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Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Volume2013,Article ID781231,6pages

https://www.doczj.com/doc/926214503.html,/10.1155/2013/781231

Research Article

Modeling of an Air Conditioning System with Geothermal Heat Pump for a Residential Building

Silvia Cocchi,1Sonia Castellucci,2and Andrea Tucci1

1DAFNE,Universit`a degli Studi della Tuscia,via San Camillo de Lellis,01100Viterbo,Italy

2CIRDER,Universit`a degli Studi della Tuscia,via San Camillo de Lellis,01100Viterbo,Italy

Correspondence should be addressed to Sonia Castellucci;sonia.castellucci@unitus.it

Received14December2012;Accepted10January2013

Academic Editor:Massimo Scalia

Copyright?2013Silvia Cocchi et al.This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,distribution,and reproduction in any medium,provided the original work is properly cited.

The need to address climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions attaches great importance to research aimed at using renewable energy.Geothermal energy is an interesting alternative concerning the production of energy for air conditioning of buildings(heating and cooling),through the use of geothermal heat pumps.In this work a model has been developed in order to simulate an air conditioning system with geothermal heat pump.A ground source heat pump(GSHP)uses the shallow ground as a source of heat,thus taking advantage of its seasonally moderate temperatures.GSHP must be coupled with geothermal exchangers.

The model leads to design optimization of geothermal heat exchangers and to verify the operation of the geothermal plant.

1.Introduction

The increasing energy demands the fact that fossil fuels are finite resouces and the problem of pollutant emissions has allowed renewable energy sources(RES)to be considered and developed,including geothermal[1].

Geothermal energy is used in order to generate electricity or for direct uses,especially for heating[2].Direct use of geothermal energy is the oldest and the most common utilization of this energy source.

There are many possibilities for these uses:geothermal heat pumps or ground source heat pumps(GSHPs),space heating,greenhouse and covered ground heating,aquacul-ture pond and raceway heating,agricultural crops drying, industrial process heat,snow melting and space cooling, bathing,and swimming[3].

The GSHP systems for heating and cooling are considered one of the most energy-efficient and cost-effective renewable energy technology[4].Moreover these systems allow to reduce the greenhouse gases(GHGs)emissions[5].

Geothermal heat pumps systems use the subsoil(the interior of the earth)as a source and extract heat at low deep [6].

Heat pumps are devices that allow to transfer heat from a lower temperature system to a higher temperature system.Geothermal heat pump or ground source heat pump(GSHP) is a heating and/or cooling system that pumps heat to or from the ground.The GSHP uses earth as a heat source (during winter time)or a heat sink(during summer time). This design takes advantage of the moderate temperatures in the ground to boost efficiency and reduce the operational costs of heating and cooling systems[7].The major advantage of GSHPs derives from their better performance if compared with traditional system because they takes advantage of a more stable temperature of the heat source during the whole year,thus the coefficient of performance(COP)is increased, and the operational costs of heating and cooling are reduced [8].

The GSHPs systems can be classified as follows:

(i)open systems:if groundwater is used as heat transfer

fluid,

(ii)closed systems:if there are some heat exchangers in the underground,and the groundwater is not the heat

transfer fluid[9].

Among the closer systems there are many different configurations:horizontal,spiral,and vertical loop[10].

An air conditioning system with geothermal heat pumps consists of three parts[11]:

68300

68350684006845068500685506860068650687006875068800T o t a l t h e r m a l l o a d

Time step

Figure 1:Thermal load as a function of time step.

11.4

11.611.81212.212.412.612.81313.20123456

T e m p e r a t u r e

Y ears

12 probes 14 probes

Figure 2:Ground temperature variations with exchanger numbers.

(i)geothermal heat exchangers,(ii)heat pump,

(iii)heat distribution system (radiant floors are particu-larly suitable because they have the great advantage of working with lower temperature gradients if com-pared to conventional systems [12]).The operating mechanism for heating is as follows:(i)the fluid (antifreeze added water),flowing in geother-mal heat exchangers,exchanges heat with the ground and comes back heated to surface;(ii)fluid transmits its heat to the heat pump and back in

the heat exchangers with lower temperature;(iii)heat pump transmits its heat to the fluid flowing in

radiant floors;(iv)radiant floors heat the building.

GSHP must have a heat exchanger in contact with the ground or groundwater in order to extract or dissipate heat.Several major design options are available for these,which are classified according to layout and fluid:direct exchange systems circulate refrigerant underground,closed loop systems use a mixture of antifreeze and water,and open loop systems use natural groundwater.Direct exchange geothermal heat pump is the oldest type of geothermal heat pump technology.

In this work a GSHP system with vertical heat exchangers has been studied.

11.2

11.4

11.611.81212.212.412.612.81313.20

5

10

15

20

25

T e m p e r a t u r e

Y ears

Average ground temperature

Average ground temperature

Figure 3:Average ground temperature for 14exchangers in 20years.

The growth of GSHPs technology was slower than other RES or conventional technologies due to many factors:nonstandardized system designs,significant capital costs if compared with other systems,and limited individuals knowl-edgeable in the installation of GSHP systems.Nevertheless these problems have been resolved on an ongoing basis,and the acceptance of the GSHP technology is increasing [1].

GSHP systems COP is higher than COP of other heat pump systems:it usually varies from 3to 6,depending on the earth connection setups,system sized earth characteristics,installation depths,and climate of the area.Instead,for example,for an air source heat pump system the COP range is from 2,3to 3,5[1].

GSHP systems have higher initial costs than conven-tional ones because of the costs of the heat pump unit and the connection with the ground,specially drilling,but the operating costs are lower than conventional systems because of their high efficiency.Therefore the economic feasibility of GSHP systems depends on location,due to the price of electricity,natural gas,and other heating fuel.If these are not expensive,GSHP system may not be the cheapest option.On the contrary when there are low electricity costs,the GSHP systems are economically advantageous [1].

In particular,for example,if electricity is produced by a photovoltaic system the operating costs and the GHG emissions become remarkably low.

Therefore in order to increase the efficiency of the GSHP system and to reduce the costs,the optimal sizing of the plant is needful.The TRNSYS 17software can be used for the system simulation in order to refine the sizing.

2.Methods

2.1.Presizing.The studied building is part of a building complex and consists of 14apartments located over 4floors.

The building was planned to include a central heating system,for heating and domestic hot water,that uses one heat pump and vertical geothermal heat exchangers.During

11.2

11.411.611.81212.212.412.612.81313.201

2

3456

T e m p e r a t u r e

Y ears

Distance 8 m Distance 9 m Distance 10 m

Figure 4:Average ground temperature varying number of exchang-ers.

11.4

11.611.81212.212.412.612.81313.20

1

23456

T e m p e r a t u r e

Y ears

Length 110 m Length 100 m Length 90 m

Figure 5:Average ground temperature varying exchangers length.

Table 1:Data for calculation of thermal load.

Building data Thermal zone

D Number of heating days 167Daily hours of heating 12Heated surface (gross)

m 23510,61Outer surface that bounds the volume m 22101,73Usable area

m 2

930Climatic data project

Value of internal project temperature

°

C

20

summer time,the system works in natural cooling operative mode.

The thermal load of the building is 43,2kW for heating (Table 1).

We choose one geothermal heat pump with a power of 47,2kW ,whose fluid consists of water and ethylene glycol (25%),with freezing temperature of ?13°C.

Simulation time =8760 (hr)

15

1311

97

5

3115131197531

T e m p e r a t u r e s

T e m p e r a t u r e s

01460

2920438058407300

8760

Figure 6:Fluid temperature in output from exchangers during the first year.

1210

8642

12108642

0T e m p e r a t u r e T e m p e r a t u r e

Simulation time =43800 (hr)

0E +00

7.3E +03

1.46E +04

2.19E +04

2.92E +04

3.65E +04

4.38E +04

Figure 7:Fluid temperature in output from exchangers during 5years.

Table 2:Features of vertical heat exchangers.

Features of vertical exchangers Number 12Length 100m Distance 8m Type

single U External diameter U 32mm Internal diameter U 29mm Bore diameter

12cm Distance by centers of U

5cm

Geothermal heat exchangers have been presized accord-ing to the procedure described in VDI4640German law [9].The procedure of VDI4640is strictly applied for small sized systems (<30kW),but we used this procedure for an approximate sizing only.Then the final size has been obtained by the approximate one,by simulation with software TRNSYS 17.

The presizing procedure of VDI4640is the following [13]:

(1)calculation of heating load P t (=43,2kW );(2)definition of temperature of radiant floor (=35°C);

15131197

531

151********

C O P

C O P

01460

29204380584073008760

Simulation time =8760 (hr)

Figure 8:COP of heat pump in the first year (during winter time).

40

363228

24

2016

128401460

2920438058407300

8760

Simulation time =8760 (hr)

4036322824201612840

0T e m p e r a t u r e s (°C )

T e m p e r a t u r e s (°C )

Figure 9:Air temperature in the apartment.

(3)choice of heat pump and definition of the COP (coef-ficient of performance)with the operating condition B0/W35,COP =4,33;(4)calculation of the power exchanged with

the ground P ev [=(COP ?1)P t /COP =33,22kW ];(5)extraction from VDI4640of the specific power extraction P ter (=30W /m );(6)calculation of total length of vertical geothermal heat exchangers L (=P ev /P ter =1107m );(7)oversized (15%)L =1273m;

(8)assumption of 12vertical heat exchangers (each one 100m long)(Table 2).2.2.Simulation.The software TRNSYS 17has been used in order to simulate the operations system.

TRNSYS is a complete and extensible simulation envi-ronment for the transient simulation of systems,including multizone buildings.

TRNSYS consists of a suite of programs:the TRNSYS Simulation Studio,the Simulation Engine (TRNDll.dll)with its executable (TRNExe.exe),the Building input data visual interface (TRNBuild.exe),and the Editor used to create stand-alone redistributable programs,known as TRNSED applications (TRNEdit.exe)[14].

The main visual interface is the TRNSYS Simulation Studio.Here,we can create projects by drag-and-dropping components to the workspace,connecting them together and

20161412102018

16141210T e m p e r a t u r e s

T e m p e r a t u r e s

3624

3992

4360472850965464

5832

Simulation time =5832 (hr)

18

Figure 10:

Fluid temperature in

input in

radiant floor in summer

(natural

cooling).

T e m p e r a t u r e s

T e m p e r a t u r e s

3624

3992

4360472850965464

5832

252321

1917151311

2523

211917151311Simulation time =5832 (hr)

Figure 11:Fluid temperature in output from radiant floor in summer (natural cooling).

setting the global simulation parameters.When you run a simulation,the Studio also creates a TRNSYS input file (a text file,that contains all simulation information but no graphical information).

The Simulation Studio also includes an output manager,by which you control which variables are integrated,printed,and/or plotted,and a log/error manager that allows you to study in detail what happened during the simulation [15].

The system has been represented in TRNSYS Simulation Studio and the Building has been created in TRNBuild.

The Building has been modeled in TRNBuild by dividing it into 16thermal zones (14apartments,1zone of stairs,and 1garage)[16].

The simulation with TRNSYS 17allows the calculation and displays one or more variables on interval of time.Most of variables are studied within annual simulation,but average ground temperature is studied in five-year simulation.

We studied the following variables:

(1)thermal loads;

(2)air temperature in thermal zones;

(3)fluid temperature in input and output from radiant floors;(4)fluid temperature in input and output from geother-mal heat exchanger;(5)average ground temperature;

(6)COP of heat pump;

(7)optimal time step for simulations.

Optimal time step has been studied observing building thermal loads varying with time steps.

3.Results

The results of the simulation are represented in Table3and in Figure1.

The optimal time step for simulation is1minute.

The study of average ground temperature is very impor-tant because this variable must not change more than2°C over long period.Simulations are carried out for more conditions (12,13,and14exchangers;distance between exchangers of8, 9,and10m;arrangement of exchangers in series and parallel; length of exchanger of90,100,and110m).

We have chosen the following as target for the average ground temperature:

(1)ensure no overexploitation of the ground;

(2)achieve a new balance for the ground average temper-

ature.

Changes in ground temperature varying with number of exchangers are shown in Figure2.

The average ground temperature change after20years is shown in Figure3,and it is equal to1,7°C,below the threshold of2°C,necessary not to have an overexploitation.

Changes in average ground temperature as a function of distance between exchanger are shown in Figure4.

Changes in average ground temperature varying with exchangers length are shown in Figure5.

