各类从句详解
英语从句可以分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三大类：下面我们逐一进行说明：一、名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句在复合句中的充当的成分和其名称相同，分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。上述这四种从句均被称为名词性从句。所有的名词性从句均不能用逗号分开，并且它们都用相同的关联词，关联词如下：
①主从连词：that (无意义), whether (是否), if (是否)（在句子中不充当任何成分）
②连接代词：who (谁), whom (谁), whose (谁的), what (什么), which (哪一个)
③连接副词：when (什么时候), where (什么地方), how (怎样), why (为什么)
主从连词只起连接作用，连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外，还充当从句某一个成分。另外，可以用whatever, whichever, whoever, who(m)ever等连接代词引导名词性从句，来加强语气。
下面分别对各种名词性从句进行介绍
（一）主语从句（subject clause）
在主句中用作主语的主谓结构称之为主语从句。
例如：
That he will come to the discussion is certain.他来参加讨论是确定的。
That the moon moves round the earth is well known to all of us.月球绕地球转动，这是我们大家都熟知的。
When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decide. 会议什么时候召开还没有决定。主语从句放在句首，句子常常显得比较笨重，因此通常可以把it放在句首，作形式主语，而将主语从句放在后面。例如上面的句子可以分别改写为：
It is certain that he will come to the discussion.
It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round the earth.
It has not yet been decide when the meeting is to be held.
下面再举一些例句：
What they are after is profit.他们追求的是利润。
That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。
Who did the work is unknown.谁干了这工作无人知道。
Whether she will join us w on’t make too much difference.
It won’t make too much diffe rence whether she will join us. 她是否参与我们的活动无关紧要。Which way is more effective is still a question.
It is still a question which way is more effective. 哪种办法效率更高还是个问题。
（二）表语从句（predicative clause）
在主句中担当表语的主谓结构称之为表语从句。
One idea is that fish is the best brain food.有一种看法认为鱼是最好的补脑食品。
The problem is where we can hold our meeting.问题是我们可以在哪儿举行会议。
My question is how information is stored in the long-term memory.我的问题是信息是怎样储存在长期记忆中的。
That is what he really wants.那就是他真想要的东西。
It seems that everything goes smoothly.似乎一切都进行得很顺利。
（三）宾语从句（object clause）
在主句中作谓语动词、介词及非谓语动词的宾语的主谓结构称之为宾语从句。
在引导宾语从句时，从属连词that在口语中和非正式文本中常省略。
（1）动词后的宾语从句
We know th at a parrot can’t really speak.我们知道鹦鹉不会真的说话。
He wants to tell us what he thinks.他想告诉我们他所想的事情。
Knowing that it was going to rain, they decided to work inside the house.
知道要下雨了，于是他们决定在室内工作。(现在分词knowing的宾语从句)
I want to know whether/if you still work in the factory.
我想知道你是否还在工厂工作。（不定式to know的宾语从句）
The club will give whoever wins a prize. 获胜者俱乐部将颁奖。
Up to now we can’t say whether his theory can stand the test.
到目前为止我们还不能说他的理论是否经得住考验。
A little observation will show how the temperature changes.
稍加观察就可以看出温度是怎样变化的。
Do you know who lives in this room?你知道谁住在这房间里吗？
（2）介词后的宾语从句
He laughed at what they said. 她对他们说的话一笑置之。
There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.
什么是货币以及怎样计量货币在经济学家之间存在分歧。
（3）形容词的宾语从句
有些形容词可以用that引导宾语从句，表示说话人对某一事物的态度并带有感情色彩。常见的这类形容词有：afraid, amazed, astonished, aware, certain, confident, delighted, glad, grateful, happy, proud, sad, sorry, sure, surprised等。“害怕，惊讶，震惊，意识，确定，自信，高兴，高兴，高兴，高兴，自豪，伤心，对不起，当然，惊讶”
例如：
I am glad that you have come. 你来了，我真高兴。
I am afraid that you are wrong on this point.恐怕你在这点上是错误的。
He is quite confident that he will pass the examination.他很有信心通过这个考试。
（四）同位词从句（apposition clause）
同位语从句就是在句子中担当同位语的主谓结构。
主句中有些词义比较抽象的名词，如：belief, doubt, evidence证据, idea, fact, hope, news, possibility, question, thought等，可以用that、连接代词和连接副词引出同位语从句。There is no doubt that a large number of people benefit from heart surgery.毫无疑问，有许多人得益于心脏外科手术。
I have an idea that parents should monitor监控the kind of television their children watch.
我有一个想法，父母应该检查孩子看电视的内容。
There is the news that some British customers will visit our company. 有消息说几个英国客户要来我公司参观。
Is there any proof that the food of the plant differs from that of animals?
是否有任何证据可以说明植物性的食物不同于动物性的食物呢？
We all know the fact that organization helps memorization.
我们都知道这样一个事实：把要记忆的材料组织起来有助于记忆。
注意：虽然that在同位语从句中没有什么意义，但不能省略。
区别：尽管由that引导的同位语从句与that引导的定语从句很相似，但两者有明显的区别。
(a) that在同位语从句中是连词，只起连接作用，无具体词义，不能在从句中充当成分；而用that引导的定语从句中，that是关系代词，在从句中充当一定成分，并有词意。(b) 同位语从句与其先行词在逻辑上有“主系表”的关系，例如上面的第一句可以理解为：“许多人得益于心脏外科手术是毫无疑问的”上述其它各句也是如此，而定语从句则没有这种关系。
（五）只可用whether但不可用if的情况
if, whether引导的名词性从句表示“是否”，其异同点如下：
相同点：
(a) 用作宾语从句时，它们可互相替换。例如：
I wonder if/whether you can help me.我想知道你是否能帮助我。
(b) 都可与or连用。例如：
Please tell me if/whether they are Swedish or Danish. 诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
不同点：（只可用whether但不可用if的情况）
(a) if不能用于在句首的主语从句。例如：
Whether John will go remains a question. 约翰是否去还是一个问题。
Whether she likes the present is not clear to me. 她是否喜欢礼物我还不清楚。
但可以说
It’s not clear to me if/whether she likes the present. （因为没有在句首，所以可以用if）(b) if不能用于表语从句
The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。(c) if不能引导介词的宾语从句
I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.
