翻译理论与实践讲义
作业一。字词的翻译
一、词的理解
1.一词多义：
例子：wet
She had a wet nurse for the infant Elliot. 她雇了一名奶妈为艾略特喂奶。
If you think I am for him, you are all wet. 如果你认为我支持他，那你就大错特错了。
She wet her pants at the news. 听到这个消息，她吓得尿了裤子。
2.词的大小：
state and revolution, 国家与革命（列宁著作）
state of the union (国情咨文)
the united states. 美国（联合的各州）
3.词义引申：抽象化、具体化
例子：every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜有苦。
She stood there chewing over the strange thing. 她站在那儿仔细地琢磨这件怪事。
The engine sounds good. 那台机器听起来很正常。
At 23, he had first learned what it is to be a Negro. 他23岁时，平生第一次尝到了做黑人的滋味。
4.词的褒贬：
例子：comment
Alice was excited as a child, delighted to be once more the center of the comment.
爱丽丝兴奋得像个小孩子似地，很高兴自己有成了谈论的中心。
But what a comment, she could not help reflecting, on her own charms.
但她禁不住想到，这对她个人的魅力是多么大的讽刺啊。
He walked around the room. He then stopped and looked around, “comment” ?
他在房间里走来走去，之后停下来环视着说：“谁有高见”？
5.词的轻重：看词类、看场合、看句型、看习惯等等。
例子：through
He slept the night through. 他一觉睡到天亮。
There is a through train to Beijing. 有一列到北京去的直达列车。
Through this way, they finished the task. 通过这一方法，他们完成了该项任务。
She is free with her money. 她花钱大方？出手大方？出手阔绰？不在意钱？
I made her free of my library. 我让她随意用我的藏书室（书房）。我的书房对她开放。我的书房由她使。
二、词义的表达
1.直译法
例子：dark horse 黑马暴发户instant rich
Hot dog 热狗半边天half the sky
Forbidden fruit 禁果红卫兵red guard
2意译法
例子：blue jacket 水手炒鱿鱼fire, dismiss
the yellow leaf 老年下海risk one’s fortune in doing business
Wet blanket 不受欢迎的人白拿to obtain without paying
3.直译意译结合法
例子：the apple of one’s eye 掌上明珠呆若木鸡as dull as a goose Once in a blue moon 千载难逢冷若冰霜as cool as a cucumber
Black sheep 败家子；害群之马胆小如鼠as timid as a rabbit
4.音译法
例子：karaoke 卡拉ok 气功qigong
Guitar 吉他太极taiji
Model 模特功夫kungfu
Coffee 咖啡狗不理goubuli go believe
Sofa 沙发好利来holiland
5.音译意译结合法
例子：KFC 肯德基（鸡）；开封菜
三、词法翻译
? 1.对等译法
直接找到同原文对等的表达。
fish in troubled waters浑水摸鱼,
turn up one’s nose at嗤之以鼻,
turn a deaf ear to, 充耳不闻
大惊小怪make a fuss about, 大惊小怪
look before you leap三思而后行
There is no smoke without fire无风不起浪,
more haste, less speed, 欲速则不达
east and west, home is best. 出门千里不如家里，金窝银窝不如家里的鸡窝
? 2.具体译法
抽象的词翻译为具体的词。如class班级-全班同学、全班学生,
family家庭-家庭成员、全家人, transportation运输-运输工具,
keep quiet保持安静-噤若寒蝉, raise the roof 大吵大闹,
oil and vinegar 截然不同等。
? 3.抽象译法
具体的词翻译成抽象的词。
eat like a bird吃的极少，吃猫食,
break the ice打破僵局,
4.增词译法
如after the football match, he’s got an important meeting. 在观看足球赛之后，他有一个重要会议参加。
5.省词译法
如He is a good friend that speaks well of us behind our backs. 在（我们）背后说我们好话的人，才是一个好朋友。（在背后说你好话的人，才是真朋友）
? 6.合词译法
如his father is a man who forgives and forgets. 他父亲非常宽容。
?7.转性译法. 原译文之间词性转换。
如it was a very informative meeting. 会上透露了许多信息。
?8.换形译法. 转换表达方式。
如you think she will come if it is fine tomorrow, but I don’t think so. 你认为明天天好，她就会来，我觉得她不会来。（我不认为是这样）
?9.褒贬译法
看具体语境将词翻译褒贬。
如ambitious many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times. 很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一。
Although he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work.他虽然年轻，但在研究工作中很有雄心壮志。
课后练习：
To make a long story short. 长话短说
It is another story now. 另外一个问题（一回事）
He storied about his academic career and his professional career. 编造学历和工作经历
I don’t buy your story. 不信你的话
Once the story got abroad, I would never hear the last of it.事情一旦败露，我无法收场
Of Studies选段：
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.
