新航道新托福阅读听课笔记：举例说明概述题

⾸先，给所有的同学吃⼀颗定⼼丸，那就是在新机考托福中，阅读部分是变化最⼩的⼀部分。

⼀句话概括就是：现有托福和新托福“三变，三不变”原则。

三变1. 阅读部分总体结构的变化。

现有托福是“四五”结构。

这⾥的“四五”是指5篇⽂章，50个题⽬，考试时间共55分钟。

⽽现有⽂章的长度为每篇⽂章350个字。

新托福，根据我们⽬前得到的样题，3篇长度为630～670个单词的⽂章，每篇⽂章后有13或14道题，考⽣每完成1道题即依次出现下⼀道题。

要求平均每25分钟完成1篇阅读材料及其试题。

此部分总共75分钟。

2. 两种新题型的引⼊。

“句⼦⼊位题”：也就是说，⽂章中有四个空位，从中选出⼀个最合适的空位将所给的句⼦填⼊。

考查考⽣将特定的⼀句话插⼊⽂章顺序相连的4 个句⼦之间的能⼒。

要做好此题，考⽣必须深⼊理解各个句⼦间的词汇、语法和逻辑联系。

这是新题型，有相当难度，考⽣应特别重视。

“重要观点题”：这种很独特的题型出现在新托福中每篇⽂章的最后⼀题，是多选题，⽽且值两分。

所谓的“重要观点题”就是从5—6个备选答案中选出2—3个表达了⽂章最重要观点的选项。

3. 和听⼒部分、写作部分进⾏结合。

“先读后说”：即先读⼀篇长⽂章或长对话，然后基于所读到的内容，⼝头回答考官提出的若⼲问题。

此部分准备时间为1分钟，演讲时间为1分半钟。

“先读后写”：即先读⼀篇长⽂章或长对话，然后基于所读到的内容，写⼀篇⽂章去讨论或分析或解释考官提出的若⼲问题。

此部分共⽤时25分钟，须写出175—250字。

这是和现有托福、雅思、4/6级、考研英语的不同，这也是它的卖点。

其实，所有的考试都意识到了“听、说、读、写”这4种基本技能对考⽣都同等重要。

这也是为什么光有了托福还不够，还要有TWE和TSE；为什么今年12⽉份的4/6级考试将进⾏重⼤的“换脸”⾏动——就是既要考查学⽣的Input能⼒，也要考察Output能⼒。

但现有的考试有⼀点不⾜就是“听说读写”四项能⼒被割裂开来单独测试。

新托福测试题及答案一、听力部分1. 听力对话A. 学生与教授讨论课程内容。

B. 图书管理员与学生讨论图书借阅。

2. 听力讲座A. 教授关于环境保护的讲座。

B. 学生介绍一个科学实验。

二、阅读部分1. 阅读文章A. 描述一个历史事件。

B. 讨论一种文化现象。

2. 问题与选项A. 根据文章A，以下哪项是事件的主要原因？a) 经济因素b) 社会因素c) 政治因素d) 自然因素B. 文章B中提到的文化现象主要影响了哪个群体？a) 年轻人b) 中年人c) 老年人d) 全社会三、口语部分1. 独立口语任务A. 描述一个你曾经克服的困难。

