B ］indifferent［C ］objective［D ］favorablePart BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Scientific research embraces inquiry into the workings of nature without regard to the motivation of the scientist or the investor in the scientist’s work. Within this conception of research lies all of what is commonly called “basic ”or “fundamental ”research, plus much of what some people choose to call “applied ”(because it is likely to be useful). 41) .42) . Surely that would be an absurdity. Basic research is best thought of as research to create knowledge that expands human opportunities and understanding and informs human choices. It may lead to a new scientific observation that raises new questions. If black holes are found at the centers of galaxies, including our own, what does that tell us about the ultimate fate of our own solar system? Surely that is an important question, but only experts will be able to see how the work might, some day, inform more “practical ”science.w w w .h o n g b a o s h u .c o m43) . If materials can be made that offer no electrical resistance at room temperature, could world demands for energy be greatly reduced in the future? What other applications for electric current that flows without resistance might we imagine? Such basic research may lead to scientific or technological progress, or both.44) . One of them, perhaps a bit more entrepreneurial than her fellows, decides to make a more reliable version of the instrument, manufacture it, and sell it to other scientists in the field. Soon this instrument is in widespread use for analysis, and someone, perhaps an engineer, realizes the instrument can be used in reverse to control a process rather than measure it. Thus an instrument designed for analysis becomes a tool for synthesis.45) .[A] The computers using these tiny chips are faster and provide a more powerful tool for theadvance of other fields of science. In this example, it is very difficult to sort out whether science was driving the technology or technology was driving science: both were happening concurrently.[B] We all know that some basic research is highly abstract and speculative, far from any kind ofpractical application or economic value. But must basic research be useless to qualify as “basic ”?[C] Research might lead to the discovery of a new material, the understanding of a new process, orthe creation of an idea leading to a new kind of instrument.[D] Consider, for example, the electron microscope. It was invented to enable scientists to seevery small things. It is now used in reverse to make very small things, not only in the laboratory but in electronics factories. In this example, science created the need for the instrument. The resulting instrument business enabled more rapid scientific progress.[E] The way scientific research is used to further technological goals may profoundly affectpolicies for allocating funds to science and determining the institutional settings in which scientific research is performed. In fact, the way innovations are brought about in industry, and the role of science in support of innovation and productivity growth, have both substantially changed. Thus, any discussion of technology policy must address research policy as well.[F] Most often, scientific and technological research go hand in hand. A scientist might invent anew kind of scientific instrument to explore a poorly understood area of natural phenomena. Her colleagues build similar instruments in their laboratories.[G] Research is an activity for which the doctorate is often the appropriate training. It is carriedout primarily in laboratories managed for the purpose of conducting scientific research and is funded by agencies or bureaus experienced at research investment and management.w w w .h o n g b a o s h u .c o mPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is no question that science -fiction writers have become more ambitious, stylistically and thematically, in recent years. (46) But this may have less to do with the luring call of academic surroundings than with changing market conditions —a factor that academic critics rarely take into account . Robert Silverberg, a former president of The Science Fiction Writers of America, is one of the most prolific professionals in a field dominated by people who actually write for a living. (Unlike mystery of Western writers, most science -fiction writers cannot expect to cash in on fat movie sales or TV tie -ins.)(47) Still in his late thirties, Silverberg has published more than a hundred books, and he is disarmingly frank about the relationship between the quality of genuine prose and the quality of available outlet. By his own account, he was “an annoyingly verbal young man ” from Brooklyn who picked up his first science fiction book at the age of ten, started writing seriously at the age of thirteen, and at seventeen nearly gave up in despair over his inability to break into the pulp magazines. (48) At his parents’ urging, he enrolled in Columbia University, so that, if the worst came to the worst, he could always go to the School of Journalism and “get a nice steady job somewhere ”. During his sophomore year, he sold his first science -fiction story to a Scottish magazine named Nebula. By the end of his junior year, he had sold a novel and twenty more stories. (49) By the end of his senior year, he was earning two hundred dollars a week writing science fiction, and his parents were reconciled to his pursuit of the literary life. “I became very cynical very quickly,”he says. First I couldn’t sell anything, then I could sell everything. The market played to my worst characteristics. An editor of a schlock magazine would call up to tell me he had a ten -thousand -word hole to fill in his next issue. I’d fill it overnight for a hundred and fifty dollars. I found that rewriting made no difference. (50)I knew I could not possibly write the kinds of things I admired as reader—Joyce, Kafka, Mann—so I detached myself from my work. I was a phenomenon among my friends in college, a published, selling author. But they always asked, “When are you going to do something serious?”—meaning something that wasn’t science fiction —and I kept telling them,“When I’m financially secure.”w w w .h o n g b a o s h u .c o m红宝书网址： 【红宝书】考研英语考前预测—最后冲刺3套题11Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to Dr. Henry Ford and apply for a Scholarship in Applied Physics of the University of Colorado in about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter ，using “Li Ming ”instead.Part B52. Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay to 1) Describe the pictures briefly. 2) Interpret its meaning.3) Support your view with examples.You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)“长臂猿”www.ho ng ba os h u.c o m。

