SAT II 数学词汇表
代数部分
1.基础
add，plus加
subtract减
difference差
multiply times乘
product积
divide除
divisible可被整除的
divided evenly被整除
dividend被除数 divisor因子，除数
quotient商
remainder余数
factorial阶乘
power乘方
radical sign, root sign根号
round to四舍五入
to the nearest四舍五入
2.有关集合
union并集
proper subset真子集 solution set解集
3.有关代数式、方程和不等式
algebraic term代数项
like terms, similar terms同类项
numerical coefficient数字系数
literal coefficient字母系数
inequality不等式 triangle inequality三角不等式
range值域
original equation原方程
equivalent equation同解方程 等价方程
linear equation线性方程(e.g.5x+6=22)
4.有关分数和小数
proper fraction真分数
improper fraction假分数
mixed number带分数
irrational(number)无理数
inverse倒数
composite number合数e.g.4,6,8,9,10,12,14,15...... reciprocal倒数
common divisor公约数
multiple倍数
(least)common multiple(最小)公倍数
(prime)factor(质)因子
common factor公因子
prime number质数e.g.2,3,5,7,11,13,15......
ordinary scale, decimal scale十进制
nonnegative非负的
tens十位
units个位
mode众数
median中数
common ratio公比
7.数列
arithmetic progression(sequence)等差数列 geometric progression(sequence)等比数列
8.其它
approximate近似
(anti)clockwise(逆)顺时针方向
cardinal基数
ordinal序数
direct proportion正比
distinct不同的
estimation估计，近似 parentheses括号
proportion比例
permutation排列
combination组合
table表格
trigonometric function三角函数
unit单位,位
几何部分
1.所有的角
alternate angle内错角
vulgar fraction，common fraction普通分数
simple fraction简分数
complex fraction繁分数
numerator分子 denominator分母
(least)common denominator(最小)公分母
quarter四分之一
decimal fraction纯小数
infinite decimal无穷小数
recurring decimal循环小数
tenths unit 十分位
5.基本数学概念
arithmetic mean算术平均值
weighted average加权平均值
geometric mean几何平均数
exponent指数，幂
base乘幂的底数,底边
cube立方数，立方体
square root平方根
cube root立方根
common logarithm常用对数 digit数字
constant常数
variable变量
inverse function反函数
complementary function余函数
linear一次的，线性的
factorization因式分解
absolute value绝对值，e.g.｜-32｜=32
round off四舍五入
6.有关数论
natural number自然数
positive number正数
negative number负数
odd integer奇整数, odd number奇数
even integer, even number偶数
integer, whole number整数
positive whole number正整数
negative whole number负整数
consecutive number连续整数
real number, rational number实数,有理
数
corresponding angle同位角
vertical angle对顶角
central angle圆心角
interior angle内角
exterior angle外角
supplementary angles补角
complementary angle余角 adjacent angle邻角
acute angle锐角
obtuse angle钝角
right angle直角
round angle周角
straight angle平角
included angle夹角
2.所有的三角形
equilateral triangle等边三角形
scalene triangle不等边三角形
isosceles triangle等腰三角形
right triangle直角三角形
oblique斜三角形
inscribed triangle内接三角形
3.有关收敛的平面图形，除三角形外
semicircle半圆
concentric circles同心圆
quadrilateral四边形
pentagon五边形
hexagon六边形
heptagon七边形
octagon八边形
nonagon九边形
decagon十边形 polygon多边形
parallelogram平行四边形
equilateral等边形
plane平面
square正方形，平方
rectangle长方形
regular polygon正多边形
rhombus菱形
trapezoid梯形
4.其它平面图形
arc弧
line, straight line直线
line segment线段 parallel lines平行线
segment of a circle弧形
5.有关立体图形
cube立方体，立方数
rectangular solid长方体
regular solid/regular polyhedron正多面体
circular cylinder圆柱体 cone圆锥
sphere球体
solid立体的
6.有关图形上的附属物
altitude高
depth深度
side边长
circumference, perimeter周长
radian弧度
surface area 表面积
volume体积
arm直角三角形的股
cross section横截面
center of acircle 圆心
chord弦
radius半径
angle bisector角平分线
diagonal对角线
diameter直径 edge棱
face of a solid立体的面
hypotenuse斜边
included side夹边
leg三角形的直角边
median of a triangle三角形的中线
base底边，底数(e.g.2的5次方，2就是底数)
opposite直角三角形中的对边
midpoint中点
endpoint端点
vertex(复数形式vertices)顶点
tangent切线的 transversal截线
intercept截距
7.有关坐标
coordinate system坐标系
rectangular coordinate直角坐标系
origin原点
abscissa横坐标
ordinate纵坐标 Number line数轴
quadrant象限
slope斜率
complex plane复平面
8.其它
plane geometry平面几何
trigonometry三角学
bisect平分
circumscribe外切
inscribe内切 intersect相交
perpendicular垂直
Pythagorean theorem勾股定理
congruent全等的
multilateral多边的
其它相关词汇
cent美分
penny一美分硬币
nickel 5美分硬币
dime一角硬币
dozen打(12个)
score廿(20个)
Centigrade摄氏
Fahrenheit华氏
quart夸脱
gallon加仑(1gallon=4quart) yard码
meter米
micron微米
inch英寸 foot英尺
minute分(角度的度量单位，60分=1度)
square measure平方单位制
cubic meter立方米
pint品脱(干量或液量的单位)
SAT II 化学词汇表
Part 1 foundation chemistry 基础化学
Chapter 1
acid 酸
apparatus 仪器，装置
aqueous solution 水溶液
arrangement of electrons 电子排列
assumption 假设
atom 原子（化学变化中的最小粒子）
atomic mass 原子量
atomic number 原子序数
atomic radius 原子半径
atomic structure 原子结构
be composed of 由......组成
bombardment 撞击
boundary 界限
cathode rays 阴极射线
cathode-ray oscilloscope (C.R.O) 阴极电子示波器
ceramic 陶器制品
charge-clouds 电子云
charge-to-mass ratio(e/m) 质荷比（质谱分析时样品质量的测量以质量与其离子电荷之比表示）
chemical behaviour 化学行为
chemical property 化学性质（物质在化学变化中表现出来的性质）
clockwise 顺时针方向的
compound 化合物（由不同元素组成的纯净物）
configuration 构型
copper 铜
correspond to 相似
corrosive 腐蚀
d-block elements d 区元素
deflect 使偏向，使转向
derive from 源于
deuterium 氘
diffuse mixture 扩散混合物
distance effect 距离效应
distil 蒸馏
distinguish 区别
distribution 分布