2. 综合口语任务A. 根据听力对话和阅读文章，讨论学生如何解决遇到的问题。

四、写作部分1. 综合写作任务A. 阅读一篇文章，然后听一个相关的讲座，最后写一篇文章总结两者的主要观点和论据。

2. 独立写作任务A. 你同意以下观点吗？“教育是个人成功的关键因素”。

请给出你的理由和例子。

五、答案1. 听力部分A. 正确答案：教授建议学生阅读额外的资料来加深理解。

B. 正确答案：学生需要在一周内归还图书。

2. 阅读部分A. 正确答案：b) 社会因素B. 正确答案：a) 年轻人3. 口语部分独立口语任务答案示例：我克服的困难是学习新语言。

起初，我感到非常困难，但通过不断练习和使用语言，我最终提高了我的语言技能。

综合口语任务答案示例：学生可以通过与教授讨论问题，寻求同学的帮助，或者利用图书馆资源来解决遇到的问题。

4. 写作部分综合写作任务答案示例：文章和讲座都认为环境保护很重要，但文章强调政府的作用，而讲座强调个人的责任。

独立写作任务答案示例：我同意教育是个人成功的关键因素。

教育不仅提供了知识和技能，还培养了解决问题的能力，这对于个人的职业发展至关重要。

请注意：以上内容为示例，实际测试题和答案可能会有所不同。

阅读笔记复习方法：1．词汇当先：4－6级词汇＋词频表，做好word listing2．熟练方法（具体方法见后面）。

3．认真复习：5遍。

a.按考试要求作题；b.word listing；c.在原文中找出答案即问题的出处；d、e.精读文章做题方法（仅限于9508以后）1．研读每篇文章首句：了解文章主题和背景知识，注意是否存在转折。

2．先读题，再读文章招出处。

a.界定法：如上下两题都已有出处，则答案在上下文之间；b.标志词：大写字母、数字年代、特殊词汇（所有专业词汇）c.关键词：在对应文章范围内的纯名词或其同义词即答案3．最后做主旨题，不要忘记。

出题原则：1．引号的使用必有考题出现；2．举例说明概述题：a.绕过例子看概述，概述的改写即答案，概述永远在例子上方;b.例子的标志词：for example, such as etc.3．转折：文章前四行每段首尾句出现的转折词意义重大,but, however, nevertheless, rather than, on the other handbut只有出现在前四行才重要，其他位置出现则不必理会，however可以是语气助词，表示准备说一些较为重要的句子。

如老题150－37，152－39，195－844．内容的考点：类似于听力中的场景。

⑴.殖民地美国（1620－1775）和建国初的美国a.经济发展促进繁荣，如9610-4，9605-3b.美国一切都是向英国学习，如9712-3，9612-5，9805-3⑵.作家作品特别是女作家⑶美国内战，决不涉及内战本身，或写后方生活情况，或写战后重建⑷成串的数字：a年代，b数字，但不需要计算⑸美洲土著居民的生活和文化a建筑：高级而且复杂b艺术：审美价值极高，实用价值更高。

如9901-1，9512-1c社会：组织严密，分工明确，不乏母系社会。

如9708-1d农业：第一波使用灌溉渠的人，三种主要农作物5．下定义：必须完全把握a. that is作插入语时必有考题对应b.同位语c.平行结构a，or(and) b 用以对词的解释d.——a——b(破折号)下定义原则对应三种体型：a.行数题（line）：指出题目在文章中的行数b.正确答案就是对定义的改写。

新托福阅读考点词真经以下是一些新托福阅读考点词真经的例子：1. Contrast（对比），文章中常常会出现对比关系，如but, however, although等词，用于表达相对的两种观点或情况。

2. Cause and effect（因果关系），文章中常常会描述某种原因导致某种结果，如because, as a result, therefore等词，用于表达因果关系。

3. Comparison（比较），文章中常常会进行事物的比较，如similarly, in the same way, on the other hand等词，用于表达相似或相反的观点。

4. Example（例子），文章中常常会使用例子来支持论点，如for example, for instance, such as等词，用于引入具体的例子。

5. Definition（定义），文章中常常会给出某个概念或术语的定义，如is defined as, refers to, means等词，用于解释某个概念或术语的含义。

6. Summary（总结），文章中常常会进行总结，如in conclusion, to sum up, overall等词，用于总结文章的主要内容或结论。

7. Transition（过渡），文章中常常会使用过渡词来连接不同的段落或思路，如firstly, secondly, finally等词，用于引导文章的结构和逻辑。

8. Attitude（态度），文章中常常会表达作者的态度或观点，如believes, argues, suggests等词，用于表达作者的观点或态度。

以上只是一些常见的新托福阅读考点词真经，考生在备考过程中应该广泛阅读英文文章，积累更多的词汇和短语，提高阅读理解能力。

此外，还应该注重理解词汇在不同语境中的具体含义和用法，以便更好地应对考试。

Writing部分：独立写作：解读IBT－OG高分作文中国学生写应试作文大多有一个坏习惯，那就是样式死板，就算不是套模板也是呆板的五段体-开头+2 or 3论点+结尾，这似乎在IBT的评分标准里并不是高分作文的样式。