我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
(d) if不能引导同位语从句
They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。
(e) if后不能接or not
I don't care whether you like the plan or not. 我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。
是用if还是用whether是一个考点，但能用if的场合一定能用whether，反之则不然。
二、定语从句
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句是定语从句（attributive clause）被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词后面。
定语从句一般由关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose和关系副词：when, where, why 引出。
注意区别：在名词性从句中，that是连词，在句中不充当任何成分，且没有任何意义；而在定语从句中，that是关系代词，在句中充当一定成分，并有词意。
（一）由关系代词引出的定语从句
关系代词which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语；who指人，在从句中作主语或宾语；whom 指人，在从句中作宾语；that指人或物，常用于替代which, who, whom，在从句中作主语或宾语。whose指人或物，在从句中作定语。
例如：
1.There are many sounds which/that have a meaning and yet are not words.有许多声音有意
义但不是词。（which/that在从句中作主语）
2.The few points which/that the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.校
长在报告中强调的几点确实非常重要。（which/that在从句中作宾语）
3.Some people who/that are successful language learners often fail in other fields.有些在语
言学习上很成功的人，在其他领域常常一无所成。（who/that在从句中作主语）
4.Here is the man whom/who/that you’ve been looking for.这就是你一直在找的人。
（whom/who/that在从句中作宾语）
5.She lives in the house whose door and windows are broken.她住在门窗已经坏了的房子里。
（whose指物，在从句中作定语）
6.How many students are there in your class whose parents serve in the government agencies?
你们班里有多少同学的父母在政府机关工作。（whose指人，在从句中作定语）
注意，在定语从句中的关系代词which, who, whom, that等，如果在从句中作宾语，也可以省略。例如上面的第二句、第四句也可以改为：
The few points the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.
Here is the man you’ve been looking for.
●介词提前
在从句中，如果which或whom在定语从句中原为介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句之前。（但that, who不适用）
例如：
The girl to whom you spoke is my sister. （＝The girl whom you spoke to is my sister.）跟你说话的那个女孩是我妹妹。
前面说过，在定语从句中，如果关系代词做宾语可以省略，但是如果是介词的宾语，则关系代词省略后，介词不能提前，例如上句可改写为：
The girl you spoke to is my sister.（如果关系代词省略，to不能提前了）
（二）关系副词引出的定语从句
关系副词when（指时间），where（指地点），why（指原因）等引出的定语从句分别用来修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词。这些关系副词在从句中均作状语。
例如：
1.At the time when I saw him, he was well.在我看到他的时候，他身体很好。
2.This is the place where the accident took place last night.这就是昨晚发生事故的地方。
3.That is the reason why I am not in favor of your plan.这就是我不赞成你的计划的原因。
可以用介词＋which结构替换关系副词。其中：
when ＝at/in/on/during which 表示时间
where ＝in/at which 表示地点
why ＝for which 表示原因
1.Do you remember the day when/on which you joined our club?还记得你加入我们俱乐部
的那一天吗？
2.He will always remember the day when/on which his father returned from America.他将永
远记住父亲从美国返回的那一天。
3.This was the time when/at which she left for Beijing.这就是她动身去北京的时间。
4.This is the house where/in which I lived two years ago.这是我两年前住过的房子。
5.I don’t know the reason why/for which he didn’t come to the meeting yesterday morning.
