Lesson 1
Three words: may, might, and can.
Three meanings: ability, possibility, and permission.
May has two meanings:
1.possibility– something is possible, but not certain.
2.permission– something is permissible, or allowed.
A while ago, this was just a rumor:
“ABCD may merge with XYZ.”
This is the same as saying “ABCD might merge with XYZ.” It might happen, but it might not. Both sentences mean that we are not sure. May and might are expressing possibility. This is a different meaning than:
“May I go to the restroom?”
“Yes, you may.”
Here, may is expressing permission– whether or not someone is allowed to do something.
Sometimes only context will tell which meaning we are expressing:
“I may take Friday off.”
“You may take Friday off.”
These sentences sound almost the same, but the meaning of may is different. I would not give myself permission to take Friday off, so the first sentence is saying that I am thinking about taking Friday off, but I might change my mind. In other words, there is a possibility that I will take Friday off. In the second sentence, someone else (probably my boss) is talking to me. Somebody else would not know what I am planning to do, so they are probably not trying to guess. Instead, this person is telling me that I am allowed to take Friday off. He or she is giving me permission.
Can is used to express ability.
“I can fix this bug.”
I have the ability to fix the bug. I haven’t done it yet, but I am able to do it.
Can is also used to express permission, just like may:
“Can I go to the restroom?”
“Yes, you can.”
However, we should be careful not to use may to express ability:
“
Are you trying to say that
“
The attached diagram summarizes the meanings that may, might, and can express.
Lesson 2
This week, let’s take a look at four words that have a complicated relationship.
As explained here, will and shall are both used to express the future tense, and would and should are
However, this explanation is a bit difficult to understand, and in modern English, will is the primary word for future tense while the other three words have more specialized uses, so let me explain how these words are used a little more simply.
In general, when you talk about something that is going to happen in the future, use the word will.
“It will rain tomorrow.”
“ABCD and XYZ will become one company.”
You can talk about yourself in the future tense to express your plans:
“I will go shopping today.” (I am planning to go shopping today.)
Shall is usually used in a question, when you are offering or suggesting something:
“Shall we go out for lunch today?” (Do you want to go out for lunch today?)
“Shall I fix this bug?” (Do you want me to fix this bug?)
“Yes, please fix it.”
“Ok, I will fix it.”
Notice that I asked whether I should do it using shall, and then confirmed my plans using will.
Would is used in 2 ways. In a question, it is used to ask someone to do something:
“Would you look at this support case please?”
Again, the answer uses will:
“Yes, I will look at it.”
Would is also used to talk about what might happen if something was true.
“If I had a million dollars, I would buy a new car.”
“If we stopped supporting AIX, we would get a lot less support cases.”
Should is used to suggest something or say that something is a good idea.
“If you want to be healthy, you should exercise a lot.”
“We should test our code as thoroughly as possible be fore we check it in.”
Should is also used to say that you believe something is true.
“I fixed the bug. It should work in 5.8.”
This is the same usage as the last example in the link:
“I should think the cost will be about ￡100.”
This sentence could also be written:
“I think the cost should be about $100.”
(Their example sounds more typical for British English, while mine sounds more American)
There is one more way to use should, but I don’t think you should worry about it!
The example in the link says:
-in hypothetical situations: “Should you need any help, just call me.”
In this situation, you can always use if instead:
“If you need any help, just call me.”
But should you insist on using should, you should be careful!
And of course, should you need help with English, feel free to ask me a question any time.
Lesson 3
Doubt and suspect
我怀疑usually translates to “I doubt” or “I suspect”, but these have opposite meanings in English.
“I suspect” means that I think that something is true, while “I doubt” means that I think that it is not true. Look at the following two examples:
“I doubt that I will win the lottery today.”
“I suspect that somebody will win the lottery today.”
I am not that lucky, and I know that I will probably not win the lottery today. However, there are over 300 million people in the United States, so I think the chances are pretty good that somebody will win.
Let’s be careful when we use these words, or we may end up sending the wrong message!
Caution with irregulars
English is difficult because even simple rules often have many not-so-simple exceptions.
For example, we all know that the simple rule to make the past tense form of a verb is to add –ed to the end:
play→ play ed
work→ work ed
fix→ fix ed
Words that follow the basic rule are said to be regular, while those that don’t are said to be irregular. I’m sure you are already aware that so many words are irregular to this rule that sometimes they seem to outnumber the regulars. The following 2 examples (both from emails that I have seen recently) show why we should be extra cautious not to apply a regular rule to an irregular word:
resend
The past tense of resend is resent. Unfortunately, this is spelled the same way as an entirely different word:
resent(pronounced rezent): to express disapproval or displeasure
“I resented having to study after school every day while the other children were out having fun.”
If I say that I resented a file, then that file must have contained some very mean words!
split
The past-tense of split is split, not splitted. Fortunately, splitted does not sound like any other word, so saying splitted will probably not confuse anyone. However, because the past tense and present tense sound exactly the same, split can be confusing even when you say it right!
“I split the file.”
Without context, there is no way to tell whether this sentence is past or present tense.
To make matters worse, the past participle is also the same. Remember the past participle?
eat-ate-eaten
split-split-split
Past participle is always something that you have to be careful with, because it can refer to a before-state or an after-state. For example, if you are reading a murder mystery, “the murdered man” could be talking about the man before he was murdered or after he was murdered:
“The murdered man was a lawyer.” (when he was alive)
“The murdered man had a hole in his head.” (after he was killed)
In the case of split:
“The split file is 5 MB.”
It is hard to tell whether this is the file before it was split or a resulting file after it was split. In this case, it may be better to use different words, such as “the original file” and “the partial files”.
Lesson 4
-er/-est vs more/most
When we want to compare things, it is not always easy to decide whether to use -er/-est or more/most. In fact, it can be one of the most hard hardest basic grammar rules for ESL students to consistently get right. However, BBC has a great lesson on this rule that may make it more easy easier to understand:
As the lesson explains, whether to use -er/-est or more/most depends on the number of syllables in a word.
