Colonization of North America（北美殖民）(1607-1776)
1. Indians: The “first Americans”
Native American
Originated from Asia
Name
Lived in tribes with kinship as the basis
Good at decorative art
Lived on hunting and farming
2. The Discovery of the New World
Amerigo Vespucci
?He first confirmed the fact that a new continent had been discovered.
?The New World was named America to honor Amerigo Vespucci.
Why did the early settlers come to America?
Opportunity
It drew English merchants who dreamed of establishing great new estates out of the wildness.
It drew carpenters, bakers, tailors and other skilled workmen who could not find job in England.
It drew the poor and the homeless from farmlands and villages.
It drew many English in search of religious freedom.
Reasons that drew people to America:（吸引人们移民到美国的原因）
1. in search of wealth
2. priests spreading Christianity
3. refuge for political dissenters
4. the thirst for adventure
The English Settlements
In 1621, the puritans gathered in a large crop and the settlers fixed a date to celebrate their harvest in order to express their thanks to God. This is the beginning of the holiday called Thanksgiving.
Thanksgiving Day:(美国是11月的第四个星期四，加拿大是10月的第二个星期一)
Thanksgiving Day
?The 4th Thursday of November
? A purely American holiday
?Origin
–The Indians taught the Englishmen how to plant pumpkins, beans and corn.
– A celebration was held to give thanks to God.
3. Colonial Era（殖民时代）
?America has always appeared to be not one culture, but a mixture of different cultures. So
it is often called “the melting pot”.
?In the colonial period, this mixture of contrasting traditions was already taking shape. The intolerant idealism of Massachusetts existed beside the tolerant idealism of Rhode Island, the ethnic variety of Pennsylvania and the practical commercial agriculture of Virginia.
?Most American colonists worked on small farms. These were worked by blacks under the system of slavery , which had evolved slowly since 1619, or by free Englishmen who contracted to work without pay for several years in return for their passage to America.
?By 1770, several small but growing urban centers had emerged, each supporting newspapers, shops, merchants and craftsmen.
?Unlike most other nations, the United States never had a feudal aristocracy. Land was plentiful and labor was scarce in colonial America, and every free man had an opportunity to achieve economic independence, if not prosperity.
Seven Years’War :
?1756 - The Seven Years' War begins when England
declares war on France.
Seven Years’War Background:
?The war involved all major powers of Europe: Prussia, Great Britain (with British Colonies in North America) and Hanover were pitted against Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, and Saxony.
?The most tangible outcome of the war was the end of France’s power in the Americas (having only four islands left to them) and the emergence of Great Britain as the most powerful colonial power in the world.
?
Intolerable Acts’background
?In 1773, a group of patriots responded to the tea tax by staging the “Boston Tea Party”: disguised as Indians, they boarded British Merchant ships and tossed 342 crates of tea into Boston harbor. Parliament then passed the “Intolerable Acts”(more British soldiers were sent to the port of Boston)
4. The American War of Independence（独立战争）
?What were the causes of the War of Independence?（原因）
Britain’s colonial policy
–The economy in the 13 colonies developed very fast
–The British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies.
–“No taxation without representation”
How was the War of Independence started?
The “Boston Tea Party”
In 1773, when ships of tea reached Boston to be distributed, several dozen Boston residents boarded the ship at night and threw $75,000 worth of tea into the harbor. This came to be known as the “Boston Tea Party”.
The start of the war
In 1775, about 1,000 British soldiers were sent from Boston to seize the military supplies of the American militia. When they arrived at Lexington they were met by the armed militiamen. Suddenly a shot was fired and the War of Independence began.
The first Continental Congress (1774) 第一次大陆会议
?Date: September 1774
?Place: Philadelphia
?Delegates: from 12 colonies except Georgia
?Result: passed Declaration of Rights and Grievances
The second Continental Congress (1775)
Date: May, 1775
Place: Philadelphia
Result:
The Congress founded a Continental Army under the command of George Washington.