doubly charged(2+) ion 正二价离子
isotope 同位素（原子里具有相同的质子数和不同的中子数的同一元素的原子互称同位素）
J.J. Thomson's e/m experiment 汤姆森质何比实验
Latin 拉丁
lepton 轻粒子
liquid 液体
magnet 磁铁
magnetic field 磁场
Maltese Cross 马耳他十字
marble 大理石
mass number 质量数
matter 物质
metal foil 金箔
meteorite 陨星
microbe 微生物，细菌
Millikan's 'oil-drop' ecperiment 密立根油滴实验
model-building 模型建筑
mole 摩尔（表示一个系统的物质的量的单位，该系统中所包含的基本单元数与12g碳12即12C的原子数目相等,每摩尔物质含有阿佛加德罗常数个微粒）
molecule 分子（保持物质的化学性质的最小粒子）
narrow beam 狭窄的光线
negative electrode（cathode） 阴极
negligible 可以忽略的
neutron 中子
nitrate 硝酸盐
noble gas 稀有气体
normal pressures 常压
nuclear charge （原子）核电荷
nuclear model for atoms 原子核模型
nuclear reaction 核反应
nucleus （pl.nuclei） 核
Orbital 轨道
paraffin wax 石蜡
particle 微粒，粒子
Pauli exclusion principle 保里不相容原理（每个原子轨道至多只能容纳两个电子；而且，这两个电子自旋方向必须相反 ）
Periodic Table 周期表
symmetry 对称
the lowest-energy orbitals 最低能量轨道
transition elements 过渡元素
tritium 氚
X-ray X 射线
α-particles α粒子，即alpha-particle（带有两个质子和中子的粒子，即氦原子核，对物质的穿透力较强，流速约为光速的1/10）
α-ray α 射线
β-particles β粒子
β-ray β 射线
γ-patticles γ粒子
γ-rayγ 射线
Chapter 2
abbreviation 缩写
absorption 吸收
abundance 丰度
accelerate 加速
alloy 合金
alter 改变
atmospheric pressure 大气压
Avogadro's constant 阿佛加德罗常数（12g12C
含有的原子数，约为6.02×1023）
azide 叠氮化物
balance chemical equation 配平化学方程式
balance ionic equation 配平离子方程式
benzene 苯
blast furnace 高炉
bromide 溴化物
bulk 体积
burette 滴定管
butane 丁烷
carbon dioxide 二氧化碳
carbon monoxide 一氧化碳
carbonate 碳酸盐
collide with 冲突
combustion analysis 燃烧分析
concentration 浓度
conical flask 锥形瓶
convert 转化
covalent bonds 共价键（原子间通过共用电子对形成的化学键）
mass spectrometer 质谱仪
methane 甲烷
mixture 混合物（由两种或多种物质混合而成的，这些物质相互间没有发生反应，混合物里各物质都保持原来的性质）
molar mass 摩尔质量（1摩尔物质的质量）
molarity 摩尔浓度，也叫物质的量浓度（以1升即1立方分米溶液里含有多少摩溶质来表示溶液组成的物理量）
molecular formulae 分子式（根据元素分析和分子量表示的化学式）
monoxide 一氧化物
negative ion (＝anion) 阴离子
neutralise 中和
nitric acid 硝酸
non-metal 非金属
octane 辛烷
organic compound 有机化合物
oxidation state 氧化态
oxide 氧化物
peroxide 过氧化物
phosphate 磷酸盐
pipette 移液管
positive ion (＝cation) 阳离子
precipitation reaction 沉淀反应
reactant 反应物
reaction 反应
reagent 试剂，反应物
redox reaction 氧化还原反应
relative atomic mass 相对原子质量（以碳12原子的质量的1/12约1.66×10－27kg作为标准，其他原子的质量跟它比较所得的值）
relative formula mass 相对式量
relative isotopic mass 相对同位素质量
relative molecular mass 相对分子质量（化学式中各原子的相对原子质量的总和）
room temperature 室温
singly charged 单核
stoichiometric ratio 化学计量比
stoichiometry 化学计量法
sulphate 硫酸盐
sulphide 硫化物
sulphite 亚硫酸盐
sulphuric acid 硫酸
crystal plane 晶体平面
crystalline solid 晶状固体
cyclohexane 环己胺
dative covalent bond=coordinate bond 配位键
decomposition 离解
density 密度
dipole-dipole force 取向力
dot-and-cross diagram 电子式,点叉式
double bond 双键
double helix 双螺旋
ductile 可塑性,易变形的,可延展的
electric dipole 电偶极子（一对相距极近，符号相反、数值相等的电荷所形成的体系）
electrical insulator 电绝缘体
electrical transformer 变压器
electronegativity 电负性（原子或基团吸引并持留价电子的能力）
electron-pair 电子对
electron-pair repulsion theory 电子对互斥理论（是利用中心原子周圍電子的排斥理論來預測的分子及離子(去除金屬部分)的形狀）
electrostatic attraction 静电吸引（引力）
emerald 翡翠
enthalpy change of vaporization 蒸发焓
ethane 乙烷
ethanol 乙醇，又叫酒精
evaporation 蒸发
fabric 布,
fibre 纤维
fibrous
纤维状的
formation of ions 离子的形成
gaseous state 气态
gemstone 宝石
graphite 石墨
haemoglobin 血红蛋白
hard 硬的
high-density poly(ethene) 高密度聚乙烯
hydrated ion 水合离子（与水结合而成，如H3O＋）
hydrogen bond 氢键(氢键是由于与电负性极强的元素如氟、氧等相结合的氢原子和另一分子中电负性极强的原子间所产生的引力
dye 染料
effect of electric current in solutions 电流在溶液里的影响
electrical charge 电荷
electrical field 电场
electrically neutral atom 电中性原子
electricity 电
electrolysis 电解
electron 电子（负电荷粒子，电量等于4.77×10-10绝对静电单位）
electron shielding 电子屏蔽
element 元素（具有相同核电荷数即荷内质子数的一类原子的总称）
emission spectrum 发射光谱（根据发射光源和激发能量方式所产生的特征电磁波谱）
energy level 能态，能级（稳态能量，有相同主量数的电子壳层）
fertiliser 肥料
first ionisation energy 一级电离能
fluorescent screen 荧光屏
fluoride 氟化物
fuel 燃料
fundamental substance 基础物质
fuzzy 模糊的
galaxy 星系，银河
gas 气体
gaseous state 气态
gravity 重力
GroupⅠ 第一族
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle 海森堡测不准原理
hydrofluoric acid 氢氟酸
identical 同一的，相等的
in terms of 根据，在......方面
innermost 最内的，最深的
interaction 相互作用
internal structure 内部结构
interpret 解释
investigate 研究,调查
ionisation energy 电离能（从原子或分子中移走一个电子至无穷远处所需的能量，以电子伏特eV表示）
ionise 电离
physical property 物理性质（物质不需要发生化学变化就表现出来的性质，如颜色、状态、气味、熔沸点、密度等）
plastics 塑料
plum-pudding 李子布丁
positive charge 正电荷（带有质子的物质，用丝绸摩擦玻璃棒，在棒上会产生正电荷）
positive electrode (anode) 阳极
positively charged particle (ion) 离子
potential difference 电位
prediction 预言
principal quantum number 主量子数（标示轨道电子的波函数，包括轨道角动量和自旋量子数，电子的能级和距原子核的平均距离主要取决于主量子数）
probe 探测，探究
protium 氕
proton 质子
quantum （pl. quanta） 量子（一个电子转移到原子的下一层轨道时发出的有限辐射能单位）
quantum mechanics 量子力学
Quantum Theory 量子理论
quark 夸克（组成基本粒子的更小的粒子）
radioactive source 放射源
repel 排斥
repulsion 斥力
respectively 分别地
rung 梯级
scattering effect 散射作用
Schr?dinger equation 薛定谔（波动）方程（一偏微分方程，描述基本粒子波动性）