For one-syllable words, use -er/-est:
tall, taller, tallest
long, longer, longest
fast, faster, fastest
For words that are longer than two syllables, use more/most:
difficult, more difficult, most difficult
confusing, more confusing, most confusing
dangerous, more dangerous, most dangerous
However, for words that are exactly two syllables, some words can use either pattern, while others may only use one. The end of the word can tell you which one to use, and the BBC article explains this well enough that I have no real need to repeat it here.
Instead, let me explain the concept of syllables, since I believe it may be particularly difficult for Chinese speakers to understand. If you are fully familiar with syllables, you can just read the lesson in the link and then skip to the last paragraph of this lesson. Otherwise, read the rest of this lesson and then go back to the link, and it will all make sense.
A syllable is a single rhythmic block of speech. In Chinese, every 字 takes the same rhythm and is exactly one syllable. In English, however, words can be more than one syllable long, and it is nearly impossible
to tell how many syllables are in a word from the way it is spelled. Instead, you must sound out a word to figure out how many syllables it has.
There are 2 kinds of sounds: consonants and vowels. Consonants are sounds that you make by using parts of your mouth or tongue to obstruct or change the flow of air out of your mouth, while vowels are sounds made while breathing out through an open mouth (represented by the letters a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y). It is hard to talk if you never open your mouth and let the air flow out, so there are no words in English without any vowels. Try pronouncing “skmnrftxzcpl” – pretty hard, right?
From this, we can feel that each time we do let the air out and make a vowel sound, we are forming a rhythmic unit. Let’s try breaking down the rhythm of the first sentence from 2 paragraphs up: “In-stead, let me ex-plain the con-cept of syll-a-bles, since I be-lieve it may be par-ti-cu-lar-ly diff-i-cult for Chi-nesespea-kers to un-der-stand in En-glish”. Can you feel the rhythm of the sentence?
Notice that you cannot tell how many syllables are in a word by the number of letters. Strength is an eight-letter word, but it only has one syllable, while easy is a four-letter word that has two syllables (ea-sy). Also notice that one vowel letter (a, e, i, o, u) is not the same as one vowel sound. The ea in ea sy is two letters, but only one sound. Therefore, you really have to say the word out loud and count its rhythm. So, back to -er/-est and more/most:
It is easy to decide which pattern to use unless a word is exactly two syllables. Furthermore, the only example the BBC lesson gives for two-syllable words that should use -er/-est is when the word ends in y, we should use -ier/-iest. I can’t think of any adjectives that are more than two syllables and end with y, so we can come up with an even greater simplification that will be pretty safe to follow:
For one-syllable words, use -er/-est. Otherwise, use more/most unless the word ends in y.
This week’s les son will be on the words hope and wish. This lesson does not cover all the uses of these words, but only some of the most common.
Lesson 5
Hope and Wish
These words are very similar in meaning. In fact, some dictionaries will use one word to define the other. For instance, on Wiktionary:
hope: to expect and wish
wish: (with for) to hope (for a particular outcome)
However, the meanings of hope and wish depend on how they are used in a sentence, so let’s take a look at a few ways they are used and what they mean in each case.
The most common way that both words are used is in a that clause. The word that is actually optional, but the sentence structure is the same with or without the word that.
I hope(that)XYZ has good benefits.
I wish(that) I had as much money as Bill Gates.
Hope is used to express something that we are expecting in the future. We have just been acquired by XYZ, so we are expecting to find out soon what our benefits will be. I am expressing a desire for good benefits, and it is not something unrealistic or unreasonable to expect.
Wish, on the other hand, is used to express something that is not real, but hypothetical, or imagined. It would not be realistic for me to expect the same. I am only saying that if a hypothetical situation were true, I would be very happy.
Grammatically, notice that hope is followed by the present tense (“has good benefits”), and wish is followed by the past participle (“had as much money…”).
Another way to use wish and hope is in place of want (to) and would like (to).
For example:
I wish to go shopping today. = I want to go shopping today.
I hope to go shopping today. = I would like to go shopping today.
All four of the above sentences are expressing that I desire to go shopping today, but the top two are used to state an intention or make a request:
(parents to children): I wish/want to go shopping today, so I am leaving you with a babysitter. (children to parents): I wish/want to go shopping today, so please lend me some money.
The bottom two are expressing a sense that one is looking forward to something.
I hope/would like to go shopping today, but I might not be able to.
Lesson 6
Hope and Wish, continued
Last week we examined the differences between the verbs hope and wish. This week, let’s take a look at the same words used as nouns.
A wish is defined by Wiktionary as “a will for something to happen”. In other words, a wish is the same as a desire–it’s simply something we want.
To live a long, happy life is everybody’s wish.
Hope, on the other hand, is a little more complex.
From Wiktionary:
hope
1.The belief or expectation that something wished for can or will happen.
2.The actual thing wished for.
3. A person or thing that is a source of hope.
Definitions 2 and 3 are based on 1, so let’s start with an example of 1.
XYA currently does not give a 401(k) match, but there is still hope that they may consider it in
the future.
Hope is the possibility that something wish ed for (a 401(k) match) can happen. If it wasn’t possible, we could say “there is no hope” and if it wasn’t desired, we would say “there is a possibility” or “there is a chance” instead of “there is hope”.
From this sentence and definition 2, we can use the word hope to apply to the actual thing we wished for: To receive a 401(k) match from XYZ is the hope of every employee.
We see that hope can refer to the thing we wish for and the possibility that it will come true. For definition 3, we can use hope to refer to the person or thing that is the source of that possibility: The CEO is the only one who can decide to change employee benefits. Charles Philips is our only hope.
I’m not sure if this sentence is true, but it illustrates that if there is a person who can make the hope from our previous example happen, then we can also say that the person is our hope.
Finally, just to finish off this subject, there is one more verb form of wish that I did not cover in last week’s lesson. It is uncommon, except in a phrase you will hear around December: “We wish you a Merry Christmas.” Here, wish means to bestow a thought or gesture towards someone. You can achieve the same meaning using the that clause form of either wish or hope: “We wish/hope that you will have a Merry Christmas.”