我不知道他为什么没参加昨天上午的会议。
（三）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
定语从句根据与先行词的密切程度可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，如果去掉它，句子的意思就不完整或不明确。从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。译成汉语时，一般先译定语从句，再译先行词。
1.The distance that light travels in one second is 300thousand kilometers.光在一秒钟所走的
距离为30万公里。
2.Those who want to go please sign their names here.想去的人在这里签名。
3.This is the place where the Anti-Japanese War broke out.这里是抗日战争爆发的地方。
此外，前面所给出的例句均为限制性定语从句。
非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系比较松散，从句只是对先行词的附加说明。如果去掉它，句子的意思仍然清楚。从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开。译成汉语时，从句常单独译成一句。例如：
1.Steel, which has many useful properties, is widely used in the machine-building industry.钢
有许多有用的特性，所以它在机械制造业中得到了广泛的应用。
2.Mr. Brown, who just came from Britain yesterday, will teach us accounting this term.布朗先
生昨天刚从英国来，这学期将教我们会计学。
3.She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan, where she has some relatives.她准备到
海南度寒假，那儿她有一些亲戚。
（四）as引出的定语从句
as常在such…as和same…as的结构中作关系代词，引出定语从句。
例如：
1.Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.你描述的这种人现在已经寥寥无几了。
2.Let us discuss only such question as concern everyone of us.我们只讨论与我们每个人有关
的问题吧。
3.I feel just the same as you do.我的感觉和你一样。
4.My stand on this problem is just the same as it was four years ago.在这个问题上，我的立场
和四年前一样。
（五）关系代词that与which的比较
在定语从句中，当先行词是物时，引导词that和which常常可以通用，但以下几种情况需注意。
注意1
只宜于用which，不用that的情况。
(1)先行词为that，those时。
What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那个是什么？
(2)引导词（关系代词）前有介词时。
This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
注意2
只宜于用that，不用which的情况。
(1)先行词是形容词最高级或者它的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。
The film is the most interesting that I have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最有趣的一部。English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. 英语会是这些年你学的最难的科目。
(2)先行词是序数词或它的前面有last或序数词修饰时。
It’s the first film that I saw this year. 这是我今年看的第一部电影。
Tom is always the first that comes to the classroom. Tom总是第一个到教室的人。
(3)主句以疑问词who，which开头时，不用which或who，以避免重复。
Which is the bike that you lost? 哪辆是你丢的自行车？
(4)先行词既有人又有物时。
They are taiking about the sutdents and the school that they visited yesterday. 他们正在谈论昨天访问的学生和学校。
(5)先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等代词时。You should hand in all that you have. 你应该把你有的所有上交。
We haven’t got much that we can offer you. 我们没有太多能提供给你。
Is this school the one that we are going to visit tomorrow? 这所学校是我们明天要参观的那个吗？
Is there anything that you want to buy? 你有什么想要买的东西吗？
(6) 先行词前有no, any, few, little, all, the only, the same, the very等词修饰时。
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. 我们能做的唯一的事就是给你一些钱。
There are no children that don’t love their parents. 没有孩子不爱他们的父母。
三、状语从句
在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句（adverbial clause）。状语从句按其意义可以分为：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、方式、让步等类别。下面就按状语从句的类别逐一介绍。
（一）时间状语从句
时间状语从句通常由下列连词引导：when, whenever, as, while, since, till, until, before, after, once, as soon as, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when等
例如：
I will discuss this with you when we meet.
我们见面时再与你讨论这件事。
Come and see me whenever you want to.
任何时候想来就来看看我。
We must strike while the iron is hot.
我们必须趁热打铁。
As he was making his experiments, he observed this physical phenomenon.
当他在做实验时，他观察到这个物理现象。
I watched her until she disappeared from sight in the distance.
我看着她直到她远远地消失在视野中。
You haven’t changed much since we met last year.
自从去年我们见面以来，你变化不大。
He had learned English for three years before he went to London.
他去伦敦之前已学了三年英语。
The sun came out soon after the storm stopped.
暴风雨过后不久，太阳出来了。
I’ll send you the sample as soon as it is made ready.
一旦样品制好，我马上给你寄去。
●注意：when, as, while的区别
区别1: when, as, while都可以表示一段持续性时间，但表示一个时间点时，要用when, as 而不能用while。
例如：
He entered the room when/as/while the meeting was going on.
正当开会的时候他走进了房间。（开会是一个持续性时间）
但是：
When/as he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.
当他讲话结束时，听从掌声雷动。（讲话结束是一个时间点，不能用while）
区别2：when除有“当…的时候”之意外，还有“当…之后，然后”之意，因此从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，只能用when 引导从句，不可用as 或while。
例如：
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
当你干完活后，你可以休息一下。（从句动作在主句前，只能用when）
此外，时间状语从句还可以由一些名词引导，如：the moment, the instant, the minute, the second, the day, every time等。此外有些副词也可以引导时间状语从句，如：instantly, directly, immediately等。
例如：
I’ll telephone you the instant I know.
我一知道就立即给你打电话。
Every time I catch a cold, my nose runs.
我一感冒就流鼻涕。
I came immediately I'd eaten.
我一吃完饭就来了。
（二）地点状语从句
地点状语从句主要由：where, wherever引导。
Where I live there are plenty of trees.
我住的地方树很多。
You have the right to live where you want.
你有权居住在你想住的地方。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.
不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
Sit wherever you like.
你想坐在哪里就坐在那里。
Wherever you go you will see great changes that have taken place in that city.
不管你走到哪里，你都会看到那座城市发生的巨大变化。
（三）原因状语从句
原因状语从句经常由下列连词引导：because, as, since, for, in that, now (that), seeing (that), considering (that), not that…but that等。
其中because通常放在主句后面（有时也可放在句首）；其语气比as, since要强，在回答why 引导的疑问句时，必须用because回答；since通常放在句首，常表示已为人们所知的原因或理由；语气比because要弱；as可放在句首或句末，语气相对更弱；for不能用于句首，只能用于主句后，for引导的从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因，只是一种解释，语气要比because弱得多。
例如：
She has just missed her bus because the timetable has changed.
因为汽车时刻表变了，她没有赶上汽车。
As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.
因为天气很好，我们决定爬山。
Since he is busy, I won’t trouble him.
既然他很忙，我就不打扰他了。
He felt no fear, for he was very brave.
他没有感到恐惧，因为他很勇敢。(for不能用在句首)
in that, now (that), seeing (that), considering (that)这几个连词与as, since的意义相近，都有“鉴于某种事实，原因是”的意思，例如：
A gas differs from a solid in that it has no definite shape.
气体不同于固体就在于它没有一定的形状。
Now that all are present, let’s start the discussion.
既然全都出席了，我们就开始讨论。
Seeing (that) she was seriously ill, they sent for the doctor.
鉴于她病情严重，他们派人请了医生。
not that…but that表示：“不是(因为)，而是(因为)”。
He left a bit worried, not that his students were not working hard, but that they cared little for their health.
他有些着急，不是因为他的学生不努力学习，而是因为他们不太注意身体健康。
注意：原因状语从句与结果状语从句常可互换：例如：
John flew into a rage because I took no notice of him.
因为我没有注意到约翰，他生气了。
I took no notice of John, so that he flew into a rage.
