Computers are now essential in many areas of life – modern banking, retail and information exchange among others. However, this is not true for education. At a simple level some subjects may be better taught using computers, but to explain important concepts a human teacher is still indispensable. - Introduction shows main idea
There are some subjects in which a computer can be used successfully to teach. Elementary mathematics, elementary language leaning, any area which requires a student to memorize basic facts through repetition is well suited to computer learning. The computer can be programmed to provide an endless number of simple questions, and as the student answers these questions the facts are learned and reinforced. - Why computers do well, with examples
However, in the learning and practice of more complex ideas, the computer is not adequate. A computer can evaluate an answer as right or wrong, but it cannot determine why. It cannot find out why a student is making mistakes, and then re-present important concepts in a different way so the student will understand. It cannot determine at what stage in a mathematics problem the student has made an error, it can only indicate that the final answer is wrong. Tasks involving reasoning cannot be taught by computers, as there are too many variables for a computer to deal with successfully. - What computers cannot be, with an example
Thus, while computers may be useful as a tool for practicing simple skills, they are not an essential feature of modern education, because they cannot
monitor a student’s grasp of concepts, nor evaluate a student’s reasoning. Until further developments in computers are made the human teacher will remain indispensable. -
Conclusion re-states main ideas
Remember: this sample answer is one of several satisfactory ways to answer the question. Other essays which respond to the writing task would also be acceptable.,X!R` k~ s w5FSource: Prepare for IELTS, by Vanessa Todd & Penny Cameron, 1996, UTS, Australia.
这是电脑是否为现代教育所必须~
你可以借鉴一下~
题目：维护道路安全是否靠加强违章惩罚（7分作文）
启德雅思学员马婷婷（商务英语专业学生9月10日雅思考试获总分八，听力九分、阅读、口语八分）
In recent years, increasing number of car accidents have claimed many people"s lives. The topic of whether stricter punishments is the only way to prevent accidents has triggered heated discussion. Notions on this issue vary greatly.
According to the advocates, stricter punishment is the most effective way to reduce car accidents. To begin with, stricter punishment deters reckless driving behavior, like drunk driving and speeding. Drivers must learn to abide by the laws and regulations otherwise they will suffer from great loss. Furthermore, severely punished, drivers may learn a lesson and they are less likely to repeat the same behavior on the road. Last but not least, psychologically hurt and physically injured, victims of car accidents deserve the financial compensation from drivers.
However, opponents are strongly against stricter punishment. Firstly, competent authorities should set up stricter requirement s for driver’s licence. More lectures and courses should be provided to would-be drivers. Secondly, facilities should be improved in order to reduce road hazards. For instance, electronic notice board should be set up to drivers of the danger ahead. Finally, if drivers are sentenced to jail for a longer time, more police power and money is needed to manage them. That is to say,stricter punishment will produce heavy burden on tax payers.
Personally speaking, stricter punishment is by no means the best solution to car accidents. More scientific measures should be adopted so as to reduce car accidents on the road.
题目：如何解决垃圾问题（7分作文）
启德雅思学员罗巾如（8月6日雅思考试获总分7.5，听力8，阅读8.5，写作、口语7）
The roads are dotted with trash, the railways are littered with decaying garbage and our cities are disgraced by plastic bags. Lately, the worsening rubbish problem has aroused people’s wide co ncern. Some hold the belief that it is an overstatement to claim that people have formed a “throw away” society, and that they just discard the used items, which is necessary. Others, however, firmly contend that people do develop a habit of throwing things away. Personally, I firmly side with the latter.
It is no doubt that our cities are on the way towards becoming a huge landfill. To begin with, people are in the habit of littering. Nowadays, people tend to
discard old items like outdated furniture and worn-out appliance, which are actually recoverable. Furthermore, due to the inadequate facilities of garbage collection, people throw away their refuse everywhere at will. In addition, rubbish is in rapid increase. In the first place the quickening tempo of modern lifestyle gives rise to people’s favor of disposable items for sake of convenience, which greatly adds the amount of rubbish. In the second place, the development of science and technology also contributes to it. It generates new product in a more frequent way, which makes the old ones cast aside as rubbish at a quicker pace. Consequently, our cities are decorated with trash..
In view of the severity of the issue, we should adopt immediate measure to address it. First of all, the government should play a leading role. It ought to bring in strong anti-littering laws, backed by heavy penalties and effective enforcement, to tackle the littering behaviors. Also, officials should make good use of mass media to promote the public’s awareness of environme ntal protection, making sure that everyone will become a conscious environment protector. Additionally, scientists can develop efficient technologies to degrade and recycle the rubbish. Research findings reveal that 63% of the refuse nowadays are recycled. Finally, it is essential for schools to attach importance to environmental education, so that every child will become environmentally friendly and get rid of the littering habit.
In conclusion, people’s littering habit is turning our communities into a ru bbish holder. It is high time that we took joint effort to solve the rubbish problem.
Otherwise, we will live with rubbish in the future.
题目：移居外国的人应不应该接受当地的文化（7分作文）
启德雅思学员罗倩敏
Nowadays, more and more people would like to move to other countries and settle down for better natural environment, and more educational opportunities. Whether these new settlers should accept new countries’ values and lifestyles has become a public focus. Before presenting my own opinion, I think it is essential to analyze both sides of the issue.
