美国文学史及选读试卷 Ⅰ.Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternatives. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (60points in all, 2 for each) 1. Which of following can be said of the common features which are shared by the English and American Romanticists ? A. An increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions. B. An increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. C. An increasing emphasis on the desire to return to nature. D. both A and B. 2. Which of the following statements about the Romantic period in the history of American literature is NOT true? （） A. In most of the American writings of this period there was a new emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. B. The writers of this period placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and displayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. C. There was a strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man. D. Most heroes and heroines in the writings of this period exhibited extremes of reason and nationality. 3.______ is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the American Romanticism in the history of American literature. A. New England Transcendentalism B. England Transcendentalism C. the Harlem Renaissance D. New Transcendentalism 4.Hawthorn e’s unique gift was for the creation of ______ which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. A. symbolic stories B. romantic stories
美国文学史常耀信版 很有用的哦！ 2008-08-10 22:02 阅读206 评论0 字号：大中小 美国文学史常耀信版 美国文学 Part 1. Colonial America浪漫主义American Romanticism(1815-1865) 早期浪漫主义early romanticism——Irving欧文, Cooper库柏, Bryant布莱恩特 先验主义transcendentalism and symbolic representation——Emerson 爱默森，Margaret Fuller玛格丽特福勒，Thoreau 梭罗 三位重要的小说家——Hawthorne 霍桑，Melville 梅尔维尔，Poe 坡 二位重要的诗人——Whitman 惠特曼，Dickinson 狄更生 现实主义American Realism（1865-1914） 带有地方色彩的写作local color writing——Mark Twain马克吐温 现实主义literary realism——James 詹姆士，Howells 豪斯尔斯 自然主义literary naturalism——Garland 加兰特，Grane 格雷恩，Frank Norris 弗兰克诺里斯，Jack London 杰克伦敦，Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱塞 现代主义American Modernism(1914-1945) 现代主义在欧洲American modernism in Europe——Gerturde Stein 格特鲁德斯坦因，Ezra Pound 艾兹拉庞德，Amy Lowell 艾米洛威尔，H.D.(Hilda Doolittle) 杜丽埃尔 战时的现代派小说modern fiction between the wars——William Faulkner 威廉福克纳，Hemingway 海明威，Fitzgerald 费兹杰罗，Passos 帕索斯，Steinbeck 斯坦贝克 现代派诗歌modern American poetry——T.S. Eliot 艾略特，Wallace Stevens 史蒂文斯，William Carols Williams 威廉姆斯，卡明斯 Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans 纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended The Nature of True Virtue Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Moneyoor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；
小说阅读复习：小说艺术特色 复习目标：掌握常见小说的写作手法，并能进行区分及作用分析。 复习过程： 一、感知题型 小说的艺术特色包括小说的构思、布局、表现手法和语言特点。 请生通过小说的练习谈手法方面的题型。 归纳：1、你认为这个故事在构思上有什么特色？《不该漏扫的墓》 2、文章多处运用了对比的手法，试举例说明？《零分》 3、通读全文，挖掘文章的写作手法，试着进行具体分析。《温暖的蓝棉衣》 4、小说情节设置十分巧妙，请任选一点进行赏析。《关于儿子的战争》 二、技法点拨 1、知识储备 〖常见的表现手法〗 1.衬托(侧面烘托)：以次要的人或事物衬托主要的人或事物，突出主要的人或事物的特点、性格、思想、感情等。衬托，同类事物衬托是“正衬”，相反事物衬托是“反衬”；以次衬主。 2.对比：通过比较，突出事物的特点，更好地表现文章的主题。 3.铺垫：为了表现主要写作对象而提前做得基础性描写。 4.欲扬先抑：先贬抑再大力颂扬所描写的对象，上下文形成对比，突出所写的对象，收到出人意料的感人效果。 5.“伏笔”是写作中常用的一种表现手法。它可以理解为前段文章为后段文章埋伏线索，也可以理解为上文对下文的暗示。它的好处是交待含蓄，使文章结构严密、紧凑，读者读到下文内容时，不至于产生突兀怀疑之感。 6.烘托是从周围的事物慢慢突出描写对象，是渲染；衬托是两件相同的事物，进行比较，有正面比较和反衬，突出描写对象。 7.象征：借助某一具体事物来表现某种抽象的概念、思想或感情,特点是利用象征物与被象征物之间的某一特点(内容)得到含蓄而形象的表现,增强文章的表现力,象征手法的“托义于物”也就是“借此言彼”,主旨含而不露,隐而不晦。 8.托物言志：作者在对事物的进行描绘的过程中,非常巧妙地寄托作者个人的情感和理念,把自己的感情融入到事物中,来表达自己的内心情感,含蓄、哲理和暗示性,使读者在欣赏中获得独特的美感享受。 9.借景抒情,通过景物的描写,来衬托作者或喜或悲的情感。 10.虚实结合,可以抓住重点,突出事物的本质特征,从而更鲜明的刻画人物的性格,凸现事物、景物的特点,更集中地揭示题旨。结构紧凑,笔墨集中。 11.动静相衬,动衬静,静衬动,生动的烘托作用,相得益彰。 12.以小见大,由平凡细微的事情反映重大的主题,突出表现中心,更有震撼力。 13、设臵悬念。从故事发展和人物命运的某一更能引人关注的片断来落笔，以引起读者的注意。悬念可设在开头，能达到引人入胜的效果；设在中间，能起到承上启下的过渡作用；设在结尾，能收到言已尽而意无穷的效果。 14.联想想象,所谓联想,就是由一事物想到另一事物的心理过程,所谓想象,就是在原有感性
1.Captain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.The puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. is an annual collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”. 5.Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston.