scintillation 火花
shell 电子壳层
shielding effect 屏蔽效应
simpler substance 单质（指由同种元素组成
的纯净物）
solid 固体
sphere 球 spin 自旋
stable state 稳态
sub-atomic particle 原子内的粒子
subset 子集，小团体
successive ionisation energy 逐级电离能
symbol 符号
decimal place 小数位
deposit 沉淀物
detonator 炸药
dioxide 二氧化物
dissolve 溶解
dropwise 逐滴地
electric current 电流
empirical formulae 实验式，经验式（只表示化合物中原子间最简单比例关系，非分子式，而为成分式）
end-point 终点
enthalpy 焓（热力学状态函数，单位质量的热含量，恒压下系统改变状态时增加的热含量等于内能与体系体积与压力乘积之和）
equation 方程式
ethanoic acid 乙酸
filament 灯丝
formula （pl. formulae） 化学式（用元素符号来表示物质组成的式子）
granule 颗粒
Group Ⅰ- the alkali metal 第一族,碱金属
Group Ⅱ-the alkaline earth metal 第二族,碱土金属
Group Ⅲ- 第三族
Group Ⅳ-Carbonic Group 碳族
Group Ⅴ-Nitric Group 氮族
Group Ⅵ-Oxygenic Group 氧族
Group Ⅶ, the halogens 第七主族，卤族
hexane 己烷
horizontal axis 横坐标
hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物，烃
hydrochloric acid 盐酸
hydrogen peroxide 过氧化氢
hydroxide 氢氧化物
hypothesis 假设
indicator 指示剂
inspect 检查，查看
iodide 碘化物
ionic compound 离子型化合物（电负性相差大的两种元素相互作用，发生电子转移，变为正、负离子，正、负离子结合形成离子型化合物）
iron oxide 氧化铁
low pressure 低压
temperature 温度
thermite 铝热剂，灼热剂
titration 滴定法（将已知浓度的标准溶液加到被测溶液中，直到反应完成，借以测定其浓度）
vaporize 汽化
vertical axis 纵坐标
vice versa 反之亦然
volume 体积
weld 焊接
Chapter 3
adjacent molecule 相邻的分子
amide 酰胺(含-CONH2基)
ammonia 氨
atmosphere 大气层
atomic orbital 原子轨道
attractive force 吸引力
biochemical compound 生化化合物
boiling point 沸点
bond angle 键角(与同一原子连接的两个键之间的角度)
bond enthalpy
bond length 键长(分子中两个原子核间的平衡距离)
bonding pair 成键电子对
brine 盐水
brittle 脆的
building-block(=monomer unit) 单体(聚合物中最简单的重复结构单元)
catalyst 催化剂（能改变反应速度而它本身的组成和质量在反应前后保持不变的物质）
chemical bonding 化学键（分子或晶体中，原子或离子之间直接的、主要的和强烈的相互作用称为化学键）
chemical bonding and structure 化学键及结构
chloride 氯化物
cleavage 裂开
condense 浓缩
conduct electricity 导电
covalent compound 共价化合物
crystal 晶体
crystal lattice 晶格
而形成)
insoluble 不溶
instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces 诱导力
intermediate character 两性
intermolecular force 分子间作用力(又称van
der Waals' force 范德华力)
interval 间隙
ionic bonding 离子键（由原子得失电子后，生成的正负离子之间，靠静电作用而形成的化学键）
ionic crystal 离子晶体（离子间通过离子键结合而成的晶体）
ionic lattice 离子晶格
jewellery 珠宝
kinetic theory of matter 物质运动论(所有物质的分子处于恒动状态)
liquid state 液态
lone-pairs 孤对电子
low-density poly(ethene) 低密度聚乙烯
LP-LP repulsion> LP-BP repulsion> BP-BP repulsion 孤电子对-故电子对斥力>孤电子对-成键电子对斥力>成键电子对-成键电子对斥力
lubricant 润滑剂
magnetise 磁化
malleable 有延展性的
melting point 熔点
metal complex 金属络合物（由金属离子与电子给予体结合而成）
metallic bonding 金属键(通过自由运动的价电子将金属原子连结起来的键)
metallic element 金属元素
mineral 矿物质
mobile electron 流动电子
molecular orbital 分子轨道
molten 熔化
non-contuctor 非导体
non-linear molecule 非直线分子
non-metallic element 非金属元素
non-polar molecule 非极性分子
non-stick properties 不黏性
nylon 尼龙,聚酰胺纤维
octahedron 八面体
oppositely charged electron 电性相反的电极
oppositely charged ion 电性相反的离子
outer-shell electron 外层电子
oxonium ion(=hydronium ion) 水合氢离子
polar molecule 极性分子
polarisation of ions 离子极化（在阴阳离子自身电场作用下，产生诱导偶极，而导致离子的极化，即离子的正负电荷重心不再重合，电子云发生变形，致使物质在结构和性质上发生相应的变化）
polarized 极化
poly 聚乙烯
poly(ester) chain 聚酯链
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 多氯联（二）苯
polymer 聚合物,高分子
polymer chain 聚合物链
protein 蛋白质
quartz 石英
relative bond strength 相对键能
repulsion 斥力
ruby 红宝石
sapphire 蓝宝石
semi-precious stone 亚宝石
single bond 单键
slippery 光滑
sodium chloride 氯化钠
solid state 固态
solubility 溶解度（物质在溶剂中达到饱和时的溶解程度）
soluble 可溶
sparingly soluble 难溶
sublimation 升华(固体不经液态直接转变为气态)
sublime 升华(固体不经液态直接转变为气态)
sucrose 蔗糖
surface tension 表面张力(由于表面层下面的分子与表面层下面的分子间的分子吸引,液体表面收缩成最小表面的趋向)
symmetrical distribution 对称分布
tensile strength 抗拉强度
tetrahedral molecule 四面体分子
diatomic molecule 双原子分子
dilute 稀释
disulphur dichloride 二氯化二硫
dolomite 白云石
electronegative 带负电的，负电性的
electropositive 带正电的，正电性的
evolution （气体）散出
exothermic reaction 放热反应
f-block f区
filtration 过滤
firework 焰火
flare 照明弹
good conductivity of heat and electricity 良好
的导电导热性
gypsum 石膏
hydrogencarbonate 碳酸氢盐
incendiary bomb 燃烧弹
indigestion remedy 消化不良的治疗
lanthanide and actinide elements 镧系和锕系元素（周期表中，ⅧB族有32种元素，包括钪、钇、镧和锕，其中镧这一格代表15种镧系元素[Z=51~71]，锕这一格代表15种锕系元素[Z=89~103]）
Law of Octaves 八行周期律（当元素按原子量增加的顺序排列成以八个为一组时，则上下每组对应元素有相似的性质）
Law of Triads
lime 石灰
lime water 石灰（水溶液）
limelight 灰光灯
limestone 石灰石
liquid phase 液相
magnesium ribbon 镁条
marine invertebrate 海里的无脊椎动物
Mendeleev's periodic table 门捷列夫周期表（按原子序数递增顺序排列成行，并将元素性质相同者置于各行之下，由此形成18列，各列元素的化合价按正规顺序变化）
metal hydride 金属氢化物
metallic radius 金属半径
molten slag 熔渣
monatomic ion 一价离子
mortar 灰浆
negative oxidation state 负化合价
tetrahedron 四面体
the δ+ and δ-charges δ+ 和δ-电荷
three-dimensional arrangement 三维排列
triangular pyramidal molecule 三角锥形分子
trichloromethane 三氯甲烷
trigonal planar molecule 三角锥形分子
triple bond 三键
unit cell 晶胞
vapour pressure (蒸汽压)
viscosity 黏度(流体流动阻力的表示,为液体中黏合力和内聚力的综合效果)
volatility 挥发性
