第一章翻译的标准
中国学者及翻译家的学说
严复的“信、达、雅”三字标准
鲁迅先生的“兼顾两面”论
钱钟书先生的“化境”说
矛盾先生的“忠实”、“通顺”准则
林语堂的“忠实标准、通顺标准、美好标准”
刘重德先生的“信、达、切”三字标准
History of Argument
“案本---求真---神似---化境”
严复“信、达、雅”
林语堂“忠、顺、美”
梁实秋、赵景琛“宁错务顺”
鲁迅“宁信不顺”
瞿秋白“信顺统一”
傅雷“形似神似”
钱钟书“入化境界”
余光中“变通的艺术”
“翻译如婚姻,是一种两相妥协的艺术。譬如英文译成中文,既不能西风压倒东风,变成洋腔洋调的中文,也不许东风压倒西风,变成油腔滑调的中文,则东西之间势必相互妥协,以求‘两全之计’。至于妥协到什么程度,以及哪一方应该多让一步,神而明之,变通之道,就要看每一位译者自己的修养了。”
外国学者及翻译家的学说
“等值论”:以前苏联的费道罗夫为代表的:“等值翻译就是表达的原文思想内容完全准确并在修辞上、作用上与原文完全一致。”
“等效论”:奈达先生的“动态对等”(dynamic equivalence) 及“功能对等”(functional equivalence) 学说,强调读者反应,即译文读者对译文所产生的反应与原文读者对原文所作出的反应基本一致。
英国历史学教授泰特勒(A. F. Tytler)在18世纪提出的翻译三原则:
That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.译文应完整地再现原文地思想内容
That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. 译文地风格、笔调应与原文的性质相同
That the translation should have all the ease of the original composition. 译文应像原文一样流畅自然
1. 以作者或读者两方中某一方为主要着眼点的原则
中国汉唐时期的“文”与“质”之争(实际上是意译与直译之争)
主张“文”的翻译家强调翻译的修辞和通顺强调译文的可读性(意译);主张“质”翻译家则强调翻译的不增不减,强调翻译的忠实性(直译,甚至是硬译)。
两者都有片面性。
2. 同时考虑作者和读者的翻译原则
玄奘的“既须求真,又须喻俗”
泰特勒翻译三原则
严复的译事三难“信达雅”
鲁迅的“凡是翻译,必须兼顾着两面,一当然力求其易解,一则保存着原作的丰姿。”
符号学的翻译原则:“意义相符,功能相似”(correspondence in meaning and similarity in function )(意义的分类,文本功能的分类)
3.从美学角度提出的翻译原则
傅雷的“神似”(similarity in spirit) 说:《高老头重译序》中提出来的:“以效果而论,翻译应当像临画一样,所求的不再形似而在神似”。“神似”即要传达原文的意蕴和韵味,“把原文的意义、神韵把握住”。
钱钟书的“化境”(perfection; sublimation) 说:《林纾的翻译》一文中提出。“把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原作的风味,那就算得入乎‘化境’。”译作被比作原作的“投胎转世”(the transmigration of souls)
许渊冲的“三美说”:音美、形美、意美
汉译英教学标准:清楚 Clear(不能含混、费解、不知所云);正确 Correct(内容、语言都正确);通顺 Smooth(读起来流畅、自然)
培养“语感”;汉译英相当于英作文,翻译时要“进得去,出得来”。
汉译英特别强调“通顺”和“地道”
对以汉语为母语者来说,要把英语这样一种外国语写的“通顺”、“地道”显然很不容易。(相对而言,写的“正确”,不大出错还是不难做到的)
汉译英切忌拐弯抹角、华而不实、生硬难懂;有一个“梳理”、“调整”甚至“消肿”的过程。
基本标准:忠实而通顺
在翻译中,忠实与通顺是一个矛盾统一体的两个方面。二者相辅相成,不可割裂。
忠实是翻译的首要问题,因而是矛盾的主要方面,在翻译中要首先解决好。
通顺是矛盾的次要方面,是第二位的,但在实践中决不可只顾忠实而忽视了通顺,二者必须“统筹兼顾”。
达到这个基本标准并不容易。在翻译过程中要考虑众多因素,处理众多矛盾。
如:你想力求“忠实”,又怕引起“不顺”,你想力求“通顺”,又怕引起“不忠”;你想传达“异国情调”,又怕造成“翻译腔”,你想避免“翻译腔”,又怕丧失“异国情调”;你想紧跟作者,又怕失去读者,你想照顾读者,又怕背叛作者。
总而言之,矛盾重重,左右为难。所以有人说,一篇文章由一百个人来译,定会译出一百个样子来。
首先,要正确处理忠实于通顺的关系。第二,要正确处理内容与形式的关系。第三,要正确处理克己意识和创造意识的关系。
英语专业八级考试汉译英评分等级表
教学大纲和八级考试汉译英要求
能翻译相当于我国《人民日报》等报刊上各种文章
题材包括:1)日常生活记叙2)一般政治、经济、文化方面的文章3)文学作品
翻译速度为每小时250~300汉字
能运用汉译英的理论和技巧,翻译我国报刊杂志上的论述文和国情介绍,以及一般文学作品的节录
翻译速度为每小时250~300词
汉译英的出版标准
高层次的汉英出版物如上海古籍出版社等
明白:understandability;通畅: readability;简洁:succinctness
我国外文出版发行事业局制定的标准
1. 译文必须忠实于原文
2. 译文必须是流畅的外文
汉译英的较高标准
傅雷的“神似”标准比“信达雅”更高
比“传神”更高的翻译标准:“文学翻译的最高标准似‘化’”(钱钟书)
月光如流水一般,静静地泻在这一片叶子和花上。薄薄的青雾浮起在荷塘里。叶子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗过一样;又象笼着轻纱的梦。(选自朱自清《荷塘月色》)
Moonlight was flowing quietly like a stream down to the leaves and flowers. A light mist over-spread the lotus pond. Leaf and flower, seemed washed in milk.( 见《英语世界》 1985 年第5 期)
The moon sheds her liquid light silently over the leaves and flowers, in the floating transparency of a bluish haze from the pond, look as if they had just been bathed in milk, or like a dream wrapped in a gauzy hood. (见《中国翻译》 1992 年第2 期)1.爱就是只要别人幸福快乐,我们就幸福快乐!To love is to place our happiness in the happiness of another.
2.求婚时想入非非,结婚后如梦方醒。They dream in courtship, but wake in wedlock.
3.为了被爱去爱是人类的天性,为了爱去爱却是天使般的美德To love for the sake of being loved is human, but to love for the sake of loving is angelic.
4.幸福像一只蝴蝶,你去追逐它,总是捉不到。当你安静地坐下来,它又会落到你身上。Happiness is a butterfly, which, when pursued, is always just beyond your grasp, but which, if you will sit down quietly, may alight upon you.
5.幸福之路源于两个简单的道理:首先,找准你的兴趣和特长所在;然后,全身心地投入到自己所感兴趣的事物中去,这里“全身心”指的是:全部的精力、雄心和天赋。
The road to happiness lies in two simple principles: find out what it is that interests you and that you can do well, and when you find it, put your whole soul into it -- every bit of energy and ambition and natural ability you have.
修改下列误译的句子
1.中国人有在正月十五晚上吃元宵、赏花灯的习俗。Chinese have the custom that they eat sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour and appreciate festive lanterns at the night of January 15.
2.他的不合作态度使这个项目进展十分缓慢。The project makes less progress because of his in-cooperation.
3.你们谁想参加春游就在星期五之前报名并交费。You whoever wants to go spring outing please sign up your name and pay dues before Friday.
4.我觉得这个店里的衣服即使打六折也还是太贵I think the clothes prices in the shop were so expensive even if they are made 60 percent discount.
5.就目前情况看,工程造价将会超出预算百分之三十With respect to the current situation, the cost of this engineering will exceed 30 percent of the budget. 6.万一你想取消这次旅行,请至少提前一个月书面通知我们If you want to cancel this travel, please tell us by writing at least one month earlier.
7.想让他答应如此要求恐怕不大可能。I’m afraid it is impossible for him to agree such requirement.
8.在董事会年会上,他请大家注意一个被普遍忽视的问题。On the annual board of directors, he reminded everyone to pay attention to a problem which was ignored in common.
可译性 Translatability
什么是可译性?
一种语言译成另一种语言时原文信息得以传达的最大可能性
翻译的可能性,建立在文化的共性上。
可译性限度 Limits of Translatability
什么是可译性限度?
