一、大学英语三、四级语法归纳
二、时态和语态
I、时态
◇时态是表示动作发生的时间和表现方式的一种动词形式。每一种“时间＋方式”就构成一种时态。从时间上看，有现在、过去、将来和过去将来之分，从动
作上看，有一般、进行、完成及完成进行之区别。（英语动词有16种时态）在实际应
用中以及TOEFL等考试中出现最多的时态也只有4种，即一般现在时，现在完成时，
一般过去时及过去完成时。◇
1．用一般现在时表示将来的动作。
B.在由连词even if, unless, as soon as, if, when, in case, before, after, until,
once, the moment, as long as等引出状语从句中，谓语一般不用will或shall来
表示将来的动作，仅用一般现在时。例如：
C.eg. She will come to see you the moment she finishes her work.
◇The boss won’t give the workers pay unless they ______their work today. (03/12, 43)
D.A) finish B) finished C) will finish D) had finished
◇Such crimes may be so complex that months or years go by before anyone__________ them.
E.A) discovered B) will discover (03/1,31,
CET-4)
F.C) would have discovered D) discovers
G. B. 某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按预定计划或时刻表在短时间内将发生
的动作。这类动词有：be, go, come, start, leave, depart, arrive, begin, return
等。例如：
◇The train leaves at five sharp.
H. 2. 现在完成时、过去完成时以及将来完成时之间的区别
1)现在完成时：
I.①构成：have／has + 过去分词
J.②语法意义及要点：
A.表示一个过去开始的状态或动作持续到现在并可能继续持续下去，常同表示一段时间
的状语连用。eg. so far，up to now，since，for a long time etc.
K.eg. He has worked as a teacher for many years
L.Up till now，nothing has gone wrong．
◇Don’t disturb Father. He ________ letters all morning and has written ten so far. (99/6, 42)
M.A) write B) has been writing C) has written D) was writing
N.◇This is the worst time of the year. It ________every day so far.
(02/6, 42)
O.A) is raining B) has rained C) rained D) rains
P.B．表示一个过去发生的对现在仍有影响的动作或事件。常与不确定的过去时间状语连用(eg. yet，just，before，recently, etc.)；也同表示频度时间状语连用 (eg. often，
ever，never，sometimes，several times, etc).；还可同包括现在时间在内的时间
状语连用 (eg. now，today，this morning, etc). 但不能同特定的过去时间状语连
用 (last year，inl997 etc.)
Q.eg. I have never learned Japanese before．
R.We have been quite busy lately /recently．
S.◇I am meeting Ivan tonight; I _______a Russian before.
(01/1,49)
T.A) didn’t ever meet B) have ever met C) had never met D) have never met
U.C．在时间或条件状语从句中，当表示将来完成时的意义时，要用现在完成时来代替将来完成时。
◇We'll start at 5 0'clock if it has stopped raining by then．
◇I shall go to see you when I have finished my homework．
V.Note：行为不能持续的瞬间动词(Instantaneous Verb)，eg. arrive, begin, come, go，start, leave, die，join，etc. 通常不能用于这一语法意义，即该类动词在现完成
时中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
◇He has joined the army for five years．(F)
◇He has been in the army for five years。(T)
W.2) 过去完成时：
X.①构成：had+过去分词
Y.②语法意义及要点：表示某一动作或情况发生在过去某一时刻之前并持续到该时刻。
Z.eg. David and Jenny had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
AA.T hey had got everything ready before the party began．
◇The burglary ______before I arrived at the office; all I could do was to call the police. (03/6, 56)
BB.A) has occurred B) had occurred C) was occurring D) would occur
CC.N ote: 与现在完成时不同的是过去完成时可以与表示具体过去的时间状语连用。
◇He said that he had seen her the day before yesterday.
DD.3) 将来完成时：
EE.①构成：shall／will +have+过去分词
FF.②语法意义及要点：表示某一动作在将来某一时刻或将来某一动作之前已经完成或发生。
GG.eg. He will have graduated from high school before his next birthday，
HH.The shop will have closed already before you get there．
II.◇By the end of next year they _________together for twenty years.
(01/1,48)
JJ.A) will have worked B) had worked C) would work D) have worked
KK.◇--"May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock tonight?"
(00/6,41, CET-4)
--"I'm sorry. Mr. Williams _______ to a conference long before then."
A) will have gone B) had gone C) would have gone D) has gone
LL.◇By the time he arrives in Beijing, we_______ here for two days.
(01/6,31, CET-4)
A) have been staying B) have stayed C) shall stay D) will have
stayed
MM.◇By the time you get to New York, I _______for London.
(02/1,41, CET-4)
A) would be leaving B) am leaving C) have already left D) shall
have left
NN.4) 将来时间表示法：
OO.① be going to +V. 表示不太明确的意图、打算。
◇We’re going to to build a new highway to the east.
PP.② be + to + V. 表示正式的安排、指示、命令、禁止等。例如：
QQ.You’re to do your homework before you watch TV.
◇You’re not to tell him anything about our plans.
RR.③ be about to / be on the point of 表示不久的将来，后者表示更近的将来，强调将来要发生的事情已临近。例如：
◇I feel that something terrible is about to happen.
◇I can’t see you now. I’m on the point of leaving.
SS.④ be due to 表示将来的用法与时刻表、实施计划有关。例如：
◇The train to Hangzhou is due to arrive at 13:15.
II、语态
TT.英语动词有两种语态，一种叫主动语态（Active Voice），一种叫被动语态（Passive Voice）, 分别表示主语和谓语动词的主动关系和被动关系。.主动语态用于主动句，
表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态用于被动句，表示主语是动作的承受者。
UU.☆基本公式是：“是”动词＋过去分词（被动语态有13种）
VV.1. am/ is / are +P.P 2. am/ is / are +being +P.P
WW. 3. was/ were +P.P 4. was/ were +being +P.P
XX.5. has been + P.P 6. had + been + P.P
YY.7. shall / will be + P.P 8. should / would be + P.P
ZZ.9. should / shall / would / must / need / may / might / ought to
AAA./ can / could / will be+ P.P (情态动词)
BBB.10. be +to be + P.P (不定式) 11. to have been + P.P (完成体)
CCC.12 .being + P.P (动名词及分词) 13. having been +PP(完成时动名词及分词)
☆动词不定式符号to的处理。
DDD.感官动词（verbs of perception）, 如see , watch, observe, notice, listen to, hear, feel, etc;
EEE.使役动词（causative verbs）, 如make, have , let, etc; FFF.如后面接不定式作为其宾语补语时，该不定式不能带有“to”这个符号。
GGG.即：感官动词
HHH.主语 + 使役动词 + 宾语 + 不带to的不定式
III.但当上列结构由主动语态转成被动语态时，不带to的不定式须换成带to的不定式。
JJJ.eg. We saw him cross the street. He was seen to cross the street.
KKK. John heard Mary go downstairs. Mary was heard to go downstairs.