考研英语模拟新题型之三带答案解析Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Rain forest structure is distinct from most other forest types because of its many layers of vegetation, referred to as strata. The lowest stratum is the understory, composed of palms, herbaceous plants (such as wild ginger), and tree seedlings and saplings. (41) . Many have deep red coloring on the underside of their leaves to capture some of the scarce light that does manage to reach the forest understory. This red coloring enables understory plants to absorb light of different wavelengths than do the plants with rich, green-foliaged canopy, the umbrella-shaped upper structure of trees. Above the forest floor but below the canopy are one or more midstory strata, made up of woody plants, such as large shrubs and midsized trees. The overstory is the canopy, in which the tree crowns form a continuous layer that captures the major part of the rainwater and sunlight hitting the forest. The height of the canopy varies from region to region and forest to forest, ranging from 20 to 50 m (65 to 165 ft). (42) . Researchers use hot air balloons, cables, catwalks, towers, sophisticated tree-climbing gear, and even robots to study the millions of plants and animals that make their home high up in the forest canopy. Canopy researchers also use huge cranes that are dropped into the heart of the forest by helicopters. Suspended from the crane’s long, movable arm is a large cabin that functions as a mobile treetop laboratory. Moving from tree to tree, forest researchers collect specimens, conduct experiments, and observe life in the canopy frontier. The highest stratum of the rain forest is made up of the emergent trees, those individuals that stick up above the forest canopy. Emergents, which do not form a continuous layer, are usually the giants of the forest, reaching heights of 35 to 70 m (115 to 230 ft) or more, and trunk sizes of over 2 m (6.6 ft) in diameter. (43) . However, these trees tend to be so large that they collectively account for the vast majority of the woody mass, or biomass, of the forest. The nicely ordered strata of the rain forest, including the continuous layer of the canopy, are regularly disturbed by naturally occurring events, such as falling trees. Trees in a rain forest canopy are often interconnected by vines, and a falling tree may pull as well as push other trees down with it, producing a domino effect of falling trees. The resulting opening in the forest canopy enables light to pour onto the forest floor. (44) . Other natural disturbances create even larger openings in the forest canopies. For example, along the hurricane belt in the Caribbean and the typhoon belt along the western Pacific, some forests are substantially altered when high winds and storms blow down hundreds of trees every few decades. (45) . Scientists have found that these natural disturbances and the subsequent forest regeneration are a vital process that leads to healthy and diverse forests. [A] New plants and animals then move into the area and begin to grow. [B] Just 2 percent of the sunlight goes through the many layers of leaves and branches above, so understory plant species have developed special traits to cope with low light levels. [C] On a smaller scale, large mammals, such as elephants, regularly destroy rain forest vegetation in the Congo River Basin in Africa. [D] An understory of shorter trees and a lacework of woody vines, or lianas, produce a forest of such complex internal architecture that many animals, including some sizable ones, rarely or never descend to the ground. [E] Less than one percent of the trees in the forest reside in the canopy and emergent layers. [F] Because more light penetrates the canopy, however, the vegetation of the understory and forest floor is better developed than in the tropics. [G] The rich, green canopy is teeming with life, and forest researchers have developed ingenious methods for accessing this mysterious ecosystem.答案 41.B 42.G 43.E 44.A 45.C 总体分析 本⽂是⼀篇介绍热带⾬林植被的科普性⽂章。

Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher's pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. Scientific creationism, which is being pushed by some for equal time in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard scientific creationism as bad science and bad religion. The first four chapters of Kitcher's book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior. Kitcher is philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: This book stands for reason itself. And so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate. 67. Creationism in the passage refers to ________. （A）evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe （B）a notion of the creation of religion （C）the scientific explanation of the earth formation （D）the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe 68. Kitcher's book is intended to ________. （A）recommend the views of the evolutionists （B）expose the true features of creationists （C）curse bitterly at this opponents （D）launch a surprise attack on creationists 69. From the passage we can infer that ________. （A）reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate （B）creationists do not base their argument on reasoning （C）evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists （D）creationism is supported by scientific findings 70. This passage appears to be a digest of ________. （A）a book review （B）a scientific paper （C）a magazine feature （D）a newspaper editorial 答案及试题解析 67.（D） 意为：关于宇宙起源的虚假理论。

考研英语模拟试卷（附答案及详解）一、完形填空directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the one that best fits into the passage and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheetwith a single line through the centre.In recent years, the concept of "worklife balance" has gained increasing attention. Many people are trying hard to achieve a balance between their work and personal life. However, it is not an easy task for everyone. The following passage discusses some tips on how to (1) __________ this balance.First and foremost, it is important to set clearpriorities. You need to know what is (2) __________ to youand allocate your time accordingly. If your family is yourtop priority, then you should be willing to (3) __________your work schedule to spend more time with them.Secondly, learn to say no. In today's fastpaced world, it is easy to be overwhelmed various tasks and responsibilities. However, you should not (4) __________ to take on more work than you can handle. By saying no, you are actually (5)__________ your time and energy for more important things.Lastly, don't forget to take care of yourself. Engaging in regular exercise, maintaining a healthy diet, and getting enough sleep are essential for (8) __________ your work performance and personal wellbeing.By following these tips, you will be better equipped to (9) __________ the challenges of maintaining a worklife balance. Remember, it is a continuous process, and you need to (10) __________ and adjust your strategies accordingly.二、阅读理解Section ADirections: In this section, there are four passages followed ten questions or unfinished statements. For each question or statement, there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage 1The importance of reading cannot be overstated. It is a fundamental skill that can enhance our knowledge, expand our horizons, and even improve our mental health. The following passage discusses the benefits of reading and how to incorporate it into our daily lives.Passage 2三、翻译Section BDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in brackets.1. 随着互联网的普及，信息传播速度越来越快。

高三英语高考模拟试题【第三套】注意事项:1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置上。

2. 回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。

写在本试卷上无效。

3. 考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分阅读(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5 分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

