Chapter 5 The Standard Trade Model
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The concept “terms of trade” means
(a) the amount of exports sold by a country.
(b) the price conditions bargained for in international markets.
(c) the price of a country’s exports divided by the price of its imports.
(d) the quantities of imports received in free trade.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
2. A country cannot produce a mix of products with a higher value than where
(a) the isovalue line intersects the production possibility frontier.
(b) the isovalue line is tangent to the production possibility frontier.
(c) the isovalue line is above the production possibility frontier.
(d) the isovalue line is below the production possibility frontier.
(e) the isovalue line is tangent with the indifference curve.
Answer: B
3. Tastes of individuals are represented by
(a) the production possibility frontier.
(b) the isovalue line.
(c) the indifference curve.
(d) the production function.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
4. If P C/P F were to increase in the international marketplace, then
(a) all countries would be better off.
(b) the terms of trade of cloth exporters improve.
(c) the terms of trade of food exporters improve.
(d) the terms of trade of all countries improve.
(e) None of the above
Answer: B
精品文档
5. If P C/P F were to increase,
(a) the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth exports.
(b) the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth produced.
(c) the food exporter would increase the quantity of food exports.
(d) Both (a) and (c).
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
6. If P C/P F were to increase,
(a) world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded would increase.
(b) world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded would decrease.
(c) world relative quantity of cloth supplied would increases.
(d) world relative quantity of cloth demanded would decrease.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
7. When the production possibility frontier shifts out relatively more in one direction, we have
(a) biased growth.
(b) unbiased growth.
(c) immiserizing growth.
(d) balanced growth.
(e) imbalanced growth.
Answer: A
8. Export-biased growth in Country H will
(a) improve the terms of trade of Country H.
(b) trigger anti-bias regulations of the WTO.
(c) worsen the terms of trade of Country F (the trade partner).
(d) improve the terms of trade of Country F.
(e) decrease economic welfare in Country H.
Answer: D
9. Immiserizing growth is
(a) likely to occur if the exporting country is poor.
(b) likely to occur if the exporting country is rich.
(c) likely to occur when terms of trade change.
(d) likely to occur if relative supplies are elastic.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
.
精品文档10. If the U.S. Agency for International Development transfers funds to poor countries in Sub-Saharan
Africa, this must
(a) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.
(b) improve the U.S. terms of trade.
(c) worsen the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.
(d) improve the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
11. If the poor USAID recipient countries have a higher marginal propensity to consume each and every
product than does the United States, then such aid will
(a) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.
(b) improve the U.S. terms of trade.
(c) leave the world terms of trade unaffected.
(d) worsen the terms of trade of both donor and recipient countries.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
12. If the U.S. has a higher marginal propensity to consume (MPC) imports as compared to both its
MPC for exportables and nontradables, then such aid will
(a) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.
(b) improve the U.S. terms of trade.
(c) leave the world terms of trade unaffected.
(d) worsen the terms of trade of both donor and recipient countries.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
13. If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will tend to
(a) have no effect on terms of trade.
(b) improve the terms of trade of all countries.
(c) improve the terms of trade of the United States.
(d) cause a deterioration of U.S. terms of trade.
(e) raise the world price of the good imported by the United States.
Answer: C
14. If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will
(a) have no effect on economic welfare.
(b) improve the terms of trade of all countries.
(c) improve the economic welfare of the United States.
(d) harm the economic welfare of U.S.’ trading partners.
(e) None of the above
Answer: D
.
Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model Chapter Organization The Concept of Comparative Advantage A One-Factor Economy Production Possibilities Relative Prices and Supply Trade in a One-Factor World Box: Comparative Advantage in Practice: The Case of Babe Ruth Determining the Relative Price after Trade The Gains from Trade A Numerical Example Box: The Losses from Non-Trade Relative Wages Misconceptions about Comparative Advantage Productivity and Competitiveness The Pauper Labor Argument Exploitation Box: Do Wages Reflect Productivity? Comparative Advantage with Many Goods Setting Up the Model Relative Wages and Specialization Determining the Relative Wage with a Multigood Model Adding Transport Costs and Non-Traded Goods Empirical Evidence on the Ricardian Model Summary
Chapter 1 Introduction Multiple Choice Questions Historians of economic thought often describe ___________ written by _______ and published in __________ as the first real exposition of an economic model. “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1776 “Wealth of Nations,” David Hume, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1776 “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1758 Answer: E From 1959 to 2000, the U.S. economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. imports roughly tripled in size. the share of US Trade in the economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. Imports roughly tripled as compared to U.S. exports. U.S. exports roughly tripled in size. Answer: C The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because the United States is a relatively large country. the United States is a “Superpower.” the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. the United States invests in many other countries. many countries invest in the United States. Answer: A Ancient theories of international economics from the 18th and 19th Centuries are: not relevant to current policy analysis. are only of moderate relevance in today’s modern international economy. are highly relevant in today’s modern internationa l economy. are the only theories that actually relevant to modern international economy. are not well understood by modern mathematically oriented theorists. Answer: C
Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International Trade Chapter Organization Economies of Scale and International Trade: An Overview Economies of Scale and Market Structure The Theory of Imperfect Competition Monopoly: A Brief Review Monopolistic Competition Limitations of the Monopolistic Competition Model Monopolistic Competition and Trade The Effects of Increased Market Size Gains from an Integrated Market: A Numerical Example Economies of Scale and Comparative Advantage The Significance of Intraindustry Trade Why Intraindustry Trade Matters Case Study: Intraindustry Trade in Action: The North American Auto Pact Dumping The Economics of Dumping Case Study: Anti-Dumping as Protection Reciprocal Dumping The Theory of External Economies Specialized Suppliers Labor Market Pooling Knowledge Spillovers External Economies and Increasing Returns
C h a p t e r7I n t e r n a t i o n a l F a c t o r M o v e m e n t s Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework (a) I nternational trade in goods (b) I nternational conflict resolution (c) I nternational trade in services (d) I nternational trade in factors of production (e) I nternational borrowing and lending Answer: B 2. The slope of the production function measures (a) t he physical increase in output as country grows. (b) t he dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c) t he increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d) t he marginal product of labor. (e) t he marginal product of capital.