可译性的大小取决于客观因素对翻译过程中意义转换的限度,即“可译性限度”
翻译的局限性,建立在文化的个性上
语言文字的限制
诗词的翻译
所有要求内容与形式相统一的翻译
1、汉语中的拆字:
弓长张耳东陈木子李
切瓜分片,横七刀,竖八刀,
冻雨洒窗,东两点,西三点。
信是人言,本是取信于人,因而必须言而有信。
烟乃火因,曾见抽烟起火,应该因此戒烟。
无田不富,有禾才稳。
人曾是僧,人弗可以成佛;
女卑是婢,女又何妨称奴。
2、象形:马走日,象走田
3、双关语:
东边日出西边雨,道是无晴却有晴
骑毛驴看唱本---走着瞧
外甥打灯笼 ---照旧(舅)
擀面杖吹火--- 一窍不通
孔夫子搬家--- 尽是输(书)
4、回文:
客上天然居,居然天上客
人过大佛寺,寺佛大过人
英语双关语
---What’s the relationship between the door-mat and the door?
--- A step father.
---“Call me a taxi,” said the fat man.
--- “Okay,” said the doorman. “You’er a taxi, but you look more like a truck to me.’
---Why is a room full of married people very empty?
---Because there isn’t a single person in it.
---At a wedding a man looses his bachelor’s degree and a woman wins her master’s.
--- A teacher came to a prison to teach the inmates English. He began his lesson
by saying “I suppose you all know what a se
president Ford once said, “I’m a Ford, not a Lincoln.” ( “我是福特,不是林肯。”“我是福特车而不是林肯车。”)
文化因素的限制
文化空缺(导致词汇空缺)
中国特有的事物(China English ):中医、中药、武术、菜谱、阴阳、称谓语(“你好,表哥”怎么翻译?)等等
文化冲突(导致词汇冲突)
动物:龙、狗、蝙蝠等
颜色词:红、绿、黄等
译者的任务
如何提高可译程度:对原语和译语在语言文化方面的差异进行分析,尽力找出最大限度地传达原语信息的方法。
第二章、汉英翻译中的理解与表达
第一节汉译英中的理解问题
理解中的误区:停留在字面上,或对文化背景视而不见,造成误解、曲解。
(A) 俺知梁山宋公明大名,江湖上都唤他做及时雨宋江。
I know the great name of Sung Chiang of the robber’s lair, so that by every river and lake he is called “The Opportune Rain”.
(B) 夜儿箫队长请他喝酒,怕是真的。
Then it must be true that Team Leader Hsiao clinked glasses with him last night. 杜绝的方法:
1、借助语言学理论,提高对文字意义的识别能力。
按现代语言学的观点,语言的意义可分为三个方面:言内意义(符号相互之间的关系所体现的意义),指称意义(符号与所指对象之间的关系所体现的意义),语用意义(符号与解释者之间的关系所体现的意义)。这就告诉我们,认识符号的意义,必须透过现象看本质,抓住词语的真正含义,切忌不求甚解。
(1)武松吃了道:“这酒有点意思”。
I. Wu Song drank it and said: “This wine has a little more meaning to it” (Tr. Pearl Buck)
II. Wu Song tried it. “Now this wine has something to it,” he said. (Tr. Sidney Shapiro)
(2) 王小玉便启朱唇、发皓齿,唱了几句书。
I :Now open her rosy lip and her ivory white teeth shine, her song begins.
II: Little Jade Wang then opened her vermilion lips, displaying her sparkling white teeth, and sang several phrases.
III: Little Jade then parted her lips and sang a few lines.
原文中的“启朱唇、发皓齿”描述小玉唱歌时口型的优美,机械直译会给读者造成“先咧嘴,后露牙,再唱歌”的印象。
(3)(声音初不甚大,只觉耳有说不出来的妙境 :) 五脏六腑里,象熨斗熨过,无一处不服帖。
I: It begins low, but sweet and soothing, making the audience feel every crevice of their body and every pore of their skin feeling at ease.
II: …and it was as though the stomach and bowels had been passed over by a smoothing iron, leaving no part unrelaxed.
III: All organs of the body seemed smoothed as if by an iron, each into its proper place.
2、通过上下文,掌握隐含意义。
原文的意思不一定通过词汇来表达,有可能体现在上下文的逻辑关系、或全句的语气上。这时要善于把握这种弥漫在全文中的意义,并用恰当的方式表现出来。
(1)贾母因笑道:“外客未见,就脱了衣服,还不去见你妹妹!”
I: …Fancy taking off your clothes before seeing our visitor. Hurry up now and pay your respects to your cousin.
II:...fancy changing your clothes before greeting our visitors….
(2)而现在/乡愁是一湾浅浅的海峡/我在这头/大陆在那头 ---余光中《乡愁》
And now at present/ Nostalgia looms large to be a channel:/ Here am I / and yonder…my Continent! -----杨钟琰译
3、把握修辞特点
理解时要注意原文的感情色彩、形象色彩和语体色彩,这些联想意义多用来达到某种修辞效果。只有透彻理解了这些语义,才能在翻译时将原文的色彩意义传达出来。
(1)直起身,又看看豆,自己摇摇头说:“不多不多!多乎哉?不多也。”
Straightening up to look at the peas again, he would shake his head and reiterate, “not many, I do assure you. Not many, nay, not many at all.”
(2) ……小尼姑支流是阿Q本来视若草芥的,但世事须“退一步想”,所以他便赶紧拔起了四个萝卜,拧下青叶,兜在大襟里。
分析:“视若草芥”是讽刺阿Q盲目自高自大的味道,译成 regard little nuns as grass 可否?
…Ah Q had always had the greatest contempt fo r such people as little nuns. There are times when “Discretion is the better part of value.” He hastily pulled up four turnips, tore off the leaves and folded them in his pocket.
练习、翻译下列句子
1、这件事你责怪他是找错了对象,此事与他毫无关系。(bark up the wrong tree)
In blaming him for what had happened, you were indeed barking up the wrong tree. He had only a bit of whatever to do with the affair.
2、她不是那种小心眼儿。她胸怀宽广、心直口快、光明磊落。(bear)She is not the kind of person to bear anyone a grudge. She is frank, broad-minded, and outspoken.
3、他总喜欢横挑鼻子竖挑眼,不是见鬼吗?(holes)
The trend of keeping up with the Joneses is ill-advised and ought to be checked.
4、攀比之风不可取,攀比之风不可长(the Joneses)
Isn’t it absurd of you to be always picking holes?
5、全国人才市场于昨晚开业。这是中国体育走向商业化和专业化的一项重要举(move). The National Sports Talent Fair, which opened yesterday, is an important move by China in commercializing and professionalizing its sports.
第二节汉译英中的表达问题
一、表达的形式:词语的增减和替换
1、译文加词
(一)增加原文中暗含而无须言明的词语。汉英的习惯用法不一样。汉语中本来毫无歧义的文字如果逐字译成英语,很可能会文不达意,甚至会引起误解。这时,必须补充适当的词语,把意思说清楚。
(1)谁都知道朝鲜战争是艰苦些。
Every one knows life on the Korea battle field was rather hard
(2)我们过去多次讲过用民主方法解决人民内部矛盾这个问题,并且在工作中基本上就是这样做的,很多干部和人民都在实际上懂得这个问题。
On many occasions we have discussed the use of the democratic method for solving contradictions among the people, furthermore, we have in the main applied it in our work and many cadres and many other people are familiar with it in practice. (二)概括性词语
汉语中有时不用表明事物范畴的概括性词语,翻译成英语时往往要增补进去,不然译文就含义不清,或语法有误,行文不畅.
(1)黄金白银,坚甲利兵,并非构成大国的要素Gold and silver, a strong arm and powerful weapons---these are not the elements that constitutes a great nation.
(2) 结婚大办酒席,实在可以免去
The practice of giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with. (3)这真是俗话说得,“旁观者清”
It’s just as the proverb goes, “the onlooker sees most of the game”.
(4)真是文如其人啊。一面是冷静的观察,深沉的思考,一面又含有孩提般的天真、诚挚、顽皮。What a striking resemblance!---the style of the writing and the temperament of its creator couldn’t be better matched! It posses both the maturity of calm observation and profound mediation and a child’s naivety, candor, and quick wit.
2、译文减词
(一)省略重复词语。汉语中有些范畴词本身没有什么具体的含义,只是重复地概括已表达的意思。翻译时一般不译。
(1)他在我不知道的情况下私自拿走了东西。
He took it away without my knowledge.