People in favor of acceptance to new values claim that once you live in a new environment, you have to adapt yourself to the new community. If not, you would feel psychologically isolated. Moreover, getting yourself in the new environment, you can develop a better career, for your employer will consider you to be an adaptable person. And your family also can get themselves involved in the new community. Last but not least, as you accept the new values and lifestyles, you can learn something new apart from your own culture.
Those who are against, however, argue that if the settlers accept new values and culture, they are considered to betray their own countries, so they no longer belong to their countries. Furthermore, new settlers are supposed to keep their own styles. For instance, their eating habits, religion believes, and so on. Last of all, it is a good way to preserve their tradition and culture,
especially the ethnic, who are in minority of people.
Personally speaking, I tend to side with the former view. Though people should have their unique styles, it is crucial to adjust to the new environment and community. An old saying just illustrates my point: When in Rome, do as the Roman.
题目：应否使用动物做实验
启德雅思学员李辽7分作文
Nowadays, experimental usage of animal has become a widely concerned issue around the world. People hold diverse views towards it.
Adversaries claim that it is an extremely crude behavior. Animals, especially mammals, like dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, which are the major victims in the experimentation, are usually human’s pets. Pet owners are strongly against it for they firmly believe that animals suffer physically and mentally as we do. When equality is advocated in the modern world, it is inhuman to disrespect creatures that are not human beings. Furthermore, a number of experts pointed out that it would be at high stake of depending on the results of animal experiment; since they differ from us in many ways. Take the body structure for example, we can’t imagine humans try to jump from the height of nine stories without any protection because cats survive out of the same test.
Those in favor of the idea about usage of animal declare that using animal is
an advisable choice. On one hand because their bodies are similar in function to ours. For instance, they catch colds, suffer from stomachs and heart diseases, which more importantly influenced by diet and habits. The consequences of the test may not be applied to humans, although they are highly connected to the human situations. On the other hand, those creatures yell and act abnormally when they feel uncomfortable, which is what exactly researchers expect. In addition, there is an easy-to-answer question: isn’t it crueler to tes t directly on people with little knowledge on the objects’ effects? In a word, there is nothing better than animal that resemble human the best for experiment.
Personally, I am not a supporter of animal experiments, yet there is anything more suitable can replace them, I accept using animals for tests, but take good care of them when they are not in the laboratory.
题目：维护道路安全是否靠加强违章惩罚（7分作文）
启德雅思学员黄文婷
Whether stricter punishments is the only way to prevent accidents from happening on roads has triggered a controversial debate Attitudes towards this issue vary greatly. It is wiser to take a closer look at both sides before I present my opinion.
Advocates firmly believe that it is sensible to impose stricter penalty on those who break the traffic rules. Drivers will be more careful when they consider the
punishment hard to afford. As the fine is not high,it is not deterrent . According to a survey , among the drivers questioned , 65% of them admit that they pay more attention to driving if more serious punishments are carried out .
Opponents, however, hold the view that there are other aspects which can decrease the frequency of accidents. Firstly, road constructions should be more rational. Nowadays, more and more roads and highways are being built, but some of them were not designed appropriately, which sometimes cause traffic accidents. Secondly, pedestrians should heighten their safety awareness while crossing the roads . Some pedestrians disobey rules and regulations, which should assume the responsibilities of accidents and be penalized. The last but not least, the growing amount of private cars is a contributing factor, the government should put forward some feasible means to control the number of cars, such as imposing higher tax or limiting the cars running on roads at rush hours .
As far as I am concerned, I am in favor of the latter view. Only stricter punishment is not insufficient access to decrease accidents., other methods should be enforced simultaneously , such as reinforcing supervising and setting digital camera on roads .
题目：移居外国的人应不应该接受当地的文化（7分作文）
启德雅思学员叶绿菁（中文系学生）
A much-debated issue these days is whether people should accept the
different values and the new lifestyle when they move to a new country. It has become a focus of public interest. Notions about it vary greatly. People can hardly reach an absolute consensus and therefore it is wise to take a closer look at the arguments at both sides before I present my pinion.
Advocates of this hot issue hold the belief that it is imperative for people to accept the different values and the new lifestyle when they settle in a new country. To begin with, it is beneficial for immigrants to adapt social life if they learn more about the local culture and lifestyle, especially for children. It is easily for them to make friends with others in schools. Moreover, it is necessary for settlers to change their lifestyle and accept the new values. When in Roma, do as the Romans do. Last of all, immigrants will feel isolated and depressed if they have no idea about the culture and lifestyle of this country.
Some other people, however, are strongly against this hit issue for several reasons. First and foremost, it is ridiculous for people to abandon their original culture and lifestyle when they move to a new country. Furthermore, it is a breach of one’s basic right if me ask them to change their lifestyle. We should show greater respect for each other’s religions and cultures. Last but not least, it is significant for people to maintain cultural diversity as it is vital for people to pass their culture on to their offsprings. Meanwhile, it would be a pity for the descendants to know nothing about the culture of their ancestors.
In the final analysis, both sides have sound foundations. However, if asked to make a choice, I will not hesitate to assent to the latter. It is sensible for immigrants to keep their culture and lifestyle when they move to a new country.
It is certainly a controversial issue whether or not sports and exercises should be held in the primary school. This issue has intrigued not only some psychologists and scholars but also some parents and students. People retain diverse opinions towards this public focus. Before rendering my opinion, it is essential to explore this complicated phenomenon from both sides .