LLL. The sharp pain made her cry out. She was made to cry out by the sharp pain.
MMM.二、非谓语动词
I、动名词
☆动名词可以在句中作主语补足语、主语、宾语、表语。它具有动词特征，有时态和语态的变化。例如：
NNN.◇ Transplanting will soon start. (S) ◇ It’s no use waiting. (S)
OOO.◇ Would you mind standing on your head? (O) ◇ My favorite sport is swimming. (P)
◇His job is looking after the two dogs of the old woman. (S-c)
1.某些动词后要接动名词
PPP.某些及物动词后能用动名词而不能用不定式作宾语，其中最常用动词的有admit，avoid，appreciate(赞赏)，complete，consider，can't help，delay，deny，dislike，
enjoy，escape，excuse，endure, excuse, fancy，favour(赞同)，finish，forgive，
involve，imagine，mind，miss，postpone，practise，prevent，quit，resent，risk，
resist，suggest, etc.
QQQ.She suggested spending another day in the mountain area．
RRR.There's no way to escape doing the work．
SSS.She is considering asking her employer for a rise．
TTT.◇I shall postpone ________ my paper until I get enough information on the subject. (02/6, 55)
UUU.A) writing C) written B) being written D) to write
VVV.Maybe I’ll ______the MA program after graduating from college.
(03/1,54)
WWW.A) consider to take B) consider to taking
XXX.C) consider taking D) consider on taking
YYY.◇He considers _______ an MA program after graduation in two years.
(03/6, 51)
ZZZ.A) taking B) to take C) took D) taken
AAAA.◇Try to imagine ________the Pacific Ocean in a small boat.
(03/12, 54)
BBBB.A) crossing B) to cross C) to be crossed D) on crossing
CCCC.◇Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _______ at the next town.
(00/6, 34, CET-4)
A) to stop B) stopping C) stop D) having stopped
DDDD.◇That young man still denies _______ the fire behind the store.
(01/1, 45, CET-4)
A) start B) to start C) having started D) to have started
EEEE.Note：①在need、want、require、deserve等动词后的动名词相当于不定式的被动式
◇The clock needs／wants repairing．(＝The clock needs／wants to be repaired．)
◇The disabled deserve respecting．(＝The disabled deserve to be respected．)
FFFF.②在like、hate、prefer等动词后，如果表示一般倾向，则用动名词作宾语；
如果指具体的某次发生在将来的行动，则要用不定式。
GGGG. I like reading books of this kind，but l don't like to read that book．HHHH.S he prefers walking to cycling．
IIII.I prefer to stay at home today．
JJJJ.③在remember、forget、regret等动词后，如果用动名词作宾语，则表示该宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之前；如果用不定式作宾语，则表示宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之后。
KKKK. I remembered locking the door．(＝I remembered that I had locked the door.)
LLLL.I remembered to lock the door．(＝I remembered that l was to lock the door.) MMMM.I regret telling you about it．(＝I regret that l told you about it.) NNNN.I regret to tell you he has fallen ill．(＝I regret that I am to tell you he has fallen ill.)
OOOO.2. 动名词作介词的宾语
PPPP.动名词可作介词的宾语，与介词一起构成介词短语，在句中作定语、状语或表语。◇His dream of becoming a successful writer has come true．
◇She left without saying goodbye to us．
QQQQ.动名词作介词的宾语常用在某些词组后面。这类常用的词组主要有：be accustomed to，believe in，confess to，dream of，feel like，give up，insist on，be interested in，look forward to，object to，have an (no) objection to，pay attention to，put off，be responsible for，succeed in，be tired of，be (get) used to，worry about, etc.
◇He is used to living on his own．
◇He has made up his mind to give up smoking.
RRRR.3、带逻辑主语的动名词
SSSS.动名词可以有逻辑主语，其构成形式为“名词或代词的所有格+动名词”。带逻辑主语的动名词又称为动名词的复合结构，在句中用作主语，宾语，表语和介词的宾语。
在非正式语体中，如果动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语，也可以用宾格来充当动名词的逻辑主语。但需注意的是，在各种英语测试中，专家们仍坚持在正式语体中用代词的所有格来作动名词的逻辑主语。
TTTT. Your driving a car to New York took longer than I expected．
UUUU.I appreciated her devoting herself to the cause Of education．
VVVV.Your mother will be astonished at your coming home so late．
WWWW.What we felt uneasy about was Li Ming's having too much confidence in himself．
XXXX.◇I don't mind ______ the decision as long as it is not too late. （00/1，
43, CET-4）
A) you to delay making B) your delaying making
C) your delaying to make D) you delay to make
YYYY.Ⅱ、不定式
1.某些动词后要接不定式
ZZZZ.某些及物动词后只能接不定式作宾语，其中最常用的动词有: agree，apply, afford，arrange，appear，ask，attempt，care，choose，continue，claim, decide，
dare, demand，desire，determine，expect，fail，fear，forget，hate，hesitate，
hope，intend，learn，like，love，manage，mean(打算)，neglect，offer(主动提
出)，plan，prefer，prepare，pretend，promise， prove，refuse，regret，remember，
resolve(决心), seek，seem, tend，try，volunteer，want，wish， etc.
AAAAA.What do you plan to do tomorrow?
BBBBB.She hated to move from such a nice village．
CCCCC.In class teachers should try to get feedback from their students.
DDDDD. 2. 不定式的被动式
EEEEE.不定式有被动式，当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式要用被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语，定语，状语，复合宾语等。作定语时，
通常表示在谓语动作后将要发生的动作。
FFFFF.eg. The last question to be discussed today is how to do the job more efficiently．
GGGGG.She preferred to be given more difficult work to do．
HHHHH.It is a great honor for me to be invited to the party.
IIIII.If the building project _________by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.
JJJJJ.A) being completed B) is completed C) to be completed D) completed (01/6, 48, CET-4)
KKKKK. 3. 不定式的完成式
LLLLL.当不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成式，在句中可作宾语，状语以及构成复合宾语，复合谓语。
◇She seemed to have heard about the news already.
◇He Was believed to have been a very rich man．
MMMMM.4. 不定式的完成被动式
NNNNN.当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，且不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语或构成
复合宾语，复合谓语。
OOOOO.eg. The forest fire is reported to have been put out last night．
PPPPP.It is supposed to have been finished without referring to any reference books．
QQQQQ.◇Twenty soldiers were reported ________in that battle.
(99/6, 44)
RRRRR.A) to have been killed B) having been killed C) to be killed D) being killed
◇The accident is reported ________at dawn this morning, killing
about ten people. (03/6, 42)
SSSSS.A) to have occurred B) to have been occurred C) occurred
D) occurring
TTTTT.◇The bank is reported in the local newspaper _______ in broad daylight yesterday. (01/1, 63, CET-4)
A) being robbed B) having been robbed C) to have been robbed D)
robbed
UUUUU. 5. 带逻辑主语的不定式短语
VVVVV.不定式可以有逻辑主语，其构成形式为"for+代词的宾格(或名词)+不定式"。
带逻辑主语的不定式短语可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或状语等。
WWWWW.It is not easy for you to catch up with them in a short time．
XXXXX.I think it better for you to see the doctor．
YYYYY.What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly．
ZZZZZ.I sent him some pictures for him to see what Paris is like．
AAAAAA. 6. 带疑问词的不定式短语
BBBBBB.不定式前可以加某些疑问代词，如who、what、which，或疑问副词，如when、where、how、why等，构成一种特殊的不定式短语，可在句子中作主语宾语、表语或
状语等。
CCCCCC.How to improve English is often discussed among the students．
DDDDDD.We haven't decided when to visit the place．
EEEEEE.The most difficult thing in learning English is how to speak the language well．
FFFFFF.You haven't answered my question where to set these books．
GGGGGG.7. 某些动词后的不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to，这些动词是: feel, have，hear，let，make，notice，see，watch, etc.