Lesson 7
Third-person singular –s
This week let’s go over a basic grammar rule that you are probably all familiar with but can be easy to forget.
Verbs are action words: go, do, eat, drink, make, play, etc. For every verb, somebody or something (known as the subject of the sentence) must be doing the action.
Look at the following sentences:
I write an English lesson every week.
He writes functional specs very well.
Why is it that I write but he write s? You have to add an –s to the verb when three conditions are satisfied:
1.The subject is a third-person.
2.The subject is singular.
3.The verb is in the present tense.
Third-person means any subject that is neither yourself (first person) nor the person or people that you are talking to (second person). In other words, a third-person is any he, she, it, or they. They is not singular, so we only add the –s if the subject is a he, she or it.
Let’s look at a few examples:
Alex worked from home yesterday.
Jennifer will manage all future CSC releases.
CSC Client reads files from the inbound folder.
Most Mountain View engineers make their own lunch.
Alex is a “he”, Jennifer is a “she”, CSC Client is an “it”, and most Mountain View engineers is a “they”, so these subjects are all third-person. Can you tell why only the third sentence uses the –s? The first two sentences are not in the present tense, while the subject in the last sentence is not singular.
Try a few for practice (answers below):
1.ABCD (make/makes) good products.
2.Tomorrow, he will (play/plays) basketball.
3.The
4.Jim and May (manage/manages) R&D for ABCD Healthcare.
5.CSC Server should (install/installs) on that machine.
6.Jonathan must (wait/waits) for approval from Laurie before sending test code to a customer. Answers:
1.makes
2.play
3.meets
4.manage
5.install
6.wait
#1 and #2 are straightforward applications of the rule.
For #3, you might think the
For #4, you might be thinking May is a she, so “May manages”, but the subject of the sentence is Jim and May, so in this case the subject is a they.
#5 and #6 are trick questions. Although CSC Server and Jonathan both fit the rule that says we should add an –s (CSC Server installs; Jonathan waits) these sentences use the special verbs should and must. These are called auxiliary verbs, and they modify the main verbs that come after. Auxiliary verbs and the verbs that come after them never use the –s. Examples of auxiliary verbs are can, could, may, must, will, would, shall, and should. Lesson 2 explained how to use the last four.
This week, let’s go over the articles “a/an” and “the”.
“a/an” and “the”
The words “a”, “an”, and “the” are called
Although there are exceptions, in general we must use an article before all countable nouns except proper nouns. Nouns are people, places, and things, while proper nouns are names. For example, the following are nouns:
person, product, computer, state, company
while the following are proper nouns:
Jonathan,
Let’s look at the following two sentences:
“XYZ is a company that makes many products.
XYZ and
How do we know whether to use “a” or “the”? As the link explains, “the” is used when the noun is something specific. In the first sentence, we have “a company”, but after we have established which company we are talking about, we use “the company” in the second sentence.
It’s not always easy to decide which article to use, or whether to use an article at all. Let’s tak e a look at some tricky cases. The following sample comes from a functional spec that I have been working on. Sometimes “CSC Server” takes an article and sometimes it doesn’t, depending on whether I am referring to the product itself or a specific instance of the product.
Every time a user needs to register a new courier, they have to fill in client information and
contact information in the GUI, and then register the courier to a CSC Server.
Because it is impossible for CSC Server to immediately know the status of the task run on the Client side, the GUI will indicate that the task has been initiated successfully and remind the user to check the log for task’s final status.
In the first sentence, I used “a CSC Server” because I was specifying that a courier has to be registered to a single instance of CSC Server. In the second sentence, I could also have said “… it is impossible for a CSC Server…” because the sentence can apply to any single instance of CSC Server. I could have said “the CSC Server” as well because I had already mentioned an instance of CSC Server in the previous sentence, and the sentence would be valid if I was continuing to talk about that particular instance. However, I chose to leave the article off because I was making a general statement about the product itself.
When writing emails or instant messages, we often leave off articles because it makes the messages shorter and easier to type. However, let’s try to use articles when we are writing formal documents, such as functional specs. The following would be ok in Skype, but would sound unprofessional in a document: “XYZ is company that makes many products.
“have a (re)try”
For example:
“Would you take a look at this issue please?”
“Sure, I’ll have a try.”
Later,
“I wasn’t able to reproduce the issue with my test site. Can you get the customer’s site?”
“Ok, here it is.”
“Great. I’ll have a retry with the customer’s site.”
I’m not sure if there is anything gramatically wrong with “have a try”, but it sounds a little awkward. An easy way of making it sound more natural is to use try as a verb: “I’ll try it.”
If you really want to use try as a noun, I would use say “give it a try” instead of “have a try.”
With “have a retry,” there is another issue. The word retry means to do the exact same thing again, so we usually use it with computers instead of people. For example, if we are trying to connect to an external application that isn’t available, there might be a number of retries before we get an error. In each retry, the application is trying to do the exact same thing.
When a person is trying to solve a problem and needs to try something again, they are usually doing something different. With the example above, the person is going to try reproducing the issue using a different site. Therefore, instead of saying “I’ll have a retry” or even “I’ll give it a retry”, it is better to say “I’ll try it again” or “I’ll give it another try.”
“met an issue”
The verb meet means to encounter a person:
“Harry met Sally.”
For an issue, there are many verbs we can use instead of meet:
I found an issue.
I discovered an issue.
I encountered an issue.
I ran into an issue.