has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.In Washington I rving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature. 8.Cooper’s enduring fame rests on his William Cullen Bryant’s wok. is considered “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”. 10.Emerson believed above all in
仅作参考，最主要还是要自己消化，整理 Chapter 1 Colonial Period 1. Puritanism: American puritans accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. 2. Influence (1) A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. (2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. (3) Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chi efly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. (4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. II. Overview of the literature 1. types of writing diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons 2. writers of colonial period (1) Anne Bradstreet (2) Edward Taylor III. Benjamin Franklin 1. life 2. works (1) Poor Richard’s Almanac (2) Autobiography 3. contribution (1) He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society. (2) He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”. (3) Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”. Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic Period I. American Romanticism 1. Background (1) Political background and economic development (2) Romantic movement in European countries Derivative – foreign influence 2. features (1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien. (2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained. (3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with Am erican Romanticism. (4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent. II. Washington Irving: Father of American Literature 1. several names attached to Irving (1) first American writer (2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world (3) father of American literature 2. life 3. works (1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.) (3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (5) The Alhambra 4. Literary career: two parts (1) 1809~1832
段落布局不会单调枯燥，读者在阅读的时候才会感觉轻松舒适。 请记住，另可情节破碎，也千万不要写一个长段，不然结果是读者忽略不看. 1.6 为什么不能用引号开头 对话流其实没错，以对话推动情节更没有错，大部分人都在用，包括唐家三少和土豆等。 错的是，作者不会应用多种方式，只会单纯的用引号开头，让读者以为作者是在用对话推动情节。就好像大部分人其实都在抄袭，但是高手和菜鸟的区别在于，高手抄袭人家，读者看不出来。 “……“甲对乙说。 甲对乙说：“……“ “……“甲对乙说，“……“ 只不过是对话了一下，把甲对乙说已到前面，那感觉就完全不一样了。 这甲对乙说，还可以拓展开来穿插表情、小动作、细节、描写等。利用这些描写增加对话中人物的心里描写。
甲摸着鼻子对乙说：“……“ 甲心中一动，高兴地说：“……“ 甲狠狠的一巴掌扇过去，愤怒的说：“……“ 为什么偏偏要用引号开头呢？？ 对话流的最高境界，就是作者灌水的最好时机啊，为什么不趁这个机会灌水，却留下一个严重 1.7 文章章节布局 一章多少字合适，如何安排伏笔，怎样布局？？ 布局要分大局、中局和小局。一本书，六万字作为一个分界点，至少有一个局，两个以上小局。 也就是说，至少三万字内，要完成一个情节的布局，给于读者一种近期的阅读快感。 在六万字，要完成一个钟等不距地情节该情节能够让读者感觉到主角在这六万字里面，获得了一些东西。
二十万字要有一个中大的布局，把前面的东西收拢起来，并且铺垫下一个情节。每章节的字数，一章三千字左右（2500～3500），这个是读者看书看得最舒服的字数，低于2500，读者看不爽。高于3500，读者看得累。 1、读者看书，最少的一章，3000个字，可以让读者不停地追看下去。 2、两章6000字，是作者更新速度和读者阅读速度以及满意程度三者均衡的字数。 3、三章9000多字，是读者进入了追看状态的字数。 4、四章一万二，是读者成迷的状态。 5、五章一万五，读者是爽了，不过作者基本上承受不住，再往下更是不用说了。我们的故事呢，前期铺垫，中期发展，后期高潮。 这是一个完整的情节，刚刚好，也就是三章，近一万字。 所以说，小的情节，或者说小的高潮，他的频率是三章左右就能够完成。 简单说，主角吃饭，和人冲突，再解决，大概呢，也是需要一万字左右的篇幅。
Captain John Smith (first American writer). Anne Bradstreet；The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America （colonists living） Edward Taylor(the best puritan poet) John Cotton ”the Patriarch of New England” teacher spiritual leader Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography Poor Richard’s Almanack Thomas Jefferson： Political Career Thoughts The Declaration of Independence we hold truth to be self-evidence Philip Freneau“Father of American Poetry” The Wild Honey Suckle American Romanticism optimism and hope Nationalism Washington Irving“Father of American Literature short story”The first “Pure Writer” A History of New York The Sketch Book marked the beginning of American Romanticism! “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”Rip Van Winkle James Fenimore Cooper Father of American sea and frontier novels Leather stocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans The Pioneers The Prairie The Pathfinder The Deerslayer Edgar Allan Poe father of detective story and horror fiction Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque “MS. Found in a Bottle” “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” “The Fall of the House of Usher”“The Masque of the Red Death”“The
美国文学史及选读试题 I. Multiple Choice 10’ 1. Who is different from others according to the division of writing period? A. Washington Irving B.William Cullen Bryant C. Captain John Smith D. James Fenimore Cooper 2. The American Romantic Period lasted roughly from ____ to ____. A. 1798-1832 B. 1810-1860 C. 1860-1864 D. 1776-1783 3. How many syllables are there in this first line of Raven? (“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,”) A. 11 B. 12 C. 13 D. 16 4. What dominated the Puritan phase of American writing? A. theology B. literature C. esthetics D. revolution 5. At the initial period of the spread of ideas of the Enlightenment was largely due to ____. A. typography B. journalism C. revolution D. the development of paper-making industry 6. Who has been called the “Father of American Literature”? A. Walt Scott B. Geoffrey Chaucer
Part I The Literature of Colonial America I．Historical Introduction The colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.) II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds: 1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration 2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American Writer The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians. Captain John Smith is the first American writer. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608) A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612) General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England Literature William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor V．Puritan Thoughts 1. The origin of puritan In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of
长篇小说写作技巧 一、要强化写作的难度 当代小说普遍越写越轻、越写越粗糙，很多小说都是作家闭门造车的结果：从经验层面上说，没有生机勃勃的细节和场景；从精神层面上说，没有自身的体验和心灵的说服力——苍白和虚假，几乎成了当代小说写作的通病。消费潮流在过度地消耗小说，小说写作已经失去难度。没有难度的写作，不过是一种平庸的复制——无论是经验的自我重复，还是精神的变相克隆，都意味着对写作的创造精神的放弃。重申写作的难度（艺术的难度和心灵的难度），就意味着作家必须对艺术世界有独特的发现，对人性世界有崭新的认识，因为小说写作的使命并不仅仅是讲一个故事，它还需要完成一种故事精神，还需要书写广大的世道人心，从而为当下的生存境遇作证。然而，就当下的长篇写作的现状而言，叙事上的探索几乎已经停止，写作似乎演变成了一种经验的较量。一些能对经验进行精细摹写的作品大行其道，但很少人会去追问：在这些经验的下面，作家对世界、对人心究竟有多少新的发现？比如，毕飞宇的写作才华是显著的，他的《玉米》就以精细著称，获誉良多，大概是受了外界的鼓舞，毕飞宇近年的写作，包括他新出版的长篇小说《平原》，都往《玉米》的路子上用力，可在我看来，他之前的《青衣》，无论是对存在的发现还是对人心的洞察，都远在《玉米》之上——毕飞宇如果选择的是沿着《青衣》的写作路子往下走，他的成就我想会大得多，因为《青衣》是真正对人性的书写有创见的小说；而如何获得写作创见，许多时候，就是一个作家所面临的最大的写作难度。长篇小说尤其如此。它的核心品质，任何时候都应该是复杂和丰富，而不是一些作家所说的简单和直接；一旦取消长篇小说在精神书写上的复杂性和在人性展开上的丰富性，也就取消了它在写作上的难度，这样，长篇小说的泛滥也就不足为奇了。 二、要扩展经验的边界 尽管本雅明在二十世纪上半叶就预言经验已经“贫乏”和“贬值”，并对故事表现出了强烈的不信任，但随着消费主义的迅猛崛起，经验和故事在小说写作中的地位依然牢不可破。只是，在这些盛行的挂着个人标签的经验丛林中，许多的“个人经验”，都带着公共价值的烙印，它并没有脱离某些思想总体性的支配。正因为如此，今天的长篇小说才会呈现出那么多相类似的经验类型——无非是身体的或肉欲的，官场的或商场的，野史或者传奇；不仅经验投合了市场的趣味，就连经验推进的方式都大同小异。相反，二十世纪中国那些沉痛的现实却少有人正面触及。胡适在《建设的文学革命论》一文中说：“近人的小说材料，只有三种：一种是官场，一种是妓女，一种是不官而官，非妓而妓的中等社会，（留学生女学生之可作小说材料者，亦附此类。）除此之外，别无材料。” 今天的小说材料，又何尝不是翻来覆去地用这三种？ “除此之外，别无材料”之困境，在当下的长篇小说界，反而有越发严重的趋势。当作家那点有限的个人记忆、个人秘史被腾空之后，写作将何以为继？当“作小说的人的报酬也丰富起来了”、作家的生活日益优越之后，他和自己身外那更广阔的现实如何再建立起亲密、内在的关系？或许因为看到了这一危机，我才特别推崇像莫言的《檀香刑》和贾平凹的《秦腔》这样的长篇：莫言处理的是他没有经历过的历史事件，贾平凹所写的是他已经远离多年的乡土生活，但都写得逼真而惊心动魄——他们对自己的叙事对象，显然是下了苦功去研究的。这样的写作确实大大扩展了当代小说经验的边界。所以，我认同格非所说的话：“中国作家在经过了许多年‘怎么写’的训练之后，应重新考虑‘写什么’这一问题。”——怎么写固然重要，但写什么也同样考验作家面对世界发言的能力。世界不能沉默，人必须站出来说话，这是我对长篇小说写作的一个迫切期待。 三、要有叙事的说服力 小说有了好的材料、新的经验之后，还要找到一种好的叙事方式来表达它。