HHHHHH.eg. Suddenly l felt the atmosphere in the room become tense．
IIIIII.I often hear them sing this song．
JJJJJJ.◇As we felt the ground _______to shake, we all hurried out and stood in the open.
(03/6, 50)
KKKKKK.A) to begin B) begun C) has begun D) begin
LLLLLL.Ⅲ、分词
☆分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种，主要起形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
1、现在分词与过去分词的区别
MMMMMM.现在分词与过去分词的区别主要体现在时间和语态上。现在分词表示正在进行的动作并表示主动的意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作并表示被动的意义。NNNNNN.Cf：a changing world (一个变化着的世界) VS a changed world (一个已经起变化的世界)
OOOOOO.Surprising news (令人惊讶的消息) VS surprised people (感到惊讶的人们)
PPPPPP. 2. 分词作状语
QQQQQQ.作状语时，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步和伴随情况等。另外作状语时，它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。
RRRRRR.eg. Hearing the news，he heaved a sign of relief．
SSSSSS.Given another chance，I'll do it much better．
◇All things _______, the result is satisfactory. (99/6, 50)
TTTTTT.A) considered B) to consider C) considering D) are considered
◇Children may improve their speech by listening to people talk, a fact that may go_________. (01/1,59)
UUUUUU.A) not to be noticed B) unnoticed C) being unnoticed D) not to notice
VVVVVV.◇I think that _________with the railway, the highway is much better.
(02/6, 44)
WWWWWW.A) comparing B) compared C) to compare D) compare
◇________his homework, the schoolboy dashed to the playground to join his friends in the game. (03/6, 48)
XXXXXX.A) Finished B) With finishing C) Finishing D) To finish
YYYYYY.◇As a rule Mr. Smith went for a walk after supper, ________by a white lapdog. (03/6, 52)
ZZZZZZ.A) following B) followed C) to follow D) having followed
AAAAAAA.◇The boy looked at the stranger carefully, _______who he could be.
(03/12, 42)
BBBBBBB.A) to wonder B) wondered C) wondering D) having wondered
CCCCCCC.◇______ in this way，the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.
(00/1, 68, CET-4)
A) To look at B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To be looked at
DDDDDDD.◇These surveys indicate that many crimes go_______ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.
A) unrecorded B) to be unrecorded C) unrecording D) to have been
unrecorded (00/6, 26, CET-4)
EEEEEEE.◇_______ in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $21,000.
A) Judged the best B) Judging the best
(01/1, 46, CET-4)
FFFFFFF.C) To be judged the best D) Having judged the best
GGGGGGG.◇________in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city. (01/6, 60, CET-4)
A) Being the fourth biggest city C) Once the fourth biggest city
B) It was once the fourth biggest city D) The fourth biggest city it
was
HHHHHHH.◇He wasn't appointed chairman of the committee, ________ not very
popular with all its members.
A) to be considered C) being considered
(02/1, 53, CET-4)
B) considering D) having considered
IIIIIII.◇We left the meeting, there obviously ___________ no point in staying.
(02/6, 58, CET-4)
A) were B) being C) to be D) having
◇Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ________ to the outside world. (03/1, 43, CET-4)
JJJJJJJ.A) having been lost B)to be lose C)losing D) lost -----(be lost to)
KKKKKKK. 3. 分词作定语
LLLLLLL.分词常用来修饰名词或代词作定语。单个的分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前；分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后。但有些单个的过去分词作定语
时，也可放在被修饰词之后。
◇He's a spoilt child．
◇The man standing over there is our English teacher.
MMMMMMM. 4. 分词作宾语补足语
NNNNNNN.分词可在感觉动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语。
OOOOOOO.常用的感觉动词主要有：see，hear，notice，watch，find，observe，smell, etc.
PPPPPPP.常用的使役动词主要有：Set，have，keep，leave，set，make，let, etc.
QQQQQQQ.此外，分词还可在want，like，wish，order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词后作宾语补足语。
RRRRRRR.She watched her baby sleeping．
SSSSSSS.I got my hair cut．
TTTTTTT.I don't want you worrying about me.．
UUUUUUU.◇They had their new house ________in the earthquake last week.
(02/6, 52)
VVVVVVV.A) be destroyed B) being destroyed C) to be destroyed
D) destroyed
WWWWWWW.◇As a member, he tired hard to make his voice ________in the committee. (03/6, 46)
XXXXXXX.A) heard B) hear C) hearing D) be heard
◇The wounded soldier had the message ________straight to the army commander. (03/12,46)
YYYYYYY.A) sent B) to send C) to be sent D) being sent
ZZZZZZZ.◇Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ______ in Cuba.
（00/1，45, CET-4）
A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C) having cultivated D)
cultivating
AAAAAAAA.◇You will see this product _______ wherever you go. （00/6，30, CET-4）
BBBBBBBB.A) to be advertised B) advertised C) advertise
D) advertising
CCCCCCCC.◇With the development in science and technology man can make various flowers_________ before their time.
A) be bloomed B) bloom C) bloomed D)blooming （01/6，
36, CET-4）
DDDDDDDD.◇The president promised to keep all the board members__________ of how the negotiations were going on.
A) inform B) informing C) be informed D) informed
（01/6，54, CET-4）
EEEEEEEE.5、分词与连词的连用
FFFFFFFF.分词可与各种连词(如：when，while，once，until，if，unless，though，although，even if，as，as if，as though等)连用。连词+分词(短语)的结构在句
中作状语，相当于状语从句。
GGGGGGGG.eg. She'll get nervous when speaking in public．
HHHHHHHH.He went on talking，though continually interrupted．
◇Though_________ in a big city, Peter always prefers to paint the primitive scenes of country life.
IIIIIIII.A) grown B) raised C) tended D) cultivated （03/1，32, CET-4）
JJJJJJJJ.6、分词的独立结构
KKKKKKKK.分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致；否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。独立结构一般位于句首，作伴随状语以及在科
技文章中表示附加说明时，它常位于句末。
LLLLLLLL.分词的独立结构由“名词、代词+分词”构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。
MMMMMMMM.eg. Weather permitting，the football match will be played on Wednesday．
NNNNNNNN.Her son having been sent to school，she began to do some shopping．OOOOOOOO.He returned three days later，his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces．
PPPPPPPP.There were two parties yesterday evening，each attended by some students。
QQQQQQQQ.◇The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.
A) having seated B) seating C) seated D) having been seated
（00/1，46, CET-4）
RRRRRRRR.◇So many directors _______, the board meeting had to be put off.
（01/1，58, CET-4）
SSSSSSSS.A) were absent B) been absent C) had been absent D) being absent
TTTTTTTT.◇All the tasks ________ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday
for a week. （01/6，56, CET-4）
A) been fulfilled B) having been fulfilled C) were fulfilled D)
had been fulfilled
UUUUUUUU.◇All flights ________ because of the terrible weather, they had to go there by train. （02/1，67, CET-4）
A) having been canceled C) having canceled
B) had been canceled D) were canceled
VVVVVVVV.7、with 引导的独立主格结构的构成方法及应用
WWWWWWWW.With + 名词 / 代词 + 形容词
XXXXXXXX.He sleeps with the windows open even in winter.