The Declaration of Independence
Declaration of Independence（独立宣言）
On July 4, 1776, the Congress formally declared the independence
Thomas Jefferson (1743 – 1826)
?Anti-Federalists
?The chairman of the committee
?The third president of U.S.A(1801-1809))
George Washington (1732-99)
George Washington was appointed (1775) commander in chief of the Continental army. After victory (1783), he presided over the council which drafted (1787) the U.S. constitution, and was unanimously elected president.
The Battle of Saratoga
?Date: 17th October 1777
?Place: Saratoga in New York State
?Combatants: British and German troops VS. the Americans
?Result:
?Turning Point
The Battle of Yorktown
?Date: October 1781
?Place: Virginia
?Combatants:
?Americans and French Vs.
?the British
What’s the influence of the War of Independence?（独立战争的影响）
1.It had great international influence.
2.The colonies in Spanish America rose up one after another to overthrow Spanish colonial rules.
3.The French Revolution
4.After the War of Independence, capitalism got a chance for freer development.
5.Territorial expansion
Review the American War of Independence
1. The outburst：
The Battle of Lexington, 1775
2. Founding the Continental Army and Navy ：
appoint the General George Washington, 1775
3. Founding the U.S.A：
Declaration of Independence, 1776
4. Victory：
General George Cornwallis surrounded at Yorktown, 1781
5. The Treaty of Paris ：
Britain recognize the independence of the United States, 1783
American Civil War （美国内战）
The cause of the war
There existed two economic systems in the North and the South. In the North, the importation of black slaves outlawed in 1808, the capitalist economy developed rapidly. By 1860, American industry had ranked fourth in the world.
But in the South, things were quite different. The south had a large number of plantations (种植园) on which Negro slaves were made to work. They grow cotton and tobacco, but there was little industry.
The slaves in the South lived in small cabins near their master’s big house. They were often cruelly treated and the punishments on them were rather severe. In 1852, a novel entitled “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” came out, the book described the cruel things that might happen to a slave under a cruel master.
The Fugitive Slave Act passed in 1850 helped Southerners to recapture slaves who had escaped to the free states.
Fugitive Slave Act :《1850年逃奴追缉法案》.
Plantation owners insisted that the slavery system should be kept because they considered slaves to constitute cheap labor, while the industrial capitalists of the North free labor was more economical and therefore more profitable for their industry. This was the main cause of the conflict and also the main cause of Civil War between the North and the South.
Northern vs. Southern
?Three significant conflicts between the North and South of America.
–The slave problem
–Different economic interests
–The political conflict
?Major issue
–Slavery
《解放黑奴宣言》Abraham Lincoln
In 1860, with the North support, Lincoln won the election. Then 11 states proclaimed themselves an independent nation –the Confederate States of America, and the American civil War （美国内战）began.
The war resolved 2 fundamental questions that had divided the United States since 1776. it put an end to slavery and it also decided, once and for all, that America was not a collection of semi-independent states, but a single indivisible nation.
Influence of the Civil War
Q. What was the significance of the Civil War?
A. 1) abolished the slave system
2) swept the obstacles to the development of US capitalist production
Review the War
?Abraham Lincoln was elected president and opposed the expansion of slavery.
?Some southern states formed the Confederate States of America in 1861.
8. Moving West
The west movement in the contemporary American history is known as a process of a large scaled colonial expansion, further opening-up of the western territory, urbanization, industrialization and national merging in the States.
?Economically,it has not only developed vast western lands, established the grain and fruit base, and provided a vast domestic market and adequate raw materials for industrial development, but also laid the foundation of industrial development, and changed the industrial structures and focus.
?Politically, it has helped establish the modern territory of the United States and lay the foundation of the modern United States.
?Culturally, immigrants from different countries and nationalities integrated into a whole part and formed a unique national character.
?
The Gilded Age （淘金时代）– 1865 to 1890
Reconstruction era (1865 – 1877)
@The 13th Amendment,ratified in December 1865, ended slavery in the United States.
