高中英语语法知识非谓语动词归纳
“非谓语动词”可分为动词不定式、动名词和分词。它在句子中的作用很多:除了不作谓语外,它可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语与复合宾语(主语补语或宾语补语。有些及物动词后面接不带to的不定式作复合宾语。这些动词归纳如下:一感(feel.二听(hear,listen to,三让(have,1et,make,四看(see, watCh,notice,observe。再加上help somebody(todo something 和美国英语look at somebody do somthing。还有“二让”属特殊:get somebody to do something与keep somebody doin g。而有些及物动词后面接动名词(the-ing form作宾语。这些动词归纳为一句话:Papa C makes friends。这是由如下动词的开头字母组成:permit,advise,practise,avoid,consider,mind,all ow,keep,enjoy,suggest,finish,risk,imagine,escape,need,delay,sta nd(忍受。为了容易记住,也可以编成顺口溜:“允许完成练习,建议避免冒险,考虑延期逃跑,喜欢保持想象,需要反对忍受”。其相对应的动词依次是:permit/allow,finish,practise;advise/sug gest,avoid,risk:consider,delay,escape/miss;enjoy/appreciate,keep, imagine;need/want/require,mind.can't help/can’t stand。
二、复合句
1、学生最容易混淆的是定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
例如:A、The news that our team has won the match i s true.(同位语从句
B、The news that he told us surprised everybody here. (定语从句
关键的区别在于连接或关系代词that:有意义的是定语,无意义的是同位。因为引导定语从句的that在从句中作主语或宾语,而引导同位语从句的that只起到连接词的作用。
2、接着容易混淆的是引导定语从句的关系代词that与w hich:that之前是不定(代词、序数(词、(形容词最高级:which 之前是介词短语与逗号(非限制性。
例如:A、All that we have to do is to practise every d ay.
B、The first lesson that I learned will never be forgott en.
C、I have lost my pen,which I like very much.
D、The house in front of which there is a garden is my home.
三、It的用法
1、It除了代替人和物以外,还可以作形式主语。而真正的主语(不定式、动名词或从句则放于谓语或表语之后。例如: It is nor easy to finish the work in two days.
然而有少数表语之后接动名词作真正的主语。这些表语是:无助(no help、无用(no use、没好处(no good;工作(hard work、费时(a waste of time、又危险(a danger。例如:A、It is no use crying over spilt milk.B、It is a waste of time w aiting for him.
2、It还可以作形式宾语。通常下列动词后面可接it作形式宾语:2f2tcjm(find,feel,think,take,consider,judge,make。例如: A、He made it clear that he was not interested in this subj ect.B、I think it no use arguing with him.
3、It用于强调句式。要强调句子的某一部分(主语、宾语、状语,可以把it当作先行词。
这种句子的结构是:It is(was+被强调部分+that(who+句子的其余部分。例如:A、It iS Professor Lin who teaches us English—(强调主语B、It was in Shanghai that l saw the film.—(强调状语C、It was in 1990 that I worked in the f actory.(同上
但要注意与定语从句的区别。例如:D、It was 1990 wh en I worked in the factory.(定语从句
在强调句式里,我们把强调结构It is(was…that除去,句子还很完整。如例句C。而例句D就不能。
四、倒装结构
学生容易混淆的是全部倒装与部分倒装。如何区分之,编个顺口溜:副(adv.介(prep.提前全倒装,其它句式部分倒;否定提前倒助动,让步状语倒表语;复合句式倒主句,不
倒装的属特殊。下面举例说明:A、Here comes the bus. (副词提前,全倒装B、Here he comes.(代词作主语,不倒装C、In front of the house lies a garden.(介词短语提前,全倒装D、Never shall I do this again.(否定词提前,部分倒装E、Y oung as he is,he knows a lot.(让步状语从句,表语倒装F、O nly when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in. (only修饰状语,主句倒装G、Only he can save the patient.(o nly修饰主语.不倒装H、Not only will help be given to pe ople,but also medical treatment will be provided.(否定词提前,部分倒装
I、Not only he but also we like sports.(连接两个主语,不倒装
五、虚拟语气
虚拟语气也是一个难点。所谓虚拟语气是表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,而不表示客观存在的事实。它通过句子的谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。现归纳如下:纯假设,用虚拟,动词时态退一级:条件句,分主从,主句谓语前加would(sh ould,could,might;表愿望,用虚拟,wish后面接宾语(从句:现在过去与将来,动词时态退一级:提建议,用虚拟,宾语(从句动词用(shoulddo:俩建议,三要求,再加坚持与命令(suggest,advise,d
emand,require,request,insist,order:It is time和eoukd rather,后接丛句用虚拟:部分主语从句中,谓语用虚拟结构(It is necess ry/important/natural/natural/strange/strange that……should d o。下面举例说明:A、If you came tomorrow,we would have the metting.(条件句虚拟B、Without air,there would be no living things.(同上C、We wish we had arrived there two h ours earlier.(表示愿望虚拟D、He demanded that we(shoulds tart right away.(表示建议虚拟E、It is(hightime that we left (should leavenow.(特殊从句虚拟F、I would rather you gav e me the book.(同上G、It is necessary that we should clea n the room everyday,(主语从句虚拟H、He speaks English so fluently as if he were English.(特殊从句虚拟
总之,语法是从语言实践中总结出来的规则,要边学边寻找规律,以提高学习效率。在学习中不能只记一些语法规则,要进行实践练习。通过练习,可以发现和纠正错误,而且有利于况固所学知识。
高中英语难点词语使用解释
一,使用代用词one应注意的问题
英语中one可用作代用词.它代替上文出现的名词词组中心词,以避免重复.使用代用词one时需注意以下几个方面:
1.只能代替可数名词,不能代替不可数名词.eg:I haven't got a raincoat.I'll have to buy one.Brown's old car is much better than our new one.