The advocators generally hold a belief that it offers a host of great benefits to student’s early education. To begin with, it instills a strong sense of responsibility which it is necessary to their future success. Children are now in the formative years, they are not mature enough so that they are vulnerable to some social evils and easily go astray. Moreover, it can increase the mutual understanding and promote friendship between teachers and students,thus forming a brand new type of student-teacher relationship. It is a symbol of student-oriented education and a step forward towards quality education. Last but not least, sports and exercises subjects help to cultivate teamwork spirits and learn to compromise and cooperate. Therefore, it creates school ethos and a sense of belonging to a particular community. As such it promotes discipline and helps to drive up academic standards.
The opponents, however, are strongly against to this stance for the following mentioned aspects. Primarily, the system may lead to the spread of competitive, thus breeds a series of psychological problems, such as depression, negativity, selfishness, self-centeredness, introversion, suspicion, anxiety and shame which destroy character and relationships. Furthermore, sports may exert a negative impact on one’s study because it occupies too much valuable time of a student. A student’s sole task is to make good use of his limited time to acquire knowledge and skills which are essential to his future career.
In the final analysis, both sides have its sound effects. However, if asked to make a choice, I will not hesitate to consent to the former. I firmly believe that sports and exercise courses play an active role in raising the development of student’s intel ligence quotient, adverse quotient and emotional quotient which should be highly promoted in the primary school.
浅析近期高分作文
启德雅思写作批改中心基础班写作主讲Lanny
最近启德学生作文高分的好消息频传。想必每个未来的考生都希望自己将来能够像这些学生一样考到理想的分数。对于高分范文的分析能够帮助后来者们了解考试评分标准，达到这个目标。首先要感谢这些学生回忆出自己的高分作文，给后来者莫大的帮助和启迪。
对于这批高分作文的总体印象就是结构清晰、论点论据充分合理、用词准确、句式多变。下面就这几点做以下深入分析。在谈到英语文体时，我们说每一种文章都是有自己的套路和模式，议论文也一样。一篇议论文首先就要有一篇议论文的结构，反映到雅思考试中，则一般分为等分型（即讨论题目中给出的观点的利弊两方面）以及一面倒型（即旗帜鲜明地赞成该观点的某一方面）。这四位同学使用的写作结构均为等分型。课堂上，曾经有一些学生提出这样的疑问：“老外是不是比较喜欢一面倒的辩论方式？”我想这几位同学的高分作文是对这个问题的最好回答。当然这也不等于说老外比较喜欢等分型。雅思是科学的考试，评分都有严格的标准。只要是好文章，都会得到好分数的。
此外，这些学生都很好地利用上经典套句。比如黄文婷、马婷婷、叶绿菁和李辽四位同学分别用了Attitudes towards this issue vary greatly，Views on this controversial issue vary greatly，Notions about it vary greatly和People hold diverse
views towards it四个异曲同工的句子，表达了“人们对此看法不一”这个概念，然后顺理成章地引出正反双方的观点。
用词的准确性和多变也很值得一提。黄文婷遇到的雅思考题为“是否应该加大对肇事司机的惩处力度”。在提到“实施（惩罚)”时，她用过的动词包括“to impose … on”、“to carry out”和“to enforce”。马婷婷的考题是“经济是否是评价一个国家成功的唯一标准”。在表达经济概念的时候，她用过的名词包括“economic factor，economic growth，economic development，domestic economy，a sound economic system”等等。这种用不同的词汇表达同样的意义的能力，是雅思写作标准中对考生明确提出的要求，也是我们一直向学生强调的写作原则。
句式多变也是雅思写作标准中的明确要求之一。我们看看高分同学作文中的句式。李辽的考题是“动物实验”，所用的句式包括宾语从句、非限定性定语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、形式主语、并列句等等。而叶绿菁的考题是“移民后是否应该抛弃自己原有的文化”，她所用过的句型包括时间状语从句、条件状语从句、从句做宾语等。她的文章中突出的一个特点就是形式主语使用次数比较多，而众所周知，形式主语是比较经典的英语句式。
综上所述，这几位同学的作文高分的关键在于语言语法的准确。七分的文章必须保证不能出现低级错误，例如单复数、时态，这就是语法基础了。词一定要多变，句式也要变化。背套句、在考试前设计好自己的写作模板非常重要，这样既轻松地用上了经典的句式，又在考试时节省时间。希望后来的考生能够平时多做归纳、多思考，考试的时候就事半功倍了。
老人生活在养老院还是在家好？
Aging is both a social and natural issue that has confronted human beings for centuries. In the Middle Age (medieval times A.D, 500 to about 1500), alchemists tried in vain to create a kind of catholicon (panacea / cure-all) to work against the process of aging. Today the aging problem looms more alarmingly. What has disappointed Man most is, unfortunately, that his scientific innovations and inventions have never cured much more than what they killed, despite so-called therapeutics and clinical medicine spinning faster and faster. Most pragmatically, however, man should first address the issue of where the old people should spend their lives.
The traditional argument is that the old should stay at their homes with their adult children. This has been the most prevailing practice world around. However, neither the old nor the children are completely satisfied with this doing. Not only because the old may inflict children cumbersome and formidable burden but also on account of the implacable generation gaps.
Although, inevitably, some healthy, wealthy, and wise aged people congruously and harmoniously enjoy the life with children’s families, the number of such old people, according to the latest social statistics, has been less than 2% of the whole old population (from 60 years old to 90). Therefore, the issue should have different, effective approaches.
One of the modern practices in most developed countries such as USA is to establish numerous comfortable and convenient sanatoriums for the old. This necessitates at least two social contracts. First, the government is willing to appropriate a sum of its revenue for such institutions. Secondly, each citizen when young should have contributed significantly to the society enough to qualify himself or herself for such government allowance. Furthermore, such society system will not be seriously undermined by the shifting, reforming, or even abolishing of the government. These three prerequisites, especially the last ones, unfortunately, do not exist in 90% of the Less Developed Country (LDCs) such as China, India, and so on.
In conclusion, the old people may live with their kids and in some special government subsidized, old sanatoria. As to where the old should dwell is a multidimensional social issue that should be analyzed on the basis of case-by ？case study. Other wise it would be presumptuous to draw absolute conclusion.
一。
Perhaps no single social institute has contributed much more significantly than has advertising. Advertising, both the creature and creator, has been shaping and reflecting the life and history of human beings.
The relationship between advertising and society has been complex. Advertising, like any coin with two sides, however, has both positive and negative effects on human beings.
On the one hand, as an economic force, advertising became a dynamic, necessary part of consumer capitalism, stimulating the buying and selling of brand- name goods. For example, Ads convinced public to buy food in tin cans instead of the traditional cloth bag. So important has adverting become to culture and economy that by now virtually every widely accepted products has been promoted through advertising. Advertising may have exaggerated claims and false promises, but that in no way diminishes its impacts on society. Advertising made its great contributions by informing people about an endless stream of new products and, in the process, shapping mass behavior and desires―the driving forces in a capitalist consumer economy.
Nor did advertising ignore serious issues. In the 1960s and 1970s, controversial images of feminism and minorities helped bring the issues of equal rights and empowerment to the forefront and began to remark the face
of advertising. Advertising helped get out of the vote and shaped the debate on environmental issues, alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking, and later, AIDS.
On the other hand, advertising has inevitably exerted some detrimental impacts on human civilization. For example, ads are frequently broadcast during exciting movies on TV programs. This distracts audiences’ inte rest. In addition, advertising may go against accepted moral norms.
Therefore, on the strength of these reasons, advertisement has both pros and cons. This is logical. What is to be done is to put the advertising on its legal orbit and overcome all the drawbacks.
立场文件 代表：王景行丁悦 学校：江苏省常州高级中学 国家：巴西 委员会：裁军及国际安全委员会 议题：核不扩散 核武器是破坏力最大的杀伤性武器，无疑是对人类社会和平发展的最大潜在威胁。虽然已签订《不扩散核武器条约》等国际公约限制核武器，但当今核问题仍层出不穷，部分国家为了自身国家军事外交地位，不惜发展核武器，并进行核试验，严重威胁了核不扩散的形势和当今世界局势的稳定。 巴西作为联合国安理会非常任理事国之一，积极参与国际核不扩散的各项行动，以一个负责任大国的姿态，致力于不扩散核武器和核裁军事业。我国于1996年签署、1998年批准《全面禁止核试验条约》，同年还加入了《不扩散核武器条约》。作为条约的参与国以及国际原子能机构的成员国，我国积极帮助消除核威胁，削减核武器数量，参与斡旋伊朗核问题，主张通过对话的方式解决现有核问题。 我国一贯主张不扩散核武器，遵守和不扩散条约，和平利用核能，愿意与其他国家共同监督和防止核不扩散，履行应尽的义务。 我国政府在此做出承诺并提出建议： 1.严格履行《不扩散核武器条约》以及其他批准生效的关于核不扩散和核裁军的条 约与协议，倡导各国相互监督。 2.积极磋商，加快《全面禁止核试验条约》等条约的批准生效和签订，进一步限制 和严格和不扩散的监管，推进国际无核化进程。 3.维护本国和平使用核能的权利，发展民用核电站技术，同时加强本国自身核领域 的监管，努力做到公开化、透明化。 4.主动配合国际原子能机构等其他组织的监督与检查，并参与完善监察机制，实时 有效地进行监控各国核的利用。 5.对于潜在的核武器拥有国和发展国，联合国应加大监察力度，增加检查次数，并 加强有关惩罚措施，包括经济制裁等措施。 6.有核国家应积极谈判，尽快达成削减核武器数量、进行核裁军、建立沟通对话与 监管机制方面的一致。 7.有核国家不应在地区问题、国际问题中过度使用核威慑，对于无核国家应给予尊 重，以国际利益和国际局势的稳定为重，维护世界和平与发展。 8.各国应积极开展合作，在民用核能领域相互扶持，互利共赢，有核国家应给予资 金、技术、设备等方面的援助，帮助无核国家发展核电站、核能科学研究等民用核能计划。 我国政府将坚持以上承诺，参与核不扩散的相关工作，承担本国责任。在此号召世界各国积极投入核不扩散的进程中，为世界无核化做出应有的贡献，携手合作，解决现有的核问题和历史遗留问题，消除潜在威胁，为营造一个和平稳定的世界而努力。
范文第一段： Children who grow up in families which are short of money are better prepared to deal with the problems of adult life than children who are brought up by wealthy parents. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Some feel that the children of low income families are better equipped to deal with difficulties posed by the ‘real world’ when they grow up and they also believe the privileged children of wealthy families are less fit to deal with these difficulties . The implications and veracity of this argument seem self-evident, but in fact require closer examination. ( 58words ) 名师点评： 最后 1 句为主题句。此段的主题句稍微有点特殊，它的确否定了前面所提到的观点，从而表达出了自己的观点，此外还引出了下文。特别是最后半句： but in fact require closer examination ，感觉是在抛砖引玉。 范文第二段： The popular wisdom is that children of poorer families learn early on the value of a buck, and are thus naturally better suited to stretching moneywhen times get tough in adulthood.
国外国际核不扩散体制的研究综述 编者按：冷战结束以来，随着1995年《不扩散核武器条约》的无限期延长和1996年《全面禁止核实验条约》的通过，标志着国际社会的核不扩散努力取得了相当大的进展。但另一方面，我们也应该看到，由于在国际上仍然存在着霸权主义和强权政治，特别是朝鲜核问题和伊朗核问题的先后出现，表明了国际核不扩散体制仍然面临一定的挑战。所以，国际核不扩散体制的研究仍显得十分必要。由于中国国际核不扩散体制的研究尚处于起步阶段。因此，本文参阅了国外大量特别是欧美国家的原始材料和国外学术界对国际核不扩散体制研究的权威研究成果，对国外国际核不扩散体制研究进行了概述，以期对国内学者核不扩散体制的研究有所启迪。 自从核武器出现以来，由于其威力巨大，所以国际社会一直在努力对它进行严格控制。几十年来，除了达成《不扩散核武器条约》(NPT)这一基本防扩散条约之外, 国际社会还制订了各种各样的公约、协定，成立了国际原子能机构，共同构筑了一个庞大的限制核武器扩散的体制，其内容具体包括：第一,有关核裁军的条约，如《美苏关于销毁中程和中短程导弹条约》等。第二,关于限制核武器部署空间及有关无核区的条约,包括《外层空间条约》等。第三,限制核武器发展的条约,包括《全面禁止核试验条约》等。第四,有关无核国家安全保障问题的文件。第五,国际出口控制与核查机构,包括核出口委员会、核供应集团、国际原子能机构等。国际核不扩散体制有效地遏制了核武器及核材料的扩散，促进了核裁军的进展，对维护国际和平、安全与稳定做出了重要贡献，赢得了国际社会的广泛支持。特别是于上世纪六十年代末签署的《不扩散核武器条约》，作为最具普遍性的国际军控条约，为防止核武器扩散、实现核裁军和促进和平利用核能的国际努力奠定了坚实的法律基础。 进入新世纪以来，国际安全形势正发生重大变化，一方面，大规模杀伤性武器的扩散日益突出，恐怖主义与大规模杀伤性武器扩散交织，使防扩散面临新的复杂因素和挑战。核扩散的潜在破坏性由于恐怖主义等非传统威胁突出而上升。原有的以国家为对象，以传统威胁为目标的防核扩散国际规范，已很难应对核恐怖主义等新型核扩散威胁。另一方面，不稳定的国际安全环境，特别是出现了以武力解决问题、以军事手段“先发制人”应对核扩散的倾向，这就更加深了一些国家的不安全感。当“反大规模杀伤性武器战争”事实上是改变政权战争时，“拥核自保”就可能成为更有吸引力的选择。在一些特殊领域(如导弹和导弹防御)和地区(如朝鲜半岛、中东地区)，控制与反控制斗争日趋尖锐。特别是近几年以
Foreign visitors should pay more than local visitors for cultural and historical attractions. To what extent d o you agree or disagree with this opinion? 联合海格 It is sometimes argued that tourists from overseas shoul d be charged more than local residents to visit important sites and monuments. I compl etely disagree with this idea. The argument in favour of higher prices for foreign tourists would be that cultural or historical attractions often depend on state subsidies to keep them going, which means that the resident population already pays money to these sites through the tax system. However, I believe this to be a very shortsighted view. Foreign tourists contribute to the economy of the host country with the money they spend on a wide range of goods and services, including food, souvenirs, accommodation and travel. The governments and inhabitants of every country should be happy to subsidise important tourist sites and encourage people from the rest of the world to visit them. If travellers realised that they would have to pay more to visit historical and cultural attractions in a particular nation, they would perhaps decide not to go to that country on holiday. To take the UK as an example, the tourism industry and many related jobs rely on visitors coming to the country to see places like Windsor Castle or
很久以来，大家一直在讨论一个问题：核问题。核问题到底是什么问题？说起似乎是非常简单，细思之又不那么简单。 核问题简单又复杂的原因在于核的巨大威力。核技术一问世，一是为敏感的军事领域所吸纳，造出核武器，美苏曾为此进行过殊死竞赛。二是和平利用，成为造福人类的重要能源。核电产业不仅为国民经济发展提供强大动力，而且为缓解能力和环境压力提供了新的出路。 核问题的关键在于和平利用核能与防扩散。国际社会在１９７０年生效关于如何利用核能的《不扩散核武器条约》。其中第三条款、第四条款、第五条款都涉及和平利用核能问题，认为"扩散核武器将使发生核战争的危险严重增加"，各成员国承诺"进行合作为应用国际原子能机构对和平核活动的各种保障措施提供便利"。《条约》确认以下原则："一切缔约国，不论是有核武器国家或无核武器国家，均能为和平目的而获得和平应用核技术的利益，包括有核武器国家由于发展核爆炸装置而可能得到的任何技术副产品。""深信在促进此原则时，所有缔约国均有权参加尽可能充分的科学情报交换，以促进和平目的应用原子能的发展，并且单独地或与其他国家合作，对促进这种发展做出贡献。"条约写得很清楚：有核武器国家不得向无核武器国家扩散武器；无核武器国家不去谋求核武器，同时还规定世界任何国家都拥有和平利用核能的权利，而有核武器国家还要承担核裁军的义务。但条约签署后，有关各方都没有很好地履行自己的承诺。有核武器国家，尽管达成系列核裁军协议，但远没有兑现条约中规定的水平；部分无核武器国家在和平利用核能的幌子下发展核武器，印度、巴基斯坦、南非、朝鲜等国相继研制出核武器。 有核武器国家不裁军是因为它们仍信赖于核武器这种超级武器。美国国家安全战略指出"美国要保留足够的战略核力量，以阻止那些敌对国领导人想通过战略核力量的发展威胁美国的利益"。近年来，俄罗斯更是把核力量当作抗衡美国常规力量优势的重点建设项目。 无核武器国家同样看好核武器的政治含义。１９９１年第一次海湾战争激发起人们许多想象。南亚一位退役将军在评述这场战争时说了一句经典之语："没有核武器，就不要打美国人。"它提出了这样一种假设：如果伊军手中有核武器，多国部队就不会如此狂轰滥炸，也不会在几十个小时里完成地面进攻任务。印度的一位学者在１９９８年印度核试验后也提出相同的假设：假如当年日本拥有相同的能力，广岛和长崎悲剧就不可能出现。"很清楚，
2013-01-05 It has been believed that people who read for pleasure have developed better imagination and good language skills than people who prefer to watch TV. To what extent do you agree or disagree? There exists such a controversy -which is better to enhance imagination and language skills between reading and watching TV, most people assert reading literatures seems to be a universal method to promote one's imagination creativity and language c ompetence. In the meantime, others insist that watching TV programs is a more effective way. Personally speaking, I am in favour of the former viewpoint. Reading