我没有注意到约翰，结果他生气了。
上面可以看出，原来的原因状语从句变为了主句，而原来的主句变为了结果状语从句。
（四）目的状语从句
目的状语从句通常由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that等引导
例如：
They set out early that they might arrive at the station in good time.
他们很早就出发了，以便及时赶到车站。
Let’s take the front seats so that we can see more clearly.
我们坐前排吧，这样可以看得更清楚一些。
We should do our utmost in order that we may be able to over fulfill the task.
为了超额完成任务，我们应该全力以赴。
He took his umbrella with him lest it rain.
他带了雨伞，以防下雨。
Batteries must be kept in dry places for fear that electricity leak away.
电池一定要放在干燥的地方，以免漏电。
注意有时目的状语从句要用虚拟语气，例句请参考有关“虚拟语气”的章节。
（五）结果状语从句
结果状语从句通常由：so that, so…that, such…that等引导。
例如：
He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.
他作了错误的决定，结果毁掉了半生。
The problem is so complicated that it will take us much time to work it out.
这道题这么复杂，我们要用很多时间才能解决。
The mountain is so high that she can't climb it up to the top.
那座山太高了，她无法登上山顶。
He ran so fast that his brother couldn't catch up with him.
他跑得太快了，他弟弟赶不上他。
The aircraft was flying at such a high altitude that we could hardly see it.
飞机飞行的高度是这么的高，以致于我们几乎看不到它。
He is such a naughty boy that he becomes unwelcome in his neighborhood.
他是那么个调皮的孩子，以至在邻里中不受欢迎。
（六）条件状语从句
条件状语从句可由下列连词引导：if, unless, on condition (that), suppose/supposing (that), provided/providing (that), as/so long as, in case等。
If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.
明天如果下雪，我们就堆雪人。
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
如果你不太累，我们去散散步。
You’ll be late unless you hurry.
如果不赶快的话，你会迟到的。（unless ＝if…not ）
I’ll lend you my computer on conditi on (that) you keep it in good shape.
如果你能保持我的计算机的良好状态，我就可以借给你用。
Suppose we are late, what will he say?
假如我们迟到，他会说什么？
Supposing we can’t get the necessary data, what shall we do?
假如我们弄不到必要的数据，那我们怎么办呢？
Providing you promise not to tell anyone else, I’ll explain the secret.
只要你保证不告诉任何人，我就把这个秘密讲给你听。
In case it rains, do not expect me.
万一下雨，就不要等我了。
He will do anything as long as it is interesting.
只要有意义，他什么都愿意干。
有些条件状语从句可以或必须使用虚拟语气，详见“虚拟语气”。
（七）比较状语从句
比较状语从句可由下列连词引导：than, as…as, not so/as…as, the…the…等。Bill is taller than Bob (is).
比尔比鲍勃高。
I can walk faster than you can run.
我走得比你跑得还要快。
He is a greater painter than people suppose (he is).
他是一个比人们想像的更伟大的画家。
Tom works as hard as John (dose).
汤姆和约翰工作一样努力。
Her mother is not as tall as she (is).
她妈妈没有她高.
注意：than, as…as从句与主句结构上相同的部分常省略，只留下相比较的部分。如：
I know you better than he (knows you).
我比他更了解你。
注意区别：
I know you better than him.
我了解你比了解他更多。
说明：本句中的than是介词，后面要用代词的宾格him，而上一句的than是连词，引导的是比较状语从句，即使后面的成分省略，代词也要用主格he。
但是，有时虽然从句与主句结构相同，但意义不同，从句一般不能省略，例如：
The house is much taller than it is wide.
这房子的高度比宽度大的多。
the…the…句型表示“越…越…”
The sooner, the better.
越快越好。
The Greater the mass of a body, the greater is its inertia.
物体的质量越大，它的惯性就越大。
Actually, the busier he is, the happier he feels.
事实上，他越忙越高兴。
（八）方式状语从句
比较状语从句可由下列连词引导：as, as if/though
I did just as you told me.
我正是按照你说的办的。
Please state the facts as they are.
请如实地陈述事实。
It looks as if/though it’s going to rain.
看起来好像要下雨了。
注意：as if引导的从句，即可以是陈述语气，也可以是虚拟语气。但两者表达的意思不同。例如：
He walk as if he is drunk.
他走起路来好像喝醉了。（陈述语气，有可能真的喝醉了）
He walk as if her were drunk.
他走起路来好像喝醉了似的。（虚拟语气，在说话人看来，他并没有喝醉）
（九）让步状语从句
让步状语从句可由下列连词引导：although, though, as, even if/though, however, whatever, no matter how/what/where/when, whether…or等
although与though意义基本相同，都表示“虽然”，只是although语气更重，常用于句首。
例如：
Although he is poor, he is honest.
他虽然空，但是诚实。
Air has weight, though it is very light.
虽然空气很轻，但它有重量。
注意，although, though用于引导状语从句，but用于引导并列句，although, though与but 不能同时使用。
Try as I might, I couldn’t lift the stone.
尽管我可以试一试，但我不可能举起那块石头。（要倒装）
Even though you say so, I do not believe it.
即使你这样说，我也不相信。
However hard he tries, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
尽管他做出努力，但他似乎从来不能令人满意地完成工作。
Whatever you say she never listens.
不管你说什么，她都不听。
No matter where you go on the earth, you will feel the gravity.
无论你走到地球的什么地方，你都会感觉到地引力。
He keeps on with his physical training in the winter no matter how cold it is.
不管冬天天气多冷，他总是坚持体育锻炼。
We'll start our meeting on time whether he comes or not.