读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际
作业二。句子的翻译
一．普通句子的翻译
1.换序译法
更换原文的词序，使得译文通顺。
如even the wild animals of his homeland, it seemed to Kunta, had more dignity than these creatures. 昆塔觉得，即使他家乡的野兽也比这群人自尊自重。（即使他家乡的野兽，昆塔觉得，也比这些家伙有更多的尊严）。
2.断句译法
长而复杂的句子，向适当断开翻译。
如The shark swung over and the old man saw his eye was not alive and then he swung over once again, wrapping himself in two loops of the rope.鲨鱼在海里翻滚过来。／老头儿看见它的眼珠已经没有生气了，但是它又翻滚了一下，滚得自己给绳子缠了两道。
3.转句译法
原文词语具有丰富含义，需要译文转译成一个句子。
如A crashing thunderstorm, with thick rain hissing down from skies black as night, stopped Victor Henry from leaving the White House. 轰隆几声雷响，从漆黑的天空哗啦啦下起大雨来。维克多亨利无法离开白宫。
4.合句译法
英语句子一般较长，汉语句子较短，所以汉译英时常把几个句子合起来译成一个英语句子。
如贾琏见他去了，只得回来瞧凤姐。／谁知凤姐已醒了，听他和鸳鸯借当。As soon as she had gone Jia Lian went in to see Xifeng, who had woken up and heard him ask for a loan.
5.缩句译法
将原文的一个句子转换为译文句子的一个部分。
如her father became the mayor of the city. He was a murderer in the Second World War. 她的父亲，二战中的一个杀人凶手，竟当上了这个城市的市长。
6.转态译法
原译文的主被动语态进行转换。
如she hadn’t been told Bette’s other name, or she’d forgotten it. 人家没告诉过她贝蒂姓什么，要不然也许是她忘了。
7.正反译法
原文中的否定词译文翻译为肯定词，肯定词翻译为否定词，相反也可以这样。
如we must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我们要永远对生活抱乐观态度。
。He seemed to be at a loss for the precise words to elaborate his opinion. 他似乎想不出恰当的字眼来阐明自己的观点
二．定语从句的翻译
A．限制性定语从句
前置法。先行词起限制作用，可以翻译成带“的”的定语词组，译成汉语单句。
如The pupil that had been watching started to applaud. 一直在一旁观看的小学生开始鼓起掌来。
I know a place where we can swim. 我知道一个可以游泳的地方。
后置法。句子较长，汉译时前置定语显得太长不符合汉语表达习惯，可以后置，译成并列句。如a new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach us French. 明天会来一位新老师，她教我们法语。
融合法。将原文的主语和定语从句融合在一起译成一个独立句子。
如We have a social and political system which differs in many respects from your own. 我们的社会制度和政治体制在许多方面与贵国的不一样。
B．非限制性定语从句
译成并列分句。
如Carrie reached home in high good spirits, which she could scarcely conceal. 嘉丽兴高采烈地回到家，想掩饰也掩饰不住（美好心情）。（省主语）
译成独立句。如
It has long been my wish to encounter one of the oldest civilizations in earth. I have come amidst you from Egypt, on the banks of the Nile, which also has a most ancient civilization. 我一直向往着要同世界最古老的文明会晤。尼罗河畔的埃及也有着最古老的文明，我正是从那里来到你
们中间。
译成状语从句
如these actions, which have aroused universal and unreserved disapproval, must nevertheless give us a pause. 这些行动，虽已激起普遍而毫不掩饰的反对，却也使我们举棋不定。
三．状语从句的翻译
一、句序照译。大多数状语从句可以直接直接置于句首，与原文一致。
如while she spoke, the tears were running down. 她说话时，泪水直流。
I left immediately I’d finished my work. 完成工作后我马上离开了。
The evidence is invalid in that it was obtained through illegal means. 这个证据无效，因为它是通过不合法的手段取得的。
二、发挥汉语的优势。
如While one finds company in himself and his pursuits, he cannot feel old, on matter what his years may be. 只要一个人能从自身和兴趣爱好中找到慰藉，不感到寂寞，那么不管他年龄多大，他也不会觉得自己老了。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
练习：
1.Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.
他们乐观，能干，热情，总是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒服
2. Throughout his life, Benjamin Franklin continued his education, learning from human contacts as well as from books.
本杰明.富兰克林终生接受教育，包括人际接和书本内容
3. Americans have a great range of customs and habits that at first may seem puzzling to a visitor.
美国人的风俗习惯丰富多样，初来砸到的人会莫不到门路
4. The young man was very miserable. He had no money about him. All his savings had been stolen.
这位年轻人真是不幸，钱财被盗，不名一文
作业三。长句的翻译
（英译汉）
一、顺序法。句子逻辑顺序与原文一致，可以采用顺序法。
如He needs to feel challenged①, admired ,put upon, despised, loved; he needs to feel cornered so he can outperform everyone②, almost as though he enjoys overcoming adversity and showing off his brilliance and subtlety③. 他需要感到有人挑剔他，有人敬仰他，有人咒骂他，有人轻视他，有人爱慕他。他需要感到被逼入困境，这样才好背水一战，胜人一筹，好像他是以打败对手、显示自己的聪明才智为乐事似的。
二、逆序法。表达次序与习惯优先，逆着原文顺序翻译。
如Time goes fast for one ①who has a sense of beauty②, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge③, to receive with wonder anything you can catch④. 当你跟
可爱的孩子们泡在池子里③，又有个年轻的狄安娜在池边好奇地接受你捉上来的任何东西的时候④，如果你懂得什么叫美的话②，时间是过的很快的①。
三、分译法。主从句关系不密切，按汉语多用短句的习惯翻译。
如on one of the sober and rather melancholy days①, in the latter part of autumn②, when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together③, and throw a gloom over the decline of the year④, I passed several hours in rambling about Westminster Abby⑤. 时方晚秋，②气象肃穆，略带忧郁，①早晨的阴影和黄昏的阴影几乎连在一起③，不可分别，岁暮将近，终日昏暗④，我就在这一天，到西敏寺散步了好几个钟头⑤。
四、综合法。部分保留、部分改变原文语序。
如having just left school or technical institute①, where they had their place and a task to fulfill and where they ere known and esteemed by their colleagues②, those young people who do not land that first job they were so eagerly looking forward to have to face up for the first times to unemployment, ③a situation for which neither family nor school has prepared them④. 青年人在学校或技术学院都各得其所各有自己需要完成的任务，受到同学的了解和尊重。②而现在，他们刚刚离开校园，①却找不到自己孜孜以求的第一个职业，不得不面对有生以来的第一次失业。③对于这种情况，无论是家庭还是学校都没有为帮助他们做好准备④。
（汉译英）
一、断句。汉语句子太长，内容复杂。
如接着，他继续设想，鸡又生鸡，用鸡卖钱，钱买母牛，母牛繁殖，卖牛得钱，用钱放债，这么一连串的发财计划，当然也不能算是生产计划。He went on indulging in wishful thinking: chickens would breed more chickens. Selling them would bring him money. With this he could buy cows. The cows would breed too and selling oxen would make more money for him. With the money, he could become a money lender. Such a succession of steps for getting rich, of course, had nothing to do with production.