2.复数名词的代用词为ones.eg:He ate all the big cherri es and left me the little ones.There was a mother bird in t he nest and there were four young ones.
3.代用词one的常用关联情况
1与前面带有冠词的形容词连用.eg:We are moving fro m our present house into a smaller one.Have you any kniv es I need a sharp one.I like a strong cup of tea better tha n a weak one.I propose in this chapter and in the followin g one to give an outline of the pioneering work.
2与形容词性物主代词和形容词连用.eg:Take off your blue dress and put on your green one.3其前有定冠词,其后有后置修饰语(形容词短语或定语从句.eg:If you can't find y our pen,use the one on the table.Hand me my coat,please.It is the one hanging on the third hook.Of the two watches, I prefer the one that you showed us first.
4与this和that连用,其后可接后置修饰语或定语从句.eg: You sit in that chair,and I'll have this one.The book I am referring to is that one on the second shelf.The most valua ble ring that l possess is this one I am wearing.
5其前可用广义序数词,如next,1ast,other,another及疑问代词which等.eg:Let's finish this exercise so we can go on to the next one.Some of the answers were correct,but I d on't remember which ones.
6在口语中,代用词one常与形容词最高级连用.eg:Betty had tens of thousands of Augustus's 1etters.She chose from these thousands the fifteen most damaging ones she could find.
4.代用词one(或ones的省略
1句中形容词表示前后对比时,可以省略代用词.eg:His p rofessional instincts are stronger than his personal(ones.Loca l political forces are 1ess concentrated than national(ones.T here are,of course,bad architects as well as good(ones.Angl o—Saxon should be preferrted to foreign words,and the sh ort word to the long(one.
2句中只提到两种可能性时,一般省略代用词.eg:The ne w library will be like the o1d(one.Lean years may be expe cted to follow the fat(ones.
3形容词比较级后常省略代用词.eg:I know this is not quite the right word,but I can't be bothered to think of a b etter(one.
There were two tables 1aid…he and Ann were expecte d to preside at the smaller(one.4"不定冠词+原级形容词"后的代用词一般不省略.eg:Have you any knives I need a sha rp one.
5.不使用代用词的场合
1one不可用来代替不可数名词或集合名词.以下各句中省略的均不是代用词one.eg:I'd prefer the red wine to the white(wine.It is cheaper to buy old furniture than to have new(furniture made.
2one一般不能与own连用.eg:I can't write properly wit h your pen;I'd rather use my own.(不能用my own oneMrs Smith is both 1oved and respected in many countries besi des her own.(不能用her own one
3one不能置于所有格名词或形容词性物主代词之后.eg: As my own bicycle was broken,I borrowed John's.(不能用J ohn's oneIs this my pen,or is it yours(不能用your one 如需连用,所有格名词或形容词性物主代词与代用词之间必须有一形容词,如John's old
one,your new one,my best one等.eg:You may borrow my o1d pen,if you wish,but I cannot 1end you my best on e.My humble fate is curiously bound up with John's illustri ous one.4one不能与these和those连用.eg:I don't care for t hose flowers;I would rather have these.These machines are better than those we turned out last year.
5one不能与基数词连用.eg:You have three book;I have only two.(不能用two ones
但在口语中有时可以例外.eg:There were a 1ot of artist ic kinds of people there,and one or two ones from the BB C.
二,"to...to"结构之肯定意义的语域
及其成因研究
"too…to"是英语中常见的,以其肯定形式表示否定意义的结构.但是,并不是所有的"too…to"结构都表示否定意义.在某些情况下,"too…to"结构也表示肯定意义.下面将从"too...to "结构的语义特征分析其肯定意义及其语域和成因.
一,"too...to"结构的肯定意义在"某些特殊副词+too…to"结构语域中的体现及其成因研究:1.语域研究
"too...to"结构之前带有"but,only,all,simply,just"时,该结构表示强烈的肯定意义,汉译为"非常/十分/实在/真是太……"等. eg:They are but too glad to do so.他们非常喜欢这么做.Th e patient was only too willing to be operated upon.病人非常愿意接受手术.We are all too satisfied to take your advic e.我们非常乐意接受你的建议.We shall be simply too glad to help you.我们很乐意帮助你.I am just too glad to help you.能帮你的忙,我真是太高兴了.