washing-up liquid
water is peculiar 水是特殊的
weapon 武器
δbond δ键
δorbital δ轨道
π bond π键
π orbital π轨道
Chapter 4 and 5
antacid tablet 解酸的药片
atomic radii(＝atomic radius) 原子半径
barium meal 钡餐
Blocks of elements in the Periodic Table 周期表中元素的分区
brick red 砖红色
bricklaying 砌砖，泥水业
brilliant whitish flame 明亮的白色火焰
bubble 泡
camera lenses 照相机镜头
cement 水泥
chalk 白垩
chemical species 化学物种
clay 黏土，泥土
cliff 悬崖
cloudy white precipitate 浑浊的白色沉淀
covalent radius 共价半径
covered with a layer of its oxide 覆盖一层氧化物薄膜
crucible 坩埚
crumble 粉碎
d-block d区
opaque 不透，不传导
oxidation 氧化
oxidation number (abbreviated ox. no.) 氧化数（某元素一个原子的荷电数，这种荷电数由假设把每个键中的电子指定给电负性更大的原子而求得）
oxidation state 氧化态
oxidising agent 氧化剂（得到电子的物质）
p-block p区
periodic patterns 周期律
periodicity 周期性
photographic flash bulb 感光
photosynthesis 光合作用
pitchblende 沥青铀矿
plaster 石膏
plaster of Pairs 熟石膏
positive oxidation state 正化合价
quicklime 生石灰
reactivity 活动性
reciprocal 倒数
redox system 氧化还原体系
reducing agent 还原剂（逝去电子的物质）
reduction 还原
refractory material 难熔
物质
rotary kiln 回转窑（炉）
saturated solution 饱和溶液
s-block s区
scum 浮垢
sedimentary rock 沉积岩
siemens per metre (S m-1) 西门子/米（西门子是电导实用单位，亦称姆欧，欧姆的倒数）
single atom 单原子
slaked lime 石灰（固）
solid phase 固相
suspension 悬浮液
the outmost electrons 最外层电子
the rising parts of the curve 曲线的上升部分
the trend is uneven 趋势是不规则的
thermal decomposition 热（分）解
toxic 有毒的
tracer bullet 示踪子弹
trough 曲线上的最小值
valency 化合价
vapour phase 气相
vigorous 剧烈的
Chapter 6
a cream precipitate 米黄色沉淀
aerosol propellant 气溶胶喷射剂
ammonia solution 氨水
anomalous properties 异常的性质
antiseptic抗菌剂， 防腐剂
apparent 透明的
bacteria 细菌
bleach 漂白
bromine is a dark red liquid giving off a dense red vapour 溴是深红色液体，会挥发浓的红色溴蒸气
capture an electron 捕获一个电子
CFCS(chlorofluorocarbons) 含氯氟烃
chlorine is greenish yellow gas 氯是黄绿色气体
contamination 污染
covalent diatomic molecule 共价双原子分子
cyclohexane 环己烷
dichloromethane 二氯甲烷
displacement reaction 置换反应（由一种单质跟一种化合物起反应,生成另一种单质和另一种化合物的反应：1.非金属取代-电负性强者取代弱者；2.金属取代-金属性强者取代弱者）
disproportionation reaction 歧化反应（又叫自身氧化还原反应，在歧化反应中同一种元素的一部分原子[或离子]被氧化,另一部分原子[或离子]被还原）
electron affinity 电子亲合势（原子保持其离子电荷的亲合势）
fire extinguisher 灭火器
flammable 易燃的
fluoride controversy
fluorine is pale yellow gas 氟是淡黄绿色气体
foaming agent 起泡剂
germicide 杀菌剂
halate 次卤酸根离子
halide 卤化物
halogen 卤族元素，简称卤素
hydrated halide ion 水合卤素离子
inert 惰性的
iodine in alcohol 碘酒
iodine is a shiny, grey-black crystalline solid which sublimes to a purple vapour 碘是有光泽的灰黑色晶体，会升华变成紫色碘蒸气
liver damage 肝脏损伤
Lubricant 滑润剂
non-flammable 不易燃的
organic solvent 有机溶剂
organo-chlorine 有机氯
ozone layer 臭氧层
poisonous 有毒的
PTFE (polytetrafluoroethene) 聚四氟乙烯
PVC 聚氯乙烯
refrigerant 制冷剂
solvent 溶剂
thyroid problem 甲状腺问题
volatility 挥发性
water purification 水质净化
waterproof clothing 防水布
Part 2 Chains and Rings 链和环
Chapter 7
1,2-dichloroethene 1,2－二氯乙烯
2,2,3-trimethylbutane 2,2,3-三甲基丁烷
2,2,4-trimethypentane (iso-octane) 2,2,4-三甲基戊烷
2-bromobutane 2－溴丁烷
2-hydroxybenzoic acid 2－对羟基苯甲酸
2-methylpentan-3-one 2－甲基3－戊酮
3-ethylpent-2-ene 3－乙基烯
acid-base reactio
n 酸碱反应
activation energy 活化能（分子开始反应所需最低能量，为活化分子能量与所有分子平均能量差）
addition 加成
alanine 丙氨酸
alcohol 醇
aldehyde 醛
aliphatic alcohol 脂肪醇
aliphatic aldehyde 脂肪醛
aliphatic compounds 脂肪族化合物
alkene 烯烃
alkyl 烷基
allotrope 同素异形体
amine 胺
amino acid 氨基酸
ammonium cyanate 氰化铵
anhydrous salt 无水盐
anti-bumping stone 沸石
aqueous layer 水层
arene 芳烃
aromatic compounds 芳香族化合物（分子里含有一个或多个苯环的化合物）
aspirin 阿司匹林
atoms can rotate freely about a carbon-carbon single bond 原子可绕碳－碳单键自由旋转
ball-and-stick model 球棍模型
benzene ring 苯环
branched-chain 支链
buchner flask 布氏烧瓶，抽滤瓶
buchner funnel 布氏漏斗（常用于真空抽滤疏松沉淀）
buckminsterfullerene
but-2-ene 2－丙稀
butan1-ol (=CH3CH2CH2CH2OH) 1－丁醇
butanoic acid 丁酸
cage 壳体，支架
calculation of percentage yields 回收率的计算
capillary electrophoresis apparatus 毛细管电泳仪
carbanion 负（阴）碳离子
carbocation 正（阳）碳离子
carboxylic acid 羧酸
Compact 致密的
condenser 冷凝器
convection currents 对流气流（由温差推动）
criteria for checking purity 检测纯度的标
准
cyclic hydrocarbon 环烃（碳原子间相互连接成环状）
cyclobutane 环丁烷
decane 癸烷
displayed formula (=full structural formula)
distillation 蒸馏法
eicosane 二十烷
electric heating mantle 电热炉
electrophile 亲电子试剂
electrophilic addition 亲电子加成
electrophilic substitution 亲电子取代
elimination 消去
equilibrium 平衡
ester 酯
ethanoic anhydride 酐
ethanol (=CH3CH2OH) 乙醇
ethyl- 乙基
ethylamine 乙胺
Ethylbenzene 乙基苯
free redical 自由基
free-radical substitution 自由基取代
functional group 官能团
gas-liquid chromatography 气液色谱法
general formula
geodesic domes 地圆学说
geometric (or cis-trans) isomer 几何异构体（顺式－反式）
grooved cork 具孔塞
ground glass cone-and-socket joint 磨口玻璃锥管接合处
ground glass socket 磨口玻璃管
halogenoalkane 卤代烃
heptane 庚烷
heterolytic fission 异裂（共价键断裂产生两个相反电荷的离子）
high-performance liquid chromatography 高效液相色谱法
homologous series 同系物