常见的英文近义词辨析100组 1、abide,adhere,conform,comply“遵守”。 abide v.后接by表示“遵守，同意”。 I will abide by the director'decision.我将遵从主任的决定。 adhere v.后接to表示“遵守”。(当然adhere一词的其它意思如“坚持；粘附”也经常被考到。) Car drivers must adhere to the rules of driving.汽车司机必须遵守驾驶规则。 conform v.后接to表示“遵守，符合”。 All individuals are required to conform to the laws made by their governments.每个人都应该遵守政府制订的法律。comply v.后接with表示“遵守，服从”，用于正式的场合。 Our company complies with governmental regulations on paying taxes.我们公司遵守政府有关纳税的规定。 2、abnormal,uncommon,disordered“反常的” abnormal a.不正常的，反常的(但并非罕见)，指行为或现象(如气候)的异常。 His body temperature has been abnormal for3days,the highest point reaching40.5degree centigrade.他的体温三天来一直都不正常，最高的时候达到40.5摄氏度。(尽管身体发烧不正常，但生活中也时有发生。) uncommon a.罕见的，不平常的，指很少经历或很少见到的状况；特别的，出色的。 Hurricanes are uncommon in England.飓风在英国非常罕见。 That is uncommon instant coffee;it tastes great!那速溶咖啡质量上乘，味道好极了！ disordered a.混乱的，杂乱的；(精神或身体)有病的。 We couldn't understand her disordered presentation.我们听不明白她条理不清的陈述。 3、abolish,cancel,eliminate,dispose,erase,exclude,extinguish都有“取消，除掉”的意思。 abolish v.指对法律、习俗、制度的废除；完全破坏。 The government abolished the tax on alcohol.政府取消了酒税。 cancel v.对预先安排的某种活动(如旅行、计划、会议等)的取消；删去(字、句)。 The meeting has been cancelled because of the flu.会议由于流感而取消了。 eliminate v.指消除、淘汰已经存在但是现在不需要的东西。 The losing team was eliminated from further competition.失利的那个队被淘汰了，不能参加下一阶段的比赛。 The doctor helped him eliminate toxins from the intestine.医生帮助他排出肠中毒素。 dispose v.处理，处置；表示“除掉、扔掉”时常与of连用。(这一点需要注意。) After your picnic,please dispose of the litter.野餐后请清除掉垃圾。 erase v.除去，擦掉，指有意识地除去字迹、声音等。 I erased the music on the tape before recording on the tape again.我在往磁带上录音之前先消掉了上面的音乐。exclude v.排斥；排除，不包括在内，与include互为反义词。 The restaurant excludes anyone who is not properly dressed from entering.衣冠不整者不得进入该餐馆。extinguish v.熄灭，扑灭(火)；使沉默，使暗淡。 Firefighters extinguished a big fire.消防队员扑灭了大火。 4、abstract,digest,outline,summary“要点，摘要” abstract n.概要，摘要，尤其指对学术论文或法律论据作的简述。 I have read the abstract of his book.我已经读了他书的概要。 digest n.(篇幅较长的)摘要，文摘，它是对原文的浓缩而不是对原文的简单解释，浓缩后仍保持原文的顺序、重点和风格。 Reader's Digest《读者文摘》 outline n.要点，大纲，概要。 She made an outline of ideas she wanted to present in her talk.她把自己要谈的想法列了一个提纲。 summary n.总结，摘要，指用寥寥数语概括文章或者讲话的要点，不考虑原文的风格。 5、absurd,ridiculous,silly都有“愚蠢，可笑”的意思。 absurd a.荒谬的，可笑的，指因不符合常识、违反真理或不合逻辑而令人发笑。 There was an absurd idea that the earth was flat and motionless.过去曾经有一种荒谬的观点认为地球呈扁平状而且静止不动。 ridiculous a.荒唐可笑的，指因为愚昧无知而令人发笑并成为笑柄，含有蔑视成分。 It is ridiculous to judge a foreign culture only by its food.仅仅根据一个国家的饮食来评价该国家的文化是荒唐可笑的。silly a.愚蠢的，傻的，指由于单纯或者头脑简单而显得愚蠢。 a silly little boy傻小子
中考语文常见近义词辨析 1. 鉴赏、欣赏、观赏 【同】都是动词，都是并列式的合成词，共同的语素“赏”有“欣赏、赞赏”之意，都可以指通过视觉享受美好的事物，领略其中的趣味。 【异】“鉴赏”含有“鉴定”的意思，指“鉴定和欣赏”的意思，多用于艺术品、文物等，适用围较小，多用于书面语。例：开放古老的房屋供旅游者鉴赏。 “欣赏”表示“享受美好的事物，领略其中的趣味”的意思，既能指视觉的享受，又能指听觉、味觉、嗅觉或精神上的享受，适用围较大，其对象可以是具体可见的事物（如欣赏雕塑作品），也可以是抽象的事物（如欣赏音乐），一切美好的事物以及值得赞美的事物都能用，兼用于口语和书面语。“欣赏”还有“认为好，喜欢”的意思，如：他很欣赏这种高原般粗犷的风格。而“鉴赏”没有这层意义。 “观赏”指“观看、欣赏”的意思，一般用于风景、场面、艺术表演和艺术品。此外，“鉴赏”附加语素“家”构成名词“鉴赏家”，“观赏”附加语素“者”构成名词“观赏者”，而“欣赏”则无此附加情况。 2. 宽敞、宽广 【同】都是形容词，都有面积宽大的意思。 【异】“宽敞”侧重在立体空间的宽绰，表示“宽阔、宽大”的意思，多形容土地、院子、房屋等，适用围较小。 “宽广”侧重在平面面积的广大，表示“面积或围大”的意思，可形容土地、水面、道路等具体事物，也可以形容领域、围、胸怀、眼界、知识面等抽象事物，适用围较大。 3. 雄伟、宏伟 【同】都是形容词，都有“雄壮、伟大”的意思。 【异】“雄伟”侧重于雄壮，多用于有气势的自然景物、建筑物等；也可用于气魄、事业等抽象事物，例：气势雄伟；还有“魁梧、魁伟”的意思，例：身材雄伟。 “宏伟”侧重于宏大，多用于抽象事物，例：气势宏伟；也可用于建筑、结构等具体事物，指