2.成因研究
在以上例句中,too前面的"but,only,all,simply,just"等副词只起到了加强语气的作用.因此,用于"too...to"结构前面的这
几个副词可以互换,而不定式,to则表示原因,有肯定意义.另外,该用法中的too只表示程度深一些,所以不会对其后的形容词产生否定意义,反而更强调了其肯定意义.
二,"too...to"结构的肯定意义在"否定副词+too...to"结构和"too...+not
to"语域中的体现及其成因研究
1.语域研究
"too...to"结构前也可以加否定副词not或never构成"not/ never too…to"和"too...not to"结构.该结构不表示否定,而表示肯定,译为"不太……可以……,决不……能……,非常(很,太,那么……不会不(必定能,所以能……".eg:He is not too wea k to carry the bag.他不太弱小;可以背得动那个书包.The bo x is not too heavy to lift.这只箱子不太重,可以抬得起来.It is never too late to mend.亡羊补牢,犹未晚也.One is never too old to learn.活到老学到老.He is too careful not to hav e noticed that.他那么小心,肯定会注意到那一点的.You are t oo kind not to help me.你很善良,肯定会帮助我的.
2.成因研究
当too表示"太,过分"意义时,它是一个表示超量的程度副词,对其后所跟的形容词起一种消极作用,含有否定意义,因此就导致了"too…to"结构含有否定意义.但如果在too前加否定词not或never,形成双重否定,则能使原来具有否定意义的"to
o...to"结构转化为肯定意义.三,"too…to"结构的肯定意义在"t oo+特殊形容词+to"结构语域中的体现及其成因研究
1.语域研究
有时可以在too之后加表示某种心情或描绘性的形容词,表示肯定意义.这类形容词有"glad,pleased,happy,satisfied,read y,apt,incline,kind,eager"等.eg:He is too ready to help others.他十分乐意帮助别人.He is too inclined to be cheated.他很容易上当受骗.Beginners are too apt to make mistakes in g rammar.初学者极易犯语法错误.He is too eager to know th e result of his experiment.他迫切想知道他所做的实验结果. It is too kind of you to repair the car for me.你为我修车真是太好了.He is too p1eased to receive the pretty gift.收到这件
漂亮的礼物,他真是太高兴了.
2.成因研究
在以上例句中,表示心情或描绘性的形容词和to引导的不定式结合成一个表示不可分割的状态,态度,心境或倾向,并且具有明显的动词意义或感情色彩.因此,句中的不定式"to..."表示肯定(不表示结果含义.
可见,在"too...to"结构表示肯定的句型中,too的逻辑意义为…'extremely'(很,十分,强调其后的形容词具有肯定意义;这与"too...to"结构表示否定时,too的含义和作用完全相反.
三,as用法小结
as一词在SEFC新教材中多处出现.它词性多,词义广,用法灵活.现将其用法归纳如下.
一as作副词,表示程度,意为"同样地".在"as...as...","not a s...as..."结构中的第一个as是副词,作"和/与...(不一样"解.eg:J ack is as tall as his father.杰克和他的父亲一样高.
He doesn't speak English as/so fluently as you.他的英语说得不如你流利.
二as作介词.
作"如,像"解.eg:They got united as one man.他们团结得像一个人一样.She spoke of me as her dearest friend,她谈起我犹如我是她最亲密的朋友.2.作"充当,作为"解.eg:As a writer,he was famous.作为作家,他是很有名的.English is sp oken as the first language by most people in Australia.在澳大利亚,大多数人把英语作为第一语言.
三as作连词,常用来连接主句和状语从句.
1.引导时间状语从句,作"当...的时候"解,有"随着..."之意,与while意义相近,强调两个动作同时发生;或某事一发生,另一事立即发生.eg:He shouted aloud as her ran along.他一边往前跑,一边高声地呼喊.I was startled as he opened the do or.他一开门,我吓了一跳.We get wiser as we get older.随着年龄的增长,我们会变得更聪明.
as作连词,相当于when.eg;As a little boy(When he was a little boyhe began to learn to play piano.他小时候就开始学弹钢琴.As a child(When he was a child,he lived in th
e countryside.他小时候住在农村.
2.引导原因状语从句,作"因为,由于"解,与because的用法相近.eg;As it was getting very late,we soon turned back.因为很晚了,我们很快就回来了.I must stop writing now,as I h ave rather a lot of work to do.我必须停笔了,因为我还有许多工作要做.
3.引导方式状语从句或比较状语从句,作"正如,(如像"解.例eg:As in your country,we grow wheat in the north and r ice in the south.正如(像你们国家一样,我们在北方种小麦,在南方种大米.(方式状语从句When at Rome,do as Romans d o.入乡随俗.(方式状语从句
They always work as hard as we do.他们工作总是像我们一样努力.(句中第二个as是连词,引导比较状语从句此外,在"as…as possible"结构中第二个as也起连词的作用.eg:Read the story as quickly as possible.(=Read the stor y as quickly as you can.尽快地阅读这个故事.They watered the trees as often as possible.(=They watered the trees as often as they could.他们尽可能经常给树浇水.
