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组织行为学译文

组织行为学译文
组织行为学译文

第一章组织行为学概述

TAKEAWAYS重点掌握

1. 1Organization behavior is a field of study devoted to understanding and explaining the attitudes and groups in organizations. More simply, it focuses on why individuals and groups in organizations act the way they do.

1。1组织行为学的研究领域是一个致力于理解和解释的态度和组织的组合。通俗地讲,它着重于个人和组织原因群体行为的方式做。

1.2 The two primary outcomes in organizational behavior are job performance and organizational commitment.

1.2组织行为中的两个主要成果是工作绩效与组织承诺。

1.3 A number of factors affect performance and commitment, including individual (job satisfaction; stress; motivation; trust, justice, and ethics; learning and decision making), individual characteristics (personality, cultural values, and ability), group mechanisms (teams, leadership), and organizational mechanisms (organizational structure, organizational cultural)

1.3许多因素会影响性能,包括个人承诺,(工作满意度;压力;动机,信任,正义,道德,学习和决策),个人特征(个性,文化价值和能力),组机制(队,领导),和组织机制(组织结构,组织文化)。.

1.4 The effective management of organization behavior can help a company become more profitable because good people are a valuable resource. Not only are good people rare, but they are also hard to imitate. They create a history that cannot be bought or copied, they make numerous small decisions that cannot be observed by competitors, and they create socially complex resources such as culture, teamwork, trust, and reputation. Many scientific studies support the relationship between effective organizational behavior and company performance.

1.4组织行为的有效管理可以帮助企业变得更加有利可图的,因为善良的人是一种宝贵的资源。不仅是难得的好人,但他们也很难模仿。他们开发出了一种不能被收买或复制的历史,他们让众多的竞争对手所无法观察到的小决定,而他们创造社会,如文化,团队精神,信任和声誉复杂的资源。许多科学研究的支持之间的有效的组织行为与公司绩效的关系。

1.5 A theory is a collection of assertions, both verbal and symbolic, that specifies how and why variables are related, as well as the conditions in which they should (and should not) be related. Theories about organizational behavior are built from a combination of interviews, observation, research reviews, and reflection. Theories form the beginning point for the scientific method and inspire hypotheses that can be tested with date.

1.5理论是断言集合,口头和象征性的,它指定如何以及为什么变量之间的关系,以及在它们应该(也不应该)被相关条件。关于组织行为理论构建了一个访谈,观察,研究评论和反思的组合。理论形成了科学的起点和激励方法,可以与假设检验的日期。

1.6 A correlation is a statistic that expresses the strength of a relationship between tow variables(ranging from 0 to± 1). In OB research, a .50 correlation is considered “strong,” a .30 correlation is considered “moderate,” and a .10 correlation is considered “weak.” A meta-analysis summarizes the results of several research studies. It takes the correlations from those research studies and calculates a weighted average to give more weight to studies with larger samples. 1.6相关性的统计,表达了一个变量之间的拖车(范围从0到±1)的关系强度。在OB研究,一.50关系被认为是“强,”一.30相关被认为是“温和”,以及相关.10被认为是“软弱”。一个荟萃分析总结了几个研究研究的结果。它从那些研究探讨相关并计算一加权平均给予与较大样本更多重量学习才行。

讨论题

1.1Think again about the worst coworker you`ve ever had—the one who did some of the things

listed in Table 1-1. Think about what that coworker`s boss did (or didn`t do) to try to improve his or her behavior. What did the boss do well or poorly? What would you have done differently, and which organizational behavior topics would have been most relevant?

1.2Which of the individual mechanisms in Figure 1-1 (job satisfaction; stress; motivation; trust,

justice, and ethics; learning and decision making) seems to drive your performance and commitment the most? Do you think you`re unique in that regard, or do you think most people would answer that way?

1.3Create a list of the most successful companies that you can think of. What do these companies

have that others don`t? Are the things that those companies possess rare and inimitable (see Figure1-2)? What makes those things difficult to copy?

1.4Think of something that you “know”to be true based on the method of experience, the

method of intuition, or the method of authority. Could you test your knowledge using the method of science? How would you do it?

1.1你再想想你的最糟糕的同事`遇到过的,谁做的一个表1-1中列出的一些事情。想想那是什么'的老板同事没有(或没做`吨)尝试改善他或她的行为。老板做什么好或不好?你会做什么不同,并组织行为学议题将是最相关?

1.2,在图1-1个人的机制(工作满意度;压力,动力,信任,正义,道德,学习和决策)来驱动你的表现似乎与承诺的是什么?你认为你在这方面唯一的,还是你认为大多数人会回答这样的吗?

1.3创建一个最成功的公司,你能想到的名单。这些公司有什么别人别?是的东西,这些公司拥有稀有和独特(参见图1-2)?是什么让这些东西难以复制?

想想1.4的东西,你“知道”是真实的基础上,经验法,直觉的方法,或权威的方法。请问您测试您的知识运用科学的方法?你会怎么做呢?

第二章绩效与承诺

2.1 Job performance is the set of employee behaviors that contribute to organizational goal accomplishment. Organizational commitment is the desire on the part of an employee to remain a member of the organization.

2.2 Task performance includes employee behaviors that are directly involved in the transformation of organizational resources into the goods or services that the organization produces. Organizations gather information about relevant task behaviors using job analysis.

2.3 Citizenship behaviors are voluntary employee activities that may or may not be rewarded but that contribute to the organization by improving the overall quality of the setting in which work takes place. Examples of citizenship behavior include helping, courtesy, sportsmanship, voice, civic virtue, and boosterism.

2.4 Counterproductive behaviors are employee activities that intentionally hinder organizational goal accomplishment. Examples of counterproductive behavior include sabotage, theft, wasting resources, substance abuse, gossiping, incivility, harassment, and abuse/

2.5 There are three types of organizational commitment. Affective commitment occurs when an employee wants to stay and is influenced by the emotional bonds between employees. Continuance commitment occurs when an employee needs to stay and is influenced by salary, benefits, and other economic factors. Normative commitment occurs when an employee feels that he or she ought to stay and is influenced by an organization investing in its employees or engaging in charitable efforts.

2.6 Employees can respond to negative work events in four ways: exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect. Exit is a form of physical withdrawal in which the employee either ends or restricts organizational membership. Voice is an active and constructive response by which employees attempt to improve the situation. Loyalty is passive and constructive; employees remain supportive while hoping the situation improves on its own. Neglect is a form of psychological withdrawal in which interest and effort in the job decrease.