YYYYYYYY.With +名词 / 代词 + 介词短语
◇The woman came into the office with a mobile telephone in her hand. ZZZZZZZZ.With +名词 / 代词 + 副词
◇With the shift over, we went to see the film. AAAAAAAAA.With +名词 / 代词 + 动词的现在分词
◇With more people helping them, they will be able to accomplish the task ahead of time.
BBBBBBBBB.With +名词 / 代词 + 动词的过去分词
◇With the question settled, they were happy and relaxed. CCCCCCCCC.With +名词 / 代词 + 不定式
DDDDDDDDD.He knew that with him to help her, she could succeed. EEEEEEEEE.注：Without 也能引导独立结构。
◇I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.
FFFFFFFFF.8. 垂悬分词短语作状语。
GGGGGGGGG.垂悬分词是一种具有独立性的分词，在句中作状语时，它的逻辑主语不必与句子的主语保持一致。常见的垂悬分词有：regarding (关于), concerning，considering，assuming (假设)，admitting(that), granting /granted (that), seeing (that), judging from, generally speaking, allowing for (考虑到), etc.◇He did a bad job concerning his experience.
◇judging from the number of cars, there were not many people at the club yet.
二、虚拟语气
HHHHHHHHH.虚拟语气是用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实或与事实相反。
IIIIIIIII.Basic Verbs
JJJJJJJJJ.eg. The judge insisted that the caucused man appear in prison. KKKKKKKKK.on the accused man appearing in prison.
LLLLLLLLL.We recommend that a neutral chairman be appointed.
N.Verbs (the meaning of the N are similar with the Verb) MMMMMMMMM.eg. The board has given the instruction that the agent fly Boston.
NNNNNNNNN.Your advice that he wait next week is reasonable.
Adj. N.
OOOOOOOOO.eg. It is appropriate that this tax be abolished.
PPPPPPPPP.It is necessary that he come without late.
QQQQQQQQQ.常考的几种虚拟语气句型：
1.表示现在／过去／将来情况的虚拟条件句
RRRRRRRRR.虚拟条件句主要有三种结构：
1)表示与现在情况相反：主句谓语用"would／could／might+动词
原形", 从句谓语用“动词的一般过去时”(动词be的过去式一律用were)。
◇If I were you，I would not accept his offer．
◇If I had time，1would certainly go to the cinema with you．
SSSSSSSSS.2) 表示与过去情况相反：主句谓语用"would／could／might+ have+过去分词"，从句谓语用过去完成时。
TTTTTTTTT.eg. If I had get up a little earlier，I wouldn't have missed the train
UUUUUUUUU.If I had been more careful，I might have passed that exam．
VVVVVVVVV.◇The plants would have grown all right if she ______them properly.
(99/6, 53)
WWWWWWWWW.A) had watered B) watered C) has watered
D) waters
XXXXXXXXX.◇Things might have been much worse if the mother _______ on her right to keep the baby.
A) has been insisting C) would insist
（02/1，59, CET-4）
B) had insisted D) insisted
YYYYYYYYY.3) 表示与将来情况相反：主句谓语用"would／could／might+动词原形”，从句谓语用"were+动词不定式”或"should+动词原形”。
◇If I were to do the job，I would not be able to have enough time to study．
◇If it should rain tomorrow，I would not go out with you．
ZZZZZZZZZ. 2. 虚拟条件句连接词if的省略
AAAAAAAAAA.如果虚拟条件句的从句中含有were，had，should，could等词时，可以省略连接词if，但这时必须把were，had，should，could等词移到主语前面，
形成倒装。这种句型主要用于书面形式。
BBBBBBBBBB.Were I to do the job，I would finish doing it within two weeks．CCCCCCCCCC.Had it not been for his help，we couldn't have arrived there on time．
DDDDDDDDDD.Should it rain tomorrow，I would stay at home．
EEEEEEEEEE.3. wish后宾语从句中的谓语构成
FFFFFFFFFF.动词wish后的宾语从句表示未实现的或不可能实现的愿望，其宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，有以下三种构成形式。
1)表示现在不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用一般过
去时(be的过去式为were)。
GGGGGGGGGG.eg. I wish I had enough money to buy a car．
HHHHHHHHHH.I wish I were as young and energetic as you.
IIIIIIIIII.◇Sometimes I wish I ______ in a different time and a different place .
（00/1，58, CET-4）
A) be living B) were living C) would live D) would have lived
JJJJJJJJJJ.2)表示过去未能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时(had+过去分词)或"would／could+have+过去分词”。
◇I wish I hadn't made such a mistake．
◇I wish I could have done it better．
KKKKKKKKKK.◇Jack wishes that he________ business instead of history when he was in university. （01/6，50, CET-4）
A) studied B) study C) had been studying D) had studied
LLLLLLLLLL.3)表示将来不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用"would／should (could，might)+动词原形"。
◇I wish I would not get old．
◇I wish I could travel around the world one day
MMMMMMMMMM. 4. 某些动词后的宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气
NNNNNNNNNN.在一些动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。这类动词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，
主张等概念，主要有：advise，ask，command，decide，Decree (命令，宣布)，demand，
desire，direct，insist，move（提议），order，allow, propose，pray, prefer,
recommend（推荐，劝告），request，require，suggest，Vote（表决）等。
OOOOOOOOOO.eg. The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 percent.
PPPPPPPPPP.The teacher decided that you do the experiment first．
QQQQQQQQQQ.◇Helen insisted that she ______someone knocking at the door.
(99/6, 47)
RRRRRRRRRR.A) had heard B) has heard C) was hearing
D) should have heard
SSSSSSSSSS.The teachers all recommended that German ______the first elective subject in this semester. (03/1,52)
TTTTTTTTTT.A) be B) must be C) is D) was
UUUUUUUUUU.◇Mike's uncle insists ______ in this hotel.
（00/1，52, CET-4）
A) staying not B) not to stay C) that he would not stay D)
that he not stay
VVVVVVVVVV. 5. 某些名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气WWWWWWWWWW.在一些名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。这类名词一般表示命令，
要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有：advice，idea，instruction，insistence(坚
持), motion，order，plan，proposal，recommendation，request，requirement，
suggestion，等。
XXXXXXXXXX.eg. My suggestion is that we (should) send for a doctor immediately．
YYYYYYYYYY.◇Your proposal that she ______till next week is wise.
(00/12, 55)
ZZZZZZZZZZ.A) wait B) waiting C) will wait D) waited AAAAAAAAAAA.◇The suggestion that the mayor _______ they prizes was accepted by everyone. （00/6，30, CET-4）
A) would present B) present C) presents D) ought to
present
BBBBBBBBBBB.◇Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee _______ to investigate the incident.