AUncover secrets of the world’s oldest civilizations and see natural wonders that will take your breath away. Through our tours you’11 encounter wild animals, see unbelievable landmarks and experience the local traditions of native tribes(部落).Grand MoroccoFrom $2599 13 daysUniting North African culture and French flavor in harmony，Morocco attracts tourists with its old-world traditions and splendid landscapes. Our Morocco tour from the U.S. contains must-see destinations. And, if you like, a noble camel will take you on an unforgettable ride during a full-day Sahara Desert trip. You’ll also have time to experience the country’s delightful customs.Deluxe Dubai＆Abu DhabiFrom $2299 9 daysIf you appreciate big and striking，consider this Dubai and Abu Dhabi tour package from the U. S. Thanks to enormous wealth due to its oil reserves，the UAE’s largest emirate(酋长国) has transformed into an impressive destination you have to see to believe. Dramatic Dubai is developing rapidly too. It’s become a truly global，open society where visitors are absorbed in exciting possibilities. Experience all of the must-sees，as your guide provides context，dining ideas and personalized tips on maximizing your free time.Cape Town & Safari Express第1 页共11 页From $1 999 9 days第2 页共11 页If South Africa is one of the many destinations on your wish list，our Cape Town and Safari package from New York City is a very smart choice. The tour includes three full days in this port city, where you can book extraordinary optional tours that show south A frica’s incredible diversity. Discover the long-lasting legacy(遗产) of Nelson Mandela, explore the scenic Winelands or even go shark cage diving...if you dare!1. What will you do on Grand Morocco tour?A. Have delicious French food.B. Experience mixed cultures.C. Walk across Sahara Desert.D. Enjoy the modern civilization.2. Why is Abu Dhabi so wealthy?A. For the amount of oil.B. For its special location.C. For the tourist destinations.D. For its personalized services.3. On which tour can you experience all adventurous activity?A. Sahara Desert.B. Grand Morocco.C. Deluxe Dubai & Abu Dhabi.D. Cape Town & Safari Express.BA 2018 report found that food waste would increase by a third to 2.1 billion tons by 2030. Beyond the cost of the waste itself，thrown-away food generates a gas that contributes to climate change.Home delivery meal kits(盒) can reduce food waste by more than two-thirds，but suppliers need to switch to reusable packaging to make them environmentally friendly.Tailor-made meal kits cut waste by providing people with precise amounts of fresh ingredients(烹饪原料) for chosen recipes，meaning leftovers are minimized. But while the delivery services score well on reducing food waste，buying the same food ingredients from the supermarket almost always saves energy overall simply because meal kits use so much single-use packaging. The good news is that if people have meals that are tailored for第1 页共11 页consumption，they won’t overbuy and have less food waste. They fine-tune the amount of food to what they will actually eat.Meal kits can reduce transport emissions(排放) if people go to the supermarket less frequently. If people only go and buy such goods as soap and toilet paper，they may only have to visit once every couple of months. A delivery truck can carry meals for a lot of people in the neighborhood. So dozens of car trips might be replaced with one truck trip.However，study found that even if delivery meal kits reduced food waste to zero，they would still use up more energy overall than buying the same food from the supermarket unless the energy used for the meal kit packaging was cut by a fifth. The packaging is a killer if it’s single-use and thrown away，which can make all the environmental benefits lost. But if the packaging can be reused，if it’s glass bottles，like in the old days，we can get some benefits.4. What can we learn about home delivery meal kits?A. They can cut down on daily expenses.B. They will totally solve the problem of food waste.C. They can keep energy consumption to a minimum.D. They will benefit the environment with reusable packaging.5. What does the underlined word “fine-tune” in paragraph 3 mean?A. Attach.B. Adjust.C. Raise.D. Compare.6. The author suggests carrying meals with a delivery truck to_____.A. reduce transport emissionsB. save more foodC. shop only in the supermarketD. shorten car trip distances7. What’s the author’s attitude to meal kits?A. Supportive.B. Unfavorable.C. Objective.D. Indifferent.CThere are billions of people on this planet, and many of us love to eat meat. Can the demand be filled in a sustainable and affordable way? A bunch of businessmen are working to第2 页共11 页make this happen sooner than you may think.The environmental effects caused by meat consumption—waste, animal treatment, health problems and even the greenhouse gas effects that are potentially caused by methane gas produced by cows—have given rise to a number of startups（新兴公司）looking to develop meats in different ways.For example, San Francisco-based Memphis Meats is developing cell-based meats in its labs without requiring any animals. Israel’s Future Meat Technologies is doing the same by