homolytic fission 均裂（共价键断裂产生两个自由基）
hydrolysis 水解
hydroxy-（＝ －OH） 羟基
hyphen 连字符
immiscible liquid 不溶混液体
impurity 杂质
intermolecular hydrogen bond 分子间氢键
Isomerism 同分异构现象
ketone 酮
kinetic energy 动能
Kjeldahl 克耶达
liquid circulates 液体循环
melting point tube containing sample 装有样品的熔点测定管
methanol (=CH3OH) 甲醇
methoxymethane 甲氧基甲烷
methyl（－CH3） 甲基
Methy
lpropane 甲基丙烷
molecular formula
nomenclature 系统命名法
nonane 壬烷
nucleophile 亲核试剂
nucleophilic addition 亲核加成
nucleophilic substitution 亲核取代
organic chemistry 有机化学
paper chromatography 纸层析法
paraffin oil 石蜡油
pentan-3-one 3-戊酮
pentane 戊烷
phenyl ring(-C6H5) 苯基
phenylalanine 苯基丙氨酸
phosphoric acid 磷酸
preliminary calculation 预算
propan-1-ol (=CH3CH2CH2OH) 1－丙醇
propan-2-ol 2-丙醇
propanal 丙醛
propane 丙烷
propylamine 丙胺
pumice 浮石
reaction mechanism 反应机制
reaction pathway 反应途径
recrystallisation 重结晶
redistilling 重蒸馏
Reflux 回流
rubber ring 橡胶圈
rubber seal 橡胶塞
separating funnel 分液漏斗
side-chain 侧链
skeletal formula 骨架
skeleton
spectroscopic technique 光谱技术
stereoisomerism 立体异构体
stoppered flask 已塞紧的烧瓶
stright-chain 直链
structural formula
structural isomer 同分异构体（化合物具有相同的分子式，但具有不同结构）
substitution 取代
synthesis 合成
the maximum mass of product 最大产量
the neck of the reaction flask 烧瓶瓶颈
thermometer 温度计
thermostatically controlled heating mantle 恒温控制加热炉
Thiele tube 蒂埃尔均热管
thin-layer chromatography 薄层层析法
three-dimensional formula
ultraviolet (UV) 紫外线
vacuum filtration 真空抽滤，真空过滤
vinegar 醋
visible spectroscopy 可见光
voltage 电压
water bath 水浴
wavelength 波长
Chapter 8
2,2,4-trimethyolpentane 2,2,4-三甲基戊烷
2-methylpentane 戊烷
adhesive 粘合剂
alkane 烃
alternatives to fossil fuels 化石燃料的代替品
anaerobic decay 厌氧分解
bimetallic catalyst 双金属催化剂
biofuels 生物燃料
bitumen 沥青
burn off 燃尽
carbon coke 焦炭
carcinogenic aldehyde methanal 致癌的醛甲烷化
catalytic cracking 催化裂化（由重质组分催化裂解为轻质组分）
cellulose 纤维素
chemical cell 化学电池
CO2 emissions CO2 的排放
coal 煤
condensation 冷凝
corrode 腐蚀
cracking 裂化
crude oil 原油
cycloalkane 环烃
cylinder 汽缸，圆筒
diesel 柴油
drastic action 剧烈反应
efficient combustion 有效燃烧
feedstock 给料
ferment 发酵
fission 裂变
flow rate 流速
Fluid 流体
fluidised bed 流化床
fossil 化石
fraction 分馏物
fractional distillation 分馏
fractional distillation column 分馏塔
fusion （核）聚变
gasoline 汽油
generate electricity 发电
geothermal: hot rocks 地热：热岩
greenhouse effect 温室效应
hydrocarbons: fuels 碳氢化合物：燃料
hydroelectricity 水电，水力发电
inhalation 吸入
isomerisation 异构化
kerosene 煤油
lead-acid battery 铅酸蓄电池
lubricating oil 润滑油
megawatt 兆瓦，即106瓦
naphtha 粗汽油
natural gas 天然气
non-renewable resource 不可再生资源
nuclear fue
ls 核燃料
oil refinery 炼油厂
oscillating motion 振动
overflow pipe 溢流管
oxidation product 氧化产物
oxidiser 氧化剂
petrol 汽油
photovoltaic cell 阻挡层光电池
plant 植物
rapeseed 油菜籽
raw material 原料
recycle 重复利用
reforming 重整
regeneration chamber 燃烧室
residue 废料，残渣
seething mixture 沸腾的混合物
separate into layers 分层
sieve 滤网
solar panels 太阳能（电池）板
spherical tank 球形罐
spillage 溢出
steady state 稳态
sunflower oil 葵花油
sunlight: solar heating and photovoltaics 阳光：太阳热和太阳电池
tarmac 停机坪
thermal energy 热能
transfer of energy to the surroundings 把能量转移到四周
tray （分馏塔的）板
turbine 涡轮
waste products 废品
weir 坝，堰
zeolite 沸石
Chapter 9
2,2-dimethylpropane 2,2－二甲基丙烷
CH3· (methyl) free radical 甲基自由基
chain reaction 链锁反应
combustion in air 在空气中燃烧
complete combustion in an excess of air 在过量空气中完全燃烧
concentrated sulphuric acid 浓硫酸
dodecane 十二烷
hydrocarbons: alknes 碳氢化合物：烃
in poorly ventilated rooms 在通风不足的房间
initiation step 初级过程
mechanism 机理
overlap 重叠
photochemical reaction 光化学反应（原子、分子、自由基或离子由吸收一个具有一定频率的光子而成为激发态所引起的反应）
photodissociation 光解作用（分子通过吸收一个光子的电磁能分裂出一个或多个原子）
propagation step 增殖过程
saturated hydrocarbon 饱和烃
termination step 终止过程
tetrachloromethane 四氯甲烷
undecane 十一烷
unsaturated hydrocarbon 不饱和烃
waxy solid 蜡状固体
Chapter 10
2-methylbuta-1,3-diene 2－甲基－1,3－二丙稀
addition polymerisation 加聚反应（由大量小分子（单体）相继加成为大分子量化合物或聚合物）
antifreeze 防冻剂
bark 树皮
cis-trans isomerism 顺－反式同分异构现象
decolourise 褪色
dibromo- 二溴
diene 二烯
electron-rich
electrophilic addition 亲电加成
ethane-1,2-diol 乙烷－乙二醇
gas scrubber 气体洗涤器
gutta-percha 杜仲胶，古塔胶
hard margarine 硬植物油
horny 角状的，粗硬的
hydrocarbons: alkenes 碳氢化合物：烯烃
industrial methylated spirits 工业甲基化酒精
inelastic 无弹力的
isoprene 异戊（间）二烯
latex 橡浆，树乳
monomer 单体（见chapter 3 building-block）
fruity odour 水果香味
gentle heating 微热
glucose 葡萄糖
infrared spectrum 红外光谱（分子只能吸收与其振动、转动频率相一致的红外线而形成特征光谱）
litmus paper 石蕊试纸（检查酸碱性用）
metabolism 新陈代谢
miscibility with water 与水的互溶性
phenolphthanlein incicator 酚酞指示剂
pore 孔
porous ceramic surface 多孔的陶瓷表面
primary alcohol 伯醇
reverse reaction 逆
发应
secondary alcohol 仲醇
simplified equation 简化方程式
tertiary alcohol 叔醇
wavenumber 波数
yeast 酵母菌
Chapter 12
aerosol propellant 气溶胶火箭燃料
anti-inflammatory medicine 消炎药
aqueous ethanolic silver nitrate 乙醇硝酸银溶液
blowing agent 发泡剂