(2)此产品耐寒、耐旱,适合在北方生长。
Cold resistant and drought tolerant, the new variety is adaptable to north China.
(3)大家都必须杜绝在工作中的浪费现象。
We must put an end to waste in our work.
(二)省略重复词语。
(1)台湾海峡两岸的中国人都是骨肉同胞,手足兄弟。
The Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Strait are of the same flesh and blood.
(2) 专家们非常重视八五计划中轻重缓急,孰先孰后。
The experts attached great importance to the priorities of the Eighth Five-Year Plan.
(三)省略迭词偶句。
这里那里,螺号阵阵,渔歌声声,近近远远,红旗飘飘,白帆点点,好一派动人的渔乐图啊!What an exciting scene of jubilance, with the fishermen’s conches trumpeting and their songs ringing here and there, and red flags fluttering and white sails dotting the sea far and near!
(四)简化累赘文体。
对于任何特定的信息内容,语言中几乎总是可以有许多传译的方式。我们必须尽力的保留内容,在有些情况下,为了保留内容,往往不得不改变语言的形式。对于累赘的处理,就要用省略法。
(1)桂林公园里阵阵桂香扑鼻而来,满树金花,芳香四溢的金桂;花白如雪的银桂;红里透黄,花多喂浓的紫砂桂;花色似银的四季桂;竟相开放,争妍媲美。
(2) The park of Sweet Osmanthus is noted for its profusion of osmanthus trees. Flowers in different colors from these trees are in full bloom, which pervades the whole garden with the fragrance of their blossoms.
3、易词而译
(1)这个旅游项目不会使您失望。
A tour of these cities will be a most rewarding experience.
将disappointing换成了rewarding :吉利中听
(2) ( 这张娃娃脸)如果长在女人的身上,够她一辈子受用的。可惜是这张脸填错了性别,竟然长到了马而立的身上……(陆文夫《围墙》)
If he’d been a woman he could have been enjoyed its benefits for a lifetime. But unfortunately his face had got its sexes mixed and found its way on to the shoulders of a man…(Tr. Rosie A. Roberts)
练习
我们两国的领导人就香港问题达成协议,为各自的国家和人民做了一件非常有意义的事情。香港问题已经有近一个半世纪的历史,这个问题解决不了,在我们两国和两国人民之间总是存在阴影。现在这个阴影消除了,我们两国之间的合作和两国人民之间的友好前景光明。---《邓小平文选》
Reference Version
The leaders of our two countries have reached agreement on the question of Hong Kong and have done something highly significant in the interest of our countries and peoples. This problem has lasted for a century and half. As long as it remained unsolved, it cast a shadow over the relations between us. Now that the shadow has been lifted, a bright prospect has opened up for cooperation between our two countries and friendly contact between our two peoples.
第三章词语的翻译
词语指词和短语,是积句成章的基本语言单位。汉英翻译中,词语的处理应从汉英词语间的差异研究入手,探讨翻译对策。
3.1 多义词的处理。任何一个词,用在新的上下文中就有了一个新义。要确定多义词在特定语境中的涵义.
一、要紧密联系上下文.
二、要注意这些词语的搭配习惯。
(一)上下文
所谓上下文,即词、短语、语句和篇章的前后关系。狭义的上下文制特定语言的前言后语。广义上下文指外部经验世界。对上下文的推敲是词语翻译的重要方面,是词义选择,褒贬辨析的基础。
1、上下文与词义选择。
“书”这个词在汉语中是一个十分常用的词,在不同的语境里它有不同的意义,因此英语里应选择不同的词语来翻译。
申请书 Letter of Application
协议书 Agreement
家书 a letter from home
(使用)说明书 Directions
成交确认书 Sales Confirmation
情书 a love letter 国书 credentials
议定书 protocol 证书 certificate
书报亭 news-stand 书生 intellectual
参考书目 bibliography 奋笔疾书wield one’s writing brush energetically
再如“意见”的基本词义与英语的opinion, view, suggestion等相近,但究竟如何翻译要视上下文而定。
(1)两位领导人就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。
The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern.
(2)党员应该虚心倾听群众的意见。
A party member should listen carefully to the opinions of the masses.
(3)人们对你有意见。People have a lot of complains about you.
(5)他们就推举谁做下一界总统候选人取得了一致意见。They have reached unanimity on who will be the presidential candidate for the next general election.
(6) 他们在会上闹起了意见。They got into disputes at the meetings.
2、上下文与词义的褒贬。译词必须分析词的褒贬。而在现代汉语中,词的褒贬很大程度上取决于上下文的语境。如
(1)他热衷于个人名利。He is always hankering after personal fame and gains.
(2) 她热衷于花样滑冰。She is fond of figure skating.
前者为贬义,后者为褒义,要区别对待。又如,
(3) 臭名昭著的希特勒终于一命呜呼了。Notorious Hitler did kick the bucket at long last.
(4)他那九十岁高龄的父亲已于上周去世了。
His father passed away at an advanced age of ninety last week.
(5)金钱,美女,城市的繁华生活,都没有使他动心,他仍旧埋头科学研究。
Neither money nor pretty women, still less the pleasures of city life, lured him away from immerging himself in scientific studies.
“动心”在很多情况下作褒义,但在上句显然带有贬义。因此,不能用attract, appeal, rouse one’s desire等来译,应选用贬义的lure.
(6)他们讲唯心论,我们讲唯物论。They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism.
2、上下文与词义的广狭
英汉相比,汉语注重整体思维,命名重统一,故多类名词,而英语刚好相反。而且,英语中有不少同义词的词义有广狭之分,运用范畴也就不同,因此在翻译时要多加注意。如
(1)出入下车 No cycling at the gate. Cyclists please dismount.
(2) 兔死狐悲The fox mourns the death of the hare—like grieves for like.
(3) 农业是国民经济的基础。Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy.
(4) 农林牧副渔互相结合的方针。
The principle of combining farming, forestry, animal husbandry, side-occupations and fishery.
(3)中的农业是广义,指一切农业经济,故译成agriculture,但(4)中却为狭义的耕作的农业,因此翻译成farming.
(4)西方文化 western culture (civilization)
文化界 cultural circle
文化人 intellectuals
文化程度 schooling
文化用品 stationary
“文化”在“西方文化”中是广义,而在“文化用品”中则是狭义,应该正确区分, 加以选择
3、上下文与词语的语体色彩
词的语体色彩是人们长期使用语言的过程中所形成的,它主要包括口头语和书面语色彩。口头语时人们在日常生活中口语交际时所使用的语言,口头语中常使用具有明显口语体色彩的词语、时髦词及现时俚语;而书面语多用于科技、政治等文体中,句式完整,语言严谨、紧凑,多使用正式文体的词语。翻译时要根据不同的文体来选择不同的词语。
(1)以其人之道,还治其人之身。
A. Pay him in his own coin.
B. Do unto them what they do unto us.
A,B两种译文都译出了原文的含义,但译文A在语体上较为随便,有口语色彩,而B句中的unto 以及what的用法等带有古雅的意味,在语体色彩上更接近原文, 即反映出了原文所包含的针锋相对,毫不退缩的语气和书面语中的对称。
(2)禁止赌博。Gambling is prohibited. 原文“禁止”的语体色彩较为正式,故译作prohibited.
(3)这小伙子干活真冲!This young fellow does his work with vim and vigor.
“真冲”是口语体,因此翻译时相应地使用了口语词vim。
4、上下文与词的政治含义
1. 香港特别行政区将保持自由和独立关税地区的地位。The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will retain the status of a free port and a separate customs territory.
如果把独立关税地区译成 an independent customs territory, 那样就容易被理解成香港特别行政区是一个独立于中国的政治实体,这样就会造成很不好的政治影响。用separate 来代替independent 则清楚地表达了原文的意思。
2.中国的经济是一个大问题。China’s economy is a major question.
这句话的原意是中国的经济是一个很重要的问题。如果用problem 来代替question, 那就是说中国经济是一个老大难,因为problem在英语中的含义是 a difficulty that needs attention and thought.这样翻译,好像中国经济真的出了问题。
(二) 搭配
汉英两中语言在长期使用过程中形成了各自的固定词组和搭配方式,翻译时必须注意两者的不同,不能把汉语词语的搭配方法生搬硬套到英语译文中去。例如:
1、定语和中心词的搭配
(1)浓茶 strong tea 浓墨 thick (dark) ink 浓烟 dense smoke
(2)青天 blue sky 青山 green hill 青布 black cloth
同是一个“浓”“青”,与不同的名词搭配,英译时必须选用不同的词,否则便不能达意。
“老”字也是一个常用字,它也可以和其他名词搭配:
老妪 old woman 老毛病 a chronic ailment
老部下 a former subordinate 老工人 a veteran worker
老式样 old-fashioned 老规矩 traditional rules
老菠菜 overgrown spinach
2. 动词和宾语的搭配
(1)我看出了他的心事I could read his mind.