has been acknowledged for long as a unique solution with regard to enhancing one's imagination capability and language skills. First and foremost, individuals could imagine much further beyond words on a book. Fairy tales, for instance, can provide such an environment for creative thinking and help people, especially the youngsters, to build up the characters in stories merely by their imagination. This situation, on the contrary, can barely be achieved by watching video images. Most of these predigested programs abase us as passive audiences ending up receiving information from the editors? im agination. Moreover, massive reading enables ones to immerse themselves into the ocean of glourious inspiration and expression of the authors. These selected words, logical coherence and structures are the best materials for those who are lack of writing skills. On the other hand, informal language is ubiquitously utilized in TV programs where coarse and disordered contents a re normally included. In spite of this, TV broadcasting is still crucial to advance one's language ability. By watching videos and listening to the audio, people are more likely to have a better understanding of the concepts they are unfamiliar with. It can never be neglected that numerous learners consider TV programs as a more comfortable and useful way to boost their interest in language learning. Turning to the stimulation of creative imagination and expression practice, however, TV shows is still of less significance than its paper-based counterpart. All things considered, not only does reading play a dominant role in developing one's imaginative ability, it also brings about the opportunity for the readers to embrace advanced literature proficiency in ways that one cannot acquire from watching TV. Hence, reading should be encouraged rather than the latter. 2013-01-19 Childcare is an important task for nations. It is suggested that all mothers and fathers should be required to take the childcare training courses. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the statement? Childcare skills, which used to pass from generation to generation, nowadays have been developed into some formal courses in many countries and young parents are encouraged to register in these programs. I personally support such action. The development in one?s early stage of life is so vital that free access to professional childcare programs, which are not only about nutrition, for all parents should be available. The rationale behind my suggestion i ncludes that young parents
代表：杨智超、宋业平 国家：伊朗伊斯兰共和国 学校：青岛理工大学 委员会：联合国第一委员会 议题：核威胁与核不扩散 经过多年的努力，国际社会在防止核扩散方面已经取得了一些成就，建立了防核扩散的全球机制(如《不扩散核武器条约》、《全面禁止核试验条约》和国际原子能机构)、多边机制(如核供应国集团、桑戈委员会)、双边机制(如《战略武器限制条约》《战略武器削减条约》)，实现了一些有意义的战略核武器削减，推动了核不扩散国际共识的形成。所以能够取得这些成就，在于各国认识到了核扩散的重大危害，相信军控与不扩散制度建设有效并且有益，而且威胁来源单一并且相对可控。 伊朗一贯遵守《联合国宪章》的若干规定。作为《不扩散核武器条约》的签约国，伊朗承诺对此条约的义务，并始终贯彻执行。但根据对该条约，缔约国也有权按照条约第一条和第二条的规定，不受歧视地为和平目的进行核能的研究、生产和利用。同时，伊朗希望国际社会对伊朗核计划专属和平性质的信任进行恢复，使伊朗核计划将受到与《不扩散条约》无核武器签约国相同的待遇。 在伊朗看来，美国对以色列实际拥有核武器的支持，以及美印之间关于核合作的条约，都表明以美国为首的西方在核不扩散问题上实行双重标准——对“民主国家”和盟友，完全可以罔顾以色列和印度不是《核不扩散条约》签字国的事实，对其发展核工业乃至核武器开绿灯，不惜一再破例；但对伊朗这样身为条约签字国的国家，仅因为其同美国不和，就可以被剥夺利用核能的权利。在西方世界的双重标准下，自主开发核能乃至最终造出核武器成为伊朗维护国家民族尊严和安全的虚实双重保证。 回顾联合国2006年12月23日的第1737号决议，2007年3月24日的第1747号决议，以及2008年3月3日的第1803号决议，国际社会对伊朗进行了无数的 在2010年6月9日，联合国安理会6335次会议上通过的1929号决议中，伊朗被严重损害了自身的贸易自由权利以及公民人身自由权利，一些西方国家以伊朗研制核武器和拒不配合接受国际原子能机构检查为借口，对伊朗进行了迄今为止最严厉的制裁。伊朗对此表示深感遗憾，与此同时我们也进行了强有力的反击。在此我们重申，在《联合国宪章》《不扩散核武器条约》的框架下，任何国家或组织，都无权干涉我国独立自主的进行用于和平目的的核开发和研究活动。 在国际社会将目光集中在中东地区的时候，伊朗也注意到美国单方面停止销毁核武器的行动，再此伊朗也提醒以美国为首的有核国家，切实落实核武器国家在2000年审议大会的《最后文件》中明确承诺彻底消除其核武库，最终实现核裁军，这是所有条约缔约国在《条约》第六条下作出的承诺。 伊朗呼吁各国通过政治与外交途径，打破现在的谈判僵局。我国曾停止过铀浓缩活动和西方国家进行核燃料交换，但在个别国家武力威胁和经济制裁的压力下，伊朗被迫重启核研究，走自给自足的发展道路。