bromochlorodifluoromethane (BCF) 溴氯二氟甲烷（灭火剂）
circuit board 电路板
combustible materiall 可燃物
degreasing agent 除油剂
electrical insulation 电绝缘材料
halogenoalkanes 卤代烃
ibuprofen 布洛芬，异丁苯丙酸（解热镇痛药）
ozone 'hole' 臭氧层空洞
primary halogenoalkane 伯卤代烃
rheumatoid arthritis 类风湿关节炎
second halogenoalkane 仲卤代烃
silver halide precipitate 卤化银沉淀
stratosphere 平流层
tertiary halogenoalkane 叔卤代烃
the classification of halogenoalkanes 卤
specific heat capacity of water 水的比热容
spectator ion
standard enthalpy change of combustion 标准摩尔燃烧焓
standard enthalpy change of formation 标准摩尔生成焓
standard enthalpy change of reaction 标准反应焓变（标准状态下反应的焓变）
standard enthalpy changes: standard conditions 标准焓变：标准状态
stirrer 搅拌器
suction pump 真空泵，抽水机
vacuum flask 真空烧瓶
wick 灯芯
Chapter 14
reaction rates 反应速率
acidity 酸性，酸度
adsorb 吸附
aldehyde 乙醛
at normal temperatures and pressures 在常温常压下
basicity 碱度；碱性
Bung 塞
camphor 樟脑
catalytic converter 催化转化器
celluloid 赛璐珞(明胶)
chemical analysis 化学分析
chemical kinetics 化学动力学
colorimeter 色度计
colour intensity 色度
concentration of reactants 反应物浓度
constant random motion 永恒的无规则运动
desorb 解吸
entropy 熵（热力学状态函数，用于量度系统无序度，等于吸收之热与吸热时绝对温度之商）
esterification 酯化
exhaust gases 排放气体
factors that affect the rate of a reaction 影响反应速率的因素
multiple bond 重键（不饱和化合物中双键和三键的总称）
natural rubber 天然橡胶
nickel catalyst 镍催化剂
non-biodegradable 不可生物降解
optic nerve 视觉神经
percha tree
pollutant 污染物
poly(chloroethene) 聚氯乙烯
poly(phenylethene) 聚苯乙烯
polymerisation 聚合反应
polyunsaturated 多个不饱和的
propene is bubbled through a solution of bromine 把丙稀通入溴水中
repeat unit 重复单元
retinal 视网膜
steam 蒸汽
styrene 苯乙烯
systematic name 系统命名
traditionally vinyl chloride 氯乙烯
triethyl- 三乙基
Ziegler-Natta catalyst 齐格勒－纳塔催化剂（由两种金属化合物反应而成，用于烯烃、双烯烃等聚合，生成聚乙烯、聚丙烯）
planar molecule 平面分子
Chapter 11
acidified aqueous potassium dichromate 酸化二氯溶液
acyl chloride (acylation) 酰基氯，氯化某酰（酰化作
用）
adulteration 搀杂
alkoxide ion（＝RO-） 烷氧离子
anaerobic process 厌氧过程
ceramic wool soaked in ethanol 陶瓷羊毛
colves
corresponding alcohol 相应的醇
dehydration 脱水
deterrent 灭菌剂
enzyme 酶
ethanoate 醋酸盐
ethoxide ion 乙氧基离子
fermentation 发酵
foul taste 恶臭
代烃的分类Part 3
Chapter 13
beaker 烧杯
bond breaking 断键
bond making 成键
Chapter 13 enthalpy change 焓变
clamp 夹
copper spiral 铜圈
endothermic reaction 吸热反应（体系从环境吸收热能，化学反应的焓变为正值）
energy transfer 能量转移
enthalpy changes by different routes 不同途径的焓变
enthalpy cycle
exothermic reaction 放热反应（体系放热给环境，化学反应的焓变为负值）
first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律（本质是能量守恒定律）
flame calorimeter 火焰量热计
graph extrapolated backwards to starting time 反推到开始时间的曲线图
Haber process 哈伯合成氨法
heat capacity 热容（当一系统由于加给一微小的热量δQ而温度升高δT时，Δq/δT这个量即是热容）
heating-insulated vessel 隔热容器
Hess' law 赫斯定律（一个化学反应的热销应决定于其始终态，与中间过程无关）
joule 焦耳〔能量和功的单位〕
law of conservation of energy 能量守恒定律（在任一封闭系统中总能量保持不变）
metal calorimeter 金属量热计
negative value(-) 负值
pascal 帕斯卡（压强单位）
perpetual motion 永恒运动
polystyrene cup 聚苯乙烯杯
positive value(+) 正值
reaction pathway 反应途径
release large quantities energy 释放大量能量
screw 螺旋桨
shield 护板
gas syringe 气体注射器
glass delivery tube 玻璃导管
heterogeneous catalysis 多相催化（催化剂与反应物处于不同相如在固体和流体相界面间发生催化作用）
homogeneous catalysis 均相催化（催化剂与反应物在同相中反应）
intensity of the radiation 照射的强度
inverted, water-filled burette 倒置的装满水的量管
latitude 纬度
low-energy collisions 低能量碰撞
nitrocellulose 硝化纤维素
nitroglycerine 硝化甘油
oxyacetylene torch 氧乙炔火炬
peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN) 硝酸过氧化乙酰
ppb 十亿分之一（10－10）
ppm 百万分之一（10－6）
pressure sensor 压力感受器
rate determining step 决定反应速率的步骤
removal 去除
Ribena
scanning probe microscopy(SPM) 扫描显微探针
sealed container 密闭容器
self-sustained
spectrophotometer 分光光度计(根据样品对可见光分解为单色光后的透（反）射能量与波长的函数关系，可准确分析色度或比较两种波长的发光强度)
surface area 表面积
temperature sensor 温感器（能对温度变化作出反应）
the asymmetric shape of the curve 曲线的不对称形状
the Boltzemann distribution 玻耳兹曼分布（处于热
平衡的气体中具有不同能级的分子数的几率）
the collision theory of reactivity 碰撞理论（化学反应速率等于反应物分子间的碰撞数乘以有效碰撞因子）
Timer 计时器
Chapter 15
equilibra 平衡
base 碱
closed system 封闭系统
constancy of macroscopic properties
cotton wool 脱脂棉
dynamic equilibrium 动态平衡（在一定条件下德可逆反应里，正反应和逆反应德速率相等，反应混合物中各组成成分德含量保持不变）
fertility 肥(沃)度
forwards direction 正方向
irreversible one-way reaction 不可逆单向反应
keep the pressure constant 保持恒压
Le Chatelier's principle 勒沙特列原理（如果改变影响平衡的一个条件如浓度、压强或温度等，平衡就向能够减弱这种改变的方向移动）
macroscopic properties
nail varnish remover 洗甲油
Ostwald process 奥斯特瓦尔德法（制硝酸，采用高温铂网催化剂，将氨氧化为氧化氮，经水吸收成硝酸）
porous iron 多孔的铁
reaction vessel 反应容器
reverse direction 反方向
reversible reaction 可逆反应
strong acid 强酸
the equilibrium shifts to minimize this increase 平衡就向能够减弱这种改变的方向移动
weak acid 弱酸
SAT II 生物词汇表
A
abiotic
Nonliving materials in the environment-such as elements, sunlight, and soil-that influence and are influenced by living (biotic) entities on the planet.
acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter released by neurons to excite an action potential or trigger a muscle to contract.
acids
Hydrogen ion (H+) donors. Acids are very important in the chemical reactions of life because they are highly reactive. Acids have pH values below 7. They are the opposite of bases.
actin
Protein filaments that, along with myosin, allow muscles to contract.
active site
The part of an enzyme that interacts with, or binds to, a substrate.
active transport
The movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. Because active transport involves moving the molecule against the natural flow of the concentration gradient, the process requires energy.
adaptive radiation
The evolutionary process by which ancestral forms of an organism are diversified through adaptation to new environments.
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
The energy storage molecule for the cell. ATP consists of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups. Each phosphate bond contains energy; by breaking these bonds, the cell can get the energy it needs for chemical reactions. Cells build ATP during cell respiration, using the raw material of glucose.
adrenal glands
Two glands, the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla, located on the kidney.
aerobic respiration
A form of cell respiration requiring oxygen (as opposed to anaerobic respiration, which does not need oxygen). Aerobic respiration is much more efficient than a
naerobic respiration; it produces 36 ATP for every molecule of glucose. Aerobic respiration proceeds in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
allele
A specific form or possible version of a gene having multiple versions. Alleles may be dominant or recessive.
allelic frequency
The frequency with which a particular allele for a certain characteristic appears among all possible alleles for that characteristic in a population.
alternation of generations
The fluctuation between the diploid (sporophyte) and haploid (gametophyte) life stages that occur in plants.
amino acid
The monomer of a protein. A central carbon attached to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a hydrogen atom (-H). The fourth group is variable and defines the amino acid's chemical identity.
anaerobic respiration
A form of cell respiration that does not use oxygen (as opposed to aerobic cell respiration). Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than the aerobic variety and produces just 2 ATP per molecule of glucose. Anaerobic respiration has two stages: glycolysis and fermentation.
analogous trait
A trait that is morphologically and functionally similar to that of a different species but that arose from a distinct, ancestral condition.
anaphase
The stage of mitosis in which sister chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite ends of the cell by microtubules; the fourth stage of the first meiotic division (meiosis I), during which maternal and paternal homologous pairs are separated on microtubules; the fourth stage of the second meiotic division (meiosis II), during which either maternal or paternal sister chromatids are separated on microtubules.
angiosperm
A vascular flowering plant in which seeds are enclosed inside protective ovaries, such as fruit or flowers. Angiosperms can be monocots or dicots.
anther
Pollen-producing structure at the top of the stamen, the male reproductive organ of flowers.
anticodon
The sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that pairs with a codon of mRNA at the A site of a ribosome during translation.
antigen
A protein coat on the surface of red blood cells; a red blood cell may have a protein coat of type A, B, or AB. If the cell has no antigens, it is called type O. The presence of a foreign antigen in a body will cause blood to clot.
aorta
The largest artery in the body; carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart.
aphotic zone
Literally, zone without light. The aphotic zone is part of the marine pelagic zone and begins 600 feet below the surface of the ocean. Only chemosynthetic organisms, scavengers, and predators are able to survive in this habitat.
artery
Vessel that carries blood away from the heart and has thick, elastic, muscular walls that can dilate or contract to control blood pressure within the vessels. Blood in arteries is oxygenated, with the exception of the blood in the pulmonary artery.
autonomic nervous system
The involunt
ary half of the peripheral nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is in two antagonistic parts: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Their interactions control smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, and organs and processes such as heartbeat, the movements of the digestive tract, and the contraction of the bladder.
autosome
Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. Humans have 44 autosomes, in 22 homologous pairs. The two sex chromosomes are the twenty-third pair of chromosomes.
autotroph
An organism that can produce the organic molecules and energy necessary for life through the processes of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Autotrophs do not rely on other organisms for food. In a food web, autotrophs are producers.
auxin
One in a class of plant hormones that stimulates (among other things) cell elongation, secondary tissue growth, and fruit development.
B
base
An ion or compound that removes H+ ions from solution. Often bases are substances that release hydroxide ions (OH-). Bases have pH values above 7. They are the opposite of acids.
bile
An emulsifier of fats secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder for release in the small intestine.
binary fission
Asexual reproduction found in prokaryotes in which a cell divides into two equal daughter cells by a nonmitotic process.
biomass
The amount of living matter in a given ecosystem. Because only 10 percent of energy is transferred between trophic levels, the biomass of lower trophic levels is greater than the biomass of subsequent trophic levels: biomass of producers > biomass of primary consumers > biomass of secondary consumers > biomass of tertiary consumers.
biome
A particular geographic area with a common climate and characteristic plant and animal life. There are six major terrestrial biomes and two aquatic biomes. The six terrestrial biomes are tropical rain forest, savanna, desert, temperate deciduous forest, taiga, and tundra. The two aquatic biomes are marine and freshwater. Each biome is characterized by specific climax communities.
blood
The liquid that carries nutrients and oxygen to the cells and carries carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes away. The liquid fluid of blood is called plasma. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein that binds oxygen. White blood cells fight disease. Platelets clot to prevent extreme blood loss resulting from injury.
bone
Rigid structures composed of living cells rooted in a matrix of calcium, phosphate salts, and collagen fibers. Bones are the primary component of most vertebrate skeletons.
brain
The center of the central nervous system. The brain coordinates the processes of the body. It is composed of various distinct regions, all of which have different functions, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and hypothalamus.
bryophyte
A lower terrestrial plant (often a moss or liverwort) that lacks a vascular system and is dependent on environmental moistu
re for reproductive and nutritive functions.
budding
Asexual reproductive process in which a small portion of the cell membrane and cytoplasm receive a nucleus and pinch off from the parent cell.
buffer
Solutions that resist change in pH even when acids and bases are added.
bulb
Roughly spherical underground bud containing additional buds that can develop asexually into new plants.