Answer: D 3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a) i ncrease total world output. (b) i mprove the economic welfare of everyone. (c) i mprove the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d) i mprove the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e) N one of the above. Answer: E 4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a) w orkers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b) w orkers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c) w orkers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country.
Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy Chapter Organization Basic Tariff Analysis Supply, Demand, and Trade in a Single Industry Effects of a Tariff Measuring the Amount of Protection Costs and Benefits of a Tariff Consumer and Producer Surplus Measuring the Costs and Benefits Other Instruments of Trade Policy Export Subsidies: Theory Case Study: Europe’s Common Agricultural Policy Import Quotas: Theory Case Study: An Import Quota in Practice: U.S. Sugar Voluntary Export Restraints Case Study: A Voluntary Export Restraint in Practice: Japanese Autos Local Content Requirements Box: American Buses, Made in Hungary Other Trade Policy Instruments The Effects of Trade Policy: A Summary Summary Appendix I: Tariff Analysis in General Equilibrium A Tariff in a Small Country A Tariff in a Large Country Appendix II: Tariffs and Import Quotas in the Presence of Monopoly The Model with Free Trade The Model with a Tariff The Model with an Import Quota Comparing a Tariff with a Quota
第三章要素禀赋理论 上章介绍了技术条件差异对国际贸易的决定作用，这章将放宽第二个条件，即放松各国相对要素禀赋相同这一假设，从要素禀赋差异的角度探讨国际贸易的起因与影响。要素禀赋理论是由两位瑞典经济学赫克歇尔和俄林师生提出，后经萨缪尔森等人不断完善，该理论又称赫克歇尔－俄林模型或H-O模型。 第一节 H-O理论的基本内容 一、H-O模型的提出 1）李嘉图的比较利益说认为，比较利益产生自各国之间劳动生产率的差异。 国际贸易←价格差←成本差异←劳动生产率的相对差异 2）后人以机会成本差异代替了劳动成本差异，形成了比较利益学说的当代理论的解释。但仍未说明劳动生产率差异产生的原因。 3）如果两国相同要素的生产率相同，贸易是否会产生。 H-O模型从要素存量差异的角度对国际贸易进行分析。其出发点有两个： 1）不同国家的要素存量的比例是不同的； 2）不同商品的生产所使用的要素比例是不同的。 二、要素禀赋和要素密集度 1、要素禀赋：指一国所拥有的两种生产要素的相对比例。如果一国的要素禀赋（K/L）大于他国，则称该国为资本（相对）丰富或劳动（相对）稀缺的国家；反过来，他国则为劳动丰富或资本稀缺的国家。也可从价格的角度进行定义：如果一国劳动与资本的价格之比（w/r）大于另一国的劳动与价格之比，则称该国为资本丰富型国家；也即一国劳动的相对价格高高于另一国，则该国为资本丰富型国家。 图中，E A、E B分别表示A、B两国的要素总量组合ρA>ρB ，故A国为资本丰富的国家，B国则为劳动丰富的国家。 2、要素密集度：指生产某种产品所投入两种生产要素的比例。如果生产A商品的资本和劳动投入之比（K/L）大于生产B商品的资本和劳动投入之比，那么A商品就是资本密集型产品，而B商品是劳动密集型产品。要素密集度这也是一个相对的概念，与生产要素的绝对投入量无关。 定义：kx=Kx/Lx；ky=Ky/Ly，若kx>ky，则X是资本密集型产品，Y是劳动密集型产品在H-O理论中，两种商品的要素密集度是给定的，不随着要素价格的变化而变化；也就是说，即便要素价格变化导致两种商品生产的要素投入之比变化，也不会改变两种商品的要素密集度。
第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础 相对价格：Px/Py为X的相对价格，含义是用Y代替货币作为X的计价单位，表示用一个单位的X与Y进行交换，所能得到的Y的数量。相对价格曲线又可以表示国民收入预算线。 贸易条件：（对出口X的国家来说）。贸易后的国际均衡价格与贸易前的均衡价格差距越大，贸易后的社会无差异曲线的位置越高，贸易利益越大。贸易条件的改善（贸易条件变大）意味着一国可以从贸易中获得更多的利益。 交换利益：如果个体之间或国家之间拥有不同的资源禀赋或者不同的偏好，通过相互之间的商品交易，他们均可以改善各自的福利。（图示：生产者来不及调整产量条件下，消费者福利的改善） 专业化利益：个体或国家可以通过专门从事其效率相对较高的生产来获得额外的利益。 第二章古典贸易理论 重商主义：强调国库和王室成员所拥有的贵重金属的多寡是衡量国家是否繁荣昌盛的最重要标志。故主张取消进口、鼓励出口。 比较优势：如果，则称A国在X商品的生产上具有比较优势。 第三章要素禀赋理论 要素禀赋：指一国所拥有的两种生产要素的相对比例。如果一国的要素禀赋（K/L）大于他国，则称该国为资本（相对）丰富或劳动（相对）稀缺的国家；反过来，他国为劳动丰富或资本稀缺的国家 人均资本存量：是要素禀赋实际衡量的估算值。 要素密集度：指生产某种产品所投入的两种生产要素的比例。两种商品的资本劳