4.引导让步状语从句,作"虽然,尽管"解.这时从句常用倒装语序,即把从句中的表语,状语或动词原形放在as之前.eg;St
range as it may seem,it is true.尽管这事看上去很奇怪,但却是真的.Try as he might,Tom could not get out of the diffi culties.不管怎样努力,汤姆还是摆脱不了困境.Child as she is, she knows a lot.她虽然年幼,但却懂得很多东西.(注意;child 前不带不定冠词a
四as作关系代词.
1.引导限制性定语从句,用在"such...as","the same...as","a s...as"等结构中,常译作"像...一样的人(或物","凡是...的人(或物".例eg:He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was.他曾希望做一个像雷锋那样的人.My hometown is no longer t he same as it was.我的家乡再也不像
过去一样了.As many people as are present will be gi ven a present.所有在场的人都将得到一份礼物.
2.引导非限制性定语从句,用来指代它前面的整个句子(即先行句,意思是"这一点".这个分句可以位于句首,句中或句末.eg:As is well known,oceans cover more than 70%of the earth.我们知道,海洋占地球面积的百分之七十以上.This ele phant is like a snake,as anybody can see.谁都看得出来,这头大象就像一条蛇.
五含as的固定词组的用法
1.as soon as作"一…就"解,引导时间状语从句.eg:As so on as I get to Beijing,I'll write to you.我一到北京,就给你写信.
2.as/so long as作"只要"解,eg;As/So long as you study hard,you'll make progress.只要你努力,你就会取得进步.
3.as if/though常用来引导方式状语从句,作"好像,仿佛"解.如果从句中讲的是非真实情况,则用虚拟语气.eg:She love s the child as if/though he were her own.她爱这个孩子如同爱自己的孩子.They talked as if/though they had been th ere,他们谈起话来就好像他们真的到过那里似的.
As if/though也可用来引导表语从句,常用在"It appears/l ooks/seems...+as if/though"句型结构中.eg;It appears as if/th ough it is going to clear up.看起来天要晴了.It seems as if /though he knew nothing about it.他好像对此事一无所知.
4.as to作"关于,至于"解.eg;There is no doubt as to his honesty.他的诚实是无可置疑的.
5.as much/many as作"多达...","达到...之多"解.eg:The n umber of people who lost homes reached as many as 2500 00.无家可归的人数达25万之多.He can earn as much as 50 00 dollars a month.他每月能挣5000美元.
6.so/as far as I know作"就我所知"解,在句中作插入语. eg:As/So far as I know,he will come here next Monday.据我所知,他将于下星期一到这里来.
7.as a result,as a result of表示"由于...的结果".eg:We f ollow up the suggestions,and have had satisfying experience s as aresult.由于我们按照建议办事,因此一直得到满意的结果.She died as a direct result of the accident.她的死是那次事故的直接结果.
8,as well为"也,还"之意.eg:Come early,and bring your b rother as well.早点来,把你的弟弟也带来.
as well as也可以作"和,同"解.当其连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词应与前面的主语在数上保持一致.eg:My parents as well as my elder sister enjoy music.比较:My elder sister as well as my parents enjoys music.我父母亲和我姐姐都喜欢音乐.
9.so as to,so...as to若跟动词原形,表示目的或结果.eg:H
e studied hard so as to pass the exam.他努力学习以便通过考试.(表示目的
He was so strong as to carry the heavy box.他很强壮,能搬动这个沉重的箱子.(表示结果四,keep,1eave,find,feel和m ake
在S V O C中的用法
SVOC是一种基本句型.其中S-Subjeet,V-Verb,O-Object, C-Complement.
宾语补语可以是形容词(Adjective,名词(Noun,现在分词(Present participle,过去分词(Past participle,介词短语(Preposit ional phrase和副词(Adverb,也可以是动词不定式(Infinitive,或是从句(Clause.SVOC结构在SEFC中运用很广泛,而且动词make,
keep,leave,find和feel在新教材中出现频率很高,也是学习中的难点.下面分别谈谈这些词在SVOC中的用法.
Keep keep在SVOC中的释义是"使某人或某事保持在某一状态".
1.keep+O+Prepositional phrase
I'll keep the box in the shade so that the sun doesn't burn the little plants.我会把这个盒子
一直放在阴凉地方,这样太阳就不会把幼苗晒枯.
2.keep+O+Past participle
We'll keep you informed of the flood in the Chang jia ng River.我们将随时让你知道长江水灾的情况.
3.keep+O+Adjective
Please keep the room clean all the time.请始终保持房间清洁.
4.keep+O+Present participle
Mother kept me studying during the summer holiday;f or I failed my maths exam.
母亲让我暑假一直学习,因为我数学考试不及格.
5.keep+O+Adverb
You must keep this medicine away from the child.这药要放在儿童够不到的地方.
Leave leave在SVOC中的释义是"让某人或某事处于某种状态".
1.1eave+O+Clause
Leave her where she is.让她留在原地.
Don't touch my writing table;leave it as it is.别碰我的写字台,就让它照原样放着.
2.1eave+O+Past participle
Before the final exam,he left nothing undone.在期末考试前,他已做好了一切准备.
3.1eave+O+Adjective
Fear left her lips stiff.恐惧使她张口结舌.
4.1eave+O+Present participle
Don't leave water running to clean vegetables.洗菜时不要开着水龙头让水直淌.