无论他来不来，我们将准时开会。
语法 29时间状语从句 一、什么是状语从句 状语就是在一句话中表示该句子的时间、地点、方式、原因、条件等成分。状语从句就是用一个从 句表示状语。状语从句根据它表达的意思不同，可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等九类。 与状语一样，状语从句的位置比较灵活。既可置于主句之前（通常用逗号与主句隔开），也课置于主句之后（不需要用逗号与主句隔开），有时甚至可以置于主句之中。 二、时间状语从句 1. 主句和从句同时发生，这类从句由从属连词when, while, as引导。 He was hungry when he came home. I was crying while everyone was laughing. As I walked out, he walked in. as, when, while, 的区别 ① as强调从句的动作与主句动作同时发生及持续，具有at the same time的意思 他继续往下谈的时候，越来越兴奋。 as还可以表示一边??一边??，强调从句和主句中两个动作交替进行或同步进行。 他们边走边聊。 as还有“ 随着”的含义 随着春天的到来，天气暖和起来。 ② when 强调动作点的特定时间，具有at the time that 的意思 当老师走进来的时候，我们都站起来了。 ③ while 表示较长的期间，具有during the time that 的意思 当我在这的时候，我很安全。 2.主句发生在从句之前，这类从句由从属连词before, until 引导 ,before 意为“ 在---之前” until 在肯定句中意为“直到 --- 为止”，在否定句中意为“直到 --- 才”。从句既可置于主句前，也可置 于主句之后。 回家之前我必须干完所有的活。
中考从句讲与练 定语从句： （一）基础：引导词---who, which, that, whom, 练习1.I like cities___________are quiet and clean. 2.I prefer students _________are hard- working. 3.I hate TV shows _________ are noisy and boring. 4.The music __________ is gentle and quiet attracts me a lot. 5.The food __________tastes delicious is not always healthy. 6.Those boys ___________ are playing basketballs over there are from Class Fifteen. 7.The books ____________ are written by Lu Xun are worth reading. 8.The town ___we visited last week is much larger than before.9.The book ___ he bought is very interesting. （二）特例：只用that的情况 1先行词被___________或___________所修饰，或本身是______________________时，只能用 that， 2.被修饰的先行词为 ________________________________________________等不定代词时, 只能用 that. 3.先行词被 _____________________________________________等词修饰时，只能用 that，而不用 which。 4.先行词里同时含有______________________，如I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 5. 以______________________引导的特殊疑问句，只能用that.如： Who is the girl that is crying? 练习1. I am interested in everything___ is about the 2006 World Cup. 2. Is there anything___I can do for you? 3. This is the very bike ______I lost 4.To my surprise, he gave me nothing __ I need. 5.This is the best dictionary __ I have ever used. 6. He was the first person _______passed the exam. 7.He talked happily about the men and books________interested him greatly. （三）whose 1. The student ______father works in the factory is sitting there. 2. I like the rooms ______windows face south. 3. This is the desk ______legs were broken. 4The woman ___ umbrella you took is angry about it.5.Here comes a girl ___ handwriting is the best . 6The banana __skin is green can’t be eaten.7That tall tree _ leaves are yellow is very old. （四）从句谓语单复数由先行词确定，时态由从句时间状语决定，不必跟主句保持一致。 1-He is one of the boys who ____ (doesn’t, don’t) finish doing homework. 2-I like films which ____(be) exciting and interesting. 3-Children who often ____(eat) junk food are easy to become fat and unhealthy. 4-That boy who _____(run) fastest is from our class. 5Those boys who ____ playing the guitar are from our school. (be) 6The trees which _____ (be) watered yesterday belong to them. 7The man who ____ over there is our teacher.(stand) 8Those boys who ____ playing the guitar are from our school. (be) 9Mr. Brown is one of the foreign experts _______ _________ (work) in China. 10I’m one of the boys ______ ________(like) English best. (五)“介词＋关系代词”注意：介词的选用要考虑： A.与先行词的搭配关系 1）I will never forget the day __________ I joined the army. 2) I will never forget the days ______ I worked here. 3) I will never forget the year ____________ my son went to college. B. 与谓语动词的搭配习惯 1）Have you found the book ________I paid 29 dollars? 2）Have you found the book ________I spent 29 dollars? 3)Have you found the book _____________we learnt a lot? 4) Have you found the book _______she often talks? 关系副词的用法 练习：1. It must be a good place ________________we can do a lot of exercise.