(2)他看出了她的破绽。He spotted her weak point.
(3) 他把他的全部书籍都献给了图书馆。He presented all his books to the library.
(4) 教师应当献身于教育事业。A teacher should devote himself to the cause of education.
(5)谨以此书献给许教授以表敬慕和感激之情。
To Prof Xu I dedicate this volume in token of affection and gratitude.
练习
一、翻译下列词组
商品经济市场经济
国有经济国营经济
个体经济外向型经济
进口创汇企业劳动密集型企业
合资企业独资企业
Foreign-exchange earning enterprise
Labor intensive industry
Joint venture
Exclusively foreign-funded enterprise
二、翻译下列句子.
1、你们不要兔死狗烹嘛。You ought not to kill the hounds once all the hares are bagged.
2、他们讲索取,我们讲奉献。
They preach taking from others, whereas we advocate giving to others.
3、她追求的是真理,而她追求却是荣华富贵.
What she seeks is truth, and what he hankers after is but high position and great wealth.
4、他弄得家里鸡犬不宁。He stirred his whole family into a tempest.
5、为取信于民,乃力三丈之木于国都南门。To secure people’s confidence, a log of ten zhang tall was set up at the southern gate of the capital city.
3.2 歧义词的处理.
(i)古今含义不同的词
1.贾政笑道:“不当过奖他。他年纪小,不过以一知充十用,取笑罢了。”
(1)“No exaggerated praise, if you please, or the boy will get notions about his bit of knowledge. Better laugh at him, it would be more beneficial to him,” objected Chia Cheng, smiling .
(2)“You mustn’t flatter the boy”, protested Chia Cheng with a smile. “He’s simple making a ridiculous parade of his very limited knowledge.”
2. 女子要求男的具有男子气概,而男子要求女方贤惠,温柔,善于操持家务。
(1)Women expect manly men, and men look for virtuous, warm and tender-hearted women, capable of housekeeping.
(2)Women favor manly men, and men expect the kind of women who are considerate and broad-minded, gentle and soft, and capable of housekeeping.
贤惠一词意义已发生了变化。旧义很接近“三从四德”。而现在通常指通情达理,襟怀明豁。(ii)同形异义词
古汉语中多单音节词,这些单音节词后来逐渐向双音节发展。因此,在翻译古汉语的同形异义词时要特别注意。如
(1)操曰“汝既为水军都督,可便宜从事,何必禀我?”(《三国演义》)“As naval commanders, you do what you see fit,” retorted Cao Cao. “what is the use of telling me this?”
(2) 却看妻子何愁在,漫卷诗书喜若狂I gaze at my wife and children: old sorrow are found no more, rolling up verse books we are wild with joy in roar.
(3) 矜寡孤独废疾者皆有所养
i: Helpless widows and widowers, the lonely, as well as the sick and disabled, are well cared for.
Ii: Widowers, widows, orphans, childless old people, the physically handicapped and the sick should all be properly taken care of
(iii) 俗语、称谓
俗语、称谓语用法不依常规,若按字面意思翻译,很容易走入误区。
1、自从嫁得你哥哥,吃他贰善了,被人欺负。(《水浒传》)
i.Ever since I was wed to your brother I have suffered too much from him and
people have deceived me and…
ii.Ever since I married your brother, people have taken advantage of his excessive meekness and never ceased to insult us.
“吃”在此为俗语用法,表原因,并非“吃亏”。
2. 若得一人到颖州取得小弟家眷上山,实拜成全之福。
i.If there are those who go into the soldier’s camp to find my brother’s
household and bring them here, the whole city will know of it.
ii.If someone could go to Yingzhou to fetch my family members to the mountain,
I should be very grateful for our reunion.
3. 兄弟我虽不才,但还晓得“不以言举人,不以人废言”。
Ignorant as I am, I know not to promote a person for what he says nor to undervalue what is said because of the person who says it.
练习翻译下列句子,注意歧义次的处理
1.故将军起江东,刘豫州收众汉南,与曹操并争天下。
Then you raised your army east of the Yangtze River while Liu Bei assembled his forces south of the Han River and you are contesting for the empire with Cao Cao.
2.王者重言,伯者重信,不可以女子微躯,而负天下,国之祸也。Emperors must be true to his words, and princes must keep promises. If you break a promise simply because of your sympathy for an unworthy girl like me, calamities would fall upon our country.
3.(精卫)是炎帝之少女名曰女娃。
The bird was said to be Emperor Yandi’s youngest daughter, Nüwa.
4.君子成人之美。A gentleman is always ready to help others attain their aims.
3.3同义词的英译处理
在同一语言里,几个词语表示同一个事件、动作概念是很普遍的,这是因为同一事件、动作或概念也有好多具体的情况。因而要准确无误地翻译,必须注意以下几点。
(一)仔细辨析词义
1、健康、卫生healthy, healthful, wholesome
(1)幼儿园的孩子们看上去健康活泼。The children in the kindergarten look healthy and lively.
(2) 医院为病人提供有助于健康的食物。
The patients are provided with a very healthful diet in the hospital.
(3) 学校食堂做的饭菜卫生可口,我很爱吃
I like the wholesome food prepared by the school canteens.
2、比较
(1)让我们把原文和译文做一翻比较,看看有无出入。(分析)Let’s make a contrast between the translation and the original so as to see if there is any discrepancy. (true or false? Why?)
(2) 他的行为和诺言很不相符,很少有人相信他。
His conducts compares so sharply with his promise that few people believe him.(?)
3、成熟、熟透
(1)这个西瓜熟透了,该摘了。These watermelons are just ripe. It’s high time to pick them.
(2)这是一个成熟的计划,现在的问题是如何实施。
This is a well-considered plan. What is now important is how to put into effect.
(二)注意感情色彩的差异
1、嫉妒、羡慕
(1)学生们很羡慕他的博学。Students admire him for his wide range of knowledge.
(2)你不该妒忌人,说人家的坏话。
It’s unwise of you to be jealous of others and to speak evil of others.
(3)不少少女嫉妒张小姐的美貌。Miss Zhang’s beauty is the envy of a lot of women.
(三)注意搭配习惯
1.a.那位贪污受贿的官员被撤消了职务。
The official who is guilty of corruption and taking bribes has been dismissed from his post.
b.取消中国的最惠国待遇,最大的受害者将是美国。
The U.S. will suffer most if it discontinues China’s most-favored-nation status.
c.政府授权工商部门严厉取缔投机倒把活动。Departments in charge of industry and commerce are authorized by the government to ban speculation and profiteering.
d.他因违章开车被永远吊销了驾驶执照。His driving license has been revoked once and for all because of his violation of traffic regulations.
2、有效的、效率高的
(1)这种药治风湿性关节炎挺有效。This medicine is effective against rheumatic arthritis.
(2) 值勤的交警立即采取了有效的措施来疏导阻塞的车辆。
The traffic policemen on point duty took effective measures to relieve traffic jams.
(3) 有效的管理是降低成本的重要因素。
Efficient management is one of the factors which will lower production cost.
(四)区分文体意义
1、喜欢、青睐
(1)她特别喜欢唱卡拉OK。she is especially fond of singing through karaoke set.
(2) 以上事实说明中国出口商品越来越受到外国顾客的青睐。The above facts lead to the conclusion that Chinese export commodities have enjoyed growing favor among buyers abroad.
2、询问、审问
(1)昨天我打热线询问了一些关于如何购买、安装使用数字传呼机的问题。Yesterday I asked some questions through the hot line about buying, installing and using a digital
B.P.
(2)警察正在审问犯人。The policeman was interrogating a criminal.
3、困难、棘手
(1)那个小男孩把魔方摆弄了半天,摇摇头说:“真难!”Having tried a long time, the little boy shook his head at Rubik’s cube, saying, “this is too much”.
(2)老局长听完案情报告,皱着眉头道:“这个很棘手”Having heard the report on the case, the head of the public security bureau frowned, saying, “there’s the rub.”
练习
一、口译下列词语
1、保护关税 Protective tariffs
2、互惠关税 reciprocal tariffs
3、报复性关税 Retaliatory tariffs
4、自由关税区 tariff-free zone
5、工商税 Industrial and commercial tax
6、增殖税 value added tax
7、营业税 business tax 8 、销售税 sales tax
二、翻译下列句子,注意同义词的处理
1、不等她说完,那个业主已是勃然大怒。
The entrepreneur had flown into a rage before he heard her out.
2、现在本庭休庭。下次开庭时间是15点
Now the court is to adjourn. The next session will commence at 15:00
3、他们在美国大使馆前集会,反对美国对其商品进行双重征税。
The held a rally before the US embassy against US imposing double taxation on their exports.
5、欧共体正在召开部长级会议讨论如何对付世贸组织中的技术性贸易壁垒问题。
A ministerial conference was called among EEC members to discuss how to deal with the technical barriers to trade in the WTO.
三、翻译下列句子,注意划线部分词语.
1、你真是不知好歹。You simply couldn’t tell what’s good or bad for you?
2、万一她有个好歹,我怎么半?What if something should happen to her?
3、此事无足轻重。It’s a matter of no consequence.
4、此人说话不知轻重。That chap doesn’t know the proper way to talk.
第四章词类的转换
词类转换是汉英翻译中很重要的手段之一,运用得当可是译文通顺流畅,否则译文可能变得生硬累赘。
一、汉语的动词转换成英语的名词
汉语中动词用得较多,除大量的动宾结构外,还有连动式、兼语式等两个动词连用的现象。而英语则不然,一句话往往只有一个谓语动词,而且英语的名词比汉语的名词用的多。因此,汉译英时常需要把汉语动词转化成英语名词。如
(1)你必须好好地照顾病人。You must take good care of the patient.
(2) 他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。
In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the products.
(3) 绝对不许违反这个原则。No violation of this principle can be tolerated.
(4) 林则徐认为,要成功地禁止鸦片买卖,就首先得把鸦片焚毁了。Lin Zexu believed that
a successful ban of the opium trade must be proceeded by the destruction of the drug itself.
二、汉语的动词转换成英语的形容词
汉语中一些表示知觉、情感等心理状态的动词,往往可以转换成形容词,通常以“be+形容词”结构来表达。例如
(1)获悉贵国遭受地震,我们极为关切。
We are deeply concerned at the news that your country has been struck by an earthquake.
(2) 我为她的健康担忧。I am anxious about her health.
(3) 他们怀疑他是否能负担的起。They are doubtful whether he can afford it.
(4) 我们决不满足于现有的成就。We are not content with our present achievements.
三、汉语的动词转换成英语的介词。
(1)这些人闹什么呢?闹名誉,闹地位,闹出风头。
What are these people after? They are after fame and position and want to be in the limelight.
(2)我们全体赞成她的建议。We are all in favor of her suggestion.
(3)十一点时,他已经睡在被窝里。He was between sheets by eleven.
(4) 他们不顾一切困难挫折,坚持工作。
They kept on working in spite of all difficulties and setbacks.
四、汉语的形容词或副词转换成英语的名词。
(1)朱延年用热情的款待把他的窘态遮盖过去。
Zhu Yannian covered up his embarrassment with the enthusiasm of his hospitality.
(2) 空气是这样的清香,使人胸脯感到分外凉爽、舒畅。
The air was fresh and fragrant, it gave people a feeling of exceptional coolness and comfort.
(3)街中的一切逐渐消失在灰暗的暮色中。
Everything was gradually disappearing into a pall of grey.
练习
1、中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹,在全世界引起了巨大的反响。China’s successful explosion of its first atom bomb caused tremendous repercussions throughout the world.
2、语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的,非下苦功不可。
The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.
3、很难把这部小说列入哪一个类型中。This novel defies easy classification.
4、他酷爱古典音乐。He is an ardent lover of classic music.
5、他们迫切地想弄到消息。They were news-hungry.
第五章数词的英译
第一节东西方数字文化观的比较
数字的概念,来自于人类对客观世界的观察和探索,来自与对物质世界的认识和总结。在中国,古人将日、月、星归为“三辰”;将金、木、水、火、土归为“五行”,将日、月、金星、木星、水星、火星、土星归纳为“七政”。在西方,随着宗教的兴起和发展,数字“七”占有举足轻重的地位。基督教认为,上帝用七天的时间创造了世间万物(Seven days in creation)
希伯莱人喜欢用七来起誓(to come under the influence of seven things).西方的宗教和文化采用数字“七”来规范人的道德行为或归纳历史人文景物、社会团体、宗教仪式等,对语言文化产生了重大影响。如
1)The Sevens Virtues: faith, hope, charity, justice, fortitude, prudence, temperance.
2)The Seven Deadly Sins: pride, anger, envy, lust, gluttony, avarice, sloth.
3)The Seven Gifts of Spirit: wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, righteousness, fear of lord.
4)The Seven Heavens: pure silver(亚当夏娃), pure gold(约翰耶稣),pearl, white gold(酒泪天使), silver(复仇天使),ruby and garnet(护卫天使),the seventh heaven 5)The Seven Corporal works of Mercy: to attend the sick, to feed the hungry, to give the drink to the thirsty, to clothe the naked, to harbor the stranger, to minister to prisoner, to bury the dead.
6) The Seven Senses, the Seven Wonders of World etc.
而在中国,人们对“九”特别重视。《素文》说:“天地之数,始于一,终于九。”因此九为数之极限,由此产生“无限”“神圣”之意。而且九在读音上与“久久”谐音,寓含“天长地久”。此外“六”也是中国人崇尚的观念。如“六经”、六艺、六典、六神、六彩等等。这些都从一个侧面反映了中西文化对数字的不同理解。
第二节数字的翻译
数字翻译的难点在于带有形容性或副词性,夸张或约略,倍数及与政治术语连用等特征。(一)数词只具有象征作用,即不表示确切的量,只表示大小、轻重、程度等概念。翻译时,不必拘泥于形式,而应按英语的习惯用语来译。如
1.万一打碎了眼睛,我这一千二百读的近视眼如何走路呢。
If my glasses got broken, I shan’t be able to walk very far with these near-sighted eyes of mine.
2. 三径就荒,松菊犹在。
Deserted though the garden-paths/ the pine stands, the chrysanthemums bloom. 3. 窗含西岭千秋雪,门泊东吴万里船。From my windows the snow-crowned western hills are seen;Beyond the door the east-bound ships at anchor lie.
4. 有些商场的售货员态度冷若冰霜,拒人千里之外。
Shop assistants in some shops are frosty in manner, repelling customers from a distance
5.孔子曰:“三人行,则必有我师。”Confucius said: “Out of my two fellow travelers, one must be qualified to be my teacher.” (Tr Xie Baikui)
比较下列的译文
1/三回五次,留得宋江,就山寨里吃了一日酒。
Three times and five times, they did try to stay Sung Chiang and so he feasted for a day in the lair.
Being repeated urged to stay, Song Jiang spent the day in lair feasting with them.
2. 千山鸟飞绝,万径人踪灭。
a. A hundred mountains and no bird, A thousand paths without a footprint.
b.The birds have flown from every hill, Along each empty path no footprint seen.
c.Myriad mountains---not a bird flying, Endless roads--- not a trace of man.
(二)汉语中一些政治词汇常与数字连用。翻译时,一般可以直译。但是对英美读者不大熟悉的概念,应加注。比较简短的词汇也可以省略数字,补出其实际的内容。
1.直译
(1)一个中心,两个基本点one central task and two basic points
(2) 四项基本原则The four cardinal principles
(3)和平共处五项原则The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
(4)教学、科研、生产的“三结合”“3-in-1combination” involving teaching, research and production.
2.直译加注
(1)三资企业Three investment enterprises (Sino-foreign joint ventures, Sino-foreign joint management enterprises, exclusively foreign-funded enterprises)
(2)四有Four haves (have ideals, morality, culture and disciplines)
(3)三个面向Three directions to face (the direction of the world, future and modernization)
3.意译
(1)双百方针
The police of “let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend”
(2)第一、二、三产业The primary industry, the second industry and tertiary industry
(3)工业三废Industrial waste gas, waste water and waste solid matters.
(4)直接三通Three direct links between Taiwan and mainland: direct cross-Strait trade, air and shipping, and postal services.
练习口头翻译下列短语
(1)三八妇女节International Working Women’s Day (2) 八小时工作制Eight-hour work day
(3) 三座大山The three big mountains (imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism)
(4) 一言堂Papa-knows-all- style (5) 一长制The system of one-man leadership
(6)三大作风The Party’s three important styles of work (integrating theory with practice, forging close links with the masses and practicing self-criticism)
翻译下列句子,注意画线部分的处理
1 你不该对此事说三道四。You s houldn’t have said anything about the matter.
2. 他把工作分为三六九等He regards different jobs as indication of rank and grade.
3 她三句话不离本行She talks shop all the while.
4 祝你百尺竿头,更进一步。Wish you still greater progress.
5.此乃千载难逢的好机会,你一定要抓住。
You must seize this opportunity. It is a chance of lifetime.
6地质队员历经千辛万苦找到了不少新矿藏
After innumerable hardship, the prospecting team discovered a lot of new ores.
第六章句子翻译(上)
第一节汉英句子对比
一、句子的基本类型
(a)英语句型结构常式分析
现代英语有五种基本句型SVP, SV, SVO, SVoO, SVOC.
SVO是英语句子结构典型的代表。英语句子是以动词为中心,前面有施动者,后面有受动者,没有动词就不能成为句子。缺了主语和宾语就是语法错误。
SVoO中的o即间接宾语,实际上是状语,可以变为状语,句子结构还是SVO
SVOC中OC不可分,称为复合宾语,实际上也是SVO.
SVP是英语常用的句型之一,它是语言受形式调控的典范.它有三不分构成,主语,谓语和表语.其核心仍然是三分.
SV是两部分,但是这种句型在英语中极为少见.通常我们将不极物动词转换成动作名词做宾语.如不说I walked,而说I took a walk.其次,不极物动词后面通常有状语.
(b)汉语句子结构常式分析
汉语句式非常复杂,按用途或功能可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句与感叹句四大类。按功能可分为单句与复句。但综合说来,其模式只有两个部分:话题和说明。如《诗经》中的句子都是四字一顿,八字一句,前面的四个字是话题,后面四个字是说明“关关雎鸠,在河之舟”。汉唐宋诗歌也继承了这一传统。如“何以解忧,惟有杜康”, “白发三千丈,缘愁似个长”。散文也是如此。如“学而时习之,不宜乐乎?有朋自远方来,不宜悦乎?”
总之,汉语句子的阴阳对立,不在语法,而在语义,其表意有独特之处。汉语的表意类型,归纳有七种:
语义相反型:先天下而忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐。
语义相异型:窗含西岭千秋雪,门泊东吴万里船。
语义递进型:同是天涯沦落人,相逢何必曾相识。
反义衬托型:衣莫若新,人莫若旧
(c) 句型转化---汉英翻译常用的技巧
汉译英就是把汉语的两分变为英语的三分。其中最主要的是找准主语、正确的使用谓语动词、合理衔接语句。例如:
(1)她很努力,名声很好。Her efforts gained her a good reputation.
(2)教育质量的好坏,很难量化。It is difficult to quantify the value of a good education.
二、句子的特征(形合VS意合)
(一)英语的形合法
所谓形合,指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段(如关联词)连接起来。在英语的造句中明显的表现为注重显性接应,注重句子的形式,注重结构完整,注重以形显义。其手段非常多,如关系词、连接词、介词等。
(1)The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.彩虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。
(2)When I try to understand what is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢?我认为原因有二,而两者之间又有深浅之分。
(3)He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil but he sells the children of the poor at six years of age.
(二)汉语的意合法
汉语造句少用甚至是不用形式连接手段,注重隐性连贯,注重逻辑事理顺序,注重功能、意义,注重以神统形。其手段有:语序、反复、排比、对偶、对照、四字格、紧缩句等。
(1)她不老实,我不能信任她。Because she is not honest, I can’t trust her.
(2) 人不犯我,我不犯人。We will not attack other unless we are attacked.
(3)聪明一世,糊涂一时。Smart as a rule, but this time a fool.
(4)不到黄河不死心。Until all is over, ambition never dies.
(5)不进则退He who does not advance fall backward.More forward, or you’ll fall behind.
(6)欲盖弥彰The more one tries to hide, the more one is exposed.
三、句子扩展模式
汉语的基本句式容许很大限度的逆线形延伸,形成汉语句子句首开放型;而英语句子正好相反,它容许极大限度的顺线形延伸,因而句子扩展模式是句首封闭型与句尾开放型。例如对
不对
他不对
我认为他不对
我告诉过你我认为他不对
我明明告诉过你我认为他不对
我开会时明明告诉过你我认为他不对
我昨天开会明明告诉过你我认为他不对
He is reading
He is reading a book.
He is reading a book written by Mark Twain.
He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in the reading room.
He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in the reading room on the second floor of our library.
He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in the reading room on the second floor of our library which has just opened.
汉语具备句首开放是因为汉语主语功能较弱,而且不需要主语和谓语在数、时态和语态上一致,因此有相当的句首延伸自由。由于汉语具备句尾封闭性,汉语的句子一般比较短。
英语的句首封闭是因为英语的句子是建立在主谓主轴上,主语的功能很强,谓语要与主语一致,从而限制了句子句首的延伸。英语的句尾开放是因为英语的修饰语可以后置,而且有效的形合手段可以将一系列修饰语按逻辑关系排列。
练习
1、说是说了,但没有结果。I have made proposals, but they proved futile.
2、打肿脸充胖子,吃亏是自己。If you get beyond your depth, you will suffer.
3、吃苦再前,享受在后。Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts.
2015年成人学位英语考试英汉互译精选练习 汉译英部分: 1.每个人都知道,学习对一个人的成长是至关重要的。 2.我们的新产品非常受欢迎,对此我们感到十分自豪。 3.您能说话大声点好让每个人都听得见吗? 4.除了英语,你最好再学一门外语。 5.在教育孩子方面,表扬要比批评有效得多。 6.今年他们建造的房子跟去年一样多。 7.对不起,我忘了把你要的书带来了。 8.这项工作太难了,你干不了。 9.无论多么困难,我也不会失去信心。 10.物体离我们越远,看起来就越小。 11.他们试图想出一个解决这个问题的办法。 12.你离开教室时,别忘了关灯。 13.他喜欢一边做作业,一边听音乐。 14.我已了解清楚,他的结论是以事实为依据的。 15.对于年轻人来说,独立思考问题的能力很重要。 1.【答案】Everyone knows that learning is vital(very important)to one's development(growth). 2.【答案】Our new products are so popular that we are all proud of it. 或our new products are very popular, of which we are very proud. 3.【答案】Could you speak a little louder so that everyone can hear you? 4.【答案】Besides English, you'd better learn another foreign language. 5.【答案】In educating children, praise is much(far)more effective than criticism.. 6.【答案】They have built as many houses this year as they did last year. 7.【答案】I am sorry.I forget to bring the book you want. 8.【答案】The work is too difficult for you to do.
Exploring Filipino School Counselors’ Beliefs about Learning Allan B. I. Bernardo [Abstract] School reform efforts that focus on student learning require school counselors to take on important new roles as advocates of student learning and achievement.But how do school counselors understand the process of learning? In this study, we explore the learning beliefs of 115 Filipino school counselors who indicated their degree of agreementwith 42 statements about the process of learning and the factors thatinfluence this process.A principal components analysis of the responses to the 42 statements suggested three factors:(F1)social-cognitive constructivist beliefs, (F2) teacher-curriculum-centered behaviorist beliefs,and (F3) individual difference factors.The preliminary results are briefly discussed in terms of issues related to how Filipino school counselors’ conceptions of learning may guide their strategies for promoting student learning and achievement. [Key words]beliefs about learning, conceptions of learning, school counselors, student learning, Philippines School reform efforts in different parts of the world have focusedon students’learning. In particular,most school improvement programsnow aim to ensure that students acquire the high-level knowledge and skills that help them to thrive in today’s highly competitive globaleconomy (e.g., Lee & Williams, 2006). I n this regard, school reform programs draw from various contemporary theories and research on learning (e.g.,Bransford,Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998).The basic idea is that all school improvement efforts should be directed at ensuring students achieve high levels of learning or attainment of well-defined curricular objectives and standards.For example, textbooks (Chien & Young, 2007), computers and educational technology (Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003;Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003), and educational assessment systems (Black & Wiliam2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005) are being reconsidered as regards how they can effectively provide scaffolds and resources for advancing student learning. Likewise,the allocation and management of a school’s financial resources are assessed in terms ofwhether these are effectively mobilized and utilized towards improving student learning (Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007). In this regard, some advocates have also called for an examination of the role of school counselors in these reform efforts (Herr, 2002). Inthe United States, House and Hayes (2002) challenged school counselors to take proactive leadership roles in advocating for the success of all
UNIT 2 Food and Health\n 第二单元食物与健康\n Topic 1 You should go to see a doctor.\n 话题1 你应该去看医生。\n Section A\n A部分\n 1a Listen, read and say\n 1a 听、读与说\n Betty: What's wrong with you? Do you have a cold?\n 贝蒂:你怎么了?你感冒了?\n Kangkang: No, I don't. I have a toothache.\n 康康:不,不是。我牙疼。\n Betty: I'm sorry to hear that. You should see a dentist.\n 贝蒂:听到这个消息我感到很难过。你应该去看牙医。\n Kangkang: I think I will.\n 康康:我想是要去看的。\n Betty: I hope you'll be well soon.\n 贝蒂:我希望你很快就没事了。\n Kangkang: Thank you.\n 康康:谢谢你。\n Section B\n B部分\n 1a Listen, read and say\n 1a 听、读与说\n Steve: Hey, Bruce. You look pale. What's the matter?\n 史蒂夫:嘿,布鲁斯。你看起来很苍白。怎么了?\n Bruce: Well, I have a headache and a cough. I'm feeling terrible! \n 布鲁斯:呃,我头疼还咳嗽。我觉得很难受!\n Steve: I'm sorry to hear that. How long have you been like this?\n
黄山学院初等教育学院2008-2009学年度第二学期06级英语班《英语翻译》期末考试卷 班级序号姓名成绩 一、选择题。(请将答案写在序号前面)20% 1. Success in many fields depends on getting the latest information. A. 许多领域的成功都取决于能否得到最新消息。 B. 田里的收成在很多方面依靠获得最新的消息。 C. 从很多方面讲,成功主要依靠在最后的时刻还能得到信息。 D. 在众多领域里,成功是获得最晚信息的保障。 2. At least three persons died in the fire and 23 others were injured. A. 至少3人因这次火灾和另外23次火灾造成死亡。 B. 起码有3个人在大火中丧命,23个以外的人受伤。 C. 火灾造成至少3人死亡,23人受伤。 D. 至少有3人死于火海,23人被火海包围。 3. Not only has he a first-class brain, but he is also a tremendously hard worker. A. 在一班,他不仅是头领,而且,也是一个非常严肃的工作者。 B. 他有一流的头脑,是个非常难对付的家伙。 C. 他不仅头脑好用,而且,还喜欢做极端困难的工作。 D. 他不仅头脑非常聪明,而且,工作上也非常勤奋。 4. It is reported that some areas of Australia have had no rain for more than four years. A. 有报道说,澳大利亚地区已经4年多没下雨了。 B. 据报道,澳大利亚的部分地区有4年多没下雨了。 C. 澳大利亚的个别地方被报道说没下雨的时间已经超过了4年。 D. 报纸报道,某些澳大利亚地区已经有4年多没下雨的时间。 5. The village was named after the high mountain standing in front of it. A. 这个村庄是以矗立在它面前的那座高山命名的。 B. 这个村庄的名字是来自于它面前的那座高山。 C. 这个村庄的名字是在前面的那座高山之后起的。 D. 这个村庄的名字是以站立在它面前的那座高山起的。 6. It was officially announced that the birth rate dropped greatly in the past three years. A. 据官方宣布,出生率在过去的三年中有了大幅下降。 B. 正式宣布,过去三年的出生率大幅下降。 C. 正式宣布,出生率大幅下降在过去三年。 D. 据正式声明,过去三年的出生率大幅下降。 7. The introduction of the new technique reduced the cost of the product three times. A. 对新技术的介绍,使产品的成本减少到三分之一。 B. 新技术的引进使产品的成本减少了三倍。 C. 对新技术的介绍使产品的成本减少到原来的三分之二。 D. 新技术的引进使产品成本减少了三分之二。 8. If you are buying a car, you may pay for it out of savings. A. 假使你正在买一辆汽车,你也许会透支购买。 B. 如果你要买一辆汽车,你可以用自己的储蓄存款支付。 C. 假定你打算买一辆汽车,你得花掉你得全部存款。 D. 加入你买一辆汽车,你需要用你的积蓄交此款。 9. Full-service banks can offer services unavailable at smaller financial institutions. A. 全面服务的银行能提供在小财政机构所不能获得的服务。 B. 提供全方位服务的银行能提供较小的金融机构所不能提供的服务。 C. 充满了服务的银行可能提供给较小的财政机构某些无法获得的服务 D. 全面服务的银行可能提供服务,这种服务是较小的金融机构所不能提供的。 10. The following qualifications are required from the candidates for the above position. A. 我们要求应聘高职位的求职者需具备以下资历。 B. 应聘以上职位,需具备下列资格。 C. 候选人为了高职位要求自己具备以下资历。 D. 以下资历是对应聘此职位的候选人的要求。 二、用正反表达法翻译下列句子。20% 1. The teacher found some of the pupils absent. 2. I wonder if he is coming. 3. Your request is beyond my power. 4. You will fail unless you work harder. 5. That lazy boy went to class before he had prepared his lesson. 6. Be sure to lock the door when you leave. 7. Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon. 8. The doubt still unsolved after his repeated explanation. 9. Such flight couldn’t long escape notice. 10. All the articles are untouchable in the museum. 三、用重复法翻译下列句子。20% 1. We should learn how to analyze and solve problems. 2. It's our duty to rebuild and defend our home-land. 3. People forget your face first, then your name. 4. Each had his own business to handle. 5. Big families had their own difficulties.
2019年成人英语三级考试口语英汉互译指导4 31. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. 32. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi. 33. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who says that they haven‘t. 34. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner. 35. Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos. 36. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time, we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and raising rare fish, to learning about the stars and making model ships. 37. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it.
高速视频处理系统中的信号完整性分析 摘要:结合高速DSP图像处理系统讨论了高速数字电路中的信号完整性问题,分析了系统中信号反射、串扰、地弹等现象破坏信号完整性的原因,通过先进IS工具的辅助设计,找出了确保系统信号完整性的具体方法。 关键词:高速电路设计信号完整性 DSP系统 深亚微米工艺在IC设计中的使用使得芯片的集成规模更大、体积越来越小、引脚数越来越多;由于近年来IC工艺的发展,使得其速度越来越高。从而,使得信号完整性问题引起电子设计者广泛关注。 在视频处理系统中,多维并行输入输出信号的频率一般都在百兆赫兹以上,而且对时序的要求也非常严格。本文以DSP图像处理系统为背景,对信号完整性进行准确的理论分析,对信号完整性涉及的典型问题[1]——不确定状态、传输线效应、反射、串扰、地弹等进行深入研究,并且从实际系统入手,利用IS仿真软件寻找有效的途径,解决系统的信号完整性问题。 1 系统简介 为了提高算法效率,实时处理图像信息,本图像处理系统是基于DSP+FPGA结构设计的。系统由SAA7111A视频解码器、TI公司的TMS320C6701 DSP、Altera公司的EPlK50QC208 FPGA、PCI9054 PCI接口控制器以及SBRAM、SDRAM、FIFO、FLASH等构成。FPGA是整个系统的时序控制中心和数据交换的桥梁,而且能够对图像数据实现快速底层处理。DSP是整个系统实时处理高级算法的核心器件。系统结构框图如图1所示。 在整个系统中,PCB电路板的面积仅为15cm×l5cm,系统时钟频率高达167MHz,时钟沿时间为0.6ns。由于系统具有快斜率瞬变和极高的工作频率以及很大的电路密度,使得如何处理高速信号问题成为一个制约设计成功的关键因素。 2 系统中信号完整性问题及解决方案 2.1 信号完整性问题产生机理 信号的完整性是指信号通过物理电路传输后,信号接收端看到的波形与信号发送端发送的波形在容许的误差范围内保持一致,并且空间邻近的传输信号间的相互影响也在容许的范围之内。因此,信号完整性分析的主要目标是保证高速数字信号可靠的传输。实际信号总是存在电压的波动,如图2所示。在A、B两点由于过冲和振铃[2]的存在使信号振幅落入阴影部分的不确定区,可能会导致错误的逻辑电平发生。总线信号传输的情况更加复杂,任何一个信号发生相位上的超前或滞后都可能使总线上数据出错,如图3所示。图中,CLK为时钟信号,D0、D1、D2、D3是数据总线上的信号,系统允许信号最大的建立时间[1]为△t。在正常情况下,D0、D1、D2、D3信号建立时间△t1<△t,在△t时刻之后数据总线的数据已稳定,系统可以从总线上采样到正确的数据,如图3(a)所示。相反,当信号D1、D2、D3受过冲和振铃等信号完整问题干扰时,总线信号就发生