二、合译。将小句合并。
如事虽经纬万端，但纵观全局，合则对国家有利，分则必伤民族元气。Complicated as the matter was, an overall view of the situation will show that united, the country and the nation benefit; divided they suffer.
三、调整语序。灵活使用语序。
如如果说白天广州像座翡翠城1，那么当太阳沉没2，广州就成了一颗夜明珠3，灯光如海4，千街闪烁5。If Guangzhou is like a city of jadeite in the daytime 1, it becomes a luminous pearl 3, with a sea of lights twinkling in the streets after the sun sets in the west. 2
作业四。成语翻译
1.英译汉：
一、平铺直叙，照字面翻译。
如knit one’s brow皱眉头,
laugh in sb’s face当面嘲笑,
Trojan horse特洛伊木马,
Sphinx’s riddle斯芬克斯之谜
二、直译其比喻义。这类成语较难，主要是文化背景无法按字面翻译。
如draw blood伤人感情，惹人生气,
hang on one’s lips言听计从,
to be full of beans精力旺盛，精力充沛,
bend an ear to聚精会神.
三、找对等成语。这类成语可以猜出其意义，然后找出汉语对等成语。
如burn the boat破釜沉舟, after one’s own heart正中下怀, hang by a hair千钧一发.
2.汉译英：
一、平铺直叙，照字面翻译。
如竭泽而渔to drain a pond to catch all the fish，
打草惊蛇to stir up the grass and alert the snake，
掌上明珠a pearl in the palm，
对牛弹琴to play the lute to a cow。
二、找出内涵，译出其意。
粗枝大叶to be crude and careless，
无孔不入to take advantage of every weakness，
开门见山to come straight to the point，
单枪匹马to be single-handed in doing sth.。
三、找对等成语.绕开文化背景，译出内涵。
如毛遂自荐to volunteer one’s service，
东施效颦crude imitation with ludicrous effect，
初出茅庐at the beginning of one’s career。
3.汉语四字格的使用：言简意赅，顺口悦耳。
如the mayor of Toledo said in 1932: “I have seen thousands of these defeated, discouraged, hopeless men and women, cringing and dawning as they come to ask for public aid. It is a spectacle of national degradation.
(托莱多市长在1932年说过，我见到数千万遭受了挫折的、失去了信心和希望的男人和女人又奉承又乞怜地前来请求救济。这么一个情景给国家丢了脸)
托莱多市长在1932年说过：我见到成千上万的山穷水尽、灰心绝望的男男女女前来请求救济。他们低声下气，苦苦哀求。此情此景，真是丢尽了美国的脸。
4.英语成语的使用：准确生动。
如有的小伙子还总结出一条“恋爱经验”：先不能让她知道你是矿工，等把她‘俘虏’了，再亮‘番号’！
Some of them even came to some conclusions about the art of love: first of all, you should never let her know you are a miner until you have her completely at your feet.
如我一见了妹妹，一心都在他身上，又是喜欢，又是伤心，竟忘了老祖宗。
I was so carried away by joy and sorrow at sight of my little cousin, I forgot our Old Ancestress.
5.谚语的翻译：朗朗上口，便于记忆。
如out of sight, out of mind眼不见，心不烦,
like father, like son有其父必有其子,
塞翁失马焉知非福a loss may turn out to be a gain,
此地无银三百两a guilty person gives himself way by conspicuously protesting his innocence.
6.惯用语的翻译：形象生动。
如走后门get in by the back door,
及时雨timely rain，
风凉话irresponsible and sarcastic remarks(cold words)，
赔了夫人又折兵suffer a double loss instead of making a gain(give one’s enemy a wife and lose one’s soldiers as well)，
不到黄河心不死not stop until one reaches one’s goal(not stop until one reaches the Yellow Rver) 7.歇后语的翻译：诙谐幽默。
如姨奶奶犯不着来骂我，我又不是姨奶奶家买的。‘梅香拜把子------都是奴才’罢咧！这是何苦来呢！You’ve no call to swear at me, madam. You didn’t buy me. We’re all birds of a feather------all slaves here. Why go for me?
老混蛋，你吃的河水，倒管的宽，这是你说话的地方？Old bastard, poking your nose into things that don’t concern you! Who wants your opinion?
8.俚语的翻译：迂回表达。大多都粗俗、禁忌，委婉为好。
如damn, hell, devil, confound, fuck, bitch.
练习：
1. His face was neither bright nor dark, neither alive nor dead, neither ready nor resigned.
1.他的模样，既非精神焕发，亦非忧郁不堪；既非生气勃勃，亦非死气沉沉；既非敢想敢做，亦非逆来顺受
2. he got into the shoving and pushing and halting and slow flowing of Broadway.
2.他不知不觉地走入了那条推推挤挤、走走停停、人流壅滞的百老汇大街。
3. then I happened to notice Ethel and saw that her color was high, that her eyes were bright, and that while she was praising Mrs. Newsome’s new shoes, her mind was not what she was saying. 3.接着我偶然注意到爱提尔脸色绯红，目光炯炯，嘴里说着赞赏纽森木太太那双新鞋的话，其实心不在焉。
4.these American staples are beautiful to our eyes, exquisite to our palates ,reviving to our fading physiques.。
4.这些美国食品看起来赏心悦目，吃起来美味可口，对于我们的苟延残喘的体质有起死回生的功效。
作业五否定的翻译
一、全部否定
在英语中，全部否定是通过一些否定词来表达的。这类否定词常用的有：no，none，not，never, nobody，nothing，nowhere, neither…nor等。全部否定的译法一般可直接译成汉语的否定句。例如：
（1）Nowadays it is not difficult to go abroad. 现如今出国并不难。
（2）The boy was nowhere to be found．到处都找不到那个男孩。
（3）No trickery can fool us. 任何伎俩都骗不了我们。
(4) None of these concerns me. 这些事情均与我无关。
二、部分否定
部分否定指对叙述的内容作部分的、而不是全部的否定。当英语的某些不定代词如all，both，every，each，某些副词如often，always和否定词连用时，就表示部分否定。在这类否定句中，all, both等词往往是否定的重点，通常译成“不都是”、“并非都”, “并不都”、
— 现在进行时专项练习题 一．写出下列动词的现在分词形式。 help_______ come_______ swim_______ eat _______ give_______ find _______sit _______ write_______ tie_______ make _______ play_______ clean _______ catch_______ walk_______ ride _______ run_______ draw_______listen_______ begin _______ dance_______ watch_______ sleep_______ see_______ have _______ ~ 二．用所给词的适当形式填空。 ! The boy_____________ (read) books. girls ___________(have) breakfast now. 3. He___________ (clean) the blackboard ___________ (play) football on the playground at the moment . ! They __________ (sing) in the muisc room. 三．汉译英。 1.我们正在看电视。
} We____________TV . 在图书馆看书。 Tom _________books in the library. 3.康康在操场上打篮球。 Kangkang ___________(play) basketball 4.玛利亚在做什么 What _____ Maria______(do) 四．将下列句子改成现在进行时 【 1. I watch TV every day. I _________________TV now. 2. She works in a hospital. She _________________ in hospital. 3. Do you read this book ____ you ________ this book. and Sam have lunch at about twelve. Kitty and Ben ______________ lunch at about twelv e. ? 5. They clean the room in the evening.
英语现在完成时专项训练100(附答案)含解析 一、初中英语现在完成时 1．It has been three years since I ______ a teacher. A. become B. became C. becoming D. to become 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】题意：现在完成时里，since从句里动词应用一般过去时。故选B。 【点评】考查现在完成时和表示一段时间的时间状语的连用用法，理解题意，即可得出答案。 2．—Do you still play basketball? —Oh, no. I ____ it for the past two years. A. haven't played B. didn't play C. won't play D. hadn't played 【答案】A 【解析】【分析】句意：——你还打篮球吗？——哦，不了。我已经有两年没有打过了。根据句中的for the last two years可知应与完成时态连用，又有时间是the last two years可知是从现在往前两年，因此应使用现在完成时态，故选A。 【点评】考查动词时态中的for+段时间与完成时态连用，根据时间确定是现在完成还是过去完成。 3．All the skirts .They very well. A. sold out;are sold B. sell out;have sold C. have been sold out;sell D. have sold out;sell 【答案】C 【解析】【分析】句意：所有的裙子都卖完了，他们非常畅销。第一空sell out“卖完”，强调裙子已经被卖完的状态，本句用现在完成时的被动语态：has/have+been+过去分词，sell 的过去分词为sold；第二空sell作“销售”解释时用主动语态，在此处表一直卖得很好的状态，用一般现在时。故选C。 【点评】本题考查一般现在时和现在完成时的被动语态，注意sell的不同语态和用法。 4．—The drama series The Thunder （破冰行动） hits screens these days. —Oh. What a pity! I ____________ any of them yet, A. doesn't watch B. didn't watch C. won't watch D. haven't watched 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】句意：——连续剧《破冰行动》这些天正在霸屏。——哦。真遗憾！我任何一集也没有看过。根据Oh. What a pity!可知我没有看过。过去的动作对现在造成的影响和 yet也，常和现在完成时的否定结构连用，可知此处用现在完成时。故选D。 【点评】此题考查现在完成时。注意yet常和现在完成时连用。
初一下册英语现在进行时拔高课(讲义)【key points】 现在进行时——用法 ①表示现在〔说话瞬间〕正在进行的动作 ②表示现阶段正在进行的动作现在进行时——构成 构成： be + v-ing 现在进行时——标志词 现在： now，at the moment，look，listen，right now 现阶段：this mont h/ week，these days/ weeks / months 现在进行时——语境 【exercise】【一】填空 Look! They (play) on the playground. Listen! The baby (cry). Shh! My sister (sleep). Don’t disturb her. —Where is Allan? —He (water) flowers in the garden. 【二】单项选择。 —Listen, they about I’m a Singer. Let’s join them. —OK. Let’s go. have talked B. are talking C. talk D. talked It’s eight o’clock. The students an English class. have B. having C. is having D. are having The kite high in the sky now. It looks like a big bird. has flown B. is flying C. was flying D. flew —Allan, turn down the TV, please. I on the phone. —Oh, sorry. have talked B. talked
英语现在进行时专题训练答案及解析 一、初中英语现在进行时 1．—Where's your father, Tom? — He __________newspaper in the study. A. reads B. read C. is reading D. has read 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：—汤姆，你爸爸在哪里？—他在书房里读报纸。根据问句“汤姆，你爸爸在哪里？”，判断答语的句意是“他正在书房里读报纸。”即设空处的动作在说话时刻正在进行着，所以句子用现在进行时，现在进行时的构成：am/is/are+动词的现在分词，故答案为C。 【点评】考查一般现在时态。 2．Look! The reporter ______ an interview _______ the famous writer. A. does; with B. is doing; with C. is doing; in D. does; to 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】Look！用于句首，是现在进行时的标志，故排除 A和 D；do an interview with sb 对某人采访，选项C介词搭配错误，故选B。句意是：看！那位记者正在采访那位著名的作家。 3．The sports meeting in our school now. A. being held B. is having C. is holding D. is being held 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】句意：在我们学校运动会正在被举行。“be+being +动词的过去分词” 是现在进行时态的被动句的结构。所以选D。 【点评】考查现在进行时的被动语态。 4．We're proud that China _________ stronger and stronger these years. A. will become B. became C. is becoming D. was becoming 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：我们很骄傲这些年中国变得越来越强大。A. will become一般将来时，表示将要发生的动作； B. became是一般过去时，表示过去发生的动作；C. is becoming现在进行时，表示正在发生的动作；D. was becoming过去进行时，表示过去某个时间（或时间段内）正在发生的动作。根据these years可知，这里表示动作正在发生。故选C。
中考复习专题现在完成时专项练习题 一、初中英语现在完成时 1．—I haven't seen your grandfather for two years. What happened to him? —Oh, he ________ here for two years. A. stayed B. hasn't stayed C. stays D. hadn't stayed 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】答语中的for two years是一段时间，用在现在完成时的句中时。现在完成时的结构：主语+have/ has +过去分词。可知选B。 【点评】考查现在完成时 2．—What great progress Huawei ________ in recent years! —No wonder it is widely known in all parts of the world. A. is making B. has made C. makes D. made 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意：——华为近几年取得了多大的进步啊！——难怪它在世界的每个角落都出名。根据时间状语in recent years，近几年，可知动作从过去持续到现在，时态为现在完成时have/has+过去分词，故选B。 【点评】考查现在完成时。注意掌握现在完成时的结构have/has+过去分词。 3．—Do you still play basketball? —Oh, no. I ____ it for the past two years. A. haven't played B. didn't play C. won't play D. hadn't played 【答案】A 【解析】【分析】句意：——你还打篮球吗？——哦，不了。我已经有两年没有打过了。根据句中的for the last two years可知应与完成时态连用，又有时间是the last two years可知是从现在往前两年，因此应使用现在完成时态，故选A。 【点评】考查动词时态中的for+段时间与完成时态连用，根据时间确定是现在完成还是过去完成。 4．—How do you like Beijing, Miss Read? —I've no idea. I _____ there. A. have gone B. have been C. haven't been D. haven't gone 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：---你觉得北京怎么样，瑞得小姐？---我不知道，我没有去过那儿。短语：have been to去过某地（已经返回）；have gone to去了某地（尚未返回），根据句意，故答案为C。 【点评】考查短语辨析，区分have been to与have gone to，理解句子，根据语境判断答
第二十二讲现在进行时【精品】 一. 现在进行时的含义：表示_______进行的动作或_______发生的事情。 eg: 我正在看电视。I am watching TV. 他正在踢足球。He is playing football. 二．现在进行时的构成：be动词(_____/_____/______)+ 动词的_______形式注意：be动词的选择取决于_______. 即：I 用_____,you用_____,is连着_____/_____/_____; 单数_____,复数_____. eg:He _____ ___________(play) football. They_____ __________(fly) a kite. I _____ ___________(climb) the mountain. 三．标志词：_______，________，_________，___________________________. 情景：1)It’s+时间点2)Where is+sb? 3.Be quiet! 四．句式结构 1.肯定句：主语+be+动词-ing+其他 eg：看！Sally正在做饭。________!Sally _____ _____________ . 我们现在正在弹钢琴。We ______ _____________the piano________. ①A. Look,Wu Yifan_______________(run)on the playground. B. Look,the baby______________(eat)an apple. ②Listen！The boy_____________in his room. A.sing B.is singing C.sings ③Look！That man_______a book. A.read B.reads C.is reading D.readed ④改错 Look！Jay meeting his fans in the hall. （）____________ A B C ⑤用所给词的适当形式填空 Look,the girls______________(sing)in the hall. ⑥The babies____________.