2.7 Examples of psychological withdrawal include daydreaming, socializing, looking busy, moonlighting, and cyberloafing . Examples of physical withdrawal include tardiness, long breaks, missing meetings, absenteeism, and quitting. Consistent with the progression model, withdrawal behaviors tend to start whit minor psychological forms before escalating to more major physical varieties

2.1工作绩效是员工行为,促进组织目标的完成设置。组织承诺是对雇员的一部分的愿望仍然是该组织的成员。

2.2员工的工作表现,包括可直接在组织资源转化所涉及到的商品或服务的组织生产行为。组织收集有关的任务使用工作分析行为的信息。

2.3公民行为是自愿的雇员,可能会或可能不会得到回报,但有助于通过改善工作环境中发生的综合素质,该组织的活动。公民行为的例子包括帮助,礼貌,体育,语音,公民美德和boosterism。

2.4反作用是员工的行为活动,故意阻碍组织目标的完成。适得其反的行为包括对破坏,盗窃,浪费资源,滥用药物,闲聊,无礼,骚扰和虐待/

2.5有三种类型的组织承诺。情感的承诺,是指雇员想留下来,是由员工之间的情感纽带的影响。持续性承诺,是指雇员需要留,由工资,福利和其他经济因素的影响。规范承诺,是指雇员认为,他或她应该留下来,是由投资在其雇员或组织从事慈善工作的影响。

2.6员工可以应对事件负功四种方式:退出,语音,忠诚,和忽视。出口是物理撤出该雇员或结束或限制组织成员的形式。声音是一个积极的和建设性的回应雇员试图改善情况。忠诚是被动的,建设性的,支持同时希望员工保持自身的情况有所改善。忽视是一种心理撤出形式,利息和减少工作中的努力。

2.7撤回的例子包括白日梦心理,社交,看繁忙,兼职和cyberloafing。物理之例子包括迟到,长的时间间隔,缺少会议,旷工和戒烟。与模型一致的进展,退缩行为往往会开始之前,升级更主要实物品种白衣小心理形式

讨论题

2.1 Describe a job in which citizenship behaviors would be especially critical to an organization`s functioning and one in which citizenship behaviors would be less critical. What is it about a job that makes citizenship more important?

2.2 Figure 2-3 classifies productive deviance and political deviance as more minor in nature than property deviance and personal aggression. When might those types of counterproductive behavior prove especially costly?

2.3 Which type of organizational commitment (affective, continuance, or normative) do you think is most important to the majority of employees? Which do you think is most important to you?

2.4 Consider time when you`ve reacted to a negative event with exit, voice, loyalty, or neglect. What was it about the situation that caused you to respond the way you did? Do you usually respond to negative events in the same way, or does your response vary across the four options?

2.5 Can organizations use a combination of monitoring and punishment procedures to reduce psychological and punishment procedures to reduce psychological and physical withdrawal? How might such programs work from a practical perspective? Do you think they would be effective?

2.1描述一个工作,特别是公民行为的关键将是一个组织单曲运作和公民行为在其中将不那么重要。是什么样的工作,使公民更重要的呢?

2.2图2-3划分为生产更多的越轨行为偏差超过财产和人身的侵略性质轻微,政治偏差。什么时候这些类型行为的反作用,特别是昂贵的证明?

2.3哪些组织承诺(情感性,持续性,或规范)型,你认为最重要的是员工的大多数?你认为最重要的是你吗?

2.4考虑的时候,你手头已经反应到一个出口,语音,忠诚,或忽视的负面事件。有关情况是什么导致你回应的方式做的吗?你通常都采取了同样的方式来负性事件,或者,你的反应在四个选项有什么不同?

2.5可以组织使用的监督和处罚程序的组合,以减少心理和处罚程序,以减少心理和生理提款?这些方案可能如何从实践的角度的工作?你认为他们将是有效的?

第三章.重点掌握

3.1 Job satisfaction is a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job experiences. It represents how feel about your job and what you think about your job.

3.2 V alues are things that people consciously or subconsciously want to seek or attain. According to value-percept theory, job satisfaction depends on whether you perceive that your job supplies those things that you value.

3.3 People often appraise their job satisfaction according to more specific facets of their job satisfaction according to more specific facets of their job. These satisfaction facets include pay satisfaction, promotion satisfaction, supervision satisfaction, coworker satisfaction, and satisfaction with the work itself.

3.4 Job characteristics theory suggests that five "core characteristics"---variety, identity, significance, autonomy, and feedback---combine to result in particularly high levels of satisfaction with the work itself.

3.5 Apart from the influence of supervision, coworker, pay, and the work itself, job satisfaction levels fluctuate during the course of the day. Rises and falls in job satisfaction are triggered by experiences of positive and negative events. Those events trigger changes in emotions that eventually give way to changes in mood.

3.6 Mood are states of feeling that are often mild in intensity, last for an extended period of time, and are not explicitly, directed at anything. Intense positive moods include being enthusiastic, excited, and elated. Intense negative moods are states of feeling that are often intense, that only for a few minutes, and compassion. Negative emotions include anger, anxiety, fear, guilt, shame, sadness, envy, and disgust.

3.7 Job satisfaction has a moderately positive relationship with job performance and a strong positive relationship with organizational commitment. It also has a strong positive relationship with organizational commitment. It also has a strong positive relationship with life satisfaction. 3.1工作满意度是一种愉悦的情绪状态,从一个人的工作经验,评估结果。它代表你的工作怎么样和你对你的工作想的感觉。

3.2值的东西,人们自觉地或下意识地想寻求或达到的。根据价值知觉理论,工作满意度取决于你是否认为你的工作提供那些东西,你的价值。

3.3人们经常评价他们的工作满意度根据其工作满意度更具体的方面要根据自己的工作更具体的方面。这些方面包括薪酬满意度的满意度,促进满意,监督满意,同事满意,并与工作本身的满意度。

3.4工作特征理论认为,五个“核心特色”---各种身份,重要性,自主性和反馈---有机结合起来,在满意度特别高的水平结果与工作本身。

3.5除了监督,同事,工资,影响力和工作本身,工作满意度波动期间,一天的课程。在工作满意度上升和下降是引发的积极和消极事件的经验。这些事件引发的情绪变化,最终让位给情绪的变化。

3.6情绪状态是感觉,常常一个长时间轻度强度,最后,并没有明确,在任何指示。激烈的正面情绪包括正在热烈,兴奋,扬眉吐气。负面情绪是激烈的感觉状态,常常激烈,只有几分钟,和同情。负面情绪包括愤怒,焦虑,恐惧,内疚,羞愧,悲伤,嫉妒和厌恶。

3.7工作满意度与工作绩效有中度正相关关系和强有力的组织承诺与积极的关系。它也有一个强烈的积极组织承诺的关系。它也有一个强烈的生活满意度正相关关系。

第三章讨论题

3.1 Which of the values in Table 3-1 do you think are the most important to employees in general? Are there times when the values in the last three categories (altruism, status, and environment) become more important than the values in the first five categories (pay, promotions, supervision, cowerkers, the work itself)? +

3.2 What steps can organizations take to improve promotion satisfaction, supervision satisfaction, and coworket satisfaction?

3.3 Consider the five core job characteristics (variety, identity, significance, autonomy, and feedback?). Do you think that any one of those characteristics is more important than the other four? Is it possible to have too much of some job characteristics?

3.4 We sometimes describe colleagues or friends as "moody." What do you think it means to be "moody" from the perspective of Figure3-6?

3.1价值观,在表3-1您认为最重要的是一般员工呢?是否有时间时,在最后三个类别的值(利他主义,状态和环境)变得较前五个类别(工资,晋升,监督,cowerkers,工作本身)的值很重要?+

3.2组织可以采取哪些措施促进满意度提高,监管满意,coworket满意吗?

3.3考虑的五个核心工作特征(品种,身份,重要性,自主性和反馈?)。你认为其中任何一个特点是比其他四个重要?是否有可能有太多的一些工作特点多少?

3.4我们有时形容为同事或朋友“喜怒无常”。你认为这意味着是“喜怒无常”,从图3- 6的角度?

第四章重点掌握

4.1 Stress refers to psychological response to demands when there is something at stake for the individual and when coping with these demands would tax or exceed the individual's capacity or resources are the demands that cause the stress response, and strains are the negative consequences of the stress response.

4.2 Stressors come in two general forms: challenge stressors, which are perceived as opportunities for growth and achievement, and hindrance stressors, which are perceived as hurdles to goal achievement.