5.1eave+O+Infinitive
Leave the fnture to take care of itself.让未来自然发展吧.
6.Leave+O+Adverb
Someone has left the bathroom tap no.有人忘了关浴室的水龙头.
Find find在SVOC中的释义是"发现,觉得"或者"发现...处于某种状态".
1.find+O+Adjective
...but I find idioms and useful expressions hard to lear n.但是我觉得习惯用语和有用的词语很难学.
2.find+O+Noun
I find him a very clever man.我发现他是一个很聪明的人.
3.find+O+Present participle
Dusk found him crying in the street.黄昏时,他在街头叫喊.
4.find+O+Past participle
He found his hometown greatly changed.他发现他的家乡发生了巨大的变化.
5.find+O+Prepositional phrase
They found him already in the care of a doctor.他们发现已经有一位大夫在照顾他了.
6.find+O+Adverb
He hurried there,but found them all out.他赶到那里,但发现大家都出去了.
find在SVOC中的宾语如果是动词不定式或者是动名词,就必须用先行词it表示,然后将真正的宾语置于补语之后.
7.find+it+adj.+doing sth.
We found it useless trying to persuade him to go with us.我们发现劝他和我们一起去是没用的.
8.find+it+adj.+to do sth.
She found it hard to keep a diary in English.她发现用英语每天写日记很难.
Feel feel在SVOC中的释义是"感到,认为",如果其宾语是动词不定式,也必须用先行词it表示,然后将真正的宾语置于补语之后.
1.feel+it+Noun+Infinitive
They feel it their duty to keep the classroom clean.他们认为保持教室干净是他们的职责.2.feel+O+Past participle He felt himself forced to take the action.他感到自己是被迫采取这个行动.
高中英语语法权威解析 目录: 第０１章名词性从句 第0２章“Iｔ”用法及其句型与固定搭配讲解 第03章高中英语语法中得省略现象 第04章主谓一致 第05章动词不定式 第06章倒装结构 第07章定语从句 第０8章被动语态 第09章祈使句 第10章感叹句 第１1章疑问句 第12章名词 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用得句子叫名词性从句(Ｎｏun Cｌaｕsｅs)。名词性从句得功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同得语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句与同位语从句、一. 主语从句 主语从句就是在复合句中充当主语得从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it 代替,而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语与ｉt引导强调句得比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要就是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句得连接词没有变化、而i ｔ引导得强调句则就是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调得就是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/ｗｈｏｍ、例如: ａ) It isａpitｙｔhaｔyoｕｄidn’t go ｔo seｅｔhｅｆilm.您不去瞧那场电影真可惜。 b) It doeｓn’tｉntereｓt me whethｅrｙou sｕｃceed or not、我对您成功与否不感兴趣、 c) Ｉｔisｉn thｅｍoｒnｉng thaｔｔｈe ｍurder took place. 谋杀案就是在早上发生得、(强调句型) d) Ｉt is Joｈn tｈat broke ｔｈeｗｉｎdow。就是Joｈn打碎得窗户。(强调句型) 2、用ｉt 作形式主语得结构 (1)It is + 名词＋从句 It is ａfaｃt tｈat…事实就是… Ｉt ｉs an honor ｔhat …非常荣幸 It ｉｓｃommon knowlｅdge ｔhat …就是常识 (2)Ｉt is + 形容词+从句 It is naturａl thａt…很自然… It ｉｓstrａｎｇe that…奇怪得就是…(3) It ｉｓ＋不及物动词+ 从句 Ｉｔｓｅems thａｔ…似乎… Ｉt ｈappeneｄthat…碰巧… Iｔappeaｒs that…似乎…
高中英语语法总结 懂一点语法，在英语阅读方面的理解会更加透彻。下面是小编给大家整理的高中英语语法的相关知识，供大家参阅! 高中英语语法：助动词一.概念: 助动词是帮助主要动词构成各种时态,语态,语气以及否定或疑问结构的动词.助动词分为时态助动词和结构助动词两种. 二.相关知识点精讲: 1. 助动词be的用法 1) be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如： They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。 English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。 2) be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如： The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。 English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。 3) be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容： a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如： He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。 We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。 说明：这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。 b. 表示命令。例如：
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。 He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。 c. 征求意见。例如： How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他? Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢? d. 表示相约、商定。例如： We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。 2. 助动词have的用法 1)have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如： He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。 By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。 2)have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如： I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。 3)have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如： English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。 3.助动词do 的用法 1)构成一般疑问句。例如：
按：本套资料省去了名词、代词、形容词等部分，保留了最最核心的句型和动词。希望能有所帮助。 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 - b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that …; It is an honor that…; It is common knowledge that… (2) It is ＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that…It is strange that… . (3) It is ＋不及物动词＋从句 It seems that…It happened that…It appears that… (4) It ＋过去分词＋从句 It is reported that…It has been proved that…It is said that… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况： （1）if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 （2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. ( 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. （5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： ； 正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening 错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely 4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