We obtained that the configuration which gives the best performance has the following characteristics:14vertical exchangers in series with distance of10m and length of100m (Table4).

The temperature of fluid in output from exchangers is represented in Figure6.

It can be seen in Figure6that during the first year the minimum temperature of the fluid in output from the exchangers is6°C.In Figure7we can see that the same temperature at five years is5°C.

The temperature of fluid in input in the heat pump is in the allowable range(?5,+25°C).

The COP of the heat pump is represented in Figure8.Note that the performance is good because COP is always more than4.

Moreover,it resulted that the minimum temperature of the fluid in output from the heat pump is1,5°C.The heating due to the ground is4,5°C.

Air temperature in the apartments(represented in Figure9)ensure comfort conditions.

The fluid temperature in input in the radiant floors resulted19°C at the end of the summer,while fluid temper-ature in output at the end of the summer was22°C as shown in Figures10and11.

Table3:Thermal load varying time step simulation.

Time-step Total thermal load[kWh] 1hour68535,845218584532 30minutes68677,478548530451 20minutes68469,790308356302 10minutes65833,167347961783

5minutes68533,186713158425

4minutes68678,316559261531

3minutes68680,138881754820

2minutes68676,275556369017

1minute68677,942675267512 Table4:Configuration of exchangers that gives the best perfor-mance.

Number of vertical exchangers14 Distance10m Length100m Configuration14exchangers in series 4.Conclusion

In order to refine the sizing of the system,the TRNSYS17 software is used.

The simulation of the system over a period of5years shows the best configuration for the exchangers:14vertical heat exchangers in series with distance of10m and length of 100m.

The results show that the system works properly,because

(1)the temperature in the apartments ensures comfort

conditions;

(2)the ground is not subject to overexploiting;

(3)high heat pump efficiency.

Simulation with software TRNSYS allows to refine the sizing of the system and accordingly to reduce the initial costs for the ground connection—in particular for drilling and probes that are about the35%of the total costs—and the operating costs.

Conflict of Interests

The authors certify that there is no conflict of interests with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the paper.

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一个企业的不确定性的金融环境其财务活动充满风险。除了机会,有许多的危险从时间,以时间,其财务会计。因此,它已经成为了成功的关键一个企业的财务会计是否能跟踪的趋势变化什么是有用的吸收。应当拒绝接受什么是有害的。战略会计思想是非常重要的在企业的财务会计,因为我们必须努力去分析和把握一般环境和发展一个企业的发展趋势,从而提高适应能力、可变性和适用性的金融中心会计不确定环境。目前,中小企业在100年通过了工商登记、以企业总数的90%。因此,其战略财务会计是特别重要的,这也是本论文的主题。 1 简介 战略性的财务会计是财务会计理论,根据该融资应该的在最适当的方式进行,采集到的资本必须利用和会计的最有效的方式虽然企业和决策和利润分配应该最合理。根据其内涵,总结三个主要内容的战略财务会计,包括融资策略,投资战略和利润分配决策策略。详情如下: 融资策略 高度发达的现代企业具有的销售急剧增长。当面对这样一种局势,企业倾向于有很大的要求从股票和应收账款是资本的提升。更大的为销售增长的张力,但更大的资本要求。因此,在融资策略都具有十分重要的意义战略会计财务。融资策略的功能在于明确的指导方针融资、铺设融资目标下,建立整体规模、融资渠道和方法,安排战略资本结构优化方案,从各方面对此作了相应的对策,以达到融资目标,最后预测和收集的大量资金的企业的需要。 投资策略 为核心的战略财务会计,这种策略决定一个企业只能分配它的首都资源合理而有效的方法。投资策略包括确认投资固定资产的方向、公司规模和资本规模、投资选择相关的外部扩张或内部扩张,改革旧的产品或开发新的、独立或联合操作,自有资金投资决定或贷款之间的百分比固定资产、流动资产、投资策略和风险和那些在通货膨胀。 利润分配决策策略 这个策略,包括会计资本收益和设立股份奖金分配制度,主要的交易一个企业比例,搁在长期底图在扩大规模、提高员工福利和自身的生活水平。利润分配决策战略旨在满足需求,对于资产资本的发展和改进企业的核心竞争力根据相关的投资

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