张磊老师资料：常见近义词 常见近义词辨析 1. abandon，desert，forsake，quit都含有一定的“放弃” 之意abandon 指完全、永远地放弃, 尤指对之 负有责任或义务者, 放弃一个项目或计划。desert 强调故意违背自己的义务、责任或誓言等(擅离职守) 。 forsake 指遗弃以前所爱的人或事物, 着重于断绝情感上的依恋, e.g. forsake one's wife and children遗弃妻 儿; forsake bad habits摈弃坏习惯。quit 指突然或出其不意地放弃, 现一般指“停止” , e.g. quit work停止工作。 2. accessory，decoration，ornament 都含有一定的“装饰品” 之意accessory [常作pl.] 指 (女性的) 装 饰品, (手提包, 手套, 帽子, 项链, 耳环等) 。 decoration 指为了装饰某物所使用的艳丽好看的装饰品。 orna- ment 指一般装饰品, ornament在作动词时常可和decorate互换。 3. accomplish，complete，end，finish 都含有“完成” 之意。accomplish 指成功地完成预期的计划或 达到预期的目的或成果。 complete 指完成一件指派或预定的任务，或完善、完整未完成的部分。 end 指一 个动作或一件事情的结束或终止。finish 指把一件事或一个动作做完，强调事情的了结、终止。 3. accurate，correct，delicate，exact，precise都含有一定的“正确, 精确’ 之意。 accurate 准确的， 精确的，指某人或某事不仅不出错，而且与事实无出入，强调准确性。 correct 正确的，指某人或某事合 乎事实或公认的标准或规则，没有错误。 delicate 精美、精细的、雅致的。exact 确切的、精确的, 语气较 accurate强, 指某人或某事数量或质量完全符合事实或标准, 而且在细致末节上 也丝毫不差。 precise 精密的, 指具有高度的精确性和准确性, 强调范围界限的鲜明性或细节的精密, 有时略带“吹毛求疵” 的贬义。 4. accuse，charge，indict都含有一定的“指控, 控告” 之意。 accuse s.b. of doing s.th. 为…指责某人, 控告某人。 charge sb. with doing s.th. 指控某人…。 5. achieve, acquire, attain, gain, obtain都含有一定的“获得, 达到” 之意。 achieve 强调由于极大的努力,
英语常用同义词近义词、短语辨析 1.idea, concept, conception, thought, notion, impression 这些名词均有“思想、观点、观念”之意。 idea: 最普通常用词，几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。 concept: 指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部联系 的概念或看法。如：A small baby has no concept of right and wrong.婴儿没有是非概念. It was Aristotle who proved the world is round. Plato popularized the concept.亚里士多德证明了地球是圆的，柏拉图普及了这一概念。 conception: （概念、观念、思想）通常指个人或一些人所持有的具体概念或念头，也可指概念的形成过程，含一定的想象和感情色彩意味。如：He’s got a really strange conception of friendship. 他对友谊有一种非常独特的见解。 ancient Greek thought古希腊思想； lost/deep in thought陷入思索中/在沉思中，如：Derek was staring out of the window, lost in thought. Derek凝视着窗外，陷入了沉思。 thought: 指以推理、思考等智力活动为基础的心理思维活动及其结果。如：Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiao-ping Theory, “三个代表”之英文表达法——摘自CNN 'THE THREE REPRESENTS' Theory first raised by President Jiang Zemin in early 2000. Communist party must: 1 - Represent most advanced productive forces, including private business. 代表中国先进社会生产力的发展要求 2 - Represent the most advanced culture. 代表中国先进文化的前进方向 3 - Represent fundamental interests of the broad masses (i.e. not merely a "revolutionary party" but one that stands for all Chinese.) 代表中国最广大人民的根本利益 notion: 尤指错误或模糊的概念、想法；无可靠的基础，未经深思熟虑的观点。 misguided notions of male superiority男尊女卑的错误观点，突然的念头，奇想notion to do sth At midnight she had a sudden to go to the beach.半夜里她突发奇想要去海滩。 impression: 指外部刺激在思想中所产生的印象。尤指（对人、事的）印象；感想，常接of, 如：What’s your impression of Frank as a boss? 你对身为老板的Frank印象如何？
常见易错近义词辨析1000个 说明:1、此表按近义词组中相同语素的音序编排； 2、若无相同语素，则按照近义词组中相同的音素编排。 3、若无相同音素，则按照近义词组中相近的音素编排。 A 1、安置安顿 安置：着重指使工作、生活等有适当的位置。多是处理人事工作的活动。 安顿：着重指安排妥当，使有确实的着落。 B 1、包含包涵 包含：包容含有。 包涵：原谅、宽恕。 2.不齿不耻 不齿：不愿意提到,表示极端鄙视。 不耻：不顾羞耻不以为有失体面;不以为耻。 3、本义本意 本义：词的本来意义，与引申义、比喻义相对。 本意：心里本来的想法、目的。 4、必须必需 必须：副词，后跟动词，表示“一定要”。 必需：动词，“一定要有”；①可作谓语，如“阵地战也必需”；②多作定语，如“必需的素质”，后跟名词或名词性的短语。 5、编辑、编撰、编纂 编辑：主要指对资料或现成的作品进行整理加工。 编撰：编纂、编写。 编纂：编写（多指资料、篇幅较大的著作）。 6、变换变幻 变换：指事物的一种形式和内容转换成另一种。 变幻：后者指不规则的改变（多指抽象、概括性事物）。 7、辨正辨证辩证 辨正：辨明是非，纠正谬误。如“辨正发音”，可写作“辩正”。 辨证：辨析考证，如“经学者多方辨证”。亦为中医术语，“辨证医治”。 辩证：哲学术语，如“辩证唯物主义”。亦同“辨证”第一义。 8、申辩声辩 申辩：申诉理由，加以辩解； 声辩：公开辩解。
9、个别各别 个别：单个，极少数。如“个别现象”、“个别处理”。 各别：各不相同，有分别或特别。如“各别对待”、“形式各别”。 10、甄别鉴别 甄别：审查辨别；考核鉴别。 鉴别：通过仔细观察加以辨别。 11、鉴别辨别 鉴别：侧重于从实际上审定真伪与好坏，使用范围较小，多指具体事物。 辨别：则是根据不同事物的特点，在认识上加以区别，可指具体事物，也可指抽象事物。 12、不力不利 不力：不尽力。如“措施不力”。 不利：没好处，不顺利，如“出师不利”。 13、不止不只 不止: 表示数量茫围超出。 不只：常同“还有”、“甚至”等连用,表示递进关系。 14、不至[不至于] 不致[不致于] 不至[不至于]：不会达到某种程度，如“决不至于不知道”。 不致[不致于]：不会引发某种后果，如“决不致犯错误”。 C 1、苍茫苍莽 苍茫：多指夜色、水域、大地等旷远、迷茫。引申为模糊不清。 苍莽：多指树林、山岭、大地等广阔无边。引申为意境心胸开阔。 2、善于擅长 都指某方面有特长。 “善于”的宾语通常不能是名词或名词性短语； “擅长”则可以，如“擅长水墨、丹青”。 3、成绩成就 成绩：指工作或学习的收获； 成就：指事业上的成绩。后者词义比前者重，往往指重大的收获，适用范围较窄。 4、出身出生 出身：人的早期经历或身份，如“出身于干部家庭”。 出生：生下来，側重于自然属性，如“~ ~ 于20世纪初”。 5、处世处事 处世：泛指在社会上的活动和人际交往，“~ ~稳健”、“为人~ ~”； 处事：指处理事务。如“~ ~ 认真，从不马虎”。 6、创建创见