高中英语语法总结（完整版；高中必看！） 专题一：定语从句 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 which指物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语（作宾语时可以省略） who指人在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 whom指人在从句中作宾语 whose指人或物在从句中作定语 as指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 but指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 注意：指物时，whose+名词=the+名词+of which或of which+the+名词2、as 的用法 （1）常用于下列结构：such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as 注意：the same…as 表示同一类，不同一个 the same…that 表示同一个
（2）as与which的区别 a、位置不同 as可放在主句后，主句前或主句中间；which只能放在主句后。 b、as起连接作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处，意为“正如，正像”。 Which相当于并列句，可以用and this来代替，意为“这一点，这件事’”。 注意：as常用于下列结构：as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above, as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。 c、在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。 二、只用that不用which的情况 1、.先行词为all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时 2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时. 3、当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
人教版必修一各单元知识点总结 Unit One Friendship 一、重点短语 1.go through 经历，经受get through 通过；完成；接通电话 2. set down 记下，放下 3. a series of 一系列 4. on purpose 有目的的 5. in order to 为了 6. at dusk 傍晚，黄昏时刻 7. face to face 面对面 8. fall in love 爱上9. join in 参加（某个活动）；take part in 参加（活动） join 加入（组织，团队，并成为其中一员） 10. calm down 冷静下来11. suffer from 遭受12. be/get tired of…对…感到厌倦 13. be concerned about 关心14. get on/along well with 与…相处融洽15. be good at/do well in 擅长于…16. find it + adj. to do sth. 发现做某事是…17. no longer / not …any longer 不再…18. too much 太多（后接不可数n.）much too 太…(后接adj.)19. not…until 直到…才20. it’s no pleasure doing sth 做…并不开心 21. make sb. sth. 使某人成为…make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 二、语法----直接引语和间接引语 概念：直接引语：直接引述别人的原话。一般前后要加引号。 间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话。间接引语在多数情况下可构成宾语从句且不要加引号。 例：Mr. Black said, “ I’m busy.” Mr. Black said that he was busy. 变化规则 （一）陈述句的变化规则 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that（可省略）引导，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语都要发生相应的变化。 人称的变化——人称的变化主要是要理解句子的意思 例：1. He said, “ I like it very much.”→He said that he liked it very much. 2. He said to me, “I’v left my book in your room.” →He told me that he had left his book in my room. 时态的变化
人教版必修一各单元知识点总结Unit One Friendship 一、重点短语 1.go through 经历，经受 get through 通过；完成；接通电话 2. set down 记下，放下 3. a series of 一系列 4. on purpose 有目的的 5. in order to 为了 6. at dusk 傍晚，黄昏时刻 7. face to face 面对面 8. fall in love 爱上 9. join in 参加（某个活动）； take part in 参加（活动） join 加入（组织，团队，并成为其中一员） 10. calm down 冷静下来 11. suffer from 遭受 12. be/get tired of…对…感到厌倦 13. be concerned about 关心 14. get on/along well with 与…相处融洽 15. be good at/do well in 擅长于… 16. find it + adj. to do sth. 发现做某事是… 17. no longer / not …any longer 不再… 18. too much 太多（后接不可数n.） much too 太…(后接adj.) 19. not…until 直到…才 20. it’s no pleasure doing sth 做…并不开心 21. make sb. sth. 使某人成为… make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 二、语法----直接引语和间接引语 概念：直接引语：直接引述别人的原话。一般前后要加引号。
高一英语语法归纳总结----定语从句的归纳 一．几个基本概念 1.定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。 2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。 3.定语从句的位置：紧跟先行词（名词或代词）之后。 4.引导词：引导定语从句的词（包括关系代词和关系副词）。 ﹙1﹚关系代词：that/who/whom/which/as ﹙2﹚关系副词：when/where/why 5.引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前（先行词之后）。【as除外】 6.引导词的功能（作用）： ﹙1﹚连接先行词和定语从句。 ﹙2﹚在定语从句中充当一定的成分（关系代词充当主语或宾语，关系副词充当状语）。7.定语从句的类型： ﹙1﹚限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间无逗号）。 ①直接由引导词引导定语从句 The man who you’re talking to is my friend. ②由介词+关系代词（whom/which）引导 The man to whom you’re talking is my friend. I need a pen with which I can write a letter. =I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter. 介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如： The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University. =The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University. The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century. =The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century. ﹙2﹚非限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开）。 ①直接由引导词引导定语从句。 ②由介词+关系代词（whom/which）引导。 I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree. There is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples. This is the man to whom I gave the book. ③由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名词/代词”(先行词指 人用whom,指物用which)引导。One, some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等词、数词、分数或百分比与of whom或of which连用。 He has five children, two of whom are abroad. (比较：He has five children, and two of them are abroad.)