下面我试着来逐一解读OG的高分作文的标准：1．Development, “well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details.”也就是作者要用清楚恰当的解释、例证还有细节描述来阐述自己的观点。

这里涉及到三个很关键的原则：A.不要采用千篇一律的冗长段子来作开头介绍和结尾结论，这样凑出来的字数并不讨好。

这其实表明的ETS的立场，不欢迎死板的模板式文章。

B.不要言之无物。

我们写这篇essay的目的是要develop一个topic，说明我们的观点，言简意赅比废话连篇要讨好得多，不要一味单纯地计较字数的多寡。

C.不要一味只将话题集中在“这个事实的存在”上，要用比较具体的方式来阐述观点。

这表明了ETS是希望作者运用适当的事例和细节描述来推出观点，而不是用不同的表达方式重复一个事实。

从这个标准来看，一味地死套模板显然已经不能满足IBT评分者越来越高的要求了。

那种传统的“首段提出观点，然后分2~3段分别论述几个论点，再来结尾总结”的呆板格式似乎受到了挑战。

事实上，从ETS列出的高分作文范例可以看出，散文式的文章更受推崇。

其实如何定义这个“散文式”真不容易，我自己个人看法是，开头亮出观点还是必要的，尽量用一些比较贴近生活的事例(例如OG-practice中的5分范文“when young adults should leave their parents”中的首段)或者是为大众所接受的常识式标准(例如OG中的5分范文“Dishonesty kills reliability”中的首段)来引入观点，这样会自然而然吸引读者的兴趣。

新托福考试阅读听课笔记：推理题备考分析笔者对于国内外考试研究多年，除了著有相关书籍外，还亲自教授。

关于托福考试，曾与人合著《TOEFL阅读高分对策》，成为坊间流行的参考书。

蛰居剑桥期间，利用ETS出版的新托福资料，加上多家出版机构的新托福资料，对新托福进行了深入研究，并将研究成果证之于实践，辅导新托福考生，效果良好。

为了惠及更多的考生，今将研究成果公之于众。

首先推出的是阅读，笔者将结合新托福样题(ETS官方网站上有)，对新托福的几种题型进行分析，给出正确的做题方法。

这次分析的题型是推理题。

一、推理题的标志推理题的题干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等词，分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。

二、推理题的做法对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索的，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。

对于有共性的推理题，也就是题干中有线索的，可以先圈定题干中的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。

推理题主要有下列思路：1.一般对比推理ETS设计推理题的手段不多，根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。

问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。

例如：It should be obvious that cetaceans–whales, porpoises, and dolphins–are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters??It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.?There were great numbers of them.?They lived in the sea only.?They did not leave many fossil remains.根据关键词sea otters定位第四句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds…，由原文的unlike可知sea otters和pinnipeds两种动物与whales形成对比，而且很难想象原始的whales的样子；根据“一般对比推理”思路，可以推出“原始的sea otters的样子不难想象”。

托福阅读考试题目解释说明（5篇）托福阅读考试题目解释说明第3篇Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor戴着面具身着盛装的人们，经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵，并且作为一个扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临，阳光的重现的结果。

托福阅读考试题目解释说明第4篇though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word,虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的，但用一句完全感性的话来说电影从来就不是没有声音的。

托福阅读考试题目解释说明第5篇1、托福阅读考试内容详细介绍：阅读3篇文章750个单词本部分包括3篇文章，每篇文章650至750个单词，对应11至13道试题。

题目类型包括：图表题、篇章总结题(从给出的选项中选择能够概括文章内容的句子)、变换措辞、词汇题(在一定的上下文中)、指代关系题、简化句子题、插入文本题，事实信息题、推断题、修辞目的题、以及否定排除题(例如，下列各项均正确除……之外。