动投入比例为：kx=Kx/Lx，ky=Ky/Ly，若kx>ky ，在相同的要素价格下，X是资本密集型产品，Y是劳动密集型产品。 H-O定理：A、B两国在贸易前由于要素禀赋不同，导致供给能力的差异，进而引起商品相对价格的不同。根据比较优势原则，一国出口密集使用其丰富要素的产品，进口密集使用其稀缺要素的产品 斯托珀-萨缪尔森定理()：某一商品相对价格的上升，将导致该商品密集使用的生产要素的实际价格或报酬提高，而另一种生产要素的实际价格或报酬则下降。S-S定理的引申（S-S定理在H-O基础上的应用）：国际贸易会提高该国丰富要素所有者的实际收入，降低稀缺要素所有者的实际收入。 罗伯津斯基定理():在商品相对价格不变的前提下，某一要素的增加会导致密集使用该要素部门的生产增加，而另一部门的生产则下降 罗伯津斯基线():新旧均衡点的连线，向右下方倾斜 偏向出口的增长：生产可能性边界的外移偏向于出口部门 偏向进口的增长：生产可能性边界的外移偏向于进口替代部门 纯粹的增长利益：在不考虑贸易条件的情况下，经济增长对一国福利的改善 转移支付利益：贸易条件的恶化抵消了部分经济增长利益，这不扽利益一转移支付的形式为他国享有 悲惨增长()：如果转移支付的那部分利益超过了经济增长的利益，那么A国的福利水平将低于经济增长前。前提：偏向出口部门增长、大国、进口边际倾向较高、出口产品需求弹性低 第四章特定要素与国际贸易 特定要素(): 指一种要素的用途通常仅限于某一部门，而不适合其他部门的需要
Overview of Section II: International Trade Policy Section II of the text is comprised of four chapters: Chapter 8The Instruments of Trade Policy Chapter 9The Political Economy of Trade Policy Chapter 10Trade Policy in Developing Countries Chapter 11Controversies in Trade Policy n Section II Overview Trade policy issues figure prominently in current political debates and public policy discussions. The first two chapters of this section of the text are concerned with the instruments of trade policy and the arguments for free trade and managed trade. The second two chapters consider these concepts in the context of specific sets of countries that face common problems. Throughout, the use of case studies provides the student with real world examples that clearly illustrate the theoretical arguments. Chapter 8 discusses various instruments of trade policy including tariffs, quotas, voluntary export restraints, and local content requirements. The effects of these policies on prices and trade volumes are determined in the context of a partial equilibrium framework. The chapter reviews the analytical tools of consumer and producer surplus, and uses these tools to consider the welfare effects of various protectionist measures. The specific incidents of trade restrictions presented as case studies include import quotas on sugar entering United States markets, voluntary export restraints on Japanese autos, and oil import quotas. Chapter 9 presents the set of ideas known as the political economy of trade theory. These ideas enable you to understand why certain trade restrictions exist, despite the force of general economic arguments which suggest that they reduce aggregate welfare. Possible motivations for trade restrictions are identified as those which increase national welfare, such as the optimum tariff, and those which foster either income
第五章 标准贸易模型 1、 答：如图，贸易后，两国原先的无差异曲线都移动到了更高的无差异曲线上，两国人民都更幸福，社会福利增加。 2、 答：（a ）如左图，假如过度捕鱼引起的鱼产量大幅度减少，则挪威的生产可能性边界发生变化，导致等价值线向下移动，相应的无差异曲线移动到了较低的水平上，导致福利下降。 （b ）如右图，当过度捕鱼引起鱼的产量减少，在市场上鱼的供给减少，导致相对价格上升，上升到一定程度不仅可以弥补鱼的产量损失，甚至会带来福利的上升。 3、 答：如图，以粮食和棉布为例，当生产可能性边界是直角时，贸易条件改善增进了本国福利。生产点位于直角顶点，消费点是等价值线和无差异曲线的切点。贸易条件的改善使得等价值线的截距增加，即等价值线直角顶点向外偏转(由于没有流动要素，生产点固定)。经济体达鱼 车 鱼 车 瑞典 F C 本国 鱼 车 鱼 车 挪威 挪威 挪威
到获得了更高的无差异曲线，从直观上来看，产出并没有发生变化，经济体获益主要是通过相对于进口产品购买力的增加来实现的。 4、 答：由于购买产品比例是固定的，所以无差异曲线是直角形状。贸易条件的改善使该国达到了更高的无差异曲线。无差异曲线沿着从原点出发的射线移动，其顶点始终在该射线上，射线的斜率为两种产品的比例，贸易条件的改善使无差异曲线远离原点。 5、答：日本贸易条件是制造品价格比去原材料价格的相对价格，贸易条件的变动由相对供给和相对需求的变动决定。 （a ）中东石油供应的紧缺使得原材料的供给减少，这导致了制造品的相对供给增加，RS 曲线向右移动，制造品的相对价格下降，日本的贸易条件恶化。 （b ）韩国扩展了汽车生产能力增加了世界汽车的总供给，使得世界汽车的相对供给增加了，RS 曲线向右移动，世界市场上汽车的相对价格下降了，日本的贸易条件恶化了。 （c ）美国工程师以核反应堆代替石油燃料发电厂，减少了对石油，即原材料的需求，这导致了原材料相对价格的下降，RD 曲线向右移动，制造品的相对需求上升和相对价格上升，日本的贸易条件得以改善。由于原材料的需求下降了，即使核反应堆没有建在日本，这种情况仍会发生。 （d ）俄罗斯农业歉收减少了世界原材料的总供给，使得世界制造品的相对供给增加，RS 曲线向外移动；与此同时，俄罗斯对制造品的需求减少了，使得世界相对需求减少了，RD 曲线向内移动。日本的贸易条件恶化了。 （e ）降低关税是国内制造品相对价格上升了，增加了国内制造品的相对供给，减少了相对需求；与此同时，增加了世界制造品的相对供给并减少了世界相对需求。世界RS 曲线向外移动，RD 曲线向内移动，制造品的世界相对价格下降了，日本的贸易条恶化了。 6、 ｓ Ｍ ＵＳＡ F C