A) were set up B) was set up C) be set up D) set up
（02/1，47, CET-4）
CCCCCCCCCCC. 6. 错综时间条件句
DDDDDDDDDDD.条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，有时发生的时间是不一致的，如从句是对过去情况的假设，而主句可能是对现在正在进行情况的假设，这种句
子称为错综时间条件句。
EEEEEEEEEEE.eg. If the weather had been more favorable，the crops would be growing still better．
◇If I __________harder at school, I would be sitting in a comfortable office now. （03/1，35, CET-4）
FFFFFFFFFFF.A) worked B) were to work C) had worked D) were working
GGGGGGGGGGG.7. 某些主语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气
HHHHHHHHHHH.某些表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张以及“重要性”和“紧迫性”等概念的主语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+
动词原形。这类主语从句一般由“It is (was)+形容词／过去分词+that引导的从句”
构成。
IIIIIIIIIII.该结构中，常用的形容词主要有：advisable (合理的)，appropriate (适当的)，crucial (紧要关头的), desirable，essential (紧要的)，imperative (迫切
的)，important，insistent (坚持的), necessary，obligatory，proper，preferable
(更可取的), strange (不可思议的), urgent (紧迫的)，vital (极其重要的)等；
JJJJJJJJJJJ.常用的过去分词主要有：arranged，decided，demanded，desired，ordered，proposed，recommended，requested，suggested等。
KKKKKKKKKKK.eg. It is necessary that you (should) stop smoking so heavily.
LLLLLLLLLLL.It is arranged that you (should) enter for this competition．MMMMMMMMMMM.◇It is vital that she ________ a job to support her family.
(02/6, 46 )
NNNNNNNNNNN.A) has B) have C) will have D) had
◇It was vital that we __________every measure to protect the beautiful scenery around the lake. ( 03/12, 57)
OOOOOOOOOOO.A) must take B) will take C) have to take D) take
PPPPPPPPPPP.◇It is essential that these application forms ______ back as early as possible. ( 00/1, 64, CET-4)
A) must be sent B) will be sent C) are sent D) be sent QQQQQQQQQQQ.◇It is important that the hotel receptionist _______ that guests are registered correctly. ( 01/1, 41, CET-4)
A) has made sure B) made sure C) must make sure D) make sure RRRRRRRRRRR.8. as if／though引起的从句
SSSSSSSSSSS.当as if／though引起的从句所表达的内容完全与实际情况相反或者纯粹是一种假设时，通常要用虚拟语气。
TTTTTTTTTTT.如果从句表示与现在的事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；
UUUUUUUUUUU.如果从句表示与过去的事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时；
VVVVVVVVVVV.③如果从句表示与将来的事实相反，谓语动词用would (might，could)+动词原形。
WWWWWWWWWWW.They talked as if they had been friends for years．
XXXXXXXXXXX.I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday．
YYYYYYYYYYY.It looks as if it might rain．
ZZZZZZZZZZZ.◇No one would imagine that this city was just a night's journey from here. It seemed as though ________ in another world.
(02/6, 57 )
AAAAAAAAAAAA.A) it to be B) it were C) it has been D) it being
BBBBBBBBBBBB.Note：如果as if／though引起的从句所表达的内容被看作是事实或者有可能是真实的，则要用陈述语气。
◇It seems as if it is going to rain．
◇The meat tastes as if it has already gone had．
CCCCCCCCCCCC.9. lest，for fear that和in case引起的从旬
DDDDDDDDDDDD.当lest，for fear that和in case表示“以免，以防，生怕，惟恐”等时，在它们引起的从句中，谓语动词常用should+动词原形。
EEEEEEEEEEEE.eg. He ran away lest he should be seen．
FFFFFFFFFFFF.we were afraid lest he should get here to late.
GGGGGGGGGGGG. He did it lest she sees
HHHHHHHHHHHH.(should) see it.
IIIIIIIIIIII.may / shall see
JJJJJJJJJJJJ. The animals must be destroyed in case the disease spread. KKKKKKKKKKKK.lest
LLLLLLLLLLLL.He left early in case he should miss the last train．MMMMMMMMMMMM.He's working hard for fear that he should fall behind．NNNNNNNNNNNN.◇He was punished________ he should make the same mistake again.
（01/6, 58, CET-4）
A) unless B) provided C) if D) lest
◇While crossing the mountain area, all the men carried guns lest they ___________by wild animals.
OOOOOOOOOOOO.A) should be attacked B) had been attacked （03/1, 38, CET-4）
PPPPPPPPPPPP.C) must be attacked D) would be attacked
◇We booked rooms at the hotel _________we should find no vacancies
on our arrival.
QQQQQQQQQQQQ.A) whenever B) if C) since D) lest （03/9, 42, CET-4）
RRRRRRRRRRRR.10. If only 引出的从句
SSSSSSSSSSSS.If only引出的从句用以表达感叹性的愿望，常译为“要是…就好了”。
用法和I wish 基本相同，只是更富有感情色彩。If only从句经常省略结果主句，且
主要用在虚拟语气中，即从句的谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来不可能实现的
愿望，或用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。
◇If only the rain would stop．
◇If only I'd listened to my parents．
TTTTTTTTTTTT.Note：If only引出的句子偶尔也可使用陈述语气，但须注意的是，在各类测试中一般都以用虚拟语气为正确答案。
UUUUUUUUUUUU.11. But for引出的从句
VVVVVVVVVVVV.But for引出的从句用以表达感叹性的愿望，常译为“要不是。。。
就。。。”。
WWWWWWWWWWWW.eg. But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
◇_________ the help of their group, we would not have succeeded in the investigation. （03/1，47, CET-4）
XXXXXXXXXXXX.A) Besides B) Regardless of C) But for D) Despite
YYYYYYYYYYYY.◇________the storm, the ship would have reached its destination on time. （03/6，42, CET-4）
ZZZZZZZZZZZZ.A) But for B) In case of C) In spite of D) Because of
AAAAAAAAAAAAA.12. would rather (that) 引出的从句
BBBBBBBBBBBBB.would rather意为“宁愿”，接从句时常省略关系代词that。但Would rather后的从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望，
用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。此外，Would sooner (宁可), would as soon
(宁愿) 后若接宾语从句也适用该句型。
CCCCCCCCCCCCC.I'd rather you told me the truth．
DDDDDDDDDDDDD.I would rather you came tomorrow than today．
EEEEEEEEEEEEE.I'd rather you hadn't told me about it。
FFFFFFFFFFFFF.◇Wouldn't you rather your child _______ to bed early?
（00/1，49, CET-4）
A) go B) went C) would go D) goes
GGGGGGGGGGGGG.◇The manager would rather his daughter _______ in the same office. （00/6，48, CET-4）
A) had not worked B) not to work C) does not work D) did not
work
HHHHHHHHHHHHH.13、It is (about／high) time (that) 句型
IIIIIIIIIIIII.该句型表示“(早)该做…”，其后的定语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气表示。
在测试中从句的谓语动词用一般过去时。
JJJJJJJJJJJJJ.eg. It is time that we went to bed．
KKKKKKKKKKKKK.It is high time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.
LLLLLLLLLLLLL.◇I think it is about time we ________our journey to the sea shore. (03/6, 60)
MMMMMMMMMMMMM.A) should start B) started C) start D) are starting
NNNNNNNNNNNNN.◇It is about time that you ______down to business.
(03/1,53)
OOOOOOOOOOOOO.A) must get B) got C) getting D) will get
PPPPPPPPPPPPP.◇It is high time that such practices _________.