4.3 Coping with stress involves thoughts and behaviors that assress one of two goals: addressing the stressful demand or decreasing the emotional discomfort associated with the demand.

4.4 Individual differences in the Type A Bebavior Pattern affect the stress process in three ways.

Type A people tend to experience more stressors, appraise more demands as stressful, and experience more strains.

4.5 Individual differences in social support influence the strength of the stress-strain relationshiip such that support acts as a buffer that prevents the onset of strain.

4.6 Although the body tries to adapt to different sorts of stressors along the lines of what is described by the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), over time, this adaptive response wears out the body, and exhaustion and collapse may occur. The resulting strain has a moderate negative relationship with job performance and a strong negative relationship with organizational commitment.

4.1应力是指心理反应的要求时,有受到威胁的东西对个人和时应付这些需求将税收或超过个人的能力或资源的需求造成的应激反应,和应变的压力的消极后果响应。

4.2压力源一般有两种形式:挑战压力,这是为发展和成就的机会认为,压力和障碍,这些障碍,以认知目标的实现。

4.3压力应对涉及的思想和行为,assress一两个目标:解决压力的需求或降低不适的情感与需求相关联。

4.4 A型Bebavior模式的个体差异影响三个方面的压力的过程。A型的人往往经历更多的压力,因为压力的评价更多的要求,经验更株。

4.5社会支持的个体差异影响的应力应变relationshiip实力,这样的支持作为缓冲,以防止发病的应变行为。

4.6虽然身体试图适应沿着什么是一般适应综合征(GAS)随着时间的推移,介绍不同种类的线压力,这种适应性反应磨损的身体,疲惫和可能发生坍塌。由此产生的压力与工作绩效有中度的负相关关系和强大的组织承诺的负相关关系。

第四章讨论题

4.1 Prior to reading this chapter, how did you define stress? Did you definition stress reflect stressors, the stess process, strains, or some combination?

4.2 Describe your dream job and then provide a list of the types of stressors that you would expect to be present. Is the list dominated by challenge stressors or hindrance stressors? Why do you think this is?

4.3 Think about the dream job that you described in the previous question. How much of your salary, if any at all, would you give up to eliminate the most important hindrance stressors? Why?

4.4 If you had several job offers offers after graduating, to that degree would the level of challenge stressors in the different jobs influence your choice of which job take? Why?

4.5 How would you assess your ability to handle stress? Given the information provided in this chapter, that could you do to improve your effectiveness in this area?

4.6 If you managed people in an organization in which there were lots of hindrance stressors, that actions would you take lots of hindrance stressors, what actions would you take to help ensure that your employees coped with the stressors using a problem-focused as opposed to an emotion-focused coping strategy?

4.1之前阅读本章,你是怎么定义的压力?你定义强调反映压力的斯特斯过程中,应变,或一些组合?

4.2描述你梦想的工作,然后提供一个类型的压力,你会期望得到的名单。是挑

战,压力或应激障碍为主的名单?为什么你认为这是什么?

4.3想想梦想的工作,你在前面描述的问题。如何对你的工资多少,如果任何可言,你会放弃最重要的障碍消除压力?为什么呢?

4.4如果你有几个工作机会提供毕业后,到那种程度会在不同的工作挑战的压力水平影响您的选择参加其中的工作?为什么呢?

4.5你如何评价你的能力,处理压力?鉴于本章提供的信息,那你能怎么做来改善这方面的成效?

4.6如果管理机构内部人员,其中有很多的障碍压力,你会采取的行动的障碍很多压力,你会采取什么行动,以帮助确保您的员工与使用压力应付的问题为重点,而不是一种情感为中心的应对策略?

第五章重点掌握

5.1 Motivation is defined as a set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee, initiates work-related effort, and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence.

5.2 Expectancy theory describes the cognitive process that employees go through to make choices among different voluntary behaviors. Effort is directed toward behaviors when effort is believed to result in performance (expectancy), performance is believed to result in outcomes (instrumentality), and those outcomes are anticipated to be valuable (valence).

5.3 Goal-setting theory describes the impact of assigned goals on the intensity and persistence of effort. Goals become strong drivers of motivation and performance when they are difficult and specific. Specific and difficult goals affect performance by increasing self-set goals and task strategies. Those effects occur more frequently when employees are given feedback, tasks are not too complex, and goal commitment is high.

5.4 Rewards are equitable when a person's ratio of outcomes to inputs matches those of some relevant comparison other. A sense of inequity triggers equity distress. Underreward inequity levels of counterproductive behavior. Overreward inequity typically results in cognitive distortion, in which inputs are reevaluated in a some positive light.

5.5 psychological empowerment reflects an energy rooted in the belief that tasks are contributing to some larger purpose. Psychological empowerment is fostered when work goals appeal to employees' passions (meaningfulness), employees have a sense of choice regarding work tasks (self-determination), employees feel capable of performing successfully (competence), and employees feel they are making progress toward fulfilling their purpose (impact).

5.6 Motivation has a strong positive relationship with job performance and moderate positive relationship with organizational commitment. Of all the energetic forces subsumed by motivation, self-efficacy/competence has the strongest relationship with performance.

5.1动机是作为该内外雇员源于充满活力的力量集中定义,启动与工作有关的工作,并确定其方向,力度和持久性。

5.2预期理论描述的认知过程,使员工通过自愿行为在不同的选择。努力是朝着当努力被认为是导致性能(预期)行为导向,绩效被认为是导致结果(工具性),而这些成果预计将有价值的(价)。

5.3目标设置理论描述了指定目标的强度和持续的努力的影响。目标成为激励和性能强大的推动力时,他们很难和具体。具体目标的影响,难以通过增加自定的目标和战略任务的性能。这些影响时出现较多的员工给予反馈,是不是太复杂的任务和目标的承诺是很高的。

5.4奖励是公平的,当一个人的成果投入比例相匹配的其他一些相关的比较。一个公平的不公平感引发的苦恼。反不公平的行为Underreward水平。Overreward通常会导致不公平的认知扭曲,在这种投入是在一些正面重新评估。

5.5心理能力反映了信念,任务是促进一些较大的宗旨扎根能源。心理能力是促进工作目标时,呼吁员工的激情(意义),员工有一个关于工作任务(自决)的选择感,员工觉得执行成功(能力)的能力,和员工感到他们正在朝着实现进度他们的目的(影响)。

5.6动机与工作绩效有很强的正关系,中度组织承诺正相关关系。由动机纳入所有的精力充沛的力量,self-efficacy/competence具有与性能最强的关系。

第五章讨论题

5.1 Which of the outcomes in Table 5-2 are most appealing to you? Are you more attracted to extrinsic outcomes or intrinsic outcomes? Do you think your preferences will change as you get older?

5.2 Assume that you were working on a group project and that one of your teammates was nervous about speaking in front of the class during the presentation. Drawing on Figure 5-1, what exactly could you do to make your classmate feel more confident?

5.3 How do you tend to respond when you experience overreward and underreward in equity? Why do you respond that way rather than with some other combination in Figure 5-6?

5.4 Think about a job that you've held in which you felt very low levels of psychological empowerment. What could the organization have done to increase empowerment levels?

5.1结果表5-2是哪些最吸引你?你更吸引到外在成果或内在的结果?你觉得你的喜好会随着年龄的变化?

5.2假设你是在一个团体项目,而你的队友之一是有关在全班同学面前讲在演示过程中紧张工作。在图5-1图,究竟你能做到让你的同学觉得更有信心?