外研版英语现在进行时专项练习题及答案详解 一、初中英语现在进行时 1．Listen, someone ________ in the next room. A. sings B. is singing C. sang D. sing 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意：听，有人在隔壁唱歌。listen，快听，是现在进行时的标志，be doing，故谓语是is singing，故选B。 【点评】考查现在进行时，注意listen是现在进行时的标志。 2． Don't disturb Allen now. He ______ for the spelling competition. A. prepares B. prepared C. is preparing D. will prepare 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：现在不要打扰艾伦。他正在为拼写比赛做准备。根据语境可知艾伦正在做准备，故用现在进行时，be doing:正在做某事.故选C。 3．—Where are the twins? —One ________ flowers and trees in the garden, the other ______ to help her. A. has watered, has gone B. is watering, has been C. is watering, has gone D. has watered, has been 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：——双胞胎在哪儿?——一个正在花园里浇花和树，另一个去帮她了。Where are the twins?问的是此时双胞胎在干嘛？故用现在进行时回答，排除A和D，has gone to ，去了……，has been to，曾经去过……，此处表示去帮助，故选C。 【点评】考查时态，注意has been/gone to 的用法。 4．— Where is your cousin? — He _______ an English exam now. A. has B. had C. has had D. is having 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】由句中now可知此句为现在进行时，现在进行时的结构为：主语+be+动词-ing。故选D。 【点评】考查句子的时态。 5．— Listen! Somebody is ___________ at the door.
现在完成时练习 (一) —Dad, I ________ the station for minutes, but nobody came to meet me. —Don't worry. I'll go to meet you soon. A. arrived at B. have been at C. will reach D. have arrived at —______ you ever ______ Dali? —Never. But I am going there this vacation. A. Do; go to B. Have; been to C. Have; gone to D. Will; go to My aunt is a writer. She ____more than ten books since 1980. A. writes B. wrote C. has written D. will write A. leftB leaveC. has leftD. has been away The Smiths came to Shanghai in 2008, theythere for three years since then. A. live B. lived C. have lived D. will live —Have you ever been to Nanning? —Yes, _______ . A. I was B. I do C. I am D. I have Imy homework. I guess I can't join you. A. don't finish B. didn't finish C. haven't finished D. won't finish —Excuse me, where is Mr. Brown's office? —Sorry, I don't know. I _____ here for only a few days.
现在分词&现在进行时 ★表示说话时正在进行的动作： 1. Look, the bus is coming! 2. Listen! He is playing the piano.
3. They are watching TV now. ★表示现阶段正在进行着的动作Array What lessons are you studying this week? ★表示一个动作发生的时候另一个动作也在发生。 I am doing my homework when the door open. 1．请将下列动词变为现在分词形式 swim_______ play______ speak_______ fly _______see _____ draw_________write_______win_______pick_______sing______call_______get _______run_______ water_______ jump_____ cut______ feel _______close _______look _____make_______ begin______ visit _____listen______ 2．将下列词语连成现在进行时的句子。 A. Father sit on a chair B. Tom watch a game C. we play the piano D. I listen to a song 1. 请将下列动词变为现在分词形式 swim_______ play______ speak_______ fly _______see _____ draw_________write_______win_______pick_______sing______call_______get _______run_______ water_______ jump_____ cut______ feel _______close _______look _____make_______ begin______ visit _____listen______ 2．将下列词语连成现在进行时的句子。 A. Father sit on a chair B. Tom watch a game C. we play the piano D. I listen to a song 一般现在时和现在进行时练习 一．用所给单词的适当形式进行填空。
现在进行时专项练习题 一.写出下列动词得现在分词形式。 help_______ e_______ swim_______ eat _______ give_______ find _______sit _______ write_______ tie_______ make _______ play_______ clean _______ catch_______ walk_______ ride _______ run_______ draw_______listen_______ begin _______ dance_______ watch_______ sleep_______ see_______ have _______ 二.用所给词得适当形式填空。 1、Look ! The boy_____________ (read) books、 2、The girls ___________(have) breakfast now、 3、 He___________ (clean) the blackboard? 4、Tom ___________ (play) football on the playground at the moment 、 5、Listen! They __________ (sing) in the muisc room、 三.汉译英。 1、我们正在瞧电视。 We____________TV 、2、Tom 在图书馆瞧书。 Tom _________books in the library、 3、康康在操场上打篮球。
Kangkang ___________(play) basketball 4、玛利亚在做什么？ What _____ Maria______(do)? 四.将下列句子改成现在进行时 1、 I watch TV every day、 I _________________TV now、 2、 She works in a hospital、 She _________________ in hospital、 3、 Do you read this book? ____ you ________ this book、 4、Tom and Sam have lunch at about twelve、 Kitty and Ben ______________ lunch at about twelve、 5、 They clean the room in the evening、 They ______________the room now、 五.完成下列现在进行时得句子: 1、 The students _____ ______ (listen) to the teacher now、 2、 Li Lei______ ________ (watch) TV now、 3、 She____ _______ (look) at a nice picture now、 4、 Look! The boys______ ________ (play) basketball、 5、 Listen! They____ _________ (sing) a song、
专项训练现在完成时专项练习 一、初中英语现在完成时 1．The old city_______ a lot since ten years ago. A. changed B. changes C. change D. has changed 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】这个老城市已经发生了太多改变自从十年前。已经发生的用完成时。 【点评】考查时态的用法。 2．—How do you like Beijing, Miss Read? —I've no idea. I _____ there. A. have gone B. have been C. haven't been D. haven't gone 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：---你觉得北京怎么样，瑞得小姐？---我不知道，我没有去过那儿。短语：have been to去过某地（已经返回）；have gone to去了某地（尚未返回），根据句意，故答案为C。 【点评】考查短语辨析，区分have been to与have gone to，理解句子，根据语境判断答案。 3．My father ____ in a panda protection center for 10 years, so he knows a lot about panda. A. was working B. is working C. has worked D. will work 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：我父亲在熊猫保护中心工作了10年，所以他对熊猫很了解。由句中的语句for 10 years 提示可知，此句要用现在完成时，主语my father，助动词要用has，故选C。 【点评】考查现在完成时的基本结构及用法，注意根据句子的时间状语判断时态。 4．—Lucy, is your uncle a teacher? —Yes, he is. He history for nearly 20 years. A. teaches B. has taught C. is teaching D. will teach 【答案】B 【解析】【分析】句意：——露西，你叔叔是老师吗？——是的，他是。他教历史将近20年了。根据句中的时间状语 for nearly 20 years ，可知，表示持续一段时间的动作，用现在完成时，have/has+过去分词。主语是he，用has，故选B. 【点评】考查现在完成时，注意其常与for+一段时间连用。 5．My parents for twenty years by the time I was 15.
Unit 5 I'm watching TV. 同步语法讲解 山东肥城仪阳初级中学葛鑫 【例句呈现】 (1) What are you doing? I'm watching TV. 你在干什么？我在看电视。 (2) What's he doing? He's doing his homework. 他在做什么？他在做功课。 (3) What's she doing? She's reading. 她在干什么？她在读书。 (4) What's he waiting for? He's waiting for a bus. 他在等什么？他在等公交车。 (5) Who are they talking to? They're talking to a policewoman. 他们在和谁谈话？他们正和一位女警察交谈。 【概念讲解】 以上例句呈现的是本册重要的一种时态：现在进行时(The Present Progressive Tense)。下面我们从以下几点来了解该时态的有关知识。 ■定义 （1）现在进行时表示现在（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作、行为。如： His father is reading newspaper. 他父亲正在看报纸。
The students are listening to the teacher. 学生们正在听老师讲课。 （2）现在进行时也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。如： The workers are building a big house these days. 工人们这些天来在建一栋大房子。 I'm teaching the children to swim this month. 这个月来我都在教孩子们游泳。 ■构成 现在进行时是由be (am / is / are)加动词-ing形式构成，动词-ing形式即现在分词。其陈述句式为：sb.＋ be ＋ V-ing ＋其他。例如： (1) I'm cleaning the blackboard. 我正在擦黑板。 (2) He is playing computer games. 他正在玩电脑游戏。 (3) The students are listening to the teacher. 学生们正在听老师讲课。 由于现在进行时的句中含有动词be，因此，否定句和一般疑问句只要遵循“否be not, 疑be提前”就可以了。以上例句的否定句和一般疑问句具体如下： (1) I'm not cleaning the blackboard. 我不在擦黑板。 Are you cleaning the blackboard? 你在擦黑板吗？ (2) He's not playing computer games. 他不在玩电脑游戏。 Is he playing computer games? 他在玩电脑游戏吗？ (3) The students aren't listening to the teacher. 学生们不在听老师讲课。 Are the students listening to the teacher? 学生们在听老师讲课吗？ ■现在分词(V-ing)的变化规则 （1）正常变化是在动词原型后加ing，如： read --- reading; drink --- drinking; eat --- eating; listen --- listening
主谓一致 动词是表示动作或状态的词。动词在句中充当谓语时，它的形式要受主语的限制，要和它在人称和数上一致， 因此常称为动词的限定形式，这种形式主要表现在： 1 ．人称上与主语一致 2 ．与主语在数上一致 3 ．时态变化( 表示动作发生时间) 4 ．语态( 表示主语是做动作的人或物) 5 . 语气( 表示说话人认为这句话是事实，是要求做的事还是假想的事) 一. 名词做主语时的主谓一致 1. 名词作主语，是单数时谓语动词用单数，是复数时谓语动词用复数。 2. 其中集合名词情况需另外鉴别，一些单复数同形的词需根据上下文确定其单复数含义，再配合动词； The football team consists of 20 players. The football team are having a bath now. 常见的这部分名词有: army, audience, class, club, committee, company, crowd, couple, family, group, government, jury, party, personnel, staff, team, union, public等. 有些集合名词如: folk, people, police, youth等, 总是跟复数动词形式. The police have caught the murderer. PS: people 意为民族，种族时，有单复数之分;police 意为“警察机关”时，可用作单数。 The Chinese people is a greet people. 3. 单复数同形的名词作主语, 要根据意义来决定谓语的形式. 常见的这部分名词有: aircraft, deer, fish, means, sheep, species, series, works headquarters 等 The species of fish are numerous. This species of rose is very rare. Every means has been tried. The means of communication between here and outside are interrupted. [规则一] 如果名词后面跟有as well as, like, together with, including, no less than( 不少于，多达）, rather than, as much as, accompanied by, in company with, besides, but, except, in addition to, along with 等词时，其谓语动词与这些名词前面那个名词的数一致。例如： Mr. Smith, together with his wife, is to arrive. A library with five thousand books is offered to that nation as a gift. All but one were here just now. [规则二] 复数名词用作专有名词时，用单数谓语。例如： The United States was founded in 1776. His Selected Works was published in 1957. [规则三] 表示由两部分构成的物体的名词，如：glasses ，gloves ，jeans ，pants ，scales ，scissors ，trousers 等，若被 a pair of修饰，用单数；如果pair为复数，谓语用复数。例如： Here is a pair of glasses. Three pairs of scissors are lying in the drawer. [规则四] 以定冠词+形容词(或分词) 做主语，是形容词的名词化用法。如果指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数形式；如果指的是抽象概念（一类不可数的事物）时，则谓语动词用单数。例如：