(03/1, 58, CET-4)
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ.A) are ended B) be ended C) were ended
D) must be ended
RRRRRRRRRRRRR.14. 表示猜测的几种不同的方法及意义
SSSSSSSSSSSSS.一些情态动词与动词的完成式连用能够表示对过去情况的猜测或者未实现的可能性。
1)could have+过去分词
A．表示对过去可能发生的事情的推测，意为，“可能做了某事”。
◇He couldn't have seen her yesterday．
◇They could have lost their way．
B．表示某事在过去本有可能发生，但事实上并未发生，意为，“本可以做某事”。
TTTTTTTTTTTTT.eg. We could have started a little earlier．
UUUUUUUUUUUUU.I could have killed her. It was a narrow escape．
VVVVVVVVVVVVV.◇Some women ______ a good salary in a job instead of staying home，but they decided not to work for the sake
of the family. (00/1,
70, CET-4)
WWWWWWWWWWWWW.A) must make B) should have made C) would make D) could have made
XXXXXXXXXXXXX.2) may (might) have+过去分词
A．表示对过去情况的推测，意为，“可能已做某事”。
◇He may have heard the news．
◇I might have come to a wrong conclusion．
B．表示一种未实现的可能性，即本可以做某事，而实际上并没做，有时含有抱怨的口吻。
◇It was a narrow escape．You might have killed yourself．
◇ A lot of men died who might have been saved．
YYYYYYYYYYYYY.3) must have+过去分词
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.表示逻辑上的必然性，即按照某些现象推断过去肯定发生过的某事。AAAAAAAAAAAAAA.eg. She must have made a big mistake．
BBBBBBBBBBBBBB.The city at one time must have been prosperous，for it enjoyed a high level of civilization．
CCCCCCCCCCCCCC.◇Since the road is wet, _______last night. (99/6, 52) DDDDDDDDDDDDDD.A) it must have rained B) it should have rained
C) it must rain D) it should rain
EEEEEEEEEEEEEE.◇The line is busy; someone _______the telephone.
(01/6,48)
FFFFFFFFFFFFFF.A) must be using B) used C) must have used
D) must be used
GGGGGGGGGGGGGG.◇Investigators agreed that passengers on the airliner ________at the very moment of the crash.
A) should have died B) must be dying C) must have died D) ought to
die (02/6, 67, CET-4)
HHHHHHHHHHHHHH.◇The policeman declared that the blow on the victim’s head _________from behind. (03/9, 53, CET-4)
IIIIIIIIIIIIII.A) should have been made B) must have been made
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ.C) would have been made D) ought to have been made KKKKKKKKKKKKKK.4) needn't have+过去分词
LLLLLLLLLLLLLL.表示过去不必做某事，但已经做了，即本可不必做某事。
◇You needn't have woken me up．I don't have to go to work today．
◇He needn't have watered the flowers，for it is going to rain．MMMMMMMMMMMMMM.5) should／ought to have+过去分词
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN.表示过去应该做某事而实际上没有做。
OOOOOOOOOOOOOO.eg. You should／ought to have done what your parents told you．(But you failed to do it.)
PPPPPPPPPPPPPP.You should／ought to have been more careful．(But you weren't.) QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.◇Mary _______typing the report an hour ago.
(01/1, 56)
RRRRRRRRRRRRRR.A) should finish B) should been finished C) should be finished D) should have finished
◇“Has Jennie finished typing those reports?”
SSSSSSSSSSSSSS.“Probably. She ______it an hour ago.”
(01/6, 45)
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT.A) should be finished B) should finish C) should have been finished D) should have finished
UUUUUUUUUUUUUU.◇You __________your homework last night, but you didn't.
(02/6, 54)
VVVVVVVVVVVVVV.A) ought to have done B) need to have done C) must have done D) call have done
WWWWWWWWWWWWWW.◇Jack failed his chemistry test again. He ______spent more time in the lab. (03/1,47)
XXXXXXXXXXXXXX.A) must have B) should be C) must be
D) should have
YYYYYYYYYYYYYY.◇You promised her a letter; and you ought to _______to
her days ago. (03 /12, 58)
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.A) write B) have written C) be writing
D) be written
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.6) shouldn't／ought not to have+过去分词
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.表示过去不应该做某事而实际上却做了。
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.eg. You shouldn't／oughtn't to have crossed the road when the lights were red. (But you did．)
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.They shouldn't／oughtn't to have left so soon．(But they did.)
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.◇You _______ him so closely; you should have kept your distance. (00/6, 42, CET-4)
A) shouldn't follow B) mustn't follow
C) couldn't have been following D) shouldn't have been following
◇The careless man received a ticket for speeding. He_________ have driven so fast. (03/1, 33, CET-4)
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.A) can’t B) wouldn’t C) shouldn’t
D)mustn’t
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.7) would have+过去分词
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.表示对现在或将来某时之前业已完成的动作的推测。可译为:“可能”、“也许”、“想必”。
◇He would have arrived by now．
◇She would have recovered by then.
IIIIIIIIIIIIIII.◇The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ________all practical value
by the time they were finished.
(01/6, 33, CET-4)
A) had lost B) would have lost C) would lose D) should
have lost
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ.◇He said that the driver must have had an accident; otherwise he _______by then. (03/1, 56, CET-4)
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.A) would have arrived B) must have arrived
C) should arrive D)would arrive
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.四、从句
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.§I、定语从句
1、先行词为all，anything，something，nothing，
everything，much，little，none等不定代词时，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。
且在大多数情况下that可以省略。
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.eg. Please tell me everything (that) you know about the matter．
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.That's all (that) we can do at the moment．PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.◇He never stopped trying to do something ________to do.
(01/6, 49 )
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.A) which he decides B)that he had decided C) he decides D) he would decide
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.◇These people once had fame and fortune; now _________ is left to them is utter poverty. (02/6,61, CET-4)
A) all that B) all what C) all which D) that all SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.2、as引出的限制性定语从句
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.在such．．．as的结构中as可作关系代词，引出限制性定语从句。as有时和the same连用，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语等。Such as 这种结
构中such是代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语、或同位语。Such as＝those that / who,
意为“这样的人，事或物”
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. Such people as were recommended by him were reliable．——S
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.I've never seen such a talented young man as he is.——P
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.I have the same trouble as you (have)．——O XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.3、as引出的非限制性定语从句
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.as可作关系代词引出非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句或主句的谓语部分，可与which互用。通常译为“(正)如…一样”，“(正)像…一样”等。as
引导的从句一般用逗号与主句隔开，可以位于主句的前面、中间或后面。但要注意，
as引导定语从句可置于句首，而which引导的定语从句则一般不能出现在句首。另外，
as引导的代表整个主句的意思的定语从句有时可能放在句子中间，而which引导的代
表整个主句的意思的定语从句一般须后置。例如：
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.I live a long way from work，as you know．
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.She did not，as her friend had feared，break down．BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.As is generally accepted，economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production．
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.4、分隔式定语从句
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但有时会被其他句子成分与先行词隔开，从而构成分隔式定语从句。
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.eg. The days are gone when power politics worked．FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you French．GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.◇We consider it necessary _________we should open our door to the outside world. (99/6, 57 )
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.A) whether B) if C) what D) that
◇—What did John think of your decision?
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.—He ________ to believe that I really did want to go there alone.