5.3你如何回应时,往往会遇到overreward和公平underreward?为什么你回应,而不是与其他一些图5-6组合方式?

5.4想想你举行一个工作中,你觉得心理能力非常低的水平。什么可以做的组织能力,提高水平?

第六章重点掌握

6.1 Trust is the willingness to be vulnerable to an authority based on positive expectations about the authority`s actions and intentions .Justice reflects the perceived fairness of an authority`s decision making and can be used to explain why employees judge some authorities as more trustworthy than others. Ethics reflects the degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms and can be used to explain why authorities choose to act in a trustworthy manner.

6.2 Trust can be disposition-based, meaning that one`s personality includes a general propensity to trust others. Trust also can be cognition-based, meaning that it`s rooted in a rational assessment of the authority`s trustworthiness. Finally, trust can be affect-based, meaning that it is rooted in feelings toward the authority that go beyond any rational assessment of trustworthiness.

6.3 Trustworthiness is judged along three dimensions: ability, integrity, and benevolence. Ability reflects the skills and competencies of an authority. Integrity reflects whether the authority adheres to a set of acceptable values and principles. Benevolence reflects the belief that the

authority wants to "do good" for the trustor.

6.4 The fairness of an authority`s decision making can be judged along four dimensions. Distributive justice reflects the perceived fairness of decision-making outcomes. Procedural justice reflects the perceived fairness of decision-making processes. Interpersonal justice reflects the perceived fairness of the treatment received by employees from authorities. Informational justice reflects the perceived fairness of the communications provided to employees from authorities.

6.5 The four-component model of ethical decision making argues that ethical bhavior depends on three concepts. Moral awareness reflects whether an authority recognizes that a moral issue exists in a situation. Moral judgment reflects whether the authority can accurately identify the "right" course of action, Moral intent reflects an authority`s degree of commitment to the moral course of action.

6.6 Trust has a moderate positive relationship with job performance and a strong positive relationship with organizational commitment.

6.1信任是愿意成为易受有关权威'的动作和意图积极的期望为基础的权威。司法体现了一个权威`S决策是否公平,可以用来解释为什么员工作出判断,更值得信赖一些当局比别人。道德在何种程度上反映了一个权威的行为均符合普遍接受的道德准则行事,可以用来解释为什么当局选择一个值得信赖的行事方式。

6.2信托可配置为基础,即一个'的性格包括一般倾向信任他人。信托还可以认知为基础的,这意味着它在`S`S的权威合理的考核守信根深蒂固。最后,相信可以影响的,这意味着它是在对权威,超越任何理性的可信性评估去感受根深蒂固。

6.3诚信是评判沿着三个方面:能力,完整性和仁。能力反映了一个权威的技能和能力。诚信反映当局在坚持一个可接受的价值观和原则。仁反映了信仰的权威要“做好事”的委托人。

6.4一个权威`S决策的公平性可以判断沿四个维度。分配正义体现了决策的结果是否公平。程序正义体现了决策过程是否公平。人际正义反映了由机关雇员的待遇是否公平。信息化体现了司法当局的雇员提供的通信是否公平。

6.5伦理决策的四个组件模型认为,道德bhavior三个概念而定。道德意识,反映当局是否承认一个道德问题的情况存在。道德判断反映了该部门能准确识别“正确”的行动,反映了道德权威的意图`S的承诺,行动德育课程的程度。6.6信托基金已与工作绩效中度正相关关系和强有力的组织承诺与积极的关系。

讨论题

6.1 Consider the three dimensions of trustworthiness (ability, integrity, and benevolence). Which of those dimensions would be most important when deciding whether to trust your boss? What about when deciding whether to trust a friend? If your two answers differ, why do they?

6.2 Putting yourself in the shoes of a manager, which of the four justice dimensions (distributive, procedural, interpersonal, informational) would you find most difficult to maximize? Which would be the easiest to maximize?

6.3 Which component of ethical decision making do you believe best explians student cheating: moral judgment, or moral intent? Why do you feel that way?

6.4 Assume you were applying for a job at a company known for its fair and ethical practices. How important would that information be to you when deciding whether to accept a job offer?

6.1考虑的三个方面的可信性(能力,完整性和仁)。这些方面的内容将是最重要的,当决定是否信任你的老板?大约在决定是否信任的朋友么?如果你的两个答案不同,为什么呢?

6.2将在一个经理,四个司法尺寸(分配,程序化,人际交往,信息),其中你会发现最难以最大限度地发挥自己的鞋?这将是最简单的最大化?

6.3哪些伦理决策组件,你认为最好的explians学生作弊:道德判断,或道德意图是什么?为什么你觉得呢?

6.4假设你是一个在为它的公平和道德实践着称的公司申请工作。如何将重要的信息是你在决定是否接受一个工作机会?

第七章重点掌握

7.1 Learning is a relatively permanent change in an employee’s knowledge or skill that results from experience. Decision making refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem.\

7.2 Employees gain both explicit and tacit knowledge as they build expertise. Explicit knowledge is easily communicated and available to everyone. Tacit knowledge, however, is something employees can only learn through experience.

7.3 Employees learn new knowledge through reinforcement and observation of others. That learning also depends on whether the employees are learning-oriented or performance-oriented. 7.4 Through various forms of training, companies can give employees more knowledge and a wider array of experiences that hey can use to make decisions.

7.5 programmed decisions are decisions that become somewhat automatic because a person’s knowledge allows him or her to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken. Many task-related decisions made by experts are programmed decisions. Nonprogrammed decisions are made when a problem is new, complex, or not recognized. Ideally, such decisions are made by following the steps in the rational decision-making model.

7.6 Employees are less able to translate their learning into accurate decisions when they struggle with limited information, faulty perceptions, faulty attributions, and escalation of commitment. 7.7 Learning has a moderate positive relationship with job performance and a weak positive relationship with organizational commitment.

7.1学习是在员工的知识或技能相对永久性的变化,从经验的结果。决策是指产生并从选择集选择解决问题的过程。\

7.2员工都获得显性和隐性的知识,他们建立的专业知识。显性知识是很容易沟通,并提供给大家。隐性知识,然而,一些员工只能通过学习经验。

7.3加强员工通过学习和观察别人的新知识。学习也取决于员工是学习型或性能为导向。

通过各种形式的培训7.4,企业可以给员工更多的知识和经验更广泛的阵列,嘿可以使用作出决定。

7.5程序化决策是决定变得有些自动因为一个人的知识,让他(她)识别和确定情况和行动的过程,需要采取。专家们提出了许多任务相关的决策程序化决策。非程序作出决定时的一个问题是新的,复杂的,或无法识别。理想的情况下,这些决定是由以下的理性决策模型的步骤。

7.6员工是不太能够准确的决策转化为他们的学习时,他们的斗争与有限的信息,

错误观念,错误归因,并承诺升级。

7.7学习与工作绩效有中度正相关关系和弱关系与组织承诺积极。

第七章讨论题

7.1 In your current or past workplaces, what types of tacit knowledge did experienced workers possess? What did this knowledge allow them to do?

7.2 Given your occupational choice, how do you expect to learn what you need to know when you start working? Do you expect the company to provide you with these opportunities, or will you have to seek them out on your own?

7.3 Do you consider yourself a “rational” decision maker? For what types of decisions are you determined be the most rational? What types of decisions are likely to cause you to behave irrationally?

7.4 Given your background, which of the decision-making biases listed in the chapter do you most struggle with? What could you do to overcome those biases to make more accurate decisions?