英语名词性从句练习全集及解析 一、初中英语名词性从句 1．________ manners are very important in every country is known to all，but the trouble is that different countries have different ideas about ________ good manners are. A. That; what B. That; that C. What; that D. What; what 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意：众说周知，礼貌在每一个国家中都是非常重要的，但是麻烦是，不同的国家对于什么是良好的礼貌有着不同的认识。逗号前有两个谓语动词，一个是are，一个是is known，故是两句话，需填连词连接这两句话，根据句意可知，前面是主语从句，故填that，此处的that，只起连接作用不作任何成分。about是介词，其后是个句子故应填连词把这两句话连接起来，所缺词作are的表语，故填what。因此选A。 【点评】考查名词性从句，本题涉及that引导的主语从句和what引导的宾语从句。 2．Some people believe _______ has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future. A. whatever B. whenever C. wherever D. no matter what 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意：一些人认为之前发生的或现在正在发生的任何事情在将来都会重复发生。Whatever has happened before or is happening now是一个主语从句，whatever既引导起这个主语从句，也在句中做主语。BC项都属于副词的性质，都不能做主语，通常只能做状语；no matter what只能用来引导状语从句，故选A。 【点评】考查名词性从句，本题涉及"特殊疑问词+ever"引导的主语从句。 3． is even more important is the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. A. When; that; when B. What; whether; as C. What; that; as D. lt; whether; as 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】这题考查从句的用法，第一空填what引导主语从句，在主语从句中what做主语，第二空填that引导表语从句，在表语从句中，as是引导时间状语从句，句意是：甚至更重要的是：随着地球的冷却，水开始出现在表面。选C。 4．Has it been announced ______? A. when are the planes to take off B. that are the planes to take off C. where are the planes to take off D. when the planes are to take off 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】句意: 飞机什么时候起飞已经宣布了吗？此处是when引导的主语从句，且要用陈述句语序，故选D。
名词性从句超详细讲解] 【文字｜双语| 教程】▼引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连词（5个）：that （本身无意义。引导单一的宾语从句时that常可省略，但引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时that通常不被省略）whether,if （均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性）as if ,as though （[1] 均表示“好像”，“似乎”）以上在从句中均不充当任何成分连接代词（10个）：what/ whatever, who/ whoever, whom/ whomever, whose/whosever, which/ whichever连接副词（7个）：when/ whenever, where/ wherever, how/ however, why不可省略的连词：1. 介词后的连词。2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.3. 在从句中做成分的连词.比较whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下，只可用whether：1. whether引导主语从句并在句首。 eg:Whether he can come to the party on time depends on the traffic.2. 引导表语从句。eg:The question is whether we can get in touch with her.3.whether从句作介词宾语。eg:I am thinking about whether I should quit my present job.4.if与whether都可以与or not 连用，但后面紧跟or not 时只能用whether。We didn't know whether or not she was ready.（此时只能用
时间状语从句 用句子表达一件事情或一个行为发生的时间，这个句子就叫时间状语从句。时间状语从句根据其所表示的时间不同，所使用的连词也不同。下面我们一起来看一下几个常见的时间状语从句： 1．when引导的从句：表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，或从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。 例如：I was going out when a visitor came. (动词动作同时发生。)我正要出门，有客人来访。 I shall tell her the good news when she comes.她来时，我将告诉她这个好消息。 小试牛刀：I found mother cooking for me. I got home.(when)_______________________________________ He was listening to the radio when I home. (get) 2．while 引导的从句：表示“当……过程中”，强调某一段时间内主句和从句中谓语动词所表示的动作在同一时期发生。由于while从句表示一个持续的行为，所以从句中要用持续性动词，并且持续性动词常用进行时态。 例如：Keep an eye on my little sister while I am away.我不在时，请照看一下我的小妹妹。 While we were watching TV, Jim came in. 我们看电视的时候，Jim进来了。 小试牛刀：It started to rain. We were playing football.(while)_______________________________________ Lucy was cleaning the room Lily was listening to music. 3．as引导的时间状语从句：表示“当……的时候；一边……一边……；随着……”，其从句的主语与主句的主语往往是同一人或物。 例如：She sang as she worked. 她一边工作一边唱歌。=She was singing as she was working. I saw him as he was getting off the bus. 正当他下公共汽车时, 我看见了他。 小试牛刀： we walked, we talked. You will grow wiser you grow older. 4．before引导的从句：一般表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之前。 例如：I didn’t know any English before I came here. 我到这儿来之前，一点英语都不懂。 例如：I had written my report before my father came back. 小试牛刀：He bought the ticket he went to see the film. 5．after引导的从句：表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之后。 例如：After he locked the door, he left. 他锁上门后，就走了。 After he had finished his work, he played a game of chess with his friend. 他做完工作后，和朋友下了一盘棋。 小试牛刀：I will go out to play basketball with you. I finish my homework.(after) _______________________ _ He left the classroom he had finished his homework the other day. 6．since引导的从句：表示“自从……以来”，从句中的动词一般表示动作的起点，用过去时。主句中的动词表示动作延续的情况，一般用现在完成时。如果主句中的动词表示的不是延续的动作而是表示目前的状态，可用一般现在时。 例如：Since he met this good friend, he has made great progress in his studies. 自从遇见了这个好朋友，他已在学习上取得了巨大的进步。 例如：It is twenty years since she joined the Party. 她入党二十年了。（主句中的动词表示的是状态，用现在时。） 小试牛刀：it is five years since we last time.（meet） Mr green has taught in that school since he (come) to China three years ago.