(02/6, 56)
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ.A) found it impossible C) found impossible KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.B) found which impossible D) found that impossible
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.5. 介词+关系代词 (which／whom等) 引出的定语从句MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.如果关系代词(which／whom等)在定语从句中作介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句前，构成“介词+关系代词(which／whom etc.)+
定语从句”。在这种结构中关系代词不可以用that。
英文语法名称缩略1 语法成分：grammatical elements 1.1词素:morpheme 1.2.词:word 1.3.短语:phrase 1.4.分句:clause 1.5.句子:sentence 2.动词的种类：type of verb 2.1.动词的特征: 2.1.1时态的变化tense， 2.1.2.语态的变化voice，语态voice:分为主动语态action voice和被动语态passive voice 2.1.3语气的变化mood.大致分为三类： 2.1. 3.1.陈诉语气indicative mood 2.1. 3.2.祈使语气imperative mood 2.1. 3.3.虚拟语气subjunctive mood. 2.2动词的分类 2.2.1.限定动词finite verb和非限定动词non-finite verb 2.2.1. 1.限定动词有时态的变化，并且要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。
2.2.1.2.非限定动词指-ing分词（-ing participle，-ing分词分为动名词gerund 和现在分词present participle）、-ed分词(-ed participle)和动词不定式(infinitive)，它们不受时态、人称、数和语气的影响。 2.2.2.主动词main verb(也称实义动词lexical verb/notional verb）和助动词auxiliary verb（又可以分为基本助动词primary auxiliary；情态助动词modal auxiliary) （情态动词modal verb属于助动词。） 2.2. 3.连系动词linking verb和及物动词transitive verb和不及物动词intransitive verb 2.2.4.状态动词stative verb和动态动词dynamic verb 2.3.动词的基本句型(有五种) SVCs：主语+连系动词+主语补足语 SV：主语+不及物动词
1.Noun Identify the uncountable nouns ? 1. Nouns that have no distinct, separate parts, we look as the whole (气、液、固体) ? 2. Nouns that have parts that are too small or insignificant to count (sand grass hair) ? 3. Nouns that are classes or categories of things (food, clothing, money) P49 ? 4. Nouns that are abstraction (life, work, music) ? 5. Subjects of study (history, math) 不可数变可数三大规律 ? 1. 物质名词(总称名词)若表示不同的种类，或者表示特定的意思，或者是液体名词表示“几杯”或“几瓶”这样的数量时。 ? 2. 抽象名词若是具体化，则可数。与此相反，可数转化为不可数。 ? 3. 当一个名词表示抽象、总称的概念，则为不可数，当一个名词表示具体、特定的事物，则为可数。 物质名词/总称名词变可数 ? 1. 总称名词具体化 ?A: Would you like a cake? ?B: No. I don’t like cake. ? 2. 物质名词变意思 ?I need some paper. / I bought a paper. ? 3. 液体物质名词表数量 ?Two beers and three coffees, please. 抽象名词变可数 ?Art (an art) / beauty (a beauty) / youth (a youth) ?Eg. 1. Youth is not a time of life. It is a state of mind. ? 2. When as a child I laughed and wept– time crept. ?When as a youth I dreamed and talked-time walked. 2Articles Specific reference--the ? 1. 特指是针对交际双方来说的 ? 2. 特指就是根据说话者和听话者共有的知识，或根据上下文，可以识别的事物。 ? 3. 说话者用the是想要听话者找到双方心中都知道的所知，而听话者一方“断定”或“还原”所指对象的方法有多种。 ? 1. Situational/cultural reference ?Eg. Albert Einstein, the famous physicist. ? 2. textual co-reference— ?anaphoric reference (前指）& ?cataphoric reference （后指 ? 1. general knowledge (the sun, the moon, the North Pole, the Equator, the universe, the Renaissance, the Pope 罗马教皇） ? 2. specific knowledge/ local use (let’s go to the library) ? 3. immediate situation (The roses are very beautiful. Can you find the page?）
大学英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如： I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间 接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给 我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
14. 倒装 倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, com e, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 倒装句之部分倒装
初二英语语法总结 1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如： Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用 should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如：How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。 3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与 Which...? 1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如：What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do?
《英语语法》教学大纲 课程编号：2152102 课程类别：专业课 学时：32 学分： 适用专业：英语专业一年级 先修课程：无 一、课程性质、目的和任务 > 《英语语法》为英语专业基础课，英语语法根据英语专业人才培养的要求，旨在对学生进行英语语法基本理论和基本技能的教育和培养。通过本课程的学习，学生应具有基本的理论知识和应用能力，了解英语语法的一些基本知识与概念，了解英语语言的原理、规则与特点，熟练掌握常用的语法知识，语法体系，具备进一步学习英语语言与英语高级语法的基础，并能够在英语口语、阅读、写作、翻译等实际应用中正确使用英语。 课程任务是帮助学生重点掌握英语语法的核心项目，提高学生在上下文中恰当运用英语语法的能力和运用英语的准确性，使学生对英语语法有一个比较系统的了解并借助英语语法知识解决英语学习过程中的有关问题。 二、课程教学内容、要求 1．课程教学内容 语法层次；句子结构；主谓一致；名词和名词词组及属格；限定词；代词；动词和动词词组；动词的时和体；将来时间表示法；被动态；虚拟式；助动词；不定式；分词；独立结构；比较等级和比较结构；并列结构；从属结构；关系分句；倒装；省略；替代；语篇衔接 2. 课程教学要求： 1).精讲多练，注重实践2)．以学生为中心组织教学3)．注意培养语篇水平上应用语法知识的能力。 导论：语法层次
第1讲：句子结构 第2、3讲：主谓一致 第4、5讲：名词、名词词组和名词属格 第8、9讲：代词
~ 第10讲：动词和动词词组 第11、12讲：动词的时和体 ￥ 第13讲：将来时间表示法 第14、15讲：被动态 ^ 第16讲：虚拟式
大学英语语法及练习 Last updated at 10:00 am on 25th December 2020
大学英语语法及练习 第一讲虚拟语气 I. 考点分析：分四级语法复习 虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。 虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有： 1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。
2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。 例如：If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things. 3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。
例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad. Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办） 4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时） 又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)； If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在) 5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.) 6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
三级语法考点归纳 一．虚拟语气 1. if 句中虚拟形式 if 引导的非真实条件句（纯粹假设或发生的可能性不大）： 条件从句主句 与现在相反 did (be were) would/ should/ might/ could do 与将来相反 did (be were) would/ should/ might/ could do 与过去相反 had done would/ should/ might/ could have done 例句 If we left (leave) now, we should arrive in time. If they hadn’t gone on vacation, their house wouldn’t have been broken (break) into. 2. 原形虚拟： a. 表命令、决定、要求、建议等词语之后的that-分句中，用动词原形。 suggest, demand, advise, propose, order, arrange, insist, command, require, request, desire …… that ＋(should) do 例如 He suggested that we should leave early. My suggestion is that we should tell him. b. It is (was) 形容词/名词that …… (should) do/ 例如 It is absolutely essential that all the facts be examined first. 3. 一些句型中的虚拟形式：
三级语法考点归纳 一. 虚拟语气 1. if 句中虚拟形式 if 引导的非真实条件句(纯粹假设或发生的可能性不大) 条件 与现在相反 与将来相反 与过去相反 done 例句 If we left (leave) now, we should arrive in time. If they hadn ' t gone on vacation, their house wouldn 2. 原形虚拟： a. 表命令、决定、要求、建议等词语之后的that-分句中，用动词原形。 suggest, dema nd, advise, propose, order, arran ge, in sist, comma nd, require, request, desire that (should) do 例女口 He suggested that we should leave early. My suggesti on is that we should tell him. b. It is (was)形容词 /名词 that ......... (should) do/ 例女口 It is absolutely essential that all the facts be examined first. 3. 一些句型中的虚拟形式： 1. It ' s (high, about, the first, etc.) time (that)词过去时 … … 例如 It ' s time we left. 2 would rather/so oner as if/ though would rather/sooner 反 as if/ though 4?练习 1. I _______ t ry it agai n if I ______ you. A. will ； am B. should; am would ； had been 2. If it _______ n ot for the water , the pla nts _ A. were ； would not B. is ； could not could not 3. If I school. A. have not had; could not become 从句 did (be > were) did (be * were) had done 主句 would/ should/ might/ could do would/ should/ might/ could do would/ should/ might/ could have 't have been broken (break) into. 例女口 It is time we went to bed. 宁愿 好像 谓语用过去时 与现在或者将来相 谓语用过去完成时 与过去相反 C. would ； were D. live. C. were ； could D. did ； that chanee to show my ability, I the preside nt of this B. had not had ； would not have