在当前或过去的工作场所7.1,什么样的隐性知识类型并拥有经验丰富的工人?什么这方面的知识让他们做什么?

7.2鉴于你的职业选择,你怎能期望了解你需要知道什么时候开始工作?你认为该公司提供的这些机会你,还是你要寻求自己出来?

7.3你认为自己是“理性”的决策者?对于什么类型的决定,你确定是最合理的?哪些类型的决定有可能导致您的行为非理性?

7.4鉴于你的背景,在这一章中列出的决策偏见而你最斗争?你做什么可以克服这些偏见做出更准确的决定呢?

第八章重点掌握

8.1 Personality refers to the traits and propensities inside a person that explain his or her characteristic patters of thought, emotion, and behavior. It also refers to a person’s social reputation—the way he or she is perceived by others. Cultural values are shared beliefs about desirable end states or modes of conduct in a given culture that influence the expression of traits. Ability refers to the relatively stable capabilities of people to perform a particular range of related activities.

8.2 The “Big Five” include conscientiousness (e.g., dependable, organized reliable), agreeableness

(e.g., warm, kind, cooperative), neuroticism (e.g., nervous, moody, emotional), operative), neuroticism (e.g., nervous, moody, emotional), openness to experience (e.g., curious, imaginative, creative), and extraversion (e.g., talkative, sociable, passionate).

8.3 Hofstede’s dimensions of cultural values include individualism- collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity-femininity, and short-term vs. long-term orientation.

8.4 Cognitive abilities include verbal ability, quantitative ability, reasoning ability, spatial ability, and perceptual ability. General mental ability, or g, underlies all of these more specific cognitive abilities.

8.5 Emotional intelligence includes four specific kinds of emotional skills: self-awareness, other awareness, emotion regulation, and use of emotions.

8.6 General cognitive ability has a strong positive relationship with job performance, due primarily to its effects on task performance. In contrast, general cognitive ability is not related to organizational commitment. Conscientiousness has a moderate positive relationship with job

performance and a moderate positive relationship with organizational commitment. It has stronger effects on these outcomes than the rest of the Big Five.

8.1人格是指一个人的特征和内解释他或她的特点的格局,思想,情感和行为倾向。它也指一个人的社会声誉,他或她是被别人察觉的方式。文化价值是共享有关可取结束状态或在特定的文化行为模式,影响性状表达的信念。能力是指人相对稳定的能力,以执行特定范围的相关活动。

8.2“五大”包括自觉性(例如,可靠的,有组织的可靠),随和(例如,温馨,亲切,合作),神经质(如紧张,喜怒无常,情绪),手术),神经质(如紧张,喜怒无常,情绪),开放的经验(例如,好奇,想象力,创造性)和外向性(如,健谈,待人随和,热情)。

8.3 Hofstede的文化价值维度包括个人主义,集体主义,权力距离,不确定性规避,男性,女性,以及短期与长期方向。

8.4认知能力包括口头表达能力,定量能力,推理能力,空间能力,知觉能力。一般心理能力,或g,基础这些更具体的认知能力的。

8.5情商包括四个特定种类的情感技能:自我意识,其他意识,情绪调节和情感的使用。

8.6一般认知能力与工作绩效有很强的正关系,主要是由于对任务绩效的影响。相比之下,一般的认知能力是没有关系的组织承诺。自觉性与工作绩效有一个温和的积极关系,适度积极与组织承诺的关系。它具有比其他地区更强的五大这些成果的影响。

第八章讨论题

8.1 Consider the duties that you perform in your current job, or the last job that you held. Rank in order the Big Five dimensions from most important to least important in terms of their ability to help you succeed in that environment. Why did you rank them that way?

8.2 Consider the profile of the United States on Hofstede’s cultural values, as shown in Table 8-2. Do you personally feel like you fit the United States profile, or do your values differ in some respects? If you served as an expatriate, meaning you were working in another country, which cultural value differences would be most difficult for you to deal with?

8.3 Think of a job requires very high levels of certain cognitive abilities. Can you think of a way to redesign that job so that people who lack those abilities could still perform the job effectively?

8.4 Think of experiences you’ve had with people who demonstrated unusually high or low levels of emotional intelligence. Then consider how you would rate them in terms of their cognitive abilities. Do you think that emotional intelligence “bleeds over” to affect people’s perceptions of cognitive ability?

8.1考虑的职责,你在你目前的工作,或最后一个工作,你认为执行。排名的顺序最重要的是至少在自己的能力来帮助你成功在这种环境中非常重要的五大方面。你为什么排名他们呢?

8.2审议关于Hofstede的文化价值观的美国个人资料,如表8-2所示。你个人觉得你适应美国的个人资料,或做你的价值观在某些方面有什么不同?如果你作为一个外籍人士,这意味着你的工作服务于另一个国家,文化价值的差异将是最困难的你来处理?

8.3想想工作需要一定的认知能力非常高的水平。你能想到的办法是重新设计工作,使人们谁缺乏这些能力仍然可以有效地执行工作?

8.4想想你的人谁表现出异乎寻常的情商高或低的水平了经验。然后考虑如何将率在他们的

认知能力而言的。你认为情商“过度出血”影响认知能力的人的看法

第九章重点掌握

9.1 Team are groups comprised of two or more people who work interdependently over some time period to accomplish common goals related to some task-oriented purpose.

9.2 There are several different types of teams: work teams, management teams, parallel teams, project teams, and parallel teams.

9.3 Teams can be interdependent in terms of the team task, goals, and outcomes. Each type of interdependence has important implications for team functioning and effectiveness.

9.4 Team composition refer to the characteristics of the characteristics of the members who work in the team. These characteristics include roles, ability, personality, and member diversity, as well as the number of team members.

9.5 Team process reflects the different types of activities and interactions that occur within teams that contribute to their ultimate end goals.

9.6 Taskwork processes are the activities of team members that relate directly to the accomplishment of team tasks Taskwork processes include creative behavior and decision making.

9.7 Teamwork processes refer to the interpersonal activities that facilitate the accomplishment of the team’s work but do not directly involve task accomplishment itself. Teamwork processes include transition processes, action processes, and interpersonal processes.

9.8 Team states refer to specific types of feelings and thoughts that coalesce in the minds of team members as a consequence of their experience working together. Team states include cohesion, in the minds of team members as a onsequence of their experience working together. Team states include cohesion, potency, and mental models.

9.9 Teamwork processes have a moderate positive relationship with team performance and a strong positive relationship with team commitment.

9.1队是由两个或更多的人谁工作在一段时间内相互依赖完成相关的一些任务为导向的共同目标而组成的团体。

9.2有几种不同类型的球队:工作团队,管理团队,同时团队,项目团队和并行队。

9.3团队可以相互依存的团队任务,目标和成果方面。每一个相互依存的类型为团队运作和有效性具有重要意义。

9.4团队构成指的是谁的成员在团队工作的特点的特点。这些特性包括角色,能力,个性和成员的多样性,以及团队成员的数目。

9.5组的进程反映了活动,并在团队互动,有助于他们的最终目的,目标出现的不同类型。

9.6 Taskwork过程是团队成员的活动,直接关系到团队的任务Taskwork过程完成包括创意行为和决策。9.7指的是团队合作的进程,以促进团队的工作成就的人际活动,但不直接涉及完成任务本身。团队合作过程包括过渡进程,行动过程和人际交往过程。

9.8队状态指的是感情和想法,在队员的心中凝聚他们的经验作为一个特定类型的共同努力的结果。球队状态包括凝聚力,作为其合作经验onsequence队员的心中。球队状态包括凝聚力,效力和心智模式。

9.9团队工作流程有一个团队表现温和的正相关关系和强有力的承诺,积极与团队的关系。

第九章讨论题

9.1 In which types of teams have you worked? Were these teams consistent with the team types discussed in this chapter, or were they a combination of types?