@South responded by creating white terrorist society --- KKK (Ku Klux Klan)
9. Great Changes of Modern America
1.Changes in population. The number of American population increasingly grew due to
a large number of immigrants.
2. Changes in the cities. After the Civil War, people began to pour into the cities and the cities, therefore, grew larger and larger. Meanwhile taller and taller buildings were put up. About 1880, elevators and electric lights were installed.
3. Changes in industry. During this period, the United States was becoming the world’s leading industrial power. Along with the rapid development of the industry, competition
became more and more acute. Small factories were swallowed up by the big ones.
4. Changes in education, culture and social life. Education became greatly improved during the three decades. Many new colleges were brought into being where the applied sciences were taught, such as bridge building.
Girls began to be admitted to colleges including the early-established men’s colleges, such as Harvard and Columbia. Women began to gain more rights during this period. They could control their own property. Many women found jobs. They began to depend more and more upon themselves.
10. The Growth of U.S. Imperialism （帝国主义）
The U.S.-Spanish War. On April 29th, 1898, U.S. declared war on Spain. The fighting went on for about 3 months, Spain was defeated and had to give up Cuba and Puerto Rico to the U.S., and had to sell the Philippines to the United States for 20 million dollars.
The U.S.-Spanish War was the first imperialist war for redividing the world. It marked a new stage in which the United States transformed into an imperialist power.
World War l
?1914-1918
?the Central Powers Vs. the Allies
?Neutrality Pro-Ally partiality
?Causes that made the
?U.S. enter the war
12.1. Isolationism and prosperity 孤立主义和繁荣
After the WWI, the United States turned inward and withdrew from European affairs. At the same time, Americans were growing increasingly suspicious of and hostile toward foreigners in their midst.
In 1921, Congress had enacted Immigration Limits. These restrictions favored immigrants from Britain, Ireland, Scandinavia and Germany, none at all for Asians.
The Great Depression (1929-1933)（经济大萧条）
?When? Where?
October 24, 1929 (Black Thursday), New York Stock Market
?What?
The price of stocks and shares in America ‘crashed’which meant they were no longer worth any money.
?Why?
“boom”---too confident---bought stocks-----borrowed/ spend more money than could pay back-----too many goods----workers got sacked
12.2. The Great Depression of 1929-1933
The Great Depression, like a hurricane, shock the U.S. and the whole capitalist world to its foundation. On October 24, 1929---“Black Thursday”--- a wave of panic selling of
stock swept the New York Stock Exchange.
12.3. Roosevelt’s “New Deal”罗斯福新政
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal
?President Franklin D. Roosevelt
?The aim（目的）was to save American democracy and the capitalist system
?The programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reform
12.3. Roosevelt’s “New Deal”
The basic idea behind the New Deal was that the Government would spend its way out of trouble by investing in companies and projects to create jobs.
“New Deal”的结果认为Yes的
?Some people said it gave FDR too much power;
?Southerners said it interfered too much in local government;
?Businessmen said it was an attack on ‘Free Enterprise’and made it too hard to make profits;
?Blacks and women did not have equal rights;
?In 1939 there were 9 million unemployed in America;
?The Depression did not end until W W II.
“New Deal”的结果认为No的
?Some people said it gave FDR too much power;
?Southerners said it interfered too much in local government;
?Businessmen said it was an attack on ‘Free Enterprise’and made it too hard to make profits;
?Blacks and women did not have equal rights;
?In 1939 there were 9 million unemployed in America;
?The Depression did not end until W W II.
What do you think of America declaration of the War? 对美国独立宣言的想法
It ought to be admitted that the U.S. and president Roosevelt did, on the one hand, play an important role in the war against fascists. On the other hand, however, it is necessary to point out that the U.S. Entered the war mainly for her own benefits, which reveals the nature of imperialism.