高中英语语法总结 第一章主谓一致 (一) 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数. 以下为注意事项: 1. 单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(像), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数. 如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质. No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。 2. 用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数. 如: The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人) A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物) 用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。 3. 不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如: Serving the people is my great happiness. 为人民服务是我最大的幸福. When we’ll go o ut for an outing has been decided. 我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。 4. 用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数. Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳. No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会缺席. Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。 5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如:Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。 6. 若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如: Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球. More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到 More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们。 7. none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如: None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。 None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。 8. 名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数. 如: His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。 9. 形复意单名词如:news ; 以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Night <天方夜谈>; 以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。 10. “a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词”等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
高考英语语法知识之It 的用法总结 1．It is + 被强调部分+ that ... 该句型是强调句型。将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that之后。被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，状语。强调的主语如果是人，that可以由who换用。 如果把这种句型结构划掉后，应该是一个完整无缺的句子。这也是判断强调句型与其它从句的方法。 It was they that (who) cleaned the classroom yesterday. It was in the street that I met her father. 2．It was not until + 被强调部分+ that ... 该句型也是强调句型。主要用于强凋时间状语，译成汉语＂直到．．．才．．．＂，可以说是not ... until ... 的强调形式。 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. = Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star. = I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses. 3．It is clear ( obvious, true, possible,certain....) that ..... 该句型中it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句，常译为＂清楚（显然，真的，肯定．．．）＂是主语从句最常见的一种结构。 It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree.= That he’s round and tall like a tree is very clear. 4. It is important ( necessary, right, strange, natural...) that ... 由于主句中的形容词不同，that 后的从句中要用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should 可以省去。 It is important that we (should) learn English well. It is necessary that he (should) remember these words. 5. It is said (reported, learned....) that ... 该句型中的it 仍是形式主语，真正主语是that 引导的主语从句。该结构常译为＂据说（据报道，据悉．．．）＂。It is said that he has come to Beijing. 6. It is suggested ( ordered ... ) that ... 主句中的过去分词是表示请求，建议，命令等词时，that后的从句要用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should 可以省。常译为＂据建议；有命令．． It is suggested that the meeting ( should ) be put off. It was ordered that we ( should ) arrive there in two hours. 7. It is a pity ( a shame ... ) that ... 该句型中，that后的从句一般用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should可省去．表示出乎意料，常译为＂竟然＂。没有这种意义时，则不用虚拟语气。 It is a pity that such a thing ( should ) happen in your class. It is a pity that he is ill. 8. It is time ( about time ,high time ) that ... 该句型中that 后的从句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是①常用过去时态表示虚拟．②有时也用should + 动词原形，should 不能省。常译为＂是（正是）．．．的时侯．．．＂。 It is time that children should go to bed. = It is time that children went to bed. 9. It is the first ( second ... ) time that ... 该句型中的that 从句不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态。该结构中that 可以省去；it有时用this / that 替换．常译为＂这是某人第几次做某事了＂。 It is the first time I have been here. = This is the first time I have been here. 10 It is the +形容词最高级+ 名词+ that + ….. 该句型中的that 从句不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态。该结构中that 可以省去；it有时用this / that 替换．常译为＂这是某人做过的最…的事情＂。 This is the best film that I have ever seen . That was the worst song that he had heard . 11. It is .... since ...
《高中英语语法大全》(word下载版) 本文件内容丰富，讲解详细，层次分明，重点突出，包括高中英语中非常详尽的知识点、易错点、易混点、常考点等，是高中学生和老师非常实用而而且管用语法大全。适合不同层次的高中学生使用。 《高中英语语法大全》第01章名词 一、概说 名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词，如boy 男孩，mother 母亲，news 消息，progress 进步，computer 计算机，Tom 汤姆，Paris 巴黎，Japan 日本，furniture 家具，等。 名词根据其词汇意义，通常分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词主要指人、地方、组织、机构等的专有的名称，专有名词的第一个字母通常大写，如Mary 玛丽，Mr Green 格林先生，Beijing 北京，等；普通名词通常指人、物、概念等的一般名称。根据普通名词的语法性质，它又可以细为个体名词、物质名词、集合名词和抽象名词四类：个体名词表示人或物的个体，如girl 女孩，pen 钢笔，等；物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物，如wood 木头，meat 肉，等；集合名词表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family 家庭，crowd 人群，等；抽象名词表示性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念，如work 工作，happiness 幸福，等。 二、名词的数 1.名词复数的构成方法 (1)在一般情况下，加词尾 -s： book / books 书 pen / pens 钢笔 face / faces 脸 (2)以 s, x, z, sh, ch 等结尾的名词，通常加词尾 -es： bus / buses 公共汽车 box / boxes 盒子 dish / dishes 盘子 注：有些以 ch 结尾的名词，由于其发音不是 [k] 而是 [tf]，那么其复数形式应加词尾–s，如stomach / stomachs 胃。 (3)以y 结尾的名词，其复数构成要分两种情况：以―辅音字母+y‖结尾的名词，将 y 改为 ies；以―元音字母＋y‖结尾的名词，直接加词尾s： city / cities 城市 boy / boys 男孩 key / keys 钥匙
高中英语语法知识点总结 一、定语从句与强调句陷阱题详解 1、The factory was built in a secret place, around _________ high mountains、 A、 which was B、 it was C、 which were D、 them were 【陷阱】 容易误选A或B，将 A、B中的 which 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。 【分析】 最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一个由“介词+which”引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was。请做以下类例题目（答案均为C）：(1) Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _________ some fruit shops、 A、 which is B、 it is
C、 which are D、 them are(2) The murder happened in an old building, beside _________ the city police station、 A、 which are B、 it is C、 which is D、 them are(3) Next month we’ll move to a new building, next to _________ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food、 A、 which are B、 it is C、 which is D、 them are 2、 A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around _________ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand?” A、 that B、 which C、 where D、 what
高中英语语法归纳总结 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。
b) It doesn’t interest me whether you sueed or not. 我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place. 谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window. 是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that ? 事实是? It is an honor that ?非常荣幸 It is mon knowledge that ?是常识 (2) It is ＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that?很自然?