9.2 Think about your student teams. Which aspects of both models of team development apply the most and least to teams in this context?

9.3 Think about a highly successful team with which you are familiar. What types of task, goal, and outcome interdependence does this team have? Describe how changes in task, goal, and outcome interdependence might have a negative impact on this team.

9.4 What type of roles do you normally take on in a team setting? Are there task or social roles that you simply don’t perform well? If so, why do you think this is?

9.5 What is the most important team composition factor in your student teams? If a student team has limitations in its composition, what can it do to improve?

9.6 Think of a team in which you worked that performed poorly. Were any of the causes of the poor performance related to the forces that tend to create process loss? If so, which force was most particularly problematic? What steps, if any, did your team take to deal with the problem?

9.7 Think of a team in which you worked that performed exceptionally well. What type of taskwork process did the team engage in? Which teamwork processes did the team seem to depend on most processes did the team seem to depend on most to produce the exceptional results?

9.8 Which types of teamwork training would your student team benefit most from? What exactly would this training cover? What specific benefits would you expect? What would prevent a team from training itself on this material?

9.1在哪些类型的组你工作?这些队伍分别在本章所讨论的团队类型相一致,还是他们的类型的组合?

9.2想想你的学生团队。团队发展的两种模式哪方面的应用在这方面给球队最多和最少?

9.3想想一个非常成功的团队与您所熟悉。任务,目标和结果的相互依存哪些类型的球队呢?描述如何在任务,目标和结果的相互依存关系的变化可能对这支球队的负面影响。

9.4什么类型的角色,你通常需要在一个团队设置?是否有工作或社会角色,你根本不执行呢?如果是这样,你为什么认为这是什么?

9.5什么是最重要的团队在您的学生团队组成因素?如果学生组成的团队在其局限性,它能做什么来改善?

9.6想想一个团队,你的工作表现欠佳。都是相关的力量,往往造成损失的过程中表现不佳的原因任何?如果是这样,这力量是最特别的问题呢?哪些步骤,如果有的话,没你的团队需要处理的问题?

9.7想想一个团队中,你工作的表现异常出色。什么类型的taskwork过程是球队搞?团队合作的进程做了哪些球队似乎取决于大多数进程似乎没有球队在大部分依赖产生特殊的效果?

9.8哪种类型的团队合作培训的学生团队将受益最大的?究竟将这个训练的?有什么具体的好处,你会期待什么?什么会妨碍训练这种材料本身就是一个团队?

第十章重点掌握

10.1 Leadership is the use of power and influence to direct the activities of followers toward goal achievement. Power is the ability to influence the behavior of others and resist unwanted influence

in return. Power is necessary, in that it give leaders the ability to influence others.

10.2 Leaders have five major types of power. There are three organizational forms of power: legitimate power is based on authority or position, reward power is based on the distribution of resources or benefits, and coercive power is based on the handing out of punishments. There are two personal form of power: Expert power is derived from expertise and knowledge, whereas referent power is based on the attractiveness and charisma of the leader. These types of power can be used most effectively when leader are central to the work process, are highly visible, have discretion, and are the sole controllers of resources and information.

10.3 Leaders can use 10 different influence tactics to achieve their objectives. The most effevtive are rational persuasion, consultation, inspirational appeals, and collaboration. The least effective are pressure and the forming of coalitions. Tactics with moderate levels of effectiveness are ingratiation, exchange, personal appeals, and apprising.

10.4 Leaders use power and influence to resolve conflicts through five conflict resolution styles: avoidance, competing, accommodating, collaborating styles: avoidance, competing, accommodating, and compromising. The most effective and also most difficult tactic is collaboration.

10.5 A leader is “effective” to the degree to which the leader’s actions result in the achievement of the unit’s goals, the continued commitment of the unit’s employees, and the development of mutual of the employees, and the development of mutual trust, respect, and obligation with followers.

10.6 Leaders can use a number of styles to make decisions. Beginning with high leader control and moving to high follower control, they include autocratic, consultative, facilitative, and delegative styles. According to the time-driven model of leadership, the appropriateness of these styles depends on decision significance, the importance of commitment, leader expertise, the likelihood of commitment, shared objectives, employee expertise, and teamwork skills.

10.7 Most of the day- to-day leadership behaviors that leaders engage in are examples of either initiating structure or consideration. Initiating structure behaviors include initiation, organization, and production sorts of duties. Consideration behaviors include membership, integration, communication, recognition, and representation sorts of duties.

10.8 Transactional leadership emphasizes “carrot-and-stick” approaches to motivating employees, whereas transformational leadership fundamentally changes the way employees view their work. More specifically, transformational leadership inspires them to commit to a shared vision or goal that provides meaning and challenge to their work. The specific behaviors that underlie transformational leadership include the “Four l’s’: idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration.

10.9 Transformational leadership has a moderate positive relationship with job performance and a strong positive relationship with organizational commitment. It has stronger effects on these outcomes than other leadership behaviors.

10.1领导是权力和影响力来直接对目标的实现追随者的活动。电力是能够影响他人的行为,抵制有害影响的回报。电源是必要的,因为它让领导人有能力影响他人。

10.2领导者的权力主要有五种类型。有三种政权组织形式:合法权力或职务上的权力,奖励权力是基于资源或利益分配,并强制力是在移交处罚出来的。有两种形式的个人权力:专家权是来自经验和知识,而指涉电源上的吸引力和感召力

的领导者。这些类型的权力,可以最有效地使用时,领导者是中央的工作过程,是非常明显的,有自由裁量权,是资源和信息的唯一控制器。

10.3领导者可以使用10种不同的影响力,以实现其目标的策略。最effevtive

都是理性的说服,协商,鼓舞人心的上诉和协作。效果最差的是压力和联盟的形成。中等水平的有效性与战术是逢迎,交流,个人申诉,apprising。

10.4领导利用权力和影响力,通过五个解决冲突的解决冲突的风格:回避,竞争,包容,合作方式:回避,竞争,包容和妥协。最有效,也是最困难的策略是合作。

10.5领导者是“有效”到哪个领导者的行动,在该单位的目标,该单位的员工继续承诺,以及对员工的共同发展,相互信任,尊重发展成就的结果,学位与追随者和义务。

10.6领导者可以使用的样式数量作出决定。高领导人开始控制和转向高追随者控制,他们包括独断专行,咨询,提供便利,并delegative风格。根据领导的时间驱动的模型,这些样式是否恰当取决于决策的重要性,承诺,领导者的专业知识的重要性,承诺的可能性,共同的目标,员工的专业知识,技能和团队精神。

10.7天的日常领导行为,领导者从事的大多是要么开始或考虑结构的例子。启动结构行为包括发起,组织,以及生产各种职务。考虑行为包括会员,整合,沟通,认同,并表示各种职务。

10.8交易型领导强调“胡萝卜加大棒”的方法来激励员工,而变革型领导从根本上改变了员工认为他们的工作。具体而言,变革型领导激励他们承诺一个共同的目标或目标,提供意义和挑战的工作。具体行为所依据变革型领导包括“四L' S':理想化的影响,鼓舞人心的激励,智力刺激,和个性化的考虑。

10.9转型领导与工作绩效中度正相关关系和强有力的组织承诺与积极的关系。它比其他领导行为更强的这些成果的影响。

第十章讨论题

10.1 Can a leader influence others without power? How exactly would that influence take place?

10.2 Which forms of power do you consider to be the strongest? Which types of power do you currently have? How could you go about obtaining higher levels of the forms that you’re lacking?