)在完成33-39个试题的过程中，考生可以使用"复查"功能瞬间找出没有回答的题目，而不必每道题都过一遍。

除了篇章应用题之外，每道题的分值都是1分，应用题每题的分值可能是2分，3分，或4分。

阅读部分的时间约为60分钟。

新托福考试阅读听课笔记：推理题备考分析笔者对于国内外考试研究多年，除了著有相关书籍外，还亲自教授。

关于托福考试，曾与人合著《TOEFL阅读高分对策》，成为坊间流行的参考书。

蛰居剑桥期间，利用ETS出版的新托福资料，加上多家出版机构的新托福资料，对新托福进行了深入研究，并将研究成果证之于实践，辅导新托福考生，效果良好。

为了惠及更多的考生，今将研究成果公之于众。

首先推出的是阅读，笔者将结合新托福样题(ETS官方网站上有)，对新托福的几种题型进行分析，给出正确的做题方法。

这次分析的题型是推理题。

一、推理题的标志推理题的题干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等词，分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。

二、推理题的做法对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索的，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。

对于有共性的推理题，也就是题干中有线索的，可以先圈定题干中的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。

推理题主要有下列思路：1.一般对比推理ETS设计推理题的手段不多，根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。

问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。

例如：It should be obvious that cetaceans–whales, porpoises, and dolphins–are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters??It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.?There were great numbers of them.?They lived in the sea only.?They did not leave many fossil remains.根据关键词sea otters定位第四句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds…，由原文的unlike可知sea otters和pinnipeds两种动物与whales形成对比，而且很难想象原始的whales的样子；根据“一般对比推理”思路，可以推出“原始的sea otters的样子不难想象”。