WWII and the US
?1939 – 1945
?Source; Germany
?the Axis powers Vs. the Allies
?American wartime foreign policy
1.Isolationist
2.The Lend-Lease program
3.neutrality
The Postwar America
*UN,1945
*Truman Doctrine: Cold War
*Marshall Plan: economic aid to Western European countries
*NATO,1949
The Korean War (1950-1953)
The Korean War was another step of the US to contain Communist expansion.
The Vietnam War (1950-1975) 越南战争
the anti-war movement
the Civil Rights movement
the counterculture movement
the feminist movement
The Civil Rights Movement （民权运动）
It was a fight between the White and the Blacks and the fight of the Blacks for racial segregation and racial discrimination（目的是种族隔离与种族歧视）1964年颁布代表：Martin Luther King, Jr
Counterculture Movement （反文化运动）
a movement of revolt in the 1960s against the moral values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior and the social relations of conventional society
The Administration of Justice （司法部门）
Sources of Law
?Constitutions
?Legislation
?Executive orders
?Administrative agencies
?Courts
Types of law
?Criminal law
?Civil law
联邦最高法院：包括联邦法院（The Federal Courts）、州法院（United States District Courts）
The Federal Courts联邦法院
The authority for the federal court system is in the Constitution. The system includes:
?The Supreme Court
?The federal courts of appeals
?The federal district courts
United States District Courts州法院
?Trials in federal district court are usually heard by a judge.
?General trial courts
?Federal criminal cases involve:
1. Bank robbery
2. Counterfeiting
3. Mail fraud
4. Kidnapping
5. Civil rights abuses
联邦法院三个层次：联邦最高法院、联邦上诉法院、美国地区法院
Key Actors in the Court Process（主要行动者）
The three key actors in the court process are:
?The prosecutor（检察官、公诉人）
?The defense attorney（辩护律师）
?The judge（法官）
?
最高法院、上诉法院和地区法院的联邦法官都是终身制，联邦法官由总统提名，经过联邦参议院的批准后获任的。专门法院的联邦法官是任期制。法官可以因健康状况而退休，也可以其他理由而辞职。联邦法官被免职的惟一途径是弹劾。
美国联邦最高法院是美国联邦法院系统的最高审级和最高审判机关，是唯一由宪法规定的联邦法院。
American History ?I. America in the colonial era ?II. The War of Independence ?III. The Civil War ?IV. America during the two World Wars I. America in the colonial era ?Who were the very first Americans? ?Who was the first one discovering the new continent? ?After whom was the new continent named? I. America in the colonial era ?1.The very first Americans were Indians. ●They created their civilization, known as Maya civilization, dominating Mexico and Central America from 4th to the 10th centuries. ●They were the descendants of the Mongoloid (蒙古人种的) people in Asia. ●About 20,000 years ago, they traveled to the North American continent across the Bering Strait (白令海峡). ?2. Christopher Columbus is believed to have discovered America. ●In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America. However, he believed he had reached India and called the natives Indians. ?In 1500, Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian navigator, also under the Spanish flag, drew the conclusion that what he found was a new continent. 3. The establishment of colonies ?Since the America was found, the Spanish established many colonies: Florida, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. ?In 1588, the Spanish Armada was defeated by the English navy，which put England in a better position to provide support for its New World colonies. 3. The establishment of colonies ?Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America. ?These 13 colonies were established in different patterns: ●crown colonies ( 直辖殖民地), ●proprietary colonies ( 业主殖民地), ●charter colonies ( 特许公司殖民地), ●self-governing or compact colonies ( 自治殖民地或契约殖民地). ?1) The first successful English colony in North America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia , in 1607. ?2) In 1620, a group of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth, and built the New Plymouth colony in New England. These Pilgrims drew up the epoch-making Mayflower Compact (五月花契约), which was signed by all adult males on the ship. 3. The establishment of colonies ?3) From 1630 to 1643, some 200 ships transported over 20,000 Englishmen to the Massachusetts Bay colony. ?Plymouth remained a separate colony until 1691 when it was combined with Massachusetts Bay colony. Puritans ?People who criticized or wished to "purify" the Church of England. ?"Puritan" refers to two distinct groups: ?"separating" Puritans, radical Protestants, such as the Plymouth colonists, the pilgrims, who believed that the Church of England was corrupt and that true Christians must separate themselves from it; and ?“non-separating” Puritans, such as the colonists who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who believed in