初中英语语法——三大从句汇总 在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即 状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。以 下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点 A、定语从句专项讲解与训练 一、定语从句概念 定语从句（attributive clause），顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属 于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外， 定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先 行词。请看示例： The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词定语从句 在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语 里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示： 先行词主格宾格所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that — （一）关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如： An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。 I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first
状语从句 一、时间状语从句 1、when, while, as 和whenever when 表时间点，时间段 while 表时间段；有“而”的意思 as “当……”,“一边……一边”，“随着……” whenever 每当，无论什么时候 It is cold when it snows. While there is life, there is hope. While we were speaking, he was reading newspaper. Just as Mrs Richards was entering the dinning-room, there was a knock on the front door. As we age, we trade strength for ingenuity, speed for thoroughness, and passion for reason. 随着年龄的增长，我们用力量换来了机敏，以速度换来了严谨，以热情换来了理智。 注：1)when还可作并列连词，其意义为“那时，这时”，相当于and at this/that time。常用于下列句式： sb.was doing sth.when...某人正在干某事就在这时…… sb.was about to/ going to do sth.when...某人正打算干某事就在这时…… sb.body has just done sth.when...某人刚干了某事就在这时…… 2)如果主句表示的是短暂动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时，when，while 与as可互换使用。如： When/While/As I was walking down the street，I came across an old friend of mine. 2、before/ after It will be five years before we meet again.五年之后我们才能见面。 After you think it over, please let me know what you decide. After her husband had gone to work, she sent her children to school. 3、until, till, not...until 1)肯定句：主句的谓语是延续性动词，主从句均为肯定式，意为“某动作一直持续到某时间点才停止”
时间状语从句讲解与练习
when, while 和as 引导时间状语从句的用法 一、when 的用法 如果只从现象来看，when 从句用的最多的是一般过去时，而主句的时态没有限制,根据具体情况而定。 1. When he was a child he was always trying out new ideas. 他小时候就常常试验一些新的设想。 2. When she came into my room, I was just reading a book. 她走进我房间时，我正在看书。 3. Were you writing when the teacher came in? 老师进来的时候，你在写信吗？ 4. Sorry, I was out when you called me. 对不起，你打电话来的时候我出去了。 5. He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door. 他正要走，这时有人敲门。 6. I thought of it just when you opened your mouth. 就在你要说话的时候，我也想到了。 7. I had hardly[scarcely] closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door. 我刚一闭上眼，就有人在敲门了。
根据以上的例句，我们可以总结出一点：when 从句的A事件，相当于另一个事件B发生的时间点。也就是说，when 从句的重点不在动作本身发生的状态，而只是把它作为一个时间点，所以when 多数情况下用的是一般过去时，则不用正在进行时。因为如果用正在进行时，它表示的就是一段时间而不是一个时间点了。根据这一点，有的文章补充说：when 从句的动词大多是瞬时动词。 实际上，when 从句也可以有其它的时态，但几乎也不用进行时，因为它也只是作为一个时间参照点。 1. When I got to the airport, the guests had left. 当我赶到飞机场时，客人们已经离开了。 2. When he had finished his homework, he took a short rest. 当他完成作业后，他休息了一会儿。 3. Why do you want a new job when you have got such a good one already? 你已经找到如此好的工作，为何还想再找新的？ 4. You shall borrow the book when I have
第章状语从句 学习指导 状语从句在句子中作状语，用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类,分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比 较和方式。尽管种类较多,但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似,所 以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词。现分别列举如下: 状语从句分九类： 在这一章节的学习中，要求同学们掌握各类状语从句基本概念，并能够灵活应用。 第一节时间状语从句 时间状语从句用一般现在时表示将来。连接时间状语从句的连接词有：2．when，while，as均可表示“当……的时候”。 when强调“特定时间”，表示主句谓语动词的动作与从句谓语动词的动作是同时发生的，或从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前；while表 示的时间是一段，而不是一点，as多用在口语中，强调“同一时间”或“一前一后”，有时还有“随着”的含义。 When spring came, he felt like a trip.春天来了，他想去旅游。 As spring warms the good earth，all flowers begin to bloom．(as有“随着”的含义) as, when, while都表示主、从句的动作或状态同时发生，但三者也有
区别。as和when引导的从句既可表示一点时间，也可表示一段时间，从句中的谓语动词既可以是持续性动词，也可以为短暂性动词，经常可以互换使用；while引导的从句通常表示一段时间，从句中宜用持续性动词作谓语。当从句中的谓语动词为持续性动词时，这三者可以通用（前面例句中已有体现），再如： 1 / 18 Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as / when / while father was away in France.妈妈担心，因为小艾丽思病了，特别是当父亲远在法国的时候。 如果从句和主句要表示一个人的两个动作交替进行或同时完成时，则多用as，可译为“一边......，一边......”。例如： He looked behind from to time as he went.他一边走，一边不时地往后看。 As time goes on, it's getting warmer and warmer..随着时间的推移，天气变得越来越暖了。 I thought of it just as you opened your mouth.你一张嘴我就知道你要 说什么。（若表示两个短促动作几乎同时发生时，用as的场合多于when.） 当主从句之间表示转折或对比关系时，多用while, 不用as或when。如：
中考英语三大从句练习及答案解析 定语从句： （一）基础：引导词---who, which, that, whom, 练习1.I like cities___________are quiet and clean. 2.I prefer students _________are hard- working. 3.I hate TV shows _________ are noisy and boring. 4.The music __________ is gentle and quiet attracts me a lot. 5.The food __________tastes delicious is not always healthy. 6.Those boys ___________ are playing basketballs over there are from Class Fifteen. 7.The books ____________ are written by Lu Xun are worth reading. 8.The town ___we visited last week is much larger than before.9.The book ___ he bought is very interesting. （二）特例：只用that的情况 1先行词被___________或___________所修饰，或本身是______________________时，只能用 that， 2.被修饰的先行词为 ________________________________________________等不定代词时, 只能用 that. 3.先行词被 _____________________________________________等词修饰时，只能用 that，而不用which。 4.先行词里同时含有______________________，如I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 5. 以______________________引导的特殊疑问句，只能用that.如： Who is the girl that is crying? 练习1. I am interested in everything___ is about the 2006 World Cup. 2. Is there anything___I can do for you? 3. This is the very bike ______I lost 4.To my surprise, he gave me nothing __ I need. 5.This is the best dictionary __ I have ever used. 6. He was the first person _______passed the exam. 7.He talked happily about the men and books________interested him greatly. （三）whose 1. The student ______father works in the factory is sitting there. 2. I like the rooms ______windows face south. 3. This is the desk ______legs were broken. 4The woman ___ umbrella you took is angry about it.5.. 6The banana __skin is green can’t be eaten.7That tall tree _ leaves are yellow is very old. （四）从句谓语单复数由先行词确定，时态由从句时间状语决定，不必跟主句保持一致。 1-He is one of the boys who ____ (doesn’t, don’t) finish doing homework. 2-I like films which ____(be) exciting and interesting. 3- 4-That boy who _____(run) fastest is from our class. 5Those boys who ____ playing the guitar are from our school. (be) 6The trees which _____ (be) watered yesterday belong to them. 7The man who ____ over there is our teacher.(stand) 8Those boys who ____ playing the guitar are from our school. (be) 9Mr. Brown is one of the foreign experts _______ _________ (work) in China. 10I’m one of the boys ______ ________(like) English best. (五)“介词＋关系代词”注意：介词的选用要考虑： A.与先行词的搭配关系 1）I will never forget the day __________ I joined the army. 2) I will never forget the days ______ I worked here. 3) I will never forget the year ____________ my son went to college.