阅读部分1. 句子简化题The Great Red SpotOne distinctive feature of the planet Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a massive oval of swirling reddish-brown clouds. Were Earth to be juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the Great Red Spot. The Spot’s clouds, most likely tinted red as a result of the phosphorus that they contain, circulate in a counterclockwise direction. The outer winds require six Earth days to complete the circumference of the Great Red Spot, a length of time indicative of vastness of the Great Red Spot.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The density of the Great Red spot is much higher than that the Earth.B. If the diameter of the Great Red Spot were doubled, it would equal that of the Earth.C. By placing the Earth next to the Great Red Spot, one could see the Earth has a much smaller diameter.D. Because the Earth is close to the Great Red Spot, Earth is influenced by its huge size.答案：C2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The Earth’s outer winds move a distance equal to the circumference of the Great Red Spot.B. The outer winds of the Great Red Spot move more quickly than do those on Earth.C. The Winds moving across the Great Red Spot finally change direction every six Earth days.D. The fact that the winds take so long to move around the Great Red Spot proves how big it is.答案：DPassage One (Question 1-2)CamouflageCamouflage is one of the most effective ways for animals to avoid attack in thetreeless Arctic. However, the summer and winter landscapes there are so diverse that a single protective coloring scheme would, of course, prove ineffective in one season or the other. Thus, many of the inhabitants of the Arctic tundra change their camouflage twice a year. The arctic fox is a clear-cut example of this phenomenon; it sports a brownish-gray coat in the summer which then turns white as cold weather sets in, and the process reverses itself in the springtime. Its brownish-gray coat blends in with the barren tundra landscape in the months without snow, and the white coat naturally blends in with the landscape of the frozen wintertime tundra.1. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Opposite conditions in summer and in winter necessitate different protectivecoloration for Arctic animals.B.The coloration of the summer and winter landscapes in the Arctic fails toprotect the Arctic tundra.C.In a single season, protective coloring scheme are ineffective in the treelessArctic.D.For many animals, a single protective coloring scheme effectively protectsthem during summer and winter months.答案：A2. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The arctic fox is unusual in that he color of its coat changes for no reason.B.The arctic fox lives in an environment that is brownish gray in the summerand white in the winter.C.It is a phenomenon that the coat of the arctic fox turns white I the springtimeand gray in the fall.D.The arctic fox demonstrates that protective coloration can change duringdifferent seasons.答案：DPassage Two (Question 3-6)Post-it NotesPost-it Notes were invented in the 1970s at the 3M company in Minnesota quite by accident, Researchers at 3M were working on developing different types of adhesives, and one particularly weak adhesive, a compound of acrylate copolymer microspheres, was developed. Employees at 3M were asked if they could think of a use for a weak adhesive which, provided it did not get dirty, could be reused. Onesuggestion was that it could be applied to a piece of paper to use as a bookmark that would stay in place in a book. Another use was found when the product was attached to a report that was to be sent to a colleague with a request for comments on the report; the colleague made his comments on the paper attached to the report and returned the report. The idea for Post-it Notes was born.It was decided within the company that there would be a test launch of product in 1977 in four American cities. Sales of this innovative product in test cities were less than stellar, most likely because the product, while innovative, was also quite unfamiliar. A final attempt was then made in the city of Boise to introduce the product. In that attempt, 3M salesmen gave demonstrations of the product in offices throughout Boise and gave away free samples of the produce. When the salesmen returned a week later to the office workers, having noted how useful the simple little product could be, were interested in purchasing it. Over time, 3M came to understand the huge potential of this new product, and over the next few decades more than 400 varieties of Post-it products - in different colors, shapes, and sizes – have been developed.3. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 1?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Of the many adhesives that were being developed at 3M, one was not aparticularly strong adhesive.B.Researchers at 3M spent many years trying to develop a really weak adhesive.C.Numerous weak adhesives resulted from a program to develop the strongestadhesive of all.D.Researchers were assigned to develop different types of uses for acrylatecopolymer microspheres.答案：A4. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 1?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The 3M company suggested applying for a patent on the product in a reportprepared by a colleague.B.One unexpectedly-discovered use for the adhesive was in sending andreceiving notes attached to documents.C. A note was attached to a report asking for suggestion for uses of one of 3M’sproducts.D. A colleague who developed the new product kept notes with suggestions byother workers.答案：B5. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The 3M company was unfamiliar with the process of using test cities tointroduce innovative products.B.Sales of the product soared even though the product was quite unfamiliar tomost customers.C.The new product did not sell well because potential customers did notunderstand it.D.After selling the product for a while, the company understood that the productwas not innovative enough.答案：C6. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The company immediately understood the potential of the product and beganto develop it further.B.The company worked overtime to develop its new product, initially creatingnumerous varieties to make it successful.C.The company initially introduced 400 varieties of the product and then watchedfor decades as sales improved.D.It took some time for the company to understand how important its newproduct was and how many variation were possible.答案：D2. 排除列举题The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water.Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. Itdissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantlyLine modifying the face of the Earth.(5) Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transportedby wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent ofcontinental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles downto formbrooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. Thisimmense polarized network channels the water toward a single recepatcle: an ocean.