英语国家概况（1）（2）问题库答案 1. "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ? 1. British history has been a history of invasions. Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire, and England and Wales (though not Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English: from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain's shores…. 2. What are some general characteristics of Scotland ? 2. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. Thus it is not a big leap for the Scottish to imagine themselves independent again. Physically, Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, with areas of sparsely populated mountains and lakes in the north (The Highlands), and in the south (The Southern Uplands). Three-quarters of the population lives in the lowland zone which spans the country between these two highland areas. The largest city is Glasgow, in the west of this zone. Scotland's capital city is Edinburgh, on the east coast forty miles away from Glasgow. It is renowned for its beauty, and dominated by its great castle on a high rock in the centre of the city. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century. 3. Describe Wales' unification with Great Britain. 3. Wales was always under pressure from its English neighbours, particularly after the Norman conquest, when Norman barons set up castles and estates in Wales under the authority of the English Crown. Some brief campaigns are the only times in history when Wales has existed as a unified independent nation. 4. Are there any differences between England and Wales in terms of cultural tradition ? 4.Yes, there are. The close long-standing relationship means that modern Wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses—its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England. Often official statistics are given for "England and Wales". However, Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that difference is the Welsh language—the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use. 5. Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there? 5. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.
I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。 2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛-大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。 4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。 5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是曾为英国殖民地的、但现已独立国家所构成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50个成员国。 II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征 1.Geographical position of Britain: 英国的地理位置： Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。 2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. 英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。 III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊
America The Founding of Colonies殖民地的建立 First Inhabitants：American Indians Discovery of the New World： 1492 Christopher Columbus →the discoverer of America (Italian)Spanish Queen’ s support 1501-2 Amerigo Vespucci →the new land was name after him as America. reached the mouth of Amazon River America—the New World Europe—the Old World 13 colonies： New England Colonies: Mid Atlantic Colonies: Southern Colonies: Massachusetts →（2nd colony，1620）New York Maryland New Hampshire Pennsylvania Virginia →（1st colony，1607）Rhode Island Delaware North Carolina Connecticut South Carolina Georgia →（the last colony，1733）New England Region（6个）: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine and Vermont 建立原因： Virginia, 1607 Virginia Company For foreign expansion as a way of easing religious dispute and economic distress in England 105 men (no women) Jamestown in honor of the king Massachusetts In 1620 102 Puritans (“Pilgrim Fathers”), in Mayflower, from Plymouth in England to America First in Plymouth (today’s Massachusetts); and then Boston Seek religious freedom Mayflower Compact <五月花号公约>：self-government Hardships when arrived the help of the Indians Thanksgiving Day to thank the Indians and the God for protection The next three colonies Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire Reasons: 1. religious disputes and struggles in Massachusetts intensified 2. more immigrants