表示“需要”（v）的单词：need, require, involve ,entail 表示“意味着”的单词：mean, involve, entail 表示“宿舍”的单词：dormitory, quarters, lodgings 表示“住宿”的单词：accommodations, (a)lodging 表示“欺骗”（v）的单词：cheat, deceive, trick, fool 表示“渴望”(v)的单词和词组：desire, yearn for/after, long for, thirst for，aspire to do sth, look forward to doing sth, keen on/about doing sth, keen to do sth, keen that, have an urge to do sth（具有做某事的强烈欲望，非常想做某事，形容极度渴望）表示“同情”(v)的词组：sympathize with, yearn for, feel sympathy for 表示“重要的”的单词：important, crucial, vital, essential, integral, indispensable, significant 表示“参加，从事”的词组：take part in, join(in),participate in, involve sb in （主动, 其被动形式为sb be involved in）, sb be engaged in=sb be employed in 表示“能力”的单词： ability和 capability（主要用于人）talent（只用于人）, competence, capacity(可用于人或物), faculty 表示“想象”（v）的单词和词组：imagine, fancy, fantasy，envisage(英)=envision(美) conceive of 表示“包含（v）”的单词和词组：include, involve, comprehend, inclusive of, embrace, embody, comprise, contain（实际包含的量）,encompass 表示“能容纳”的词组：can hold/accommodate 表示“表现，体现”(v)的单词：render, reflect, display, indicate, manifest, embody 表示“导致，引起(v)”的单词和词组：render, entail, lead to, result in, bring about, cause, trigger=prompt(诱发)，pose(本义为造成问题或危机) 表示“强大的，强有力的”的单词和词组：powerful, mighty, potent, strong 表示“（感觉等）敏锐的，灵敏的”的单词：keen, acute（首选这两个词）perceptive 表示“提供”的单词和词组：provide/supply sb with sth=provide/supply sth for sb=render/offer sb sth, contribute sth to sth 表示“忙于……,埋头于……”的单词和词组:be buried in, be employed in, be engaged in, sb be immersed in=immerse oneself in 表示“致力于”的词组：devote oneself to =dedicate oneself to, sb be devoted to=sb be dedicated to 表示“表现，体现”(v)的单词：render, reflect, manifest, characterize 表示“显示，表明”(v)的单词：show, suggest, indicate, reflect, reveal,（首选这三个词）emerge 表示“证明”(v)的单词：validate, demonstrate, verify, confirm，prove 表示“证实(v)”的单词：affirm,confirm, prove 表示“说明，阐释(v)”的单词：explain, illustrate, elaborate 表示“持续不断的”的单词：continual,continuous, incessant 表示“（计划，规定等）被实施，生效”的词组有come into effect/force, be implemented, be put into effect/execution, be carried into execution=be put in/into execution 表示“意识到+从句”的词组：know+that从句 realize+that从句 be/become aware of the fact+ that从句 be conscious+that 从句 表示“阻止，阻碍”(v)的单词或词组：prevent/inhibit/hinder sb from doing sth, impede sb to do sth, hamper sb in doing sth
常见近义词辨析 1．安定--安宁--安谧--安静--平静--清静 安定：生活形势等平静正常，稳定。生活安定。 安宁：秩序正常，没有骚扰。边境安宁。 安谧：安宁，安静。主要指环境气氛。 安静：没有声音，安稳平静。 平静：着重指平稳，没有不安与动荡。常形容心情、表情、势态等。 清静：着重指不嘈杂、不杂乱。 2．安顿--安放--安置--安排 安顿：安稳。使人或事物有着落，着重指安排妥当，使有确实的着落。 安放：使物件处于一定的位置，是具体的动作。 安置：使人或事物有着落。着重指使工作、生活等有适当的位置。多是处理人事工作的活动。 安排：着重于分清先后、主次、轻重缓急、有条有理地处理人和事。多指工作上的处理活动。 3．懊悔--懊恼--懊丧 都是形容词，因未满足心愿而悔恨、烦恼。 懊悔：着重指后悔，是心里恨自己不该做错了事或说错了话。 懊恼：着重指烦恼，心里不痛快，是对别人或自己的言行感到烦恼。 懊丧：形容因做事或环境不利而失意，情绪低落，精神不振。懊丧：着重指因烦恼而丧气，心中郁闷。 4．沮丧--颓丧 沮丧：沮，气色败坏。着重指受挫折后灰心失望。 颓丧：颓，委靡不振。着重指情绪低落，意志消沉。 5．傲慢--高傲--骄傲 都是形容词，都有自高自大或自豪自尊之意。 傲慢：着重指态度上轻慢，目中无人。也可用于褒义，表示自尊而不可侮。 高傲：贬义着重指思想情绪上把自己看得过高。用于褒义时表示自豪而又高尚。 骄傲：泛指满足已有的成绩，自以为了不起。用于褒义时多表示自豪。也可以作名词。如：李白、杜甫和他们的诗，是中华民族的骄傲。 6．把持--操纵--控制 都有按自己的意图掌握住、支配。 把持：是贬义词，指公开独占权位。对象常是政权、权力、职位以及地区、单位等。 操纵：中性词。指掌管、使用机器等。引申指用不正当手段暗中支配、控制人或社会性
《英语常用同义词、近义词题解》（1－500题） 1.The house was burgled while the family was _______ in a card game. A. buried B. busy C. absorbed D. helping 2.I am sorry that I can’t _______ your invitation. A. take B. except C. agree D. accept 3.