producing fat and muscle cells that are being tested by chefs in Jerusalem. All of these companies use special processes to harvest cells from animals and grow them in a lab.But don’t worry if you’re not a meat lover. Startups such as Jet Eat, which is also based in Israel, are working on food products grown in labs that are plant-based and replicate（复制）meats using natural elements while still keeping flavor, consistency and the “overall sensory experience ”, according to a report on No Camels. Jet Eat, which was founded in early 2018, aims to 3D-print their lab-grown products by 2020.As you can imagine, there are plenty of barriers facing the industry. Educating the public is a big one. Another controversial issue is the labeling of the products. Recently both the USDA and the Food and Drug Administration（FDA）announced that they will begin jointly co ntrolling the new “cell-based meat” category.Many of us have concerns about the challenges facing future generations as our global population increases and the earth’s natural resources decreases. The good news is that there are plenty of businessmen around the world—like those producing lab-grown meats—who are working to solve some of these problems and make a little money in the process. Nothing wrong with that.8. Why do some companies begin to develop new kinds of meats?A. To analyze the causes of air pollution.B. To stress the importance of protecting wild animals.C. To make people less interested in meat and keep healthy.D. To provide meat in environmentally friendly ways.9. What’s special about the lab-grown meats of Jet Eat?A. They cost less.B. They are plant-based.C. They are more delicious.第3 页共11 页D. They are available on the market now.10. Which of the following is a barrier lab-grown meat industries must deal with?A. How to let people accept the meat.B. How to give the meat an elegant name.C. How to produce the meat in large amounts.D. How to reduce the cost of making the meat.11. What’s the author’s attitude towards lab-grown meats?A. Supportive.B. Opposing.C. Ambiguous.D. Cautious.DIn a major medical breakthrough, Tel Aviv University researchers have “printed” the world's first 3D vascularized (有血管的) engineered heart using a patient’s own cells and biological materials. Their findings were published on April IS in a study in Advanced Science.“This is the first time anyone anywhere has successfully engineered and printed an entire heart,” says Prof. Tal Dvir of Department of Materials Science and Engineering, who led the research for the study. “This heart is made from human cells and patient-specific biological materials. In our process, these materials serve as the bioinks, something made of sugars and proteins that can be used for 3D printing of complex tissue models,” Prof, Dvir says. “People managed to 3D print the structure of a heart in the past, but not with cells or with blood vessels (血管). Our results demonstrate the potential of our approach for engineering personalized tissue and organ replacement in the future.”According to Prof. Dvir, the use of “native” patient-specific materials is important to successfully engineering tissues and organs.The researchers are now planning on culturing the printed hearts in the lab and “ teaching them to behave” like hearts, Prof. Dvir says. They then plan to transplant the 3D-printed heart in animal models.“We need to develop the printed heart further, ” he concludes. “The cells need to form a pumping ability; they can currently contract (收缩），but we need them to work together. Our hope is that we will succeed and prove our method’s efficacy (功效) and usefulne ss. “Maybe, in ten years, there will be organ printers in the finest hospitals around the world，and these procedures will be conducted routinely. ”第4 页共11 页12. What does Prof. Dvir think of an early 3D-printed heart?A. It was highly practical.B. It was too expensive.C. It was personalized.D. It was too simple.13. What do we know about the latest 3D-printed heart?A. It can be cultured in the lab.B. It can match a patient perfectly.C. It has been transplanted in animals.D. It has been widely used in hospitals,14. What is Prof, Dvir's attitude to the development of the printed heart?A. Ambiguous.B. Positive.C. Disapproving.D. Cautious.15. What is the author's purpose in writing the text?A. To explain the basic principle of 3D technology.B. To introduce a breakthrough of medical research.C. To doubt the medical value of a new invention.D. To prove the effectiveness of the new technology.第二节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

2021考研《英语》基础阶段模拟试题及详解(3)整理“2021考研《英语》基础阶段模拟试题及详解”供广大考生备考使用，祝愿大家复习顺利！第 1 页：模拟试题第 4 页：参考答案2021考研《英语》基础阶段模拟试题及详解(3)考试时间：120分钟满分：100分Section I Vocabulary and Structure (36 points)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center。

1. She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she ________ too long。

A. has been readingB. had readC. is readingD. read2. Niagara Falls is a great tourist ________, drawing millions of visitors every year。

A. attentionB. attractionC. appointmentD. arrangement3. The hopes, goals, fears and desires ________ widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor。