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当代研究生英语课后翻译答案(英中合版)

当代研究生英语课后翻译答案(英中合版)
当代研究生英语课后翻译答案(英中合版)

当代研究生英语(上册)课后翻译答案

Unit2

Once the problem is understood,improvement comes naturally.Women who feel abandoned and deprived when their husbands won't listen to or report daily news may be happy to disc over their husbands trying to adapt once they understand the place of small talk in women's relation-ships. But if their husbands don't adapt,the women may still be comforted that for men,this is not a failure of intimacy.Accepting the difference, the wives may look to their frie nds or family for that kind of talk.And husbands who can't provide it shouldn't feel their wiv es have made unreasonable demands. Some couples will still decide to divorce, but at least th eir decisions will be based on realistic expectations.

一旦问题得到理解,情况自然有所改善。那些通常因丈夫不倾听或不谈论每天发生的事情而感到被遗弃、感到丧失生活乐趣的女性会高兴的发现,她们的丈夫一旦知道了不起眼的谈话在女性关系中的地位后,正努力地在适应。如果丈夫不适应,妻子仍然能够得到安慰,因为她知道,对男人来说,这不是不亲密的表现。当妻子接受了男女存在区别这一事实后,便会去找自己的朋友或家人说一说话。那些不能够给予妻子谈话快乐的丈夫,也不应该觉得妻子提出了无理要求。仍然会有一些夫妻决定离婚,但起码他们的决定是建立在比较现实的期望基础上的。

Unit4

The flow of novelties in vocabulary, in idiom, even in pronunciation, is now overwhelmingly eastward. We seldom borrow an English word or phrase any more, though we used to borro w many; but the English take in our inventions almost as fast as we can launch them. The A merican movie, I suppose, is largely responsible for this change, but there are unquestionabl y deeper causes too. English is still a bit tight, a bit stiff, more than a little artificial. But Ame rican has gone on developing with almost Elizabethan prodigality. All the processes of word-formation that were in operation in Shakespeare’s England are still in operation here, and th ey produce a steady stream of neologisms that he would have relished as joyfully as he relish ed the novelties actually produced in his time.

新词汇、新习语、甚至新发音都以无法抗拒的势力源源不断传入东方。从前我们常常借用很多英语词或短语,但现在很少这样做。但英语却吸纳我们创造的词,我们创造有多快,其吸纳的速度几乎就有多快。我认为,美国电影固然对这一变化起了很大作用,但毫无疑问,还有更深刻的原因。英语依然有点太严格、有点僵硬,且过于矫揉造作。而美语的发展却像伊丽莎白一样繁荣。所有那些在英国莎士比亚时代应用的构词方法,现在依然在美国应用着,新词源源不断产生。如果莎翁健在,这些新词一定会使他欣喜若狂,就像他所生活的时代产生的新词使他欣喜若狂一样。

Unit7

1.On the same day my car broke down (again), my refrigerator conked out and I learned t hat I needed root-canal work in my right rear tooth.

1. 就在这同一天,我的车又坏了,电冰箱不制冷了,而且我还得知我的右后臼齿牙根需要镶补。

2.If we were suddenly to see the paint jump back on an old building, we would know that s omething was wrong. If we saw an egg unscramble itself and jump back into its shell, we wo uld laugh in the same way we laugh at a movie run backward.

2 .如果我们突然看到油漆又飞回旧楼房的墙面,我们准会感到有问题。如果我们看到一个鸡

蛋自己拼凑在一起又跳回蛋壳,我们准会开怀大笑,就像看一组倒放的电影镜头那样。

3、 It is easy to see entropy in marriages, when the partners are too preoccupied to patch sm all things up, almost guaranteeing that they will fall apart.

3. 在婚姻中很容易出现墒,当伴侣们过于忙于自己的事而忽视了弥补小小裂痕时,几乎可以肯定他们的婚姻要破裂;

4.The chances that it will wander in the direction of my refrigerator at any point are exactl y 50-50. The chances that it will wander away from my refrigerator are also 50-50. But take billions of warm and cold molecules mixed together, and the chances that all the cold ones wi ll wander toward the refrigerator and all the warm ones will wander away from it are virtual ly nil.

4. 一个冰冷分子朝背离冰箱方向运动的概率也是50%。但是如果数十亿个冷热空气分子混合在一起,那么所有冷空气分子朝冰箱方向运动,同时所有热空气分子背离冰箱运动的概率实际上是零。

5.If there were only a dozen or so air molecules in my kitchen, it would be likely—if I waite d a year or so—that at some point the six coldest ones would congregate inside the freezer. B ut the more factors in the equation—the more players in the game—the less likely it is that t heir paths will coincide in an orderly way.

5. 如果在厨房里只有十几个空气分子,那么我等上一年左右,或许在某个时刻6个最冷的分子会聚集在冰箱里。但是,这一等式中的变量越多、参加这一游戏的角色越多.他们的路径井然有序地相互吻合的可能性就越小。

当代研究生英语(下册)课后翻译答案

UNIT 1

1、During each of these passages, how we feel about our way of living will undergo subtle changes in four areas of perception. One is the interior sense of self in relation to others. A second is the proportion of safeness to danger we feel in our lives. A third is our perception of time—do we have plenty of it, or are we beginning to feel that time is running out? Last, there will be some shift at the gut level in our sense of aliveness or stagnation. These are the hazy sensations that compose the background tone of living and shape the decisions on which we take action.

在这些变化和转折中,我们对生活方式的看法要经历四个感知方面的微妙变化:第一,通过与他人比较(交往)形成的自我意识(对自己的看法);第二,在生活的各种威胁面前所具有的安全程度(的变化);第三是我们时间的认识,是感到来日方长,还是开始感到时日无多? 最后是对自己的精力和活力的直觉意识,是感到精力充沛,还是感到力不从心? 这些都是在我们内心里产生的若明若暗的感觉,它构成了我们生活的基调,影响着我们(作为)采取行动前的(依据的)种种决定。

2、The tasks of this passage are to locate ourselves in a peer group role, a sex role, an anticipated occupation, an ideology or world view. As a result, we gather the impetus to leave home physically and the identity to begin leaving home emotionally.

人生这一阶段的任务是,在同龄人中、在性别角色中、在期望的职业中、以及化思想意识和世界观方面确立自己的位置。这样,我们既有离家独立的动力,也有了离家独立的心理准备。

3、Buoyed by powerful illusions and belief in the power of the will, we commonly insist in our twenties that what we have chosen to do is the one true course in life. Our backs go up at the merest hint that we are like our parents, that two decades of parental training might be

reflected in our current actions and attitudes

由于幻想的鼓舞和支持以及对自己的意志充满信心,我们在二十几岁时普遍认定自己所选择的道路是人生真正的事业所在。如果有人说我们很像自已的父母,说我们的言行举止是父母十多年来教育和熏陶的结果,我们会很不高兴。

UNIT 2

1、It took several years for the virus to break out of Congo’s dense and sparsely populated jungles but, once it did, it marched with rebel armies through the continent’s numerous war zones, rode with truckers from one rest-stop brothel to the next, and eventually flew, perhaps with an air steward, to America, where it was discovered in the early 1980s.

几年之后此病毒从刚果荒蛮浓密的从林爆发出来。一旦流传开来,它就随着反叛部队穿越大陆的各个战区;随着货车司机驶过符个妓院;最终,可能随着空中乘务员飞往美国,并在那里于20世纪80年代初被发现。

2、Of the 25 monitoring sites in Zimbabwe where pregnant women are tested for HIV, only two in 1997 showed prevalence below 10%.

在津巴布韦的25个受监控的地区,怀孕的妇女接受了HIV病毒的检测。1997年只有两个地区显示其感染率在10%以下。

3、This is because so many people in poor countries do not contribute much to the formal economy. To put it even more crudely, where there is a huge oversupply of unskilled labour, the dead can easily be replaced. This is because so many people in poor countries do not contribute much to the formal economy. To put it even more crudely, where there is a huge oversupply of unskilled labour, the dead can easily be replaced.

这是因为在贫穷国家许多人对正常的经济发展不起作用。说得再残酷些,在一个拥有大量非技术劳力的国家里,死去的劳力很容易被取代。

4、When a breadwinner develops AIDS, his (or her) family is impoverished twice over: his income vanishes, and his relations must devote time and money to nursing him.

当全家主要的挣钱者染上了艾滋病,他或她的家庭损失就不是一个人的事了。因为不只是他的收人没有了,他的亲属还要花时间和金钱去照料他

5、There was no attempt to play down the spread of HIV to avoid scaring off tourists, as happened in Kenya. Thais were repeatedly warned of the dangers, told how to avoid them, and left to make their own choices.

泰国政府认为没有必要像肯尼亚那样由于害怕吓走了旅游者而淡化HIV传播的严重性。泰国人被反复告知HIV的危害性,以及如何避免它,最后由他们自已去做出选择

UNIT 4

In general, the WTO has adopted rules which are in the interest of trans-national business and rejected rules opposed by business. WTO policies have been protested by representatives of “civil society”, such as unions, consumer activists, environmentalists, indigenous people, and women’s groups. In Mexico, where a currency crisis threw the nation into depression shortly after implementation of NAFTA, small business owners were in the streets, too, opposing “free trade”. Poor countries of the global south, which disagree with northern unions over labor protections, agree the WTO is not working in the interests of most people.

总体而言,世界贸易组织采纳了有利于跨国商务活动的规则,拒绝了商务活动反对的规则。世界贸易组织的政策遭到了来自“民间社团”代表,如工会、消费者积极分子、环境保护主义者、土著居民、妇女团体等的反对。墨西哥在执行北美自由贸易协定不久,货币危机使国家陷入经济萧条,小业主们也走向街头反对“自由贸易”。不同意北部联盟有关劳动保护条款

的南半球的贫穷国家也认为世界贸易组织并不为大多数人谋福利。

UNIT 6

1、Courtship both preceded the announcement of an engagement and followed the announcement, although a broken engagement was so serious that it could be expected to throw the girl into a depression from which she might never recover.

人们一般是先恋爱后订婚,但也有先订婚后恋爱的。不过,订了婚再后悔是很糟糕的事,这会把一个姑娘推向痛苦的深渊而永远无法解脱。

2、Gifts had to be either immediately consumable, like candy or flowers, or indestructible, like diamonds—which could be given back, their value unimpaired, if there was a rift in the relationship. Objects that could be damaged by use, like gloves and furs, were forbidden.

礼物可以是马上就能用的,如糖果或鲜花,或不易损坏的,如钻石——如果关系破裂了,还可以退回,价值也不会受损。容易用旧、用坏的物品,诸如手套和皮货之类的东西是禁止赠送的。

3、The wedding day was the highest point in a girl’s life—a day to which she looked forward all her unmarried days and to which she looked back for the rest of her life. The splendor of her wedding, the elegance of dress and veil, the cutting of the cake, the departure amid a shower of rice and confetti, gave her an accolade of which no subsequent event could completely rob her.

举行婚礼的这一天是一个姑娘一生中最美好的时刻:这一天婚前她一直盼望着,而婚后她也将值得她永远回忆。婚礼的场面一般都蔚为壮观。华丽高贵的结婚礼服及面纱,切蛋糕的场面,离开时祝福的人们撒来的米粒和五彩纸屑,交织在一起为新娘谱写了一曲新婚颂歌,使她一乍都难以忘却。

4、Active concern for the world permits either celibacy or marriage, but continuous preoccupation with sex leaves no time for anything else. As we used to say in the ’20s, promiscuity, like free verse, is lacking in structure.

要关心世界大事,既可以过正常的婚姻生活,也可以过独身生活。但如果只是一味的沉湎于性,那就根本谈不上什么对其他事的关心。正像我们在20年代常说的那样:乱交就像自由诗一样无节而又无度。

学术英语 课文翻译

U8 A 1 在过去的30年里,作为一个专业的大提琴演奏家,我花了相当于整整20年时间在路上执行和学习音乐传统和文化。我的旅行使我相信在我们的全球化的世界中,文化传统来自于一个身份、社会稳定和富有同情心的互动的基本框架。 2 世界在快速改变,正如我们一定会创造不稳定的文化,让人质疑他们的地方。全球化使我们服从于别人的规则,这往往会威胁到个人的身份。这自然使我们紧张,因为这些规则要求我们改变传统习惯。所以如今全球领导者的关键问题是:如何使习惯和文化发展到融入更大的行星,同时不必牺牲鲜明特色和个人的骄傲? 3 我的音乐旅程提醒了我,全球化带来的相互作用不只是摧毁文化;他们能够创造新的文化,生机,传播存在已久的传统。这不像生态“边缘效应”,它是用来描述两个不同的生态系统相遇发生了什么,例如,森林和草原。在这个接口,那里是最小密度和生命形式的最大的多样性,每种生物都可以从这两个生态系统的核心作画。有时最有趣的事情发生在边缘。在交叉口可以显示意想不到的连接。 4 文化是一个由世界每个角落的礼物组成的织物。发现世界的一种方式是例如通过深入挖掘其传统。例如音乐方面,在任何的大提琴演奏家的曲目的核心是由巴赫大提琴组曲。每个组件的核心是一个称为萨拉班德舞曲的舞蹈动作。这种舞蹈起源于北非的柏柏尔人的音乐,它是一个缓慢的、性感的舞蹈。它后来出现在西班牙,在那里被禁止,因为它被认为是下流的。西班牙人把它带到了美洲,也去了法国,在那里成为一个优雅的舞蹈。在1720年,巴赫公司的萨拉班德在他的大提琴组曲运动。今天,我扮演巴赫,一个巴黎裔美国人的中国血统的音乐家。所以谁真正拥有的萨拉班德?每一种文化都采用了音乐,使其具有特定的内涵,但每一种文化都必须共享所有权:它属于我们所有人。 5 1998年,我从丝绸之路发现在数千年来从地中海和太平洋许多文化间观念的流动。当丝绸之路合奏团执行,我们试图把世界上大部分集中在一个阶段。它的成员是一个名家的同等团体,大师的生活传统是欧洲、阿拉伯、阿塞拜疆、亚美尼亚、波斯、俄罗斯、中亚、印度、蒙古、中国、韩国或日本。他们都慷慨地分享他们的知识,并好奇和渴望学习其他形式的表达。 6 在过去的几年里,我们发现每一个传统都是成功的发明的结果。确保传统的生存的一个最好的方法是由有机进化,目前利用我们所有可用的工具。通过录音和电影;通过驻在博物馆、大学、设计学校和城市;通过表演从教室到体育场,合奏的音乐家,包括我自己,学习有用的技能。回到家中,我们和其他人分享这些技能,确保我们的传统在文化桌上有一席之地。 7 我们发现,在本国执行传统出口的是国外激励从业者。最重要的是,我们对彼此的音乐发展出了激情,并建立了相互尊重、友谊和信任的纽带,每一次我们都在舞台上这都是可触及的。这种欢乐的互动是为了一个理想的共同的更大的目标:我们始终能够通过友好的对话解决任何分歧。我们相互开放,我们形成一个桥进入陌生的传统,驱逐往往伴随着变化和错位的恐惧。换句话说,当我们扩大我们看世界的镜头的时候,我们更好地了解自己,自己的生活和文化。我们与我们的小星球的遥远的行星有更多的共同分享,而不是我们意识到的。 8 发现这些共同的文化是很重要的,但不只是为了艺术的缘故。所以我们的许多城市,不仅是伦敦,纽约,东京,现在即使甚至是中小城市正在经历着移民潮。我们将如何吸取同化有自己独特的习惯的人群?移民不可避免地会导致抵抗和冲突,就像过去一样?有什么关于德国的土耳其人口的阿尔巴尼亚人在意大利,北非人在西班牙和法国?文化繁荣的引擎可以帮助我们找出如何集合可以和平融合,同时不牺牲个性身份。这不是政治正确性。它是关于对人而言什么是珍贵的承认,和每一个文化已经给予我们世界的礼物。

英语课后翻译答案新

U n i t1 1. 任何年满18岁的人都有资格投票。(be eligible to, vote) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote. 2. 每学期开学前,这些奖学金的申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for, scholarship) A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to every student before the start of every semester. 3. 遵照医生的建议,我决定戒烟。(on the advice of) On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking. 4. 公园位于县城的正中央。(be located in) The park is located right in the center of town. 5. 这所大学提供了我们所需的所有材料和设备。(facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire. 1. 他们花了多年的时间寻找内心的平静,但是收效甚微。(search for) They spent many years searching for peace of mind, but with little success. 2. 这种新药的成功研制已经使许多疾病的治疗发生了根本性的变革。

学术综合英语(罗立胜)1-6单元课文翻译

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科技英语综合教程课后练习答案及参考译文

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Unit 1 搏弈论 阿维纳什?迪克斯特&巴里?内尔巴夫 搏弈是有关策略的科学。它试图以数学和逻辑的方法来帮助搏弈者作出决策,在一系列纷繁复杂的搏弈中应采取何种策略来保证自己获得最大利益。搏弈论研究的搏弈的范围包括了从下棋到抚育儿童,从网球竞技到公司转手。但是所有的博弈都具有一个共同的特征:相互作用。也就是说,每一个博弈者的博弈结果取决于所有博弈参与者的策略选择。在零和搏弈中,搏弈者的利益之间是完全冲突的,因此一方的得利必然导致另一方的损失。更多具有代表性的例子还有会导致共同得利(正和)搏弈和共同损失(负和)搏弈,同样的情况还会发生在另外一些冲突中。 搏弈论研究的先驱者是普林斯顿数学家约翰?冯?诺依曼。在早先的一段时间里,研究的重点被放在了完全冲突(零和)搏弈(非合作搏弈)上,其他的搏弈当时被认为是以合作形式出现。也就是说,搏弈要求参与者共同地选择和实施他们的行为.最近的研究则把重点放在了那些既不属于零和搏弈也不属于绝对合作搏弈的情况上,在这些搏弈中,搏弈者自主地选择搏弈行为,但他们之间的相互关系中充满了合作与竞争。 搏弈行为与我们在中性环境中所作的各种决定有着根本性的不同。要说明这一点,我们可以思考一下伐木工人和军队将军所作决定之间的不同。当伐木工人决定要如何砍树时,他不会考虑树木本身会有什么反抗,他所处的环境为中性。而当将军决定要消灭敌军时,他必须提前预料到并消除敌军的反抗。与这一例子中的将军相类似,一个搏弈者必须认识到他与其他机智且怀有争胜之心的竞争者之间的相互作用,他自己所作的决定也必须能够同时应对可能出现的合作或冲突。 搏弈的实质是搏弈者采取策略之间的相互依赖性。这种策略性的相互依赖表现为两个不同的类别:连续策略之间的相互作用以及联立策略之间的相互作用。就前者而言,搏弈者依次采取行动,每个人都会注意其他搏弈者先前的行为。就后者而言,搏弈者同时采取行动,每个人都会忽略其他搏弈者当前的行为。 对连续策略博弈中的某一博弈这来说,一个普遍的原则就是放眼前方,及时反思和总结。每个博弈者应该弄清楚其他博弈者会对他当前的策略行为做出怎样的回应,他自己将如何应对等情况。博弈者要预料到他的最初决定会最终导致何种结果,并且运用对形势的判断来计划好当前的最佳策略。在考虑其他博弈者会如何应对时,博弈者必须能设身处地地换位思考,而不能把自己的主观判断强加与人。 从理论上说,采取固定次序行动的任何连续博弈都可以圆满地完成。我们可以通过预测每个可能的结果来决定各个博弈者的最佳策略。例如象井字棋(tic-tac-toe)这样的简单游戏由于可以以这样的方式完成,因而并不具有挑战性。但诸如象象棋等的其他博弈,即使是借助电脑的帮助,由于其本身的计算过程过于复杂而难以在实践中去实施。因此,博弈者往往会会依据经验提前对形势作出判断并尽可能的评估最终的局面。 与连续策略博弈的线形思维不同的是,采取共发性策略的博弈要求逻辑思维。在忽略其他参与者当前策略的情况下,尽管博弈者们同时采取行动,每一个参与者必须清楚的意识同时还会有其他的参与者在依次关注整个博弈过程。这时的思维模式可描述为:我想他认为我会这样考虑…。因此,博弈者必须从全体博弈者的立场出发并努力判断出最终的博弈结果。每个参与者的个人最佳行为都是全局谋划中不可或缺的一部分。 运用普林斯顿数学家约翰?纳什提出的均衡概念,可以推导出这种逻辑思维的结论。我们寻求一系列的策略组合,每个博弈者都会有自己的选择,当所有的对手们在实施他们决定的最佳策略时,我们所做的选择应该对自己是最有利的。换句话说,每个博弈者都会对其他人的策略作出最优化的应对。 有时, 无论其他博弈者如何行动,博弈的一方的最佳策略组合始终如一,这被称作这一博弈者的优策略。在其他情况下,如果博弈者的策略始终于己不利,则被称作劣策略,其含义是指无论其他博弈者如何行动,对手的策略总是优于自己。因此,谋求策略均衡应该从寻找优策略和消除劣策略开始。 当我们把博弈的结果表述为一种均衡的时候,并不是基于以下的假设:即博弈的每个参与者的个人最佳策略将会带来共同的最优化结果。确实也存在着一些糟糕的例子,比如囚徒困境(见下文),由于囚徒们都追求个人私利的最大化而导致了全体参与者的困境。纳什的关于均衡的定义还不能完全解决联立策略博弈中逻辑推理思考的问题,有些博弈包含多种此类的均衡,而有些博弈却并不包含这样的均衡。纳什均衡也还没有清楚地说明关于导致均衡的动态过程。尽管有这样的一些缺陷,纳什均衡的定义已被证明在分析策略性互动时具有重要作用。 以下策略性互动的实例可以说明博弈论的一些基本理论框架: 囚徒困境。两个嫌疑犯分别被审问,每个人都可以招供或保持沉默。如果嫌犯A保持沉默,嫌犯B可以通过招供而获得较轻的发落。如果嫌犯A招供,嫌犯B最好选择招供以免被从重处理。这时招供就是嫌犯B的优策略。同样的情况也适用与B。因此,在均衡的

学术英语管理课文翻译

Unit 1 When faced with both economic problems and increasing competition not only from firms in the united states but also from international firms located in other parts of the world, employee and managers now began to ask the question:what do we do now? although this is a fair question, it is difficult to answer. Certainly, for a college student taking business courses or be beginning employee just staring a career, the question is even more difficult to answer. And yet there are still opportunities out there d=for people who are willing to work hard, continue to learn, and possess the ability to adapt to change. 当面对不仅来自美国的公司而且来自位于世界其他地方的国际公司的经济问题和日益激烈的竞争时,员工和经理现在开始要问一个问题:我们要做什么?虽然这是一个很清晰的问题,但是它是很难回答的。当然,对于一个正在谈论商务课程的大学生或者一个刚开始职业生涯的员工来说,这个问题更难回答。但目前仍然有许多机会给那些愿意努力工作,继续学习并且拥有适应变化的能力的人。 Whether you want to obtain part-time employment to pay college and living expense, begin your career as a full –time employee, or start a business, you must bring something to the table that makes you different from the next person . Employee and our capitalistic economic systems are more demanding than ever before. Ask yourself: What can I do that will make employee want to pay me a salary? What skills do I have that employers need?

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