国际经济学（第十版）多米尼克.萨尔瓦多(著) P16页练习题 6.（1）根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高（如由于税率的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？ 答：根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高，则该商品的需求量将会下降。 （2）根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高（如由于进口关税的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？ 答：根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高，则该商品的出口量将会下降。 7．（1）一国政府如何能消除或减少预算赤字？ 答：一国政府可以通过减少政府支出、增加税收，来消除或者减少预算赤字。（2）一个国家如何能消除或减少贸易逆差？ 答：一个国家要消除或减少其贸易逆差的方式有：对进口商品增税、补贴出口，借如更多的国外债券、减少借出外国债券，降低该国的国民收入水平。 8．（1）国际经济关系与地区经济关系有何区别？ 答：在国际经济关系下，国家通常限制在国际间的自由流动的货物、服务和因素，不同的语言、消费习惯和法律规定同样也阻碍了它们在国际间的流动，此外，国际收支会在各种货币收据和付款中流通。 而在地区经济关系下，就关税和进行相同的货币而言,区际流动的货物、服务和因素没有面临这样的限制因素，它们经常是在同样的语言环境下，在类似的消费习惯和法律规定下进行的，这就与国际经济关系形成了鲜明对比。 （2）它们在哪方面相似？ 答：国际经济关系和地区经济关系的相似点：两者都跨越了空间距离，事实上，它们都是在远距离贸易下的产物，把经济看待成在一个进行着生产、交换和消费的空间中的单一点，这也是从经济学的复位空间将它们区分。 1
第三章 ） Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions 1. Use the information in the table on labor productivities in France and Germany to answer the following questions.使用该信息表上关于法国和德国的劳动生产率，以回答以下问题。 Output per Hour Worked单 位工作小时的产出 France Germany Cheese 2 kilograms 1 kilogram Cars 0.25 0.5 a. Which country has an absolute advantage in cheese? In cars?哪个国家有奶酪的绝 对优势？汽车呢？ b. What is the relative price of cheese in France if it does not trade? In Germany, if it does not trade?什么是奶酪在法国的相对价格，如果它不交易？在德国，如果不 进行交易？ c. What is opportunity cost of cheese in France? In Germany?法国奶酪的机会成本是 多少？德国呢？ d. Which country has a comparative advantage in cheese? In cars? Show how you know.在奶酪生产上，那个国家有比较优势？在汽车生产上呢？解释你的结论 e. What are the upper and lower bounds for the trade price of cheese?奶酪交易价格的 上下边界是什么？ f.Draw a hypothetical PPC for France and label its slope. Suppose that France follows its comparative advantage in deciding where to produce on its PPC. Label its production point.画一条假设的法国生产可能性曲线并标出其斜率。假设法国根 据其比较优势决定生产可能性曲线上生产点，标出其生产点。 If the trade price of cars is 5 kilos of cheese per car, draw a trade line showing how France can gain from trade.如果贸易价格是每辆汽车换5千克奶酪，画出交易线 说明法国能够得到的贸易利得。 Answers: a. France has the absolute advantage in cheese and Germany in cars. This follows because France’s productivity is higher in cheese and Germany’s is higher in cars. 法国有干酪和德国车的绝对优势。在此之前，因为法国的生产力是奶酪更高，德 国是汽车高 b. The autarkic relative price of cheese in France is one-eighth car per kilogram; in Germany it is one-half car.奶酪在法国的自给自足的相对价格是每公斤八分之一 的汽车;在德国它是二分之一的汽车 c. Opportunity costs are equal to relative prices.机会成本等于相对价格
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》中文版·第九版课后习题答案 第一章练习与答案 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？ 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答案提示： 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？ 试解释原因。 答案提示： 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示： 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？ 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？ 答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。 8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？ 答案提示：小国。 9*．为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸？ 答案提示： 第二章答案 1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。
Chapter 3 1．Home has 1200 units of labor available. It can produce two goods, apples and bananas. The unit labor requirement in apple production is 3, while in banana production it is 2. a ． b ．What is the opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas? 5.1=Lb La a a c ．In the absence of trade, what would the price of apples in terms of bananas be? In the absence of trade, since labor is the only factor of production and supply decisions are determined by the attempts of individuals to maximize their earnings in a competitive economy, only when Lb La b a /a a /P P =will both goods be produced. So 1.5 /P P b a = 2．Home is as described in problem 1. There is now also another country, Foreign, with a labor force of 800. Foreign’s unit labor requirement in apple production is 5, while in banana production it is 1. a ． b ．