(10) Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize itspotential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sealevel.The rate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is not random but is ameasure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the(15) average time for a water molecule to pass throught one of the three reservoirs —atmosphere, continent, and ocean—we see that the times are very different. A watermolecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on acontinent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance ofthe ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water(20) transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over thecontinents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium aredissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay wherethey are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes(25) soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of thecontinents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemicalerosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend ondifferent factors.8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT(A) magnesium(B) iron(C) potassium(D) calcium答案：BThe canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbingmammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, andporcupines. Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are notLine as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.(5) Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulentenvironment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area perunit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly.Thus, in the trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions mayfluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.(10) Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy forinsects, flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition forfood, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs.The weight of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminalleaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon's face. Walking or(15) leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping offand retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail andplucking food with their hands.Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than forlarge climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that(20) typify the high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: itcan achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as aspringboard,even bouncing on a limb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a smallanimal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body. Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect(25) diet with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may beproblematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.2. Which of the following animals is less common in the upper canopy than in other environments?(A) Monkeys(B) Cats(C) Porcupines(D) Mice答案：DDuring the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about thecontributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newlyformed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power,Line women were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some(5) significant poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the bestcontemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned importantletters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the secondPresident of the United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions.During these centuries, women remained invisible in history books.(10) Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the effortsof female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts, were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, andthey were uncritical in their selection and use of sources.During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keensense of(15) history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National,regional, and local women's organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personalcorrespondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sourcesform the core of the two greatest collections of women's history in the United States; oneat the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe College, and the other the(20) Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuablematerials for later generations of historians.Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth century, most of the writing about women conformed to the "great women"theory of history, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on "great(25) men." To demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to Americanlife, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies. or else importantwomen produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in publiclife as reformers, activists working for women's right to vote, or authors, and were notrepresentative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people(30) continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published.9. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible roles of nineteenth-century "great women" EXCEPT(A) authors(B) reformers(C) activists for women's rights(D) politicians答案：DPotash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the otherbeing soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making ofglass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being theLine product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and(5) vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial North America needhardly be stressed.Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass-or soap-making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was(10) more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent.The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of theeconomy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It wasrequired for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced insufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of(15) Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England includedpassengers experts in potash making.The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs were piled up and burned inthe open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in thebottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was(20) boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass intowhat was called potash.In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing ofland for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing landcould be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New(25) Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic,consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despitethe beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a seriesencourage the making of potash," beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoodsin the South proved to be poor sources of the substance.1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How it was made(B) Its value as a product for export(C) How it differs from other alkalis(D) Its importance in colonial North America答案：C2. All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT:(A) They are alkalis.(B) They are made from sea plants.(C) They are used in making soap.(D) They are used in making glass.