______ what he says, he wasn’t even there when the crime was committed. A. Following B. According to C. Hearing D. meaning 4.he has impressed his employers considerably and ______ he is soon to be promoted. A. nevertheless B. accordingly C. yet D. eventually 5.He gave his listeners a vivid ______ of his journey through Peru. A. account B. tale C. communication D. plot 6.Will you be taking my precious experience into _______ when you fix my salary? A. possession B. account C. mind D. scale 7.The policeman stopped him when he was driving home and _______ him of speeding. A. charged B. accused C. blamed D. arrested 8.His stomach began to _______ because of the bad food he had eaten. A. pain B. harm C. be hurt D. ache 9.If you _____ money to mine, we shall have enough. A. add B. combine C. unite D. bank 10.he was full of _______ for her bravery. A. energy B. admiration C. surprise D. pride 11.This ticket _____ one person to the show. A. permits B. enters C. delivers D. admits 12.The cow had lost its own calf. but the farmer persuaded it to _______ one whose mother had died. A. choose B. adopt C. undertake D. collect 13.If we _______ the plan you suggest, we are more likely to be successful. A. elect B. command C. vote D. adopt 14.Science has made great _____ during the past 30 years. A. motions B. advances C. advantages D. opportunities 15.He was a much older tennis player but he had the great ______ of experience. A. advantage B. deal C. value D. profit 16.I had quite ______ on my way to work this morning. A. an experiment B. an adventure C. a happening D. an affair 17.He always studies the ______ in the paper as he wants to find a good second-hand car. A.advertisements B. publicity C. announcements D. publication 18.On my present salary, I just can’t ________ a car which costs over $3.000. A. pretend B. elect C. afford D. adopt 19.The girl’s father _____ to buy her a car if she passed her examination. A. admitted B. accepted C. agreed D. approved
从无到有开始 Begin, start, begin with, spring, start up, set off on, break out, strike up, originate from,; Initiate, launch, originate, sprout; unfold; unleash outset, onset, Rudimentary, elementary, 出现 Appear, appear to be, emerge, arise, loom, turn out, show up, com out, come into sight/view, come forth 发生 Happen, occur, take place, come about, Happening occurrence 产生,创造 create, produce, bring about, yield, give birth to, bear, bring into being, generate, beget，germinate; Invent, innovate, renovate, plan, design, imagine, conceive, devise, formulate, imagine, envision, 建立 Found, set, built up, construct, institute, constitute, set up, establish 制造,组成 Make, make up, produce, construct, turn out, manufacture, form, shape, compose, compile, concoct, fabricate 生长壮大 复制,繁殖58 Copy, duplicate, reproduce, multiply. 发育，发展 Grow, develop, breed, bring up, nurture, cultivate, hone, raise, foster, (主动)
英语中常见的近义词辨析 Change, Alter, Vary 这三个单词都有“改变，变化”的意思，但是具体运用的时候却存在着不少的差异。“change”可以指任何变化，常用来指根本的或者完全的变化。“alter”只意味着局部的或表面的变化，而没有变成另一种事物。“vary”尤指不断地变化，由于变化而产生的一系列差别。 Examples: I have to change my design. I have to alter my design. My design cannot vary according to the funds. Circumstance,surroundings,environment,setting 这四个单词都有表达“环境，背景”的意思。 “circumstance”指某事或动作发生时的“情况”。“surroundings”专指自然环境，从周围事物这一客体着眼。“environment”可指自然环境，也可指精神环境，均从环境对人的感受、道德以及观念的影响着眼。“setting”常指“背景，环境”。 Examples: Under no circumstances should you leave the house. Animals in zoos are not in their natural surroundings. An unhappy environment can affect a child's behaviour. London is the setting of the story. Broad,wide 这两个词都可以表达“宽大，广阔”的意思。但是“broad”指物体的整个表面宽广，也可形容人的胸、肩、背等的宽阔，而“wide”则主要用于表示口径、缝隙、空间从一侧到另一侧的宽度，也可表示人的眼睛、嘴巴等的宽大。 Examples: There is a net which is wide at the mouth. He painted the wall with broad strokes of the brush. Circumstance, Surroundings, Environment, Setting 这一组单词都能表达“机会，时机”的意思。但是“occasion”表示的“机会”含有原因的意味。“opportunity”指“良机，机会”，有利于做某事以实现某种愿望的特定时机。“chance”指无法解释的天意或命运所安排的时机，强调偶然性。 Examples: I sometimes have occasion to visit Paris on business. It's an opportunity to fulfill your aim. Chance will determine the outcome.