国际经济学的总复习.txt爱情是艺术，结婚是技术，离婚是算术。这年头女孩们都在争做小“腰”精，谁还稀罕小“腹”婆呀？高职不如高薪，高薪不如高寿，高寿不如高兴。国际经济学总复习 内容覆盖国际经济学的主要部分（特别感谢对此复习资料作出贡献的同学们） 第一章绪论 1.国际经济学研究的对象是什么（世界范围内稀缺资源的配置与利用、是以国家作为基本经济单位）？ 答：国际经济学是以各国之间的经济活动和经济关系为研究对象的一门经济学学科。 2.国际经济学有哪些特点（两大特征、六个方面）？ 答：两大特征： 首先，国际交易不同于国内交易。在国际交易中普遍存在着对贸易和要素流动的自然的与人为的阻碍。 其次，国际经济关系是发生在各个独立的经济实体之间的。 六个方面： （1）宏观与微观相结合；(2)静态与动态相结合；（3）定性与定量相结合； （4）理论与政策相结合；（5）局部均衡与一般均衡想结合；（6）吸收与评价相结合。 3.古典贸易理论（重商主义、绝对优势、相对优势、H－O理论）和新贸易理论（规模经济与产品差异贸易理论、倾销与相互倾销贸易理论、产品周期贸易理论、重叠需求贸易理论、国家竞争优势理论）有哪些主要内容？ 答：（1）古典贸易理论包括：重商主义、绝对优势学说（亚当.斯密）、相对优势学说（大卫.李嘉图）、H－O理论,要素价格均等化，罗伯津斯基定理； （2）新贸易理论包括：规模经济与产品差异贸易理论、倾销与相互倾销贸易理论、产品周期贸易理论、重叠需求贸易理论、国家竞争优势理论。 4.国际经济学的内容体系包括哪些部分？ 答：国际贸易部分： ①国际贸易纯理论（2-6章） ②国际贸易政策（7-8章） ③关税同盟和国际经济一体化（第9章） ④生产要素的国际移动于跨国公司——国际贸易的引申（11-12章） 国际金融部分： ①外汇市场和汇率（14-15章） ②国际收支与国际收支调整（13、16章） ③开放经济下的内外均衡（17、18章） ④国际货币体系（第11章） ⑤货币一体化与欧洲货币联盟（第12章） 第二章国际经济学微观基础 1.什么是国际均衡价格？ 答：国际贸易建立在相对价格差基础之上，反过来又会消除相对价格差，导致国际间商品价格均等化，此时的价格即为国际均衡价格Pw。在新的均衡下，两国面对相同的价格水平，称为国际均衡价格。 2.什么是贸易条件？（出口价格与进口价格之比） 答：贸易条件，即出口价格与进口价格之比，所以贸易条件改善意味着该国从国际贸易中可获得更多的利益。
Chapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade Policy Chapter Organization The Case for Free Trade Free Trade and Efficiency Additional Gains from Free Trade Rent Seeking Political Arguments for Free Trade Case Study: The Gain from ―1992‖ National Welfare Arguments against Free Trade The Terms of Trade Argument for a Tariff The Domestic Market Failure Argument against Free Trade How Convincing is the Market Failure Argument? Income Distribution and Trade Policy Electoral Competition Collective Action Modeling the Political Process Who Gets Protected? Box: Politicians for Sale: Evidence from the 1990s International Negotiations and Trade Policy The Advantages of Negotiation International Trading Agreements: A Brief History The Uruguay Round Trade Liberalization From the GATT to the WTO Box: Settling a Dispute, and Creating One Benefits and Costs The Doha Disappointment Box: Do Agricultural Subsidies Hurt the Third World? Preferential Trading Agreements Case Study: Tes ting the WTO’s Metal
Chapter 7 International Factor Movements Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework? (a) International trade in goods (b) International conflict resolution (c) International trade in services (d) International trade in factors of production (e) International borrowing and lending Answer: B 2. The slope of the production function measures (a) the physical increase in output as country grows. (b) the dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c) the increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d) the marginal product of labor. (e) the marginal product of capital. Answer: D 3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a) increase total world output. (b) improve the economic welfare of everyone. (c) improve the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d) improve the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e) None of the above. Answer: E 4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a) workers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b) workers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c) workers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country. (d) workers in the capital abundant country would wish to migrate to the labor abundant country. (e) workers in the capital abundant country would migrate to the labor abundant country. Answer: C