答案：B7. According to paragraph 4, all of following were needed for making potash EXCEPT(A) wood(C) sand(D) water答案：CPennsylvania's colonial ironmasters forged iron and a revolution that had bothindustrial and political implications. The colonists in North America wanted the right tothe profits gained from their manufacturing. However, England wanted all of theLine colonies' rich ores and raw materials to feed its own factories, and also wanted the(5) colonies to be a market for its finished goods. England passed legislation in 1750 toprohibit colonists from making finished iron products, but by 1771, when entrepreneurMark Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania, iron making hadbecome the backbone of American industry. It also had become one of the major issuesthat fomented the revolutionary break between England and the British colonies. By the(10) time the War of Independence broke out in 1776, Bird, angered and determined, wasmanufacturing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.After the war, Hopewell, along with hundreds of other "iron plantations," continued toform the new nation's industrial foundation well into the nineteenth century. The rurallandscape became dotted with tall stone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke,(15) charcola-fueled iron furnaces that produced the versatile metal so crucial to the nation'sgrowth. Generations of ironmasters, craftspeople, and workers produced goods duringwar and peace—ranging from cannons and shot to domestic items such as cast-ironstoves, pots, and sash weights for windows.The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production: a wealth of(20) iron ore near the surface, limestone for removing impurities from the iron,hardwoodforests to supply the charcoal used for fuel, rushing water to power the bellows thatpumped blasts of air into the furnace fires, and workers to supply the labor. By the1830's, Hopewell had developed a reputation for producing high quality cast-iron stoves,for which there was a steady market. As Pennsylvania added more links to its (25) transportation system of roads, canals, and railroads, it became easier to ship parts madeby Hopewell workers to sites all over the east coast. There they ware assembled intostoves and sold from Rhode Island to Maryland as the "Hopewell stove". By the time thelast fires burned out at Hopewell ironworks in 1883, the community had produced some80,000 cast-iron stoves.5. Pennsylvania was an ideal location for the Hopewell ironworks for all of the following reasons EXCEPT(A) Many workers were available in the area(B) The center of operations of the army was nearby(C) The metal ore was easy to acquire(D) There was an abundance of wood答案：BUnder the Earth's topsoil, at various levels, sometimes under a layer of rock, there aredeposits of clay. Look at cuts where highways have been built to see exposed clay beds;or look at a construction site, where pockets of clay may be exposed. Rivers also revealLine clay along their banks, and erosion on a hillside may make clay easily accessible.(5) What is clay made of? The Earth's surface is basically rock, and it is this rock thatgradually decomposes into clay. Rain, streams, alternating freezing and thawing, roots oftrees and plants forcing their way into cracks, earthquakes, volcanic action, and glaciers—all of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust intosmaller andsmaller pieces that eventually become clay.(10) Rocks are composed of elements and compounds of elements. Feldspar, which is themost abundant mineral on the Earth's surface, is basically made up of the oxidessilica and alumina combined with alkalis like potassium and some so-called impuritiessuch as iron. Feldspar is an essential component of granite rocks, and as such it is thebasis of clay. When it is wet, clay can be easily shaped to make a variety of useful(15) objects, which can then be fired to varying degrees of hardness and covered withimpermeable decorative coatings of glasslike material called glaze. Just as volcanicaction, with its intense heat, fuses the elements in certain rocks into a glasslike rockcalled obsidian, so can we apply heat to earthen materials and change them into a hard,dense material. Different clays need different heat levels to fuse, and some, the low-fire(20) clays, never become nonporous and watertight like highly fired stoneware. Each clay canstand only a certain amount of heat without losing its shape through sagging or melting.Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account forthe differences in texture and appearance between a china teacup and an earthenwareflowerpot.2. It can be inferred from the passage that clay is LEAST likely to be plentiful in which of the following areas?(A) in desert sand dunes(B) in forests(C) on hillsides(D) near rivers答案：AIn July of 1994, an astounding series of events took place. The world anxiouslywatched as, every few hours, a hurtling chunk of comet plunged into the atmosphere ofJupiter. All of the twenty-odd fragments, collectively called comet Shoemaker-Levy 9Line after its discoverers, were once part of the same object, now dismembered and strung out(5) along the same orbit. This cometary train, glistening like a string of pearls, had been firstglimpsed only a few months before its fateful impact with Jupiter, and rather quicklyscientists had predicted that the fragments were on a collision course with the giantplanet. The impact caused an explosion clearly visible from Earth, a bright flaming firethat quickly expanded as each icy mass incinerated itself. When each fragment slammed(10) at 60 kilometers per second into the dense atmosphere, its immense kinetic energy wastransformed into heat, producing a superheated fireball that was ejected back through thetunnel the fragment had made a few seconds earlier. The residues form these explo-sions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out tofrom dark ribbons.(15) Although this impact event was of considerable scientific importance, it especially piquedpublic curiosity and interest. Photographs of each collision made the evening televisionnewscast and were posted on the Internet. This was possibly the most open scientificendeavor in history. The face of the largest planet in the solar system was changed beforeour very eyes. And for the very first time, most of humanity came to fully appreciate the(20) fact that we ourselves live on a similar target, a world subject to catstrophe by randomassaults from celestial bodies. That realization was a surprise to many, but it should nothave been. One of the great truths revealed by the last few decades of planetary explo-ration is that collisions between bodies of all sizes are relatively commonplace, at least ingeologic terms, and were even more frequent in the early solar system.3. The author compares the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 to all of the following EXCEPT(A) a dismembered body(B) a train(C) a pearl necklace(D) a giant planet答案：DBy far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth andnineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax orwool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning andLine weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during(5) this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. Americanproducers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cottongin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separatingthe fiber—or lint—from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton wasrelatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were (10) concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, availableonly along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shortergrowing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that aworker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from(15) seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The laterdevelopment of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivityfurther.The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread ofthe cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American(20) export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total Americanexports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of Americanexports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The(25) growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to anunprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of theUnited States—west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased。