定语从句 一学习目标 1.熟练掌握定语从句 二考点解析 ⊙定从的功能—解释说明 This is the factory that/which can produce such machines 这就是能制造这种机器的工厂This is the factory that/which we visited last week 这就是我们上周参观的工厂 ⊙定语从句 定义：一个简单句跟在名词或代词后（先行词）进行修饰限定，就叫做定语从句。这个简单句在主句中充当定语成分。 I bought a cow that looked like a horse. ⊙定语从句怎么考？ 语法 22.I live next door to a couple children often make a lot of noise.（2016高考北京卷） A.whose B.why C.where D.which 完形 Balto put his nose to the ground, 52 to find the smell of other dogs that had traveled on the trail. （2016高考北京卷） 阅读&写作 A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.（2016高考全国卷D篇） Last year, I spent all my time looking for a job where, without dealing with the public , I could work alone, but still have a team to talk to. （2016高考北京卷阅读A篇） ⊙定从原理：把两个句子合为一个，两个句子有相同的部分，此时可以把其中一个句子作为另一个句子的修饰限定部分。
资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除状语从句之时间状语从句 一．概念及分类名。复合句中从句可分为定语从句，和句子可以分为简单句，并列句复合句词性从句和状语从句。 用来修饰谓语动词，其他动词，定语，状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、结果状语从句。 DaMing is a brave boy. DaMing is a brave boy and he always does something special. DaMing is a brave boy, who always does something special.
可编辑word 资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除二，时间状语从句 When, while, as, before, after, since, 引导时间状语从句的连接词一般有等。，until/tillas soon as When 观察下面例句，总结其用法 1.When he was a child he was always trying out new ideas. 他小时候就常常试验一些新的设想。 2. When she came into my room, I was just reading a book. 她走进我房间时，我正在看书。 3. Were you writing when the teacher came in? 老师进来的时候，你在写信吗？ 4. Sorry, I was out when you called me. 对不起，你打电话来的时候我出去了。 总结：从句表示动作可以______________也可以_________________,主句和从句的先后关系_______________________________________ When从句一般用于过去时比较多，主句无时态限制。 练习 Eg: When I got to the airport, the guests had left. 当我赶到飞机场时，客人们已经离开了。 可编辑word 资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除When he had finished his
宾语从句 一、定义 在复合句中，作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 二、种类 宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。 三、构成 动词（短语）/介词/系表+引导词+宾从 四、宾语从句的用法 “三关”原则，学好宾语从句。 1.由that 引导的宾语从句。that 只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。 例：He said (that) he wanted to stay at home. She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill. I am sure (that) he will succeed. 2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which 和连接副词when, where, why, how 引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。 例：Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for? He asked whose handwriting was the best. Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is? I don’t know why the train is late. 3. 由if 或whether 引导的宾语从句。if 和whether 在句中的意思是“是否”。 例：I want to know if (whether) he lives there. He asked me whether (if) I could help him. 【注】在初中阶段，区分if和whether的用法，要看从句中是否有选择的含义，即or或者是or not , 如果从句中有这样的词出现，那么要用whether 而不是if 。 定语从句 定语从句的功用和结构：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。 例：This is the present that he gave me for my birthday. Do you know everybody who came to the party? I still remember the night when I first came to the village? This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived. 状语从句 状语从句在复合句中作状语，修饰动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句可以表示时间、条件、原因、地点、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较等意义。各类状语从句连接词（短语）一览表：
宾语从句讲解 在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 宾语从句有“四看”： 一看连接词； 引导宾语从句的连接词有三类： 连接词原句句式 that（无词义，在口语中常可省略）陈述句（原句是陈述句） if,whether（是否，不可省略）一般疑问句（原句是一般疑问句） who,whom,which,what,when,where,why,how 特殊疑问句（原句是特殊疑问句）连接代词（who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever） 在句中有词义，并且充当从句中的主语、宾语、表语、定语。 连接副词(where,when,how,why)在句中有词义，并且充当从句的状 语。 例句：I don’t know if /whether you can help me.我不知道你是否能够帮我。 I don’t know whether or not they will come. =I don’t know whether they will come or not. 我不知道他们来不来。 I wonder what he’s writing to me about.(w hat在从句中作宾语) 我想知道他正在写什么给我们。 We never know what he is.(what在从句中作表语) 我们从不知道他是做什么的。 He can’t decide which sweater he should buy.(which在从句中作定语) 他不确定他该买哪件衣服。 I will tell you why I asked you to come.(why在从句中作原因状语) 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。 Could you tell me where Tom has gone?（where在从句中作地点状语） 你能告诉我汤姆去哪里了吗？ I want to know when you can finish the work.（when在从句中作时间状语） 我想知道你什么时候能够完成这项工作。 二看时态：主从句时态要一致。主句为现在时态，从句可用任何时态；主句若为过去时态， 从句要用相应的过去时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。 He said that he would help us.他说他会帮我们的。