初中常见近义词辨析 1暧昧：含糊、不明朗，不光明磊落，不便告人。 暗昧：同“暧昧”。还可表示不聪明，愚昧。 2暴发：突然猛烈的发生或以不正当的手段发财。如山洪、流行病、雪崩。 爆发：由于爆炸而突发或发生重大事变。如战争、火山、革命、大笑。辨正：辨明是非，纠正谬误。如“辨正发音”，可写作“辩正”。 3辨证：辨析考证，如“经学者多方辨证”。亦为中医术语，“辨证医治”。辩证：哲学术语，如“辩证唯物主义”。亦同“辨证”第一义。 4哺养：喂养，使长大。 抚养：抚育、照料并教养。 5不至[不至于]：不会达到某种程度，如“决不至于不知道”。 不致[不致于]：不会引发某种后果，如“决不致犯错误”。 6苍茫：多指夜色、水域、大地等旷远、迷茫。引申为模糊不清。 苍莽：多指树林、山岭、大地等广阔无边。引申为意境心胸开阔。 7长年：一年到头，整年。如“长年积雪”、“长年劳作”。 常年：终年、常期，如“常年坚持体育活动”。平常年份，如“常年产量200斤”。 8陈规：过时的、不适用的规章制度，如“陈规陋习”。 成规：现行或行之已久的规则、方法，如“墨守成规”。 9弛缓：放松、缓和，如“紧张的情绪慢慢~~下来。 迟缓：缓慢，与”迅速”相对，如“~ ~地迈着步子”。 10处世：指人事交往、参加社会活动，“~ 稳健”、“为人~”。 处事：办事、处理事务，如“~ 认真，从不马虎”。 11醇厚：口味纯正浓厚；亦用于人的品质或风俗，此时同“淳厚”。 淳厚[纯厚]：只指品质风俗质朴敦厚。 12伺候[ci.hou]:可用于人，不分地位高低；也可用于牲畜等。 侍候：用于对长辈或地位高者。 13窜改：对文本、文件、成语、古籍等的改动。 篡改：用作伪的手段改动历史、理论、政策等。 渡过：用于有水面的空间；难点、危机、困难时期。 15法制：名词，法律制度。 法治：名词或动词，依法终古治国的思想、方法 16妨害：使受损害。如“妨害健康”、“妨害要表达的义理”。 妨碍：使不能顺利进行，如“妨碍交通”、“妨碍政策的实施”。 17分辩：辩白、解释，如“不由分辩”、“不和你分辩”。 分辨：区分辨别。
英语近义词辨析 1. abide, adhere, conform, comply 这四个研究生入学考试中的高频考词都有“遵守”的意思，但是它们的搭配不同。 A. abide v.后接by表示“遵守，同意”。 I will abide by the director' decision.我将遵从主任的决定。 adhere v.后接to表示“遵守”。(当然adhere一词的其它意思如“坚持；粘附”也经常被考到。) Car drivers must adhere to the rules of driving.汽车司机必须遵守驾驶规则。 B. conform v.后接to表示“遵守，符合”。 All individuals are required to conform to the laws made by their governments.每个人都应该遵守政府制订的法律。 C. comply v.后接with表示“遵守，服从”，用于正式的场合。 Our company complies with governmental regulations on paying taxes.我们公司遵守政府有关纳税的规定。 2. abnormal, uncommon, disordered 这三个单词都有“反常的”之意，在考研和CET-6当中经常让考生们辨析它们的细微差别。 A. abnormal a.不正常的，反常的(但并非罕见)，指行为或现象(如气候)的异常。 His body temperature has been abnormal for 3 days, the highest point reaching 40.5 degree centigrade.他的体温三天来一直都不正常，最高的时候达到40.5摄氏度。(尽管身体发烧不正常，但生活中也时有发生。) B. uncommon a.罕见的，不平常的，指很少经历或很少见到的状况；特别的，出色的。Hurricanes are uncommon in England.飓风在英国非常罕见。 That is uncommon instant coffee; it tastes great!那速溶咖啡质量上乘，味道好极了！ C. disordered a.混乱的，杂乱的；(精神或身体)有病的。 We couldn't understand her disordered presentation.我们听不明白她条理不清的陈述。 3. abolish, cancel, eliminate, dispose, erase, exclude, extinguish 这一组动词都有“取消，除掉”的意思。 A. abolish v.指对法律、习俗、制度的废除；完全破坏。 The government abolished the tax on alcohol.政府取消了酒税。 B. cancel v.对预先安排的某种活动(如旅行、计划、会议等)的取消；删去(字、句)。 The meeting has been cancelled because of the flu.会议由于流感而取消了。 C.eliminate v.指消除、淘汰已经存在但是现在不需要的东西。 The losing team was eliminated from further D. competition.失利的那个队被淘汰了，不能参加下一阶段的比赛。 The doctor helped him eliminate toxins from the intestine.医生帮助他排出肠中毒素。 E. dispose v.处理，处置；表示“除掉、扔掉”时常与of连用。(这一点需要注意。) After your picnic, please dispose of the litter.野餐后请清除掉垃圾。 F. erase v.除去，擦掉，指有意识地除去字迹、声音等。 I erased the music on the tape before recording on the tape again.我在往磁带上录音之前先消掉了上面的音乐。 G. exclude v.排斥；排除，不包括在内，与include互为反义词。 The restaurant excludes anyone who is not properly dressed from entering.衣冠不整者不得进入该餐馆。
能力，强，权力 Enable, facilitate, empower, entitle, enhance, Strengthen, reinforce, sustain, countenance, consolidate, Able, be capable of doing , competent, potent, omnipotent, puissant, resourceful Ability, capability, capacity, skill, forte，competence, faculty Intelligence, aptitude, flair, talent Clever, bright, talented, astute, wisdom, wise, smart, acumen, Hegemony, puissance, resource, power, energy, authority, influence, impact, supremacy, potency, strength, force, vigor; 大 Aggrandize, amplify, augment, broaden, widen, extend, enlarge, magnify, enlarge, Exaggerate, overstate, overstress, overemphasize, 多,增加 Enrich, increase, add to, abound, fill, fill up, replenish, stock up, add, put in, raise, Accrue, mount up, augment, accumulate, rise Abundant, plentiful, more than enough, profuse, copious, rich, wealthy, generous, numerous, in great numbers; sufficient, enough, adequate, ample, as much as necessary, Increment, accretion, growth, augmentation,