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this. You should write at least 250 words. It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after graduating from high school. This trend is not restricted to rich students who have the money to travel, but is also evident among poorer students who choose to work and become economically independent for a period of time. The reasons for this trend may involve the recognition that a young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in terms of general knowledge and experience of the world. By contrast, those who have spent some time earning a living or traveling to other places have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on. They tend to be more independent, which is a very important factor in academic study and research, as well as giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges of student life. However, there are certainly dangers in taking time off at that important age. Young adults may end up never returning to their studies or finding it
规范说服与精英弃核决策评核不扩散规范国家 为何选择核克制精编 Document number：WTT-LKK-GBB-08921-EIGG-22986
规范说服与精英弃核决策 ——评《核不扩散规范：国家为何选择核克制》 颜琳 摘要冷战结束后，核武器为何没有像现实主义所预测那样快速地扩散。在分析和总结现实主 义、新自由制度主义和建构主义对核不扩散问题研 究成果与不足的基础上，鲁布利在《核不扩散规 范：国家为何选择核克制》一书中提出的问题是： 为什么有核能力和核意愿的国家会选择核克制，放 弃发展核武器作者的核心假设是：由规范和观念构 成的国际社会环境有效地说服了国家精英的弃核决 策，并进一步说明了规范影响精英决策的过程、机 制与条件。尽管作者的研究具有理论创新与政策意 义，但是仍然需要认识到规范说服只是精英弃核决 策的充分条件，而不是必要充分条件，同时还需要 注意规范兴起与传播的历史背景。 关键词规范说服精英弃核决策核不扩散
目前，《不扩散核武器条约》（Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, NPT，简称《条约》）是世界 上最普遍的裁军条约，拥有187个成员国，但印度、巴基 斯坦、以色列、朝鲜（朝鲜于1985年12月12日加入《条约》，于2003年1月10日宣布退出）仍然游离在外。以《条约》为核心，核不扩散机制①不断发展壮大，这既是国际社会认同的结果，也使得核不扩散规范的国际法律效力 大大增强。冷战结束后，核不扩散条约及其核不扩散机制 遭受了来自国家行为体、非国家行为、气候变化等因素的 挑战。②但是绝大多数的国家还是较好地遵守了《条约》及其规范，有些国家甚至在拥有核武器之后又自动地放弃和 销毁已有的核武器及相关技术设备。③ 然而，绝大数国家遵守《条约》这一事实并没有得到 应有的重视和充分的研究。玛利亚·罗斯特·鲁布利(Maria Rost Rublee)重点研究95%的国家遵守《条约》和 弃核决策的原因。鲁布利的核心问题是：为什么有核能力 * 颜琳，外交学院国际关系研究所2009级博士研究生（北京 10037）。 ①《不扩散核武器条约》于1970年生效，并在许多发展中国出于国际和平与安全的考虑和力推下，于1995无限期延长。核不扩散机制主要包括：以《不扩散核武器条约》（NPT）为核心，及其由《不扩散核武器条约》所支持的、由多边和双边协议、结构和关系相互连结的网络；其他重要的组成部分有：国际原子能机构（IAEA）、全面禁止核试验条约（CTBT）、桑戈联盟（Zangger Coalition）与核供应集团（Nuclear Suppliers Group）所组成的两个非正式、自愿联盟核供应控制机制、6个无核区。参见：Rodney W. Jones and Mark G. McDonough, Tracking Nuclear Proliferation, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998, pp. 14-17; Roger K. Smith, “Explaining the Nonproliferation Regime: Anomalies for Contemporary International Relations,”International Organization, vol. 41, No. 2, Spring 1987, . ② William Walker, “Nuclear Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment,” International Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 3, May 2007, pp. 431-453; Milagros álvarez-Verdugo, “Will Climate Change Alter the NPT Political Balance New Challenges for the Non-proliferation Regime,”, 2010, pp. 205-219. ③如白俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、乌克兰、南非。
环境 1.The international community must act immediately to ensure that all countries reduce their consumption of fossil fuels, such as gas and oil. To what extent do you agree or disagree? It is argued that the International Community should put more efforts to encourage all countries in the world to decrease their fossil fuel ’ s utilization such as gas, oil, and coal. Personally, I strongly agree with this idea for many reasons. The most important thing we should mention is that fossil fuels ’consumption in all over the world is considered to be the main culprit of global warming and other environmental problems. First of all, it can be undeniable that burning oil and coal in domestic and industrial activities is producing tons of carbon dioxide and other detrimental chemical substances per year. Moreover, with the fast-developing pace of life and overpopulation, a significant number of transportations are being used, which is generating exhausted fumes and green-house gases in most of nations in the world. That ’thes reasons why a huge number of environmental issues are alarmingly emerging recently such as global warming, ice melting in all poses, sea level rising and the other severe weather conditions. Besides, it is clearly seen that the amount of fossil fuels in all over the world are restricted and nonrenewable. Each