[0035]《英美国家概况》 1 The River Thames is the famous "mother" river in Britain. Also known as the Thame River, which originated in the Cotswold Hills in southwest England, it has a total length of 346 kilometers. It spans over 10 cities in London, the UK capital, and along rivers. The basin covers an area of 13,000 square kilometers and changes in the downstream river in London. Wide, forming an estuary with a width of 29 kilometers, into the North Sea. Upstream in London, there are many places of interest along the Thames, such as Eaton, Oxford, Henry and Windsor. The estuary of the Thames is full of Britain’s busy merchant ships, but its upstream river is known for its static beauty. In the history of the United Kingdom, the Thames River Basin occupies a pivotal position. 2 It is changeable. 3 The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequences in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize 6 The Comprehensive Secondary School system, instituted before 1960, has been developing rapidly. The system requires children to start receiving school education at the age of 5. After six years of study at primary schools, they a re eleven years old. But the “eleven plus” is no longer required. All pupils from primary schools can be admitted into this kind of secondary schools. After 6 years of study at these secondary schools, pupils reach the school-leaving age 16. All of them are required to sit for national examinations conducted by public examining boards. Those who do not want to receive higher education take easier examinations to win the General Certificate of Secondary Education with which they can leave school and look for full-time paid jobs. Those who want to attend university are required to take different public examinations and the examination papers are more difficult. 7 The Comprehensive Secondary School system, instituted before 1960, has been developing rapidly. The system requires children to start receiving school education at the age of 5. After six years of study at primary schools, they are eleven years old. But the “eleven plus” is no longer required. All pupils from primary schools can be admitted into this kind of secondary schools. After 6 years of study at these secondary schools, pupils reach the school-leaving age 16. All of them are required to sit for national examinations conducted by public examining boards. Those who do not want to receive higher education take easier examinations to win the General Certificate of Secondary Education with which they can leave school and look for full-time paid jobs. Those who want to attend university are required to take different public examinations and the examination papers are more difficult 9：The Mississippi river, also known as “old man river”, is the most important and largest river of theUnited States. Nearly all the rivers west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Rockies flow toward each other and empty into this largest river, the “father of waters”, ofAmerica. The
一、概况 1.50 States Its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific. 2.Races and Population 在东部时间2006年10月17日早晨7点46分，美国人口总数突破三亿大关，这是美国人口史上具有里程碑意义的一刻。3.06188亿（2009年，世界国家和地区第3名，次于中国、印度） 3.The Composition of American Population 1)The Majority:the descendants of immigrants from European countries, such as France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, and Spain;“Pilgrim Fathers”;Potato famine 2)The Minorities:The African Americans: black slaves from Africa;Indians: the number of native Americans has been falling, no more than a million;The Hispanics: immigrants or descendents of immigrants from Latin America, such as Cuba and Mexico (Mexicans are the most numerous among them);Asian-Americans, from China, Japan and Korea;More than a million Chinese-Americans, most of whom live in Hawaii, on the West Coast and in some big cities;5 million Jews in America, many of whom went there during the Second World War and achieved great success in America. 3)“The Melting Pot”:It means immigrants from different nations all over the world have mixed to make up the American nation.“old immigrants”: came to America before 1860;“new immigrants”, after 1860.The Immigration Quota Law was passed by the American government in 1924. 