C
Calvin cycle
Light-independent phase of photosynthesis, where carbon dioxide is fixed to a three-carbon compound used to form glucose. ATP and NADH are consumed in this cycle. Also called the Calvin-Benson cycle or the dark reactions.
capillary
Tiny blood vessels able to branch through the body and deliver oxygen and nutrients to every cell.
carbon
The central element of life. Carbon has the ability to form bonds with up to four other elements or molecules at the same time.
carrying capacity
The maximum number of individuals in a population that can be sustained in a given environment. As populations become increasingly concentrated, competition for food and space, predation, and disease all determine carrying capacity.
cartilage
A firm but flexible substance, found in regions of vertebrate skeletons, such as the ribs, that need to bend.
cell
The smallest unit of life, consisting of a solution of organic molecules enclosed by a plasma membrane.
cell cycle
A process in which cells reproduce. First the cell replicates its DNA and then divides into two daughter cells. The two main phases of the cell cycle are interphase and mitosis.
cell membrane
The phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells, regulating the passage of molecules in and out of the cell.
cellular respiration
The process in which the cell burns glucose to create ATP with the aid of oxygen. Cells have two different methods of turning food into usable fuel: aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
cell theory
The doctrine that every living organism is composed of cells and that all cells come only from other preexisting cells.
cell wall
A rigid structure that surrounds the outer membrane of some cells and helps maintain their shape. In plants the cell wall contains cellulose; in fungi it contains chitin; in prokaryotes it typically contains peptidoglycan.
cellulose
A complex carbohydrate that constitutes the cell walls of plants and protist molds.
central nervous system (CNS)
The brain and the spinal cord. The CNS acts as the central command center of the body. Mostly made up of interneurons.
centriole
A structure in the cell that plays an important role in cell replication. During prophase, the centrioles migrate to the poles of the cell and form the mitotic spindle, which allows the chromosomes to be organized and split when the cell divides.
cerebellum
Part of the brain. Makes sure that movements are coordinated and balanced.
cerebrum
Part of the brain. Controls all voluntary movement, sensory perception, speech, memory, and creative thought.
chemica
l cycles
The cycles in which inorganic elements move through the biotic and abiotic aspects of an ecosystem. The two most important chemical cycles are the carbon and nitrogen cycles.
chemosynthesis
Synthesizing organic compounds by energy derived from chemical reactions rather than from the energy of the sun. Chemosynthetic organisms are autotrophs.
chitin
A rough polysaccharide that constitutes the cell wall of fungi and exoskeleton of arthropods.
chlorophyll
A pigment located within a chloroplast that absorbs light in plant cells, helping to convert light energy into biological energy through the process of photosynthesis.
chloroplast
A double-membrane-bound organelle that contains chlorophyll and is found in plant cells. Chloroplasts are responsible for mediating photosynthesis.
chromatin
The stringy web of genetic material and histone proteins found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. During cell division, each strand of DNA coils to form a chromosome.
chromosome
A physical structure composed of a single long strand of DNA (and associated proteins), containing along its length many genes. The human genome consists of 46 chromosomes contained within the nucleus of each cell.
cilia
Short, hairlike projections found on eukaryotic cells that can help the cell move or can sweep food particles toward the mouth.
circadian rhythms
Behavior cycles that depend on time of day.
circulatory system
System of organs and blood that brings nutrients and oxygen to cells and carries away wastes. In higher vertebrates, the system has a pulmonary and systemic circuit. The pulmonary circuit carries blood to the lungs to be oxygenated, while the systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood to the body. Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system, while arthropods have an open system.
citric acid cycle
See Krebs cycle.
climax community
A combination of plant and animal forms that dominate mature ecological communities. Climax communities are unique and shaped by various factors, including temperature, rainfall, and soil acidity.
codominance
A phenomenon in which two alleles of the same gene are fully expressed in the phenotype when both are present in a heterozygote. Blood type is an example of codominance.
codon
A three-nucleotide sequence in a DNA or mRNA molecule. Each codon specifies a single amino acid.
coenzyme
A compound that regulates activity by binding to an enzyme to tell it when to catalyze a reaction.
cold-blooded
Animals that are unable to retain heat produced by metabolic activities. Also known as ectothermic. The metabolism of cold-blooded animals is greatly influenced by climate and temperature.
community
The many populations that interact in a given geographical locale constitute ecological communities. Communities exhibit particular interactions such as competition, symbiosis, predation, and food relationships. They also undergo ecological succession.
competition
The struggle for survival between organis
ms or populations that use similar resources and occupy similar niches. Interspecific competition refers to competition between populations that may drive a population out of a community or push it to evolve a different niche to reduce competition. Intraspecific competition refers to competition between individuals of the same species.
consumer
Consumers are heterotrophic organisms within the food web of a community. In the trophic levels of the food chain, primary consumers consume producers, secondary consumers consume primary consumers, and tertiary consumers consume secondary consumers.
contractile vacuole
An organelle often found in protozoa that pumps excess water out of the cell to keep the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment (like freshwater).
corpus luteum
After releasing its ovum (ovulation), the follicle becomes the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone for the continued buildup of the uterine wall.
crossing-over
The exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during meiosis I. Crossing-over can disrupt the normal linkage between genes on the same chromosome.
cytokinesis
The final part of mitosis, in which a cell with duplicated contents splits into two independent cells.
cytoplasm
The entire content of the cell outside the nucleus, including the membrane-bound organelles and the cytosol.
cytoskeleton
A system of protein filaments found throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, which provides structural support for the cell. The cytoskeleton also helps with the movement of organelles within the cell. It is composed of microfilaments and microtubules.
cytosol
The main component of the cytoplasm. It is a grayish, gel-like liquid containing the nucleus, organelles, and cytoskeleton.
D
Darwin, Charles
English naturalist (1809-1882) who proposed the modern theory of evolution through natural selection. Darwin traveled aboard the HMS Beagle to the Galápagos Islands, where his revolutionary observations took shape.
decomposer
Organisms that consume waste products and dead organic material and constitute part of the food web, which also includes producers and consumers. Also called saprophytes. Decomposers liberate inorganic elements such as nitrogen and carbon and allow those elements to move back into their respective chemical cycles. Examples of decomposers are bacteria and fungi.
dehydration synthesis
A common biochemical reaction in which a new compound is formed by the joining of two compounds to release water. Occurs in the synthesis of polysaccharides and polypeptides. The reverse of hydrolysis.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A type of nucleic acid polymer built from sugar-phosphate backbones and nitrogenous bases. DNA's sugar, deoxyribose, has one fewer oxygen atom than ribose, found in RNA. The nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine are used in DNA.
dicot
A flowering plant (angiosperm) that possesses two cotyledons during embryonic development. Usua