10.3 Who is the most influential leader you have come in contact with personally? What forms of power did he or she have, and which types of influence did he or she use to accomplish objectives?

10.4 The time-sensitive model of leadership argues that leaders aren’t just concerned about the accuracy of their decisions when deciding among autocratic, consultative, facilitative, and delegative styles: they’re also concerned about the efficient use of time. What other considerations could influence a leader’s use of the four decision-making styles?

10.5 Consider the four dimensions of transformational leadership: idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. Which of those dimensions would respond to most favorably? Why?

10.6 Can you think of any potential “dark sides” to transformational leadership? What would they be?

10.1领导者可以影响其他人没有权力?究竟会如何影响发生?

10.2哪些形式的权力,你认为是最强的?哪些类型的权力,你目前有哪些?你怎么能去有关获取的形式,你没有更高的水平?

10.3谁是最有影响力的领导者,你有接触的个人?什么形式的权力都没有,他或她,并没有影响他或她的类型来实现目标?

10.4领导对时间敏感的模型认为,领导者不只是关心他们的决策的准确性有关时间独断专行,咨询,提供便利,并delegative风格决定:他们还对有效利用时间的问题。什么因素可能会影响其他领导人的四个决策风格的使用?

10.5考虑变革型领导的四个维度:理想化的影响,鼓舞人心的激励,智力刺激,和个性化的考虑。这些方面的内容会回应最积极?为什么呢?

10.6你能想到的任何潜在的“黑暗面”的变革型领导?他们会是什么?

组织行为学考试重点(陈春花)

1.组织行为学的学科特性:跨科学性;多层面性;情境性;科学性 2.价值观的概念:是一个人对人、事、物的意义与重要性的总体评价和信念,包含了对正 误、好坏、取舍的判断倾向。价值观是后天形成的,但一旦形成和稳定,就难以改变。 价值观包含内容和强度两种属性,内容属性描述了某种方式的行为或存在状态是重要的;强度属性表明其重要程度。 3.人格的概念:在组织行为学的研究中,人格是一个包含了先天禀性(遗传和心理及生理 上的传承)和后天教养(环境、发展的熏陶)、性情特质、人对情境的知觉等交互作用,以及社会化过程的自我概念。它有着复杂的结构,包含需要、动机、兴趣、价值观、以及性格和心理能力等。 4.人格的影响因素:遗传因素;环境因素(文化背景、家庭情境、群体特征、生活经历); 情境因素。 5.知觉:是个体对从环境刺激进行选择、组织、理解、反思并赋予其意义的过程。知觉具 有选择性,总是过滤掉大多数的内部或外部刺激,而只注意几种关键的刺激,通过感官接收,再根据对象的特点和自身的兴趣选择注意的焦点,然后结合个体自身特征赋予刺激以意义。 6.社会知觉:是个体在社会环境中对他人的心理状态、行为动机和意向(社会特征和社会 现象)的知觉。 7.刻板印象:指过度推论、过分简单化地对人们的个性进行推断的自我知觉现象。它是基 于人们在某一社会群体中的身份,把某些特征赋予他们的过程。刻板印象来自人的本能。 8.近因效应:指在总体印象形成过程中,新近获得的信息,比原来获得的信息影响更大的 现象。 9.情绪:是一种心理和生理经历,它直接指向人或物,是对客体的反应。情绪的特征:情 绪是短暂的经历,而不是一种特质;情绪指向客体,而心境不指向特定事物;人们在心理和生理上经历情绪。情绪的三个维度:情绪种类、情绪强度、情绪频率和持久性。10.压力的来源:组织压力(任务压力源、角色压力源、人际压力源、物理压力源);生活 压力源(家庭及经济问题、职业发展问题)。 11.压力带来的后果:对生理和心理的影响(新陈代谢紊乱、心率加快、呼吸频率加快、血 压升高等;紧张、焦虑、易怒、烦躁、情绪低落);对工作的影响(当压力处于中低水平时,会对机体产生激活作用,使机体的反应能力增强,进而提高个体的效率和绩效。 过大的压力水平会使机体的绩效降低。可见,适中的压力能让个体创造高绩效) 12.自我效能感:是一个人相信自己能够有效完成某一特定任务的能力的信心和期望,并非 一个人真实的能力,只是一个人对自己完成某项任务的任务评定。具有自我效能感的人相信自己有足够的能力完成给定的工作,能够排除外部因素的阻挡来达成期望。自我效能感有三个维度:程度,即相信自己能够完成任务的困难程度;强度,即对这一困难程度的信念强弱;一般性,即期望能推广至其他情境的程度。 13.自我效能感的来源:先前的经验及实际成就;行为榜样;其他人的劝说;个体自身的生 理和心理状态 14.组织承诺:也叫组织认同感,是员工对于特定组织及目标的认同、情绪依赖及参与程度。 15.组织承诺的基本成分:情感承诺(指的是对组织目标和价值观的信仰、为组织付出更多 努力的意愿和希望保持组织成员身份的愿望);持续承诺(指的是员工因考虑到跳槽的成本而不愿离职的态度与行为,这可能是因为离开组织的代价太高或暂无更佳的工作机会);规范承诺(指的是员工觉得应该留在组织中的责任和义务,体验到规范承诺的员工感到应该留在组织中)。 16.组织公民行为在管理实践中的应用:营造公平的工作环境促进组织公民行为的形成;提

组织行为学答案

《组织行为学》复习题及答案 1、试论述现代组织理论的主要思想 组织行为学是研究一定组织中人的心理和行为规律性的科学。它采用系统分析的方法,综合运用心理学、社会学、人类学、生理学、生物学、经济学和政治学等知识,研究一定组织中人的心理和行为的规律性,从而提高各级领导者和管理者对人的行为预测和引导能力,以便更有效地实现组织预定的目标。 学习组织行为学的重要意义:1、加强以人为中心的管理,充分调动人的积极性、主动性和创造性;2、知人善任,合理地使用人才;3、改善人际关系,增强群体的合理凝聚力和向心力,促进社会的和谐发展;4、提高领导水平,改善领导者和被领导者的关系;5、有助于组织变革和组织发展。 2、试论述如何提高领导的有效性 答:领导就是指引和影响个体、群体或组织来实现所期望目标的各种活动过程。领导是一种影响一个他人实现目标的能力和过程。 提升领导的影响力 1、领导的本质是影响。领导行为的实施,组织或群体成员对领导者的信任和追随,都离不开领导者的影响力。 2、对人施加影响的过程也是一种艺术。越是高层次的领导行为,因其面对的复杂性和不确定性越多,艺术性也就越强。

3、领导是与某种目标相联系的目的性很强的行为。 领导有效性的权变理论 领导者自身的特点: 能力、个性特征、工作行为倾向、权力类型、影响力等。 与下属保持良好的人际关系是实施领导行为的关键,可弥补权力的缺乏。领导可以改变不 一种重视下属的权变理论 四种领导风格:指示推销参与授权 P328 主要观点:领导者的效率是以能够激励下属达成组织目标,并在工作中使下属得到满足的能力来衡量的。领导者的责任和作用在于改善下属的心理状态,激励他们去完成工作任务或对工作感到满意,帮助下属达到目标。领导的作用在于:使下属的需要满足于有效的工作绩效联系在一起;提供有效的工作绩效所必需的辅导、支持和奖励。 四种不同的领导方式可供同一领导者在不同情境中使用: 1、指导型。明确告诉下属做什么、怎么做、何时完成。 2、支持型。平等待人、关心下属。 3、参与型。决策时征求下属意见。