kind of fossil fuels energies needs millions of years to form, thus, with an enormous human beings demand, it will result in energy depletion in the near future. Furthermore, technologies producing alternative power resources have not reached the point in which people in all countries of the world can use renewable energies replacing fossil fuels. Not all of nations can have enough financial and technological resources to invest in alternative power resources, so that the use of these energies is extremely expensive. Ultimately, because of the energy shortages, industrial activities and global economic development will experience negative and pessimistic impacts. In conclusion, I will reaffirm that International Community should take actions urgently to decrease the consumption of fossil fuels and other harmful energy in all nations. 2.In some countries there is not enough recycling of waste materials (e.g. paper, glass and cans). What are the reasons and solutions? Waste recycling and people’ s participation in it is a moot issue and a lot
雅思写作必背范文40篇-1 Happiness is considered very important in life.Why is it difficult to define? What factors are important in achieving happiness? Happiness is very difficult to define,because it means so many different things to different people.While some people link happiness to wealth and material success,others think it lies in emotions and loving personal relationships.Yet others think that spiritual paths,rather than either the material world or relationships with people,are the only way to true happiness. Because people interpret happiness for themselves in so many different ways,it is difficult to give any definition that is true for everyone. However,if there are different kinds of happiness for different individuals then the first step in achieving it would be to have a degree of self-knowledge.A person needs to know who he or she is before being able to know what it is that makes him or her happy. Of course,factors such as loving relationships,good health,the skills to earn a living and a peaceful environment all contribute to our happiness too.But this does not mean that people without these conditions cannot be happy.
立场文件 代表：周文妍，欧美婧 学校：泉州师范学院 国家：比利时王国 委员会：国际原子能机构 议题：核能的和平利用及无核国家的建设 由于全球可利用资源数量有限，随着科学技术的不断进步，各国都开始寻找新型能源。此时，核能——一种安全、可靠、清洁、经济的新型高效能源，逐渐成为一些发达国家的首选。然而，切尔诺贝利事故、福岛核泄漏事故等核泄漏事故，对世界的生态环境和人类的生命健康造成了巨大危害，核安全问题已成为当前亟待解决的重要问题。 同时，将威力巨大的核能用于军事，即研发核武器，也成为了一些科技军事大国的首选。冷战结束后，随着全球化和多极化的深入发展，国家间的相互依存和制约关系加深，核武器在解决全球安全和拥有国自身安全方面的作用不断降低。美俄等有核大国甚至军备了上千枚战略性核武器，这对世界和平构成了巨大威胁。 面对当今这一形势，作为欧盟的成员国和创始国，我国应为世界核安全贡献一份力量。我国是无核国家，并且坚持认为核武器不应该继续研发，对于核能源的使用也应当增强控制力度。在核问题方面我国做了很好的表率。依从人民意愿，我国将于2016年4月关闭两个
反应堆——Doel 1和Doel 2 ，并于2015年对正在使用中的Tihange核电站进行彻底的检修，并将在2032年前关闭所有核电站，从而成为彻底放弃核电的发达工业国。作为环保中的积极分子，我国也是最坚决执行《京都议定书》的国家，在减排方面起着模范作用。关闭清洁的核电站，对环保也是一个挑战。我国目前除了在提高传统能源的利用效率方面下工夫，还大力发展太阳能和风能，积极应对废弃核电与节能减排之间的矛盾，从各个方面为全面无核做准备。我国对于无核问题表示坚决支持，并已付诸行动，全力配合。 核能的和平利用及无核国家的建设需要长期的持续以及各国的支持，并分步骤循序渐进。根据国际形势，我国提出以下几点初步的努力方向及要求： 一、比利时始终致力于推动，在以联合国安理会和国际原子能机构为框架下的国际核安全对话与合作，始终提倡以和平手段解决争端与分歧。 二、比利时呼吁各方保持冷静，敦促有关各方切实履行国际义务，遵守有关条约，回到平等对话的轨道上来。 三、比利时始终反对任何形式的核扩散，我国已签署《核不扩散条约》，并一直坚持履行条约内容。 四、核安全关系到全球的生态环境，关系到全人类的安全和未来。各方应保持清醒，正确认识全人类的根本利益，从长远角度出发，切实推动国际核谈判进程。比利时愿意在其中发挥积极作用。 五、美俄作为世界核武器大国，应当履行自身责任，带头进行
雅思写作高分作文精选第4期 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Scientists and the news media are presenting ever more evidence of climate change. Governmnets cannot be expected to solve this problem. It is the responsibility of individuals to change their lifestyle to prevent further damage. What are your views? You should write at least 250 words. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Recently scientists worried about climate change have urged governments to introduce measures to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that are seen as its main cause. Simoultaneouslty, politicians and environmentalists have urged individuals to make changes to their lifestyle. I shall argue that governments