专项训练现在进行时练习题基础、提高、难题_汇总(含答案) 一、初中英语现在进行时 1．The wonderful life in high school you look forward to ______. A. coming B. is coming C. came D. was coming 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意：你期待的精彩的高中生活即将来临。in high school you look forward to做life的定语；句子缺了谓语，可排除A；主语life还没有出现，用将来时，come的现在进行时可表示一般将来，B项是现在进行时，D项是过去进行时。故答案为B。 【点评】考查现在进行时表示将来。come，go，leave等词的现在进行时可以表示将来发 生的动作。 2．It's 9: 00 in the morning now. The students from Grade Nine ________ an important exam. A. have B. had C. are having 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：现在时早上9点。九年级的学生正在考试。根据now，可知句子 的时态用现在进行时，其结构为be+doing形式，故选C。 【点评】考查动词的时态。注意根据时间状语确定动词的时态。 3．— Where is your cousin? — He _______ an English exam now. A. has B. had C. has had D. is having 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】由句中now可知此句为现在进行时，现在进行时的结构为：主语+be+动 词-ing。故选D。 【点评】考查句子的时态。 4．—Alice, would you mind not playing the guitar? I on the phone. —Oh, sorry, Mom. A. talked B. talk C. was talking D. am talking 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】句意：——Alice，你介意先别弹吉他吗？我正在打电话。——对不起， 妈妈。根据would you mind not playing the guitar?可推知爱丽丝的妈妈正在接电话，用现在 进行时am/is/are+现在分词。故选D。 【点评】本题考查现在进行时，注意熟记结构am/is/are+现在分词。
现在完成时专项练习题及答案 一、单项选择。 1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they ________what's happened to him . Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know 2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ? Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still 3、Have you met Mr Li ______？ Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago 4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year . Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written 5、—Our country ______ a lot so far . —Yes . I hope it will be even ______ . Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better 6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years . Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying 7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew
动词的现在进行时-讲义
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现在分词&现在进行时 构成法 例词 一般加 -ｉng work → w ｏｒｋi ｎg stu ｄｙ → studyi ｎg 以e 结尾的,去ｅ 加 -in ｇ ｌi ｖｅ → li ｖi ｎg 以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，要双写这个辅音字母,再加 －ｉｎg stop → stopp ｉng ｒef ｅr → refe ｒｒｉng 以ie 结尾的重读开音节的词,改 ｉｅ 为 y ， 再加 -in ｇ die → d ｙｉｎg ｌie → ｄying 现在进行时的结构 主语 Be 动词i ｎｇ I ａm You a ｒe Sh ｅ/ｈe/i ｔ is T ｈｅｙ / are 现在进行时的基本用法: ★ 表示说话时正在进行的动作: １. L ｏok, the bu ｓ is coming! 2． Listen! He is pl ａyi ｎg the pi ａｎo. 3. Th ｅy a ｒe w ａt ｃh ｉng TV now. ★ 表示现阶段正在进行着的动作 Ｗh ａt le ｓso ｎs are you st ｕd ｙing ｔｈis we ｅk? ★ 表示一个动作发生的时候另一个动作也在发生。 Ｉ a ｍ ｄoing my hom ｅwork ｗhe ｎ t ｈｅ door op ｅn. 肯定句 否定句 一般疑问句 特殊疑问句 I am c ｌeanin ｇ th ｅ room ． Ｉ a ｍ ｎot cleaning t ｈe room ． Are yo ｕ cleanin ｇ ｔhe room ？ W ｈat are y ｏu 动词in ｇ? Ｙｏｕ are cl ｅaning the room. You are ｎｏｔ ｃｌe ａning the ｒｏom. Ａr ｅ you ｃlea ｎｉng the roo ｍ？ W ｈat ar ｅ ｙｏu 动词ｉng? Ｈe is clea ｎing ｔhe room. Ｈe ｉｓ ｎｏｔ cl ｅan ｉn ｇ t ｈe r ｏom. Is h ｅ ｃｌｅａning the room? What is he 动词ing ？ Th ｅy are cleanin ｇ the ｒoom ． They ar ｅ ｎｏｔ cleani ｎg th ｅ roo ｍ． Ar ｅ the ｙ ｃle ａｎi ｎg ｔh ｅ r ｏom ？ W ｈat a ｒｅ the ｙ 动词ｉ ng ？ 肯定句: 主语+be +动词 ing 否定句: 主语+be 一般疑问句: now look listen this week these days 以when 为标 动词现在分词的构成