History And Anthology of American Literature （6） 附：作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1
Washington Irving Bracebridge Hall 布雷斯布里奇田庄 (1822) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Tales of a Traveller 旅客谈 (1824) Christopher Columbus (1828) c. writing characteristics (1) humorous: the function of his writing is to amuse, to entertain instead of teaching or instruction (2) vivid and true character portrayal (3) finished (refined) and musical language, thus regarded as “the Amn. Goldsmith ” d. analysis on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow(选自the sketch book 见闻札记 ) 1. the story:setting,character, plot 2. theme:conflicts and praise conflict betw. Ichabod and Brom conflict betw. the village and the outside world James Fenimore Cooper The Spy (1821): a historical novel The Pilot (1824): a sea novel Leatherstocking Tales 皮裹腿故事集(1823-1841): frontier novels The Last Mohicans (1826) (Colonial War betw. Britain and France) e. writing features: strong points: we can see a variety of incidents and tensions, complicated plot and structure and a beautiful description of nature. Weak points: characterization is weak. There is unsatisfactory description of characters (esp. female). He is not free from syntactical awkwardness, heavy-handed attempt at humor. “Where Irving excels Cooper is weak.” Dialect is not authentic. Edgar Allan Poe The Fall of the House Usher Feature: i. brevity (15 pages) ii. Single effect iii. originality in theme To Helen It was inspired by the beauty of the mother of a schoolmate of Poe in Richmond, Virginia. The poem is famous for a number of things: 1. its rhyme scheme: ababb 2. its varied line lengths 3. its metaphor of a travel on the sea 4. its oft-quoted lines: "To the glory that was Greece,/And the grandeur that was Rome." theme: praise the ideal love and beauty and ancient Greek and Roman civilizations The Raven 乌鸦 theme: the lament over the death of a beautiful woman tone: melancholy Transcendentalism (essayists, poets, novelists) Their journal is “The Dial ” . Definition: Transcendentalism is idealism. (Emerson) b. features (1) stress on Oversoul, that is spirit. (2) stress the importance of individual. (3) fresh conception of nature. c. significance (1) inspired a whole generation of writers such as Whitman, Melville and Dickinson. (2) dresses man ’s subjective initiative as opposed to materialism. (3) liberated people from Calvin ’s original sin d. limitation (1) shallow: cut off from real life or reality; initiated by the rich, they were limited in a certain circle. So, in some degree, they have been cut off from social life and can ’t understand the sufferings of the common people. (2) inward contradiction: gain knowledge by intuition, shows its idealistic aspect. R.W. Emerson (Ralph Waldo) Nature (1836): the Bible of New England transcendentalism The American Scholar (1837): "America's Declaration of Intellectual The Divinity School Address 神学院致辞 (1838) Essays (1841/1847) Representative Men (1850) English Traits (1856)