大学英语语法与练习——u n i t14倒装
14. 倒装 14.1 倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, com e, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes.Away they went. 14.1 倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 14.2 倒装句之部分倒装 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 1)句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, n ot until… 等。 Never have I seen such a performance. Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。 I have never seen such a performance. The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep. 典型例题
八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结 （2021最新版） 作者：______ 编写日期：2021年__月__日 【导语】要想取得好的学习成绩，必须要有良好的学习习惯。习惯是经过重复练习而巩固下来的稳重持久的条件反射和自然需要。建立良好的学习习惯，就会使自己学习感到有序而轻松。以下是小编为您整理的《八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结》，供大家查阅。 【篇一】 He said I was hard-working. 重点语法：宾语从句结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语) 例句：----Im good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句)
----He says Im good at English. 注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。例句：He says Im good at English now. He says I was good at mathematics when I was young. ②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday. He said I was good at English now yesterday. ③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day. Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday. ④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。例句：She said helping others changed her life. 重点短语：direct speech 直接引语 reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语 first of all = at first 首先 pass on 传递 be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事 be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好 in good health 身体健康 get over 克服 open up 打开 care for = take care of = look after 照料;照顾 not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再 have a cold 感冒 end-of-year exam 年终考试 get nervous 变得紧张 forget to do sth. 忘记做某事(该事未做) forget doing sth. 忘记做某事(该事已做) its + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说](加形容词) context 上下文 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) First read for meaning， not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。) You can understand the meaning of a word you dont know from the context. (至于不懂的单词，
大学英语语法 (CET--4) 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。 如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名 词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接 宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/ He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/ The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语) ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)
Unit1 Ways of Learning Part II Reading Task Comprehension Content Question Pair Work 1.They were studying arts education in Chinese kindergartens and elementary schools in Nanjing. 2.Their 18-month-old son Benjamin was fond of trying to place the key into the slot of the key box during their stay at the Jinling Hotel. 3.They would come over to watch Benjamin and then try to teach him how to do it properly. 4.Because he realized that this anecdote was directly relevant to their assigned tasks in China: to investigate early childhood education and to throw light on Chinese attitudes toward creativity. 5.Most of them displayed the same attitude as the staff at the Jinling Hotel. 6.He emphasized that the most important thing is to teach the child that on can solve a problem effectively by oneself. 7.He means that this incident pointed to important differences in educational and artistic practices between China and the USA. 8.The manner in which the Chinese staff saw the need to teach the child by guiding his hand in the characteristic of a broader attitude to education, one that stands in contrast to the Western preference for leaving the child to explore and learn unaided. 9.One example is of children at the age of 5 or 6 painting flowers, fish and animals skillfully and confidently; in a second example, calligraphers 9 and 10 years old were producing works; and in a third, young artists work on perfecting their craft for several hours a day. 10.Americans think that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge, and skills can be picked up later. Chinese think that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired, and there is no hurry to promote creativity. 11.This is mainly due to the difference in their way of thinking. 12.The author makes the suggestion that we should strike a better balance between the poles of creativity and basic skills. Text Organization Working On Your Own 1.
高中英语语法权威解析 目录: 第01章名词性从句 第02章“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 第03章高中英语语法中的省略现象 第04章主谓一致 第05章动词不定式 第06章倒装结构 第07章定语从句 第08章被动语态 第09章祈使句 第10章感叹句 第11章疑问句 第12章名词 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语
法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构
大学英语语法--系动词与实意动词 在解答词汇和语法结构题时，可用以下几种方法： 1. 看准就选的直接选择法 "词汇与结构"考试的题型由题句和四个备选答案组成。在四个答案中，只有一个是正确的，其余三个都是干扰项。考生在答题时，首先应当运用直接选择法，也就是在做题时找出题句中与备选答案相关的词，利用语法规则--一般为固定搭配或习惯用法，直接选出答案。一旦看准，就不必再往下看，这样既能节省时间，又能提高正确率。 例：1994年1月四级第45题: The police set a________ to catch the thieves. a. plan b. device c. trap d. trick 本句意思为：“警察设了一个陷阱来抓小偷。”“设圈套”的一般表达“set a trap”，是一个习惯搭配。 例：1994年1月四级第62题: Medical research has shown that the widespread use of cigarettes contributes________the increase of cancers. a. towards b. for c. with d. to 本句涉及固定词组contribute to, 意为“有助于”“促成”，填入空格中，题句语义连贯。 例：1999年6月四级第51题 Tony is very disappointed________the results of the exam。 A) for B) toward C) on D) with 本题考查词组的搭配，be disappointed with意思是“对……失望”，大部分考生对此词组都很熟悉。 2. 逐个排除法 在答题时，如果不能从四个备选答案中根据词组的固定搭配或习惯用法直接选出答案的话，就应该从题的句子结构和上下文意思两方面加以考虑，通过对语义、语法、逻辑的分析，或通过词汇、语法、辨析来逐个排除，确定三项都有错误，以便推论不知意思的项为正确答案。 例：1999年月四级第50题 Being a pop star can be quite a hard life，________with a lot of travelling heavy schedules. A) as to B) in relation to C) owing to D) with regard to 选项C) owing to 的意思是“由于”。符合题意“由于时间很紧……”。选项A) as to 意思是“至于，关于”。选项B) in relation to 意思是“关于，涉及，与……相比”。而选项D) with regard to 意思是“关于”。 A)、B) 、D)三个选项在意思上都不符合题意。 例：1995年6月四级第48题 While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television________the newspaper completely. A) replaced B) have replaced C) replace D) will replace 本句的意思是“虽然人们可以从电视了解最新消息，但电视不大可能完全取代报纸”。句中unlikely表示说话人认为某事将来不大可能发生，或者认为不大可能成为事实，因此应当用陈述语气将来时。选项A) replaced 为一般过去时，从全句意思来看，显然不合适。应予以排除。选项B)have replace 违反了主谓语一致的原则，应予以排除。选项C) replace与单数主语television在数上不一致，也违反了主谓语一致原则，应予以排除。因此，本题答案为D) will replace。