二、Early History 1.Columbus：1492 Christopher Columbus arrived at Salvador Island, thus discovered the “New World”.(Amerigo V espucci: named “America”) 2.The first English permanent settlement:1607 The first group of English colonies came to America and built their settlement of Charleston which later was expanded into the first English colony known as Virginia. 3.Pilgrim Fathers:1620 Some English immigrants (Puritans) sailed into Plymouth on a ship called the “Mayflower”.102 Puritans, 60 days.Mayflower Compact, “one man one vote”, “one-man rule” 4.The values of Puritans:hard work; commercial success; the importance of education 5.Thanksgiving:1621 Thanksgiving Day was first celebrated by the pilgrims of the Plymouth Colony. 三、American Revolutionary
英国概况 英格兰面积最大 苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府 威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府 北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府 伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral在这里。威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。 The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。 议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来发展了House of Lords上议院，House of Commons下议院。 玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革： Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎（duduo）打了玫瑰战争，都铎胜利，终成五代都铎王朝。 亨利八世进行宗教改革，想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系，使英国教会独立起来。宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Reformation”。伊丽莎白一世时期，伊丽莎白为女王统治英国，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，从此英国都是信奉新教。 文艺复兴运动The English Renaissance 文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。 英国内战The Civil Wars 是国王和议会间的战争，Norttingham King Charles和议会开战，国王军是Cavaliers(骑士)，议会军是Roundheads(圆颅党)，因为他们短发。查尔斯战败，克伦威尔Cromwell称王。英国内战又称清教徒革命，因为国王的反对者多是清教徒Puritan。清教徒是基督教新教中的一派。这场战争颠覆了英国的封建制度，甚至动摇了欧洲的封建制度，被认为是世界现代史的开端。 王朝复辟The Restoration 克伦威尔死后，儿子Richard 继位，但是统治失败，议会选择让上代国王流放法国的儿子King Charles 二世回归。 光荣革命The Glorious Revolution 奥兰治王室（William of Orange橘子？英国的名字真搞笑），用一场不流血的政变夺了王室的权，William and Mary 共同接受了Bill of Right(1689)权利法案，英国“光荣革命”后巩固资产阶级与封建贵族联合专政、确立君主立宪政体的宪法性文件之一。君主立宪由此开始。 辉格党和托利党（Whigs and Tories） 两党名称来自光荣革命，辉格党就是后来的Liberal party，托利党是Conservative party
期末考试 一、单项选择题 1. The UK is bordered on the _____ by the English Channel. A. east B. west C. north D. south 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】答案选D。The UK is bordered on the south by the English Channel.参见教材P86。 本题知识点：Geographical features(UK), 2. The narrowest part of the English Channel is called _____. A. the Straits of Dover B. Chunnel C. Strait of Gibraltar D. Marroqui 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】答案选A。The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Straits of Dover.参见教材P86。 本题知识点：Geographical features(UK),
3. The UK has a _____ climate. A. arid climates B. semi-humid C. continental D. maritime 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】答案选D。The UK has a maritime climate.参见教材P88。本题知识点：Climate(UK), 4. The UK is an island country which lies between latitude _____ north. A. 50° to 60° B. 30° to 40° C. 40° to 50° D. 60° to 70° 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】答案选A。The UK is an island country which lies between latitude 50° to 60° north.参见教材P88。 本题知识点：Climate(UK), 5. The UK has a _____ throughout the whole year.
《英美国家概况(英文版)》是专为各类高职高专院校(包括电大、成人教育学院、自考等)英语专业一、二年级学生编写的教材。通过介绍英国和美国的地理、历史、政治、经济、教育、文化等背景知识，帮助学生提高对文化差异的敏感度，提升商务语言在工作情境中的综合运用能力;拓展有关知识从而深化语言基础、提高阅读效果和写作效果，提升有效交际能力;帮助学生以史为鉴，对东西方文化差异进行思考和分析，提高文化修养和公民意识;综合运用其他语言和商务课程的知识和技能进行团队合作，提升创新思维能力和有效解决问题能力。《英美国家概况(英文版)》集时代性、实用性、趣味性为一体，以能力培养为主线，以易教与易学的思路设计学习模块，整体编排从课堂教学实际出发，充分发挥学生的主观能动性，促使学生思考，鼓励学生积极参与教学活动，锻炼学生运用语言知识的实际能力。 英美法系包括：英国（不包括苏格兰）、美国（路易斯安那州除外）外，主要是曾是英国殖民地、附属国的国家和地区，如印度、巴基斯坦、新加坡、缅甸、加拿大（魁北克省除外）、澳大利亚、新西兰、马来西亚等。中国香港地区也属于英美法系。 目录： Part One The United Kingdom (Chapter 1 Geography3 I. The Nation4
II. England5 III. Scotland5 IV. Wales6 V. Northern Ireland6 VI. The Land7 VII. The People9 Work Sheet11 (Chapter 2 History15 I. Prehistory to the Norman Conquest16 II. The Norman Conquest and the Middle Ages18 III. The Sixteenth Century19 IV. The Seventeenth Century—Civil War21 V. The Eighteenth Century22 VI. The Nineteenth Century24 VII. The Twentieth Century26 VIII. The Cold War28 IX. Towards the 21st Century29 Work Sheet34 (Chapter 3 Monarchy and Government39 I. The Monarchy40 II. The House of Lords42 III. The House of Commons43