Unit1 A new study shows that dogs can detect if someone has cancer just by sniffing the person’s breath. Ordinary household dogs with only a few weeks of basic training learn to accurately distinguish between breath samples of lung- and breast-cancer patients and healthy subjects.One expert, who led the research, said, “Our study provides compelling evidence that cancers hidden beneath the skin can be detected simply by (dogs’) examining the odors of a person’s breath.” Early detection of cancers greatly improves a patient’s survival chances, and researchers hope that man’s best friend, the dog, can become an important tool in early screening. Unit 2 A research team recently replicated a bacterium’s genetic structure entirely from l aboratory chemicals, moving one step closer to creating the world’s first artificial organism. The researchers said, “It’s the second step of a three-step process to create a synthetic organism. But the final step could prove far more difficult.” Nonetheless, the research is pushing forward at a rapid pace. Last June, the team revealed details of an experiment in which researchers inserted the DNA of one species of bacterium into the cells of another. That process almost magically booted up the inserted genome. The research team hopes to use a similar trick to boot up the artificially created genome, so as to create a man-made living organism. Unit 3 In recent years, the psychologists from many countries banded together to do a research which indicated that continued income growth could make people apply themselves to an ongoing consumption race rather than promote overall happiness. Everyone has to spend more and more money in order to maintain a constant level of happiness. This is because our vanity and jealousy are functioning . The way to sort out them out is to cultivate the noble sentiment of being considerate and serving the society. People shouldn’t pin all their hopes on money. Instead , friends, family and work are also playing a very improtant role . Therefore, hapiness is not an inborn trait, but a talent which everyone can learn. Unit 4 I used to feel excited at teaching my students the elegant economic theories that could supposedly cure societal problems of all types. But what is the good of all my complex theories when people were dying of starvation on the sidewalks and porches across from my lecture hall? My lessons were like the American movies where the good guys always win. But when I emerged from the comfort of the classroom, I was faced with the reality of the city streets. Here good guys were mercilessly beaten and trampled. Daily life ws getting worse, and the poor were growing even poorer. Unit 5 No one thought that shy little Einstein would grow up to a prominent scientist. He was slow in learning to speak, and he often paused to consider what he would say during a conversation.In school, Albert Einstein was singled out by his teachers as a troublesome child because he liked to ask difficult strange questions. He did not like to memorize facts and rules, but was interested in what lay below the surface of things. When he was four or five years old, for instance, his father gave him a compass. Little Einstein was curious about the mysterious force that could keep a compass needle always pointing north, which prompted him to read widely in science. His real studies were mostly done at home by reading books on mathematics, physics, and philosophy. Unit 6 Most Americans have great vigor and enthusiasm. They prefer to discipline themselves rather than be disciplined by others. They pride themselves on their independence, their right to make their own minds. They tend to take the initiatives, even when there is a risk in doing so. They have courage and do not give in easily. They are considered sentimental. When they see a flag on ceremonial occasions, or attend parades celebrating Ame rica’s glorious past, tears may come to their eyes. They tend to be emotional at the reunions with family and friends, too. Sometimes, they can laugh at themselves and their country, while they will always remain intensely patriotic.
题型四英汉互译 学生学习与生活类 Passage 1 1. 现如今许多学生对上网十分感兴趣。 But it has the good sides and the Bad ones. Generally, we can see the following good sides. First it’s quick for kids to get lots of information they need. 2. They can also open their eyes by making use of the Internet. Besides, they can make a lot of friends on the Internet. But the bad sides are also clear. 3. It is easy for kids to fall in love with computer games and it’s hard for them to stop. That is a waste of time and money, 4. 并且这对他们的学习也有害。To make matters worse, a lot of kids get cheated on the Internet. However , I believe that the good sides are over the bad ones, so I would not give up the Internet. But I will never spend more than one hour on the Internet. 5. In this way, it will not have a bad influence on my life and study. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 【主旨大意】本文是一篇议论文。讲述了学生上网的两面性:有利的是可以更快地获取知识、提高学习成绩与结交很多朋友;不利的是很容易沉迷于网络游戏、影响学习及上当受骗。 many students are very interested in surfing the Internet.【解析】对……感兴趣be interested in...;上网surf the Internet。 2.他们也可以通过使用网络来开拓他们的视野。【解析】open eyes开拓视野;
GRA VITY RETAINING?WALL 1. INTRODUCTION Retaining walls are structures used to provide stability for earth or other material where conditions disallow the mass to assume its natural slope, and are commonly used to hold back or support soilbanks,coal or ore piles, and water. Retaining walls are classified, based on the method of achieving stability, into six principal types (Fig.1). The gravity-wall depends upon its weight, as the name implies, for stability. The cantilever wall is a reinforced-concrete wall that utilizes cantilever action to retain the mass behind the wall from assuming a natural slope. Stability of this wall is partially achieved from the weight of soil on the heel portion of the base slab. A counterfort retaining wall is similar to a cantilever retaining wall, except that it is used where the cantilever is long or for very high pressures behind wall and has counterforts, which tie the wall and base together, built at intervals along the wall to reduce the bending moments and sheers. As indicated in Fig.1c, the counterfort is behind the wall and subjected to tensile forces. A buttressed retaining wall is similar to a counterfort wall, except that the bracing is in front of the wall and is in compression instead of tension. Two other types of walls not considered further are crib walls, which are built-up members of pieces of precast concrete, metal, or timber and are supported by anchor pieces embedded in the soil for stability, and semigravity walls, which are walls intermediate between a true gravity and a cantilever wall. (a)(b)(e)
Wall Street Take a Dive Ronald Reagan’s 1985 budget took a thunderous shelling last week. Day after day, jittery Wall Street investors fired sell orders, hitting stock prices with their heaviest declines since 1982. Testifying in Washington, Federal Reserve Chairman Paul V olcker fired the single most damaging salvo by warning that the deficits envisaged in the budget pose a “clear and present danger”, threatening to keep interest rates high and tip the economy into a new recession. The size of the deficits is staggering. Rudolph Penner, director of the Congressional Budget Office, predicted that if policy is not changed, the flow of red ink will swell from $190 billion this year to $326 billion by 1989. In testimony on Capitol Hill, the President’s men acknowledged that the economy was in danger. Chief Economic Adviser Martin Feldstein, known as the Administration’s “Dr.Gloom,”agreed with Penner’s warning that the deficit could reach the $300 billion range by the evd of the decade. If that happened, said Feldstein, federal borrowing would be swallowing 75% of American savings and putting powerful upward pressure on interest rates. Even Treasury Secretary Donald Regan, usually an optimist and a critic of Feldstein’s dour outlook, admitted that “without proper fiscal and monetary policies, there is a possibility of our slipping back into a recession in the U.S.”Unless the Federal Reserve speeds up growth of the U.S money supply , warned Treasury Under Secretary Beryl Sprinkel, a recession could start this year. 译文:华尔街股价下跌 罗纳德里根1985财政年度的财政预算,上周遭到了猛烈的抨击。华尔街的投资者深感不安,每天都要下令抛售股票,压低股票价格,导致1982年以来最大幅度的下跌。联邦储备局主席保罗沃尔克在华盛顿作证时,放了最厉害的一炮。他告诫说:从财政预算中可以预见的赤字,带来“清清楚楚的、实实在在的危险”,使得利率居高不下,使得经济失去平衡。 赤字数额高得惊人。国会预算审议室主任鲁道夫彭纳语言:如果政策不改变,赤字的泛滥将从今年的一千九百亿美元,增至1989年的三千二百六十亿美元。 总统的幕僚在国会作证时承认,经济处于危险状态。总统的首席经济顾问马丁费尔斯坦,人称政府中的“忧郁博士”,他赞同彭纳提出的告诫:至80年代末,赤字将达到三千亿美元这一幅度。费尔斯坦说,如果出现这一情况,联邦政府的举债将耗去美国人积蓄的75%,产生强大的压力是利率上涨。财政部长唐纳德里甘本来是个乐天派,对费尔斯坦的忧郁观点常持批评态度,可是就连他也承认:“没有正确的财政金融政策,美国可能再度陷入经济衰退。”财政部次长贝利尔斯普林克警告说:如果联邦储备局不加速美国的货币供应量,今年就会出现经济衰退。