目录一、托福阅读的基本特征 (1)二、词汇能力 (2)三、托福逻辑思维能力 (7)四、句子简化题 (8)五、事实信息题 (15)六、否定事实信息题 (23)七、句间关系 (25)八、段落结构分析 (29)九、修辞目的题 (30)十、指代题 (37)十一、插入题 (44)十二、推断题 (55)十三、篇章结构 (61)十四、读文章方法 (62)十五、总结题& 图表题 (63)讲义答案： (84)一、托福阅读的基本特征（一）托福考试阅读部分的结构：1. 篇章数：3+1；2. 700字左右/ 篇;（二）托福阅读文章分类：1. 解释说明型文章 2. 立论型文章 3. 历史题材型文章（三）题目特点：1. 题目数量：12-14 / 篇，填表和总结题标为13-142. 十种题型：①词汇题②事实信息题③否定事实信息题④推断题⑤句子简化题⑥修辞目的题⑦指代题⑧插入题⑨总结题⑩填表题（四）托福算分方法：根据Raw Score排Rank（percentile）（五）考试时间划分：纯考试时间：200’～250’阅读60’ (80’)+听力60’(90’)+休息10’+口语20’+写作50’（六）加试：不直接算分，衡量考生水平，平衡考试难度和分数分布经典加试居多课程框架：词汇能力：词汇量+逻辑猜词能力（词汇题）句内逻辑读句子能力长难句（句子简化）句子含义（事实信息，否定事实信息，推断）阅读能力指代（指代题）句间关系及关联手段辨析能力并列，总分逻辑：因果，转折，（修辞目的题，插入题）段内层次辨析文章结构和脉络（修辞目的题，总结题，填表题）段间关系辨析二、词汇能力（一）阅读词汇量：6000-8000-10000（二）推荐书目：（三）背单词方法：背单词的三个方法1.2.3.（四）词汇题特征：in the passage is closest in meaning to …2. In stating X, the author means that …（五）解题方法：1. 认识直接找同义词2. 词根词缀线索：后缀：词性词根：本义前缀：意思变化方式3. 同义重复线索：修饰成分相同：adj1=adj2动作特征相同：v1=v2同一名词的修饰成分与动作特征相互体现：adj=v所有物的特征相同：n1=n24. 对比线索：对比(Contrast) 本质是找事物之间的不同点（1）方面相同，但内容不同（2）比较（comparative）三大要素：1）必须有比较对象2）比较的方面必须一致3）只有程度不同（3）隐含对比：时间、空间和不同事物拓展：类比（Comparison）本质是找事物之间的相同点5. 标点符号线索：“—” “：” “；” “（）”常见形式：A—B A:B A(B) A;B B 解释A的原因/原理/内容特殊形式：A—B—C 例句：the book – Pride & Prejudice – is mine.6. 总分线索：特点：方面相同，概述或抽象程度不同7. 指代线索：关联句子手段，扩大搜索范围8. 感情色彩线索：褒义/贬义注意：真正的褒贬色彩是无需考虑语境1. 认识直接找同义词例题1：economy.The wordpowerrealitydifficultyidea2. 词根词缀线索：例题2：The employees who are responsible for preparing the report must have a clearagree withput togetherask aboutlook forward to例题3：ground underfoot to hold all this water.confusingcomfortingunbelievableinteresting例题4: The increase in pressure from this contraction caused the temperature to rise until thelight-emittingdensely packedhigh-preasurevery beautiful3. 同义重复线索：修饰成分相同：adj1=adj2动作特征相同：v1=v2同一名词修饰成分与动作特征相互体现：adj=v所有物的特征相同：n1=n2例题5：Even today, microscopic meteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea.approachstrikepasscircle例题6：and early twentieth century, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual.changeddebatedcreatedsupported例题7pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger.freshdeepviolenttemperate例题8：The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley ofMexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.ambitionsincerityfaithcleverness4. 比较/对比线索：比较：方面相同但程度不同；转折或否定：逻辑相反。