组织行为学期末考试试题A-B卷及答案要点

A卷 一、名词解释:(4*8=32分) 1、组织 2、正式组织 3、激励 4、团队情商 二、简答题;(4*12=48分) 1、组织与环境的关系 2、简述马斯诺的需要层次理论 3、晕轮效应及启示 4、简述组织文化 三、论述题:20分 试述优势动机理论及其对管理工作的意义。 B卷 一、名词解释 非正式组织 第一印象效应 从众 组织文化 二、简答题 组织存在的条件 设计有效激励机制的原则 高效团队的特征 公平理论的启示 三、论述题 群体发展的五阶段模型 组织行为学考试A卷答案要点 一、名词解释:(4*8=32分) 1、组织 一群人的集合、有机系统、共同的明确的目标、整合资源、实现一加一大于二的效果。 2、正式组织 正式组织是指人们按照一定的规则,为完成某一共同的目标,正式组织起来的人群集合体。正式组织有三个基本要素,即协作意愿、共同目标和信息沟通。这三个要素是正式组织产生的充分必要条件。在正式组织中,其成员之间保持着形式上的协作关系,以完成组织目标为行动的出发点和归宿点。人们经

常将“正式”与“不变”、“稳定”联系在一起。在实践中,正式组织在保持其相对稳定性的同时必须具有一定的灵活性,发现和使用人才,并根据组织环境的变化调整正式组织的结构。 3、激励 激励理论是关于如何满足人的各种需要、调动人的积极性的原则和方法的概括总结。行为科学认为,人的动机来自需要,由需要确定人们的行为目标,激励则作用于人内心活动,激发、驱动和强化人的行为。激励的目的在于激发人的正确行为动机,调动人的积极性和创造性,以充分发挥人的智力效应,做出最大成绩。 4、团队情商 团队情商是指一个团体的综合情绪控制调节能力。团队是由个体结合而成的,但它不是简单的人群组合,它是由一群心理上相互认知;行为上相互支持、相互影响;利益上相互联系、相互依存;目标上有共同向往的人们结合在一起的人群集合体。由此,我们可以将团队情商理解为团队的共同价值观、荣誉感和使命感。现代组织中的许多工作都是由各种团队去完成的。为此,团队的工作气氛以及凝聚力对工作绩效有着深刻的影响。团队能否和谐,不仅取决于其中每个成员的情商,更取决于团队整体的情商。高情商的团队,成员之间往往具有亲和力和凝聚力,团队显示出高涨的士气;低情商的团队,士气低落,人心涣散,缺乏战斗力,因而所在单位也不会有好的发展。 二、简答题;(4*12=48分) 1、组织与环境的关系 任何组织的生存和发展都依赖于特定的客观物质基础和社会条件,存在于组织之外并对组织产生一定影响作用的外部事物和现象就构成通常所说的组织环境。 组织和环境的关系:不同组织对环境要素的依赖程度各不相同。组织(系统)和环境相互作用,不断的进行物质、能量、信息的交换。组织和环境相互作用具体表现为组织和环境中的各种要素、其他组织和个人的相互作用,这些与组织直接作用的其他组织和个人称为利益相关者。组织必须正视环境存在,适应环境变化,不断调整、改革,才能获得发展。组织要适应环境的变化,必须有良好的信息沟通渠道,及时、准确的感知环境变化,同时要始终保持结构的灵活性。组织也会影响环境,组织的存在本身就为了增强人们认识和改造世界的能力,组织活动的结果必然会对环境产生或大或小的影响,组织要为优化社会物质环境和文化环境尽其“社会责任”。 2、简述马斯诺的需要层次理论 美国人本主义心理学家马斯洛在20世纪40年代提出了需要层次理论,他认为人有五种基本需要:生理需要、安全需要、归属和爱的需要、尊重需要、自我实现需要。这些需要属于不同层次,构成一个需要的“金字塔”。马斯洛指出,只有低级需要基本满足之后,才会出现高一级的需要,也就是说,人的基本需要是由低级向高级发展的,具有连续性。五个层次需要包括:生理需要,即物质需求,这是直接与生存有关的需要。它具有自我保存和种族延续的意义,在人类各种基本需要中占有最强的优势,也是人类社会发展的动力,正是人们对物质的需求,人们才会不断的寻求更舒适的物质享受,物质社会的发展才会日新月异。只有生理需求得到了满足,人们才会有更高层次的追求。安全需要,如果生理需要相对满足了,就会出现安全需要。安全需求是人们对于周围环境

《组织行为学》中英文词汇对照

组织行为学中英文词汇对照 A ability[?'b?l?ti]能力 achievement [?'t?ivm?nt]成就动机 achievement need 成就需要 affiliation need [?,f?l?'e??n]归属需要 arbitrator ['ɑ?b?tre?t?]仲裁人 assessment centers[?'s?sm?nt]['s?nt?z]评价中心attitude ['?t?t?d]态度 attribution归因 attribution theory归因理论 attribution theory of leadership领导的归因理论B behavioral theories of leadership 领导的行为理论behaviorism theories 行为主义理论 Big Five personality traits "大五"人格特质 body language身体语言 bounded rationally有限理性 brainstorming脑力激荡法 bureaucracy 官僚结构 C career 职业 centralization集权化 chain of command命令链

charismatic leadership 领袖魅力的领导charismatic leadership theories魅力领导理论classical conditioning 经典条件反射 cliques 小集团 cognitive component of an attitude 态度的认知成分cognitive learning 认知学习 cognitive theories 认知理论 cohesiveness凝聚力 collaborating协作 command group命令型群体 communication沟通 communication apprehension沟通焦虑communication networks 沟通网络communication process沟通过程 competence 能力 competing 竞争 compromising 折中 conciliator 和解人 conflict冲突 conflict management冲突管理 conflict process 冲突过程 conformity 从众问题 conscientiousness 责任心 consideration 关怀维度

组织行为学:智力能力和体力能力

组织行为学:Individual’s overall abilities An individual’s overall abilities are essentially made up of two sets of factors: intellectual and physical abilities. 1. Intellectual abilities Intellectual abilities are those required to do mental activities. 1.1IQ tests IQ tests are designed to ascertain one’s general intellectual abilities. So, too, are popular college admission tests like the SAT and ACT and graduate admission tests in business (GMAT), law (LSAT), and medicine (MCAT) 1.2Dimensions of intellectual abilities The seven most frequently cited dimensions making up intellectual abilities are number aptitude, verbal comprehension, perceptual speed, inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, spatial visualization, and memory. (1)Number aptitude Ability to do speedy and accurate arithmetic__ Job example: accountant __ computing the sales tax on a set of items (2)Verbal comprehension Ability to understand what is read or heard and the relationship of words to each other __ Job example: plant manager __following corporate policies (3)Perceptual speed Ability to identify visual similarities and differences quickly and accurately __ Job example: fire investigator __identifying clues to support a charge of arson (4)Inductive reasoning Ability to identify a logical sequence in a problem and then solve the problem __

(完整word版)组织行为学考试题及答案

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组织行为学领导案例分析

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