高中英语语法归纳总结有哪些重要的语法 高中英语有哪些重要的语法呢，学好语法是提升英语成绩的关键，下面 小编为大家提供高中英语语法总结，仅供大家参考。 ? ?高中英语中常用的介词表示时间的at, in,on ?(1)at：表示片刻的时间，at 8 o'clock，at midnight, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year 等。 ?(2)in：表示一段的时间，如in the morning, in the afternoon, in October,in the past等。 ?(3)on：总是跟日子有关，on Sunday, on Christmas morning,等。 ?表示时间的since 和from： ?(1)since 表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用. ?(2)from 表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。 ?如：I hope to do morning exercises from today.我希望从今天开始每天做早操。 ?表示时间的in 和after： ?两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后，区别在于in表示“在(一段时间)之后” ，而after 则表示“在(某一具体时间点之后)，in 短语和将来时态连用，after 短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。 ?如：We'll leave in three days.我们3天内会离开。 ?After two months he returned.2个月之后他回来了。 ?表示“穿过……”的through 和across：through 表示从内部通过，与in 有
高中英语语法知识点总结 Unit One Friendship 一、重点短语 1.go through 经历，经受 get through 通过；完成；接通电话 2. set down 记下，放下 3. a series of 一系列 4 on purpose 有目的的 5. in order to 为了 6. at dusk 傍晚，黄昏时刻 7. face to face 面对面 8. fall in love 爱上 9. join in 参加（某个活动）； take part in 参加（活动） join 加入（组织，团队，并成为其中一员） 10. calm down 冷静下来 11. suffer from 遭受 12. be/get tired of…对…感到厌倦 13. be concerned about 关心 14. get on/along well with 与…相处融洽 15. be good at/do well in 擅长于… 16. find it + adj. to do sth. 发现做某事是… 17. no longer / not …any longer 不再…
18. too much 太多（后接不可数n.） much too 太…(后接adj.) 19. not…until 直到…才 20. it’s no pleasure doing sth 做…并不开心 21. make sb. sth. 使某人成为… make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 二、语法----直接引语和间接引语 概念：直接引语：直接引述别人的原话。一般前后要加引号。 间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话。间接引语在多数情况下可构成宾语从句且不要加引号。 例： Mr. Black said, “ I’m busy.” Mr. Black said that he was busy. 变化规则 （一）陈述句的变化规则 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that（可省略）引导，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语都要发生相应的变化。 人称的变化——人称的变化主要是要理解句子的意思 例：1. He said, “ I like it very much.”→ He said that he liked it very much. 2. He said to me, “I’v left my book in your room.” → He told me that he had left his book in my room. 时态的变化
《高中英语语法大全》 本文件内容丰富，讲解详细，层次分明，重点突出，包括高中英语中非常详尽的知识点、易错点、易混点、常考点等，是高中学生和老师非常实用而而且管用语法大全。适合不同层次的高中学生使用。 《高中英语语法大全》第01章名词 一、概说 名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词，如boy 男孩，mother 母亲，news 消息，progress 进步，computer 计算机，Tom 汤姆，Paris 巴黎，Japan 日本，furniture 家具，等。 名词根据其词汇意义，通常分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词主要指人、地方、组织、机构等的专有的名称，专有名词的第一个字母通常大写，如Mary 玛丽，Mr Green 格林先生，Beijing 北京，等；普通名词通常指人、物、概念等的一般名称。根据普通名词的语法性质，它又可以细为个体名词、物质名词、集合名词和抽象名词四类：个体名词表示人或物的个体，如girl 女孩，pen 钢笔，等；物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物，如wood 木头，meat 肉，等；集合名词表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family 家庭，crowd 人群，等；抽象名词表示性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念，如work 工作，happiness 幸福，等。 二、名词的数 1.名词复数的构成方法 (1)在一般情况下，加词尾 -s： book / books 书 pen / pens 钢笔 face / faces 脸 (2)以 s, x, z, sh, ch 等结尾的名词，通常加词尾 -es： bus / buses 公共汽车 box / boxes 盒子 dish / dishes 盘子 注：有些以 ch 结尾的名词，由于其发音不是 [k] 而是 [tf]，那么其复数形式应加词尾–s，如stomach / stomachs 胃。 (3)以y 结尾的名词，其复数构成要分两种情况：以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，将 y 改为 ies；以“元音字母＋y”结尾的名词，直接加词尾s： city / cities 城市 boy / boys 男孩 key / keys 钥匙
高考英语语法图表总结——名词的数 名词的数 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法书）。 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表 规则 例词 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species 3 只有复数形式
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数
（成员） audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
7 表示某国人 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese