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Unit 5 Ways to SuccessObjectives:After learning this unit, students are expected to make progress in the following five aspects:1.Culture: After learning the passages, students can learn some quotes from famouspeople2.Listening and speaking: Students first listen and then learn to talk about famouspeople.3.Reading: Students should master some important new words and expressions listedfrom P184-186. Learn the reading skill “identifying passage organization”.4.Translation: Students learn to translate some relative and appositive clauses.5.Writing: Students are expected to grasp the relative and appositive clauses, and learnto write greeting cards for achievementsTime Arrangement:Unit 5 (8 periods)1) Preparation (warm-up activities) (15 mins)2) Learning new words, expressions and discussing Passage A: My Advice to Students: Education Counts(85 mins)3) Doing the exerciseson P99 (30 mins)4) Discussing and doing exercises of Passage B: Christopher Reeve – A Real Superman (100 mins)5) Practical writing and culture salon (70 mins)6) Listening and speaking practice (100 mins)Teaching Methods:Under the guidance of student-centered principle, apply communicative and heuristic teaching methods, stimulate students‟ interest in learning English and get students involved in class participation.Instructional proceduresInstructional proceduresI. Lead in：Listen to the passage (at least 3 times) and try to fill the missing words in the blanks.Germany magazine of “Park Avenue”: top 100 influential Figures in the world1.Chairman Jintao Hu of China2.Two founders of Google:Larry Page & Sergey Brin3. Russian President PutinSome words of wisdom from some famous people:1. Life is not fair, get used to it. 生活是不公平的；要去适应它.2. If you think your teacher is tough, wait till you get a boss. He doesn…t have tenure.如果你认为你的老师严厉，等你有了老板再这样想。
Unit 5 EccentricityTeaching Objectives:In this unit, students will listen to a talk about what eccentricity is, and positive and negative views towards it. Students will hear the biographies of four famous eccentric people in Real Word Listening 1. In Read World Listening 2, students will hear two sides of the same set of events between two flat mates who can’t get along. Then students will have an opportunity to role-paly a mediator between those two flat mates in Real World Speaking.Teaching Difficulties:1.Students may encounter some difficult words while listening, and they arerequired to figure out the contextual meanings of these words. It takes time and the instructor has to take pains to gradually acquaint students the skill of how to understand unfamiliar words while listening.2.Students may come across difficulties of taking down notes while listening. Theinstructor has to pause while listening to tell the students how to jot down brief notes in process of listening comprehension.Teaching Procedures:1.Warming-up exerciseStudents will start by examining their own attitudes toward eccentricity. Then they will hear a talk which explores the meaning of the word and how so called eccentric people are viewed in society.2.V ocabulary—Read and Chooseodd: a. strange; unusual; peculiaruseless: a. not of any userefuse:v. to say or show that one is unwilling to give, accept , grant or do somethingappreciate: v. to understand and enjoy the good qualities or value of something emphasize: v. to place special meaning, value or importance on somethingconformity: n. behavior, etc. of keeping to or complying with generally accepted rules, customs, etc.productive: a. that produces well or muchbehavior: way of acting or functioninginventive: a. having or showing the ability to invent things and think originally contradictory:a. containing information which is contrary to other information or gives opposite informationparanoia n. abnormal tendency to suspect and mistrust other people without reasondepression n. a feeling of sadness and hopelessness3. Listening TaskPre-listening ActivityLearning Strategies——Thinking IndependentlyWhilst being eccentric cannot be regarded as a learning strategy, independent thinking most certainly can. Thinking independently means being able to look at problems from new angles and going beyond received opinions. It is the basis of all scientific developments. However, it should be balanced by accepting guidance and the wisdom of experience. Finding the right balance can catapult a good student towards becoming a brilliant student.Listening Activities1.Listen to the recording and find out which famous person used to walk awayfrom his guests during conversations.2.Listen to Part 1 and complete the summary by choosing the right words orphrases.3.Listen to Part 2 and complete the following table about reactions toeccentricity.4.Listen to Part 3 and check the best summary of the speaker’s own conclusion.4. Real World Listening 11) Describe. What do you know about these four people? Why are they famous?Discuss these questions in pairs.2) Get the main idea. Listen to each part separately and decide whether the sentencestrue (T) or false(F).5. Real World Listening 21) Predict. Listen to Part 1 and discuss in pairs to guess what kind of person Mathewis. Listen again and complete the summary.2) Now listen to Part 2 and complete the summary according to Mathew’s version ofevents. Have you views on Mathew changed? Discuss in pairs.Tapescript for Listening Task[Part 1]Most of us want other people to think we are normal. So we dress in the same way as others and live in the same kinds of houses as our neighbors. We want to be liked and to have friends. We are polite when friends talk to us and get along well with the people at our job or in our school. We know that sometimes it is okay to act a little bit crazy; but mostly we want to fit in with the crowd, happy to be conventional.However, not everyone fits in with the crowd. Some people stand out from the crowd, they are unconventional, they may even be eccentric. In mathematics, the word eccentricity means the measurement of how much a round object is different from the shape of a perfect circle. Eccentricity for people is the same idea. Eccentricity is when a person acts very differently to what everyone else says is normal. Eccentric people seem to do strange and odd things. If you think ofconventional people as smooth circles, perhaps eccentrics are egg shaped, or cones.In fact, you could say eccentrics are any number of different shapes because there are so many ways that eccentricity may be expressed. An eccentric may be someone who likes a hobby so much that she never spends any time doing anything else. Or, an eccentric might love to invent things, but all his inventions are useless. Some eccentrics wear the same kinds of clothes every day. Others live in oddly shaped house, or have more than two dozen cats, or refuse to throw anything away.[Part 2]Reactions to others’eccentric can vary too. Some people appreciate how an eccentric will often have a strong opinion about something and not be afraid to share it. Some admire how an eccentric might refuse to do something just because everyone else is doing it. They may enjoy the amusing antics of an eccentric friend. But others are disturbed by how eccentrics act. These people emphasize the importance of conformity and promote the idea of peer pressure as a positive force. Whether a person’s eccentricity is approved of or not often seems to depend on the person’s standing in their community. There is a famous saying from an unknown author about this. It is: “Crazy people who are productive are geniuses. Crazy people who are rich are eccentric. But crazy people who are neither productive nor rich are just crazy.”[Part 3]So what are you? A perfect circle? Or do you sometimes feel more like a cone? If a cone, you are not alone because none of us are perfect, no matter how much we want to be. We all have a little bit of eccentricity inside of us. And, that’s good. Experts believe that eccentric behavior makes us more creative, and for certain, history agrees. Some of the smartest, most inventive people in the world have been called eccentric. For example, did you know that Sir Isaac Newton was a famous eccentric? When people came to visit him, he used to wander off to work on his inventions while he was in the middle of talking to them. People thought this was strange, but nobody was laughing when he discovered the Law of Gravity. Of course, most eccentrics are not Sir Isaac Newton, but they still make life very interesting.。
大学体验英语综合教程2u n i t-5-w a y-t o-s u c c e s s教案-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIANUnit Five Ways to SuccessPart one: Listen and Talk : (2 periods)Teaching objective:To help students be familiar with successful celebrities;To take listening/watching exercises concerning the topic of being successful;To master the skills of giving feedback to partners in the speaking area;To develop students’ fluency skills when they do the communicative taskTeaching content:What success means to youListeningWhat you know about these celebrities and how they succeedWatching: what leads to successTalkingTranslating ---culture salonStep 1: (25minutes)1. Guess: tell who they areTeacher shows the pictures and students guess who they are.Ask students to find at least one common point among these people.2. Discuss: why they are famous/successfulAsk students: if success equals money or power or social status, yes or no and why? Why are these people famous or successful?Show some pictures and ask students what they think about them.3. Group discussion: what does success mean to you?Step 2 Listening & Talking (55 minutes)1. ListeningSuccess can be reached in different ways by people in different careers. Bill Gates began at age 13 to 1)_______ computers. His vision for personalcomputing has been central to the success of Microsoft Corporation, thecompany he 2)_______ with his childhood friend in 1975.The former CEO of General Electric, Jack Welch, is a business legend. A famous quote by Mr. Welch is, “Change before you have to.” He bel ieves inleading by example and 3)__________ his employees to do their best every day.Michael Jordan said, “I accept 4)______, but I can’t accept not trying.” He is one of the best athletes to ever play team sports. His great smile, athletic5)___________, and pleasant personality have made him one of the most famous6)_______ in the world.Michael Jordan spent a lot of time playing basketball as a child but in senior middle school he was taken off the team. Instead of 7)________, he workedthrough adversity and became the greatest basketball player yet.Celine Dion came from 8)_______ beginnings in a rural French Canadian town in Canada. The youngest of fourteen children, her voice is internationally known on such soundtracks as “Beauty and the Beast” and“Titanic”.Ronaldo is Brazil’s greatest 9)_____ in soccer since Pelé. He began his professional 10)______ in the season 90 — 91, playing for the Social RamosClub. FIFA (Féderation Internationale de Football Association) voted him best player of the year in both 1996 and 1997. In 2002, he won the Golden ShoeAward of the FIFA World Cup with 8 goals scored.2. Group discussion: Choose one celebrity and later tell us about his/her story.Students read the paragraph and then try to retell their story.Choose one of the pictures and then tell the class about his/her story.3. Group discussion:how do they succeed?4. Video watching: what leads to success?Watch the video and think about the following question:What leads to success?municative TasksStudents listen to the two dialogues, pay attention to the pronunciation andintonation.Read the dialogues with partners and then make up their own dialogues.Step 3 Translating---Culture salon (alternative)(10mins)Quotes from famous PeopleHomework:• To finish the communicative tasks by referring to sample dialogues• To preview the passage APart 2 Read and Explore (2 periods)Passage A: Death of a DreamTeaching objective: To guide students to get some ideas about Bill Gates’ opinion towards education;To lead them to comprehend the passage by answering questions and exercisesTeaching content: Passage reading and question answering.Step 1 Pre- reading Tasks (30 mins)1. Greetings and a brief revision (pair work or group work)Ask one or two pairs (groups) to act out their own dialogues2. Warm up activity:Do you know them?What’s in common among them?Drop-out celebritiesWhy did they drop out of collegeDoes education count What do we get from educationDo you want to pursue graduate study after you get your BA or BS WhyStep 2 While- reading Tasks (60 mins)1. Fast reading:Answer the following questions:1. Who is Bill Gates What do you know about him2. What do you think of school education?3. Do you want to pursue graduate study after you get your BA or BS Explain4. Why do many students write to Gates every year5. Why do some parents write to Gates?6. What does Gates think of dropping out of school7. Which university did Gates go to Did he graduate with a degree8. Many students choose to work for a while before going to a university. Whatdo you think of thisDecide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the passage.___ 1 By “education counts”, Gates means that education is important toeveryone.___ 2 From the passage we know that Gates dropped out of college because he didn’t do well.___ 3 Gates tells us that it is easier to get a job with a college diploma than without one.___ 4 According to Gates, one learns better by self-study.___ 5 It can be inferred from the passage that it’s fine to become deeplyinterested in onespecific area.2. Second reading --- Structure of the TextBased on the passage, finish the tableAssignments:⏹To learn the language points;⏹To finish the exercises 3-8 in Language Focus.Part 3 Read and Explore (2 periods)Language points Study (2 Periods)Ask students to share their information on key words and phrases with each other, invite them to analyze language points one by one, in struct them if they’re wrong.Step 1 Key language points:1. Count: be of value/importance•We have only a few bullets left, so make each one count.•Her opinion counts because of her experience.2. claim: say that (sth.) is true or is a fact without having any proof•She claims that she is related to the Queen. She claims to be related to the Queen. Jean•Jean claims to own a car but I don't believe her.3. perceive sth as sth: interpret sth. in a certain way; view• I perceived his comment as a challenge.4. let alone: without considering•There isn‟t enough room for us, let alone six dogs and a cat.•The baby can't even walk, let alone run.•I haven‟t decided on the menu yet, let alone bought the food.•He has a big house and an expensive car, not to mention a villa in France. 5. threaten: utter a threat; give warning of•Giant pandas are threatened with extinction.•The boss threaten an employee with dismissal.•The clouds threaten rain6. foster: help (something) to grow or develop Cooperative learning fosters a spirit of cooperation.•The mother tried to foster her son's interest in music by taking him to concerts when he was young.7. focus on: v. direct one's attention to•As we can't study all the resources, I propose we focus attention on one of them.•Today we're going to focus on the question of homeless people in London 8. lose oneself in sth.: become totally absorbed in, be preoccupied by•I soon lost myself in the excitement of the film.•On a dull winter afternoon, Harry would sit by the fire and lose himself in a book.9. discipline: a method of training•Learning poetry is a good discipline for the memory.•In learning a foreign language, pronunciation drills and question and answer drills are good discipline.10. take advantage of: make use of; profit from•We should take full advantage of the exceptional opportunity open in experts.•You‟d better take advantage of the warm weather by going for a walk this afternoon.11. opportunity: a favorable moment or occasion (for doing something)•It will give you an opportunity to meet all kinds of people.•Don‟t let slip any opportunity of practicing your English.12. discourage: prevent (an action)•We discourage smoking in this school.•We tried to discourage him from climbing the mountain without a guide. 13. sign up: sign an agreement to take part in something•We will not have the picnic unless more people sign up•How many people signed up for this course?14. appropriate: correct or suitable•Plain, simple clothes are appropriate for school wear.•It seemed appropriate to end with a joke.Step 2 Important sentences1. It's true that I dropped out of college to start Microsoft, but I was at Harvard for three years before dropping out--and I'd love to have the time to go back. (para. 4)It's true that I left college early to start Microsoft, but I was at Harvard for three years before I left, and if I had the time I'd love to go back (for my further study).不错，为创建微软，我未完成大学学业，不过辍学之前我已经在哈佛呆了三年，而且我真心希望有一天能重返校园。
教学目标：1. 让学生了解西方文化中关于友谊的价值观和观念。
2. 培养学生阅读理解能力，提高对文章主旨和大意、段落层次、关键词汇的把握。
3. 培养学生的口语表达能力，通过讨论和角色扮演等形式，让学生学会表达自己的观点和感受。
教学重点：1. 理解文章主旨和大意。
2. 掌握段落层次和关键词汇。
3. 学会表达关于友谊的观点和感受。
教学难点：1. 理解文章中涉及的文化差异。
2. 学会运用正确的口语表达方式。
教学过程：一、导入1. 教师简要介绍友谊在西方文化中的重要性，激发学生的学习兴趣。
2. 学生分享自己关于友谊的故事或经历。
二、课文阅读1. 学生自主阅读课文，完成阅读任务。
2. 教师检查学生的阅读情况，解答学生在阅读过程中遇到的问题。
3. 学生汇报阅读心得，教师点评。
三、课堂讨论1. 教师提出关于友谊的问题，引导学生展开讨论。
2. 学生分组讨论，分享自己的观点和感受。
3. 各小组代表发言，教师点评。
四、角色扮演1. 教师将学生分成若干小组，每组选择一个关于友谊的场景进行角色扮演。
2. 学生根据课文内容，进行角色分配和台词准备。
3. 各小组进行角色扮演，其他学生观看并给予评价。
五、课堂小结1. 教师总结本节课的重点内容，强调友谊在西方文化中的重要性。
2. 学生分享自己的学习心得，教师点评。
六、作业布置1. 阅读课文，思考以下问题：（1）文章中提到的友谊有哪些特点？（2）友谊对人们的生活有哪些影响？2. 写一篇关于友谊的短文，表达自己对友谊的理解和感悟。
教学反思：本节课通过阅读、讨论、角色扮演等多种形式，让学生了解西方文化中关于友谊的价值观和观念，提高了学生的阅读理解能力和口语表达能力。
在教学过程中，教师应关注学生的个体差异，给予学生充分的表达机会，激发学生的学习兴趣，培养学生的自主学习能力。
同时，教师要注意引导学生正确理解和运用英语表达方式，提高学生的英语综合运用能力。
课时：2课时教学目标：1. 掌握本单元的核心词汇和短语，如：civility, civilization, fortune, bewilder, statesman, housewife等。
2. 理解课文内容，掌握文章结构，提高阅读理解能力。
3. 通过课堂讨论和实践活动，提高学生的口语表达能力和团队合作能力。
教学重点：1. 核心词汇和短语的掌握。
2. 课文内容的理解。
教学难点：1. 课文中的复杂句型。
2. 文章主题的把握。
教学准备：1. 课件：课文内容、词汇、短语、练习题等。
2. 教学辅助材料：相关背景资料、图片等。
教学过程：第一课时一、导入1. 课前预习检查：了解学生对课文内容的掌握情况。
2. 介绍本单元主题：家庭与婚姻。
二、课文精读1. 词汇学习：讲解课文中的核心词汇和短语，如：civility, civilization, fortune, bewilder, statesman, housewife等。
2. 句子分析：分析课文中的复杂句型，如：复合句、并列句等。
3. 课文内容理解：引导学生阅读课文，理解文章结构，把握文章主题。
三、课堂讨论1. 讨论课文中的家庭观念和婚姻观念。
2. 学生分组讨论：针对课文中的某个观点，展开辩论。
四、实践活动1. 角色扮演：学生分组扮演课文中的角色，进行对话练习。
2. 家庭故事分享：请学生分享自己的家庭故事，增进对家庭的理解。
第二课时一、复习导入1. 复习上节课所学内容，检查学生对课文的理解程度。
2. 引导学生回顾家庭与婚姻的主题。
二、课文精读1. 词汇巩固：再次讲解本单元的核心词汇和短语，并进行练习。
2. 句子分析：引导学生分析课文中的复杂句型，提高阅读理解能力。
三、课堂讨论1. 讨论家庭与婚姻在现代社会中的地位和作用。
2. 学生分组讨论：针对家庭与婚姻的问题，提出解决方案。
四、实践活动1. 家庭关系模拟：学生分组模拟家庭关系，进行角色扮演。
2. 家庭价值观讨论：引导学生思考自己的家庭价值观，并进行分享。
一、教学目标1. 知识目标：（1）掌握本单元的核心词汇，如：culture, tradition, diversity, globalization等。
（2）了解本单元的语法点，如：动名词作主语、宾语、表语等。
（3）了解文化差异对人际交往的影响。
2. 能力目标：（1）提高学生的阅读理解能力，能够把握文章主旨和细节。
（2）培养学生运用所学词汇和语法进行口头和书面表达的能力。
（3）提高学生的跨文化交际意识。
3. 情感目标：（1）激发学生对英语学习的兴趣，培养良好的学习习惯。
（2）引导学生关注世界文化，培养全球视野。
二、教学内容1. 单元主题：Cultural Differences and Interpersonal Communication2. 文章类型：阅读理解、词汇学习、语法讲解、口语交际、写作练习三、教学过程1. 导入新课（1）通过提问或小组讨论，引导学生回顾上一单元所学内容。
（2）介绍本单元主题，激发学生学习兴趣。
2. 阅读理解（1）学生自主阅读课文，完成课后练习题。
（2）教师针对练习题进行讲解，引导学生分析文章结构和主旨。
3. 词汇学习（1）教师带领学生学习本单元核心词汇，并举例说明其在语境中的用法。
（2）学生进行词汇卡片制作，巩固记忆。
4. 语法讲解（1）讲解动名词作主语、宾语、表语的用法。
（2）通过例句分析，帮助学生理解并掌握语法点。
5. 口语交际（1）教师组织学生进行角色扮演，模拟真实场景，练习跨文化交际。
（2）学生分组讨论，分享各自对文化差异的看法。
6. 写作练习（1）教师给出写作题目，要求学生根据所学内容进行写作。
（2）学生完成写作后，教师进行批改和讲解。
7. 课堂小结（1）教师对本节课所学内容进行总结，强调重点和难点。
（2）布置课后作业，巩固所学知识。
四、教学评价1. 课堂表现：观察学生在课堂上的参与度、回答问题的准确性等。
2. 课后作业：检查学生对本单元知识的掌握程度。
3. 写作练习：评估学生的写作能力和表达能力。
Unit 5 The Villain in the AtmosphereTeaching Time: 8 hoursStudents’ level: non-English majors of the second semester of the 1st year.Teaching Objectives:1. Get Ss to know the conditions of the pollution on earth; let the students realize the serious pollution of the earth; analyze the causes of the pollution on the earth; think over and discuss the ways to solve the issue.2. About the text, Ss should grasp the text content, text structure, basic vocabularies and required grammar points of the section.Words: atmosphere, compose, conclusion, conference, crash, deadly, emit, extremely, feasibility, fund hazard, indicate, originally,pollute, proceed, signal, smash, survive, type, unfit Phrases & Expressions: be known as, name after, as to, base on, for one thing...for another, be composed of, as far as sth/sb. beconcerned, stick up, give up, set backGrammar: because of, what do you think of, so/as far as...he concerned3.About the reading, Ss should acquire the reading skill —using word part clues for word meanings.4.About the writing, Ss should get to know the writing skill—coherence.5.About the listening, Ss will finish the Unit 5 directed by the teacher. Teaching Procedures:I.Pre-reading ActivitiesBackground information:1. GlaciersGlacier,an enduring accumulation of ice, snow, water, rock, and sediment （沉淀物）that moves under the influence of gravity. Glaciers form where the temperature is low enough to allow falling snow to accumulate and slowly transform into ice. This accumulation is most common in the polar regions, but can also occur at high altitudes on mountains even near the equator. Glaciers are complex systems that grow and shrink in response to climate. At the present, glacier ice covers about 15 million sq km (5.8 million sq mi), or 10 percent, of Earth’s land area.2.Polar ice capA polar ice cap is a high-latitude region, centered in the polar region, which is covered in ice.3.GreenlandAn Arctic island nation located in North America by geography, Greenland is a self-governed Danish territory. It is the world’s largest island, and about 81 percent of its surface is covered by ice.4. Global WarmingGlobal warming refers to an average increase in the Earth's temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate. A warmer Earth may lead to changes in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea level, and a wide range of impacts on plants, wildlife, and humans. When scientists talk about the issue of climate change, their concern is about global warming caused by human activities.5. ManhattanManhattan is one of the five boroughs that comprise the City of New York. It is by far the most densely populated county in the United States and famous for its soaring skyscrapers.Manhattan (Island) is one of the commercial, financial, and cultural centers of the world. It has many famous landmarks and tourist attractions. They include Broadway, Chinatown, the Empire State Building, Greenwich Village, Times Square, The United Nations Headquarters, Wall Street, and many churches, colleges, skyscrapers, and theaters. Most of New York’s municipal buildings stand on Manhattan Island. When people think of New York City, they are usually thinking of Manhattan, the core of the city.6.The British IslesThe British Isles are s group of islands off the northwest coast of Europeconsisting of Great Britain (that is England, Scotland and Wales), Ireland and the many smaller adjacent islands. These islands form an archipelago of more than 6,000 islands.7.Isaac AsimovIsaac Asimov was born on 2 January 1920 in the former Soviet Union, but grew up in Brooklyn, New York. He taught biochemistry at Boston University until he retired in 1958 to become a full-time writer. Asimov had been publishing short stories since the late 1930s, and in 1952 published his first novel. The author of the classic Ⅰ, Robot series and The Foundation Trilogy, Asimov wrote more than 400 books and won every major science fiction award. He also wrote popular books and essays on science and technology, earning him the nickname "The Great Explainer." Isaac Asimov died of “heart and kidney failure, which were complications of the HIV infection” on 6 April 1992. HIV was not revealed as the cause of his death until 2002, when his widow Janet published the memoirs It's Been a Good Life.Warm-up Questions1.What’s the weather like in your hometown? Do you like it? Why or why not?2.Have you ever noticed any changes in your hometown or in the city you’re now living in? What are they?3.Do you have any idea of the greenhouse effect? How does it affect thetemperature on Earth?Introductory Questions for Reading Comprehension1.Who is the “villain” in the atmosphere?2.What does carbon dioxide do to plants and animal life on the Earth?3.What is happening to the sea level? What will the rising sea level do to our life?4.What does carbon dioxide do to the temperature of the Earth?5.How come that the concentration of the gas in the atmosphere is going up steadily?6.So in the final analysis, who are the villains and who are the victims?7.What should be done?II.Key Words & Expressions1.poisonous:containing poison in itself; very harmful and cause illness or deatha)Dangerously high levels of poisonous chemicals were found in the water.b)The Ministry of Health warned the general public to be on high alert against poisonous mushrooms, as 16 people have died after eating different kinds of poisonous mushrooms this summer.2.essential:absolutely necessary; extremely importanta)The body cannot store Vitamin C so it is essential to have a freshsupply every day.b)The leadership of the Party is essential to socialist revolution and socialist construction.3.convert:1)change one’s opinion, religion, political belief, etc.a)Bill was converted to Christianity soon after he retired from the army.b)Kevin is such a stubborn man that not surprisingly his wife failed to convert him.2)change to or into another form, substance, or state, or from one use or purpose to anothera)Water is converted into steam if it is boiled.b)My uncle lived in a comfortable home converted from farm buildings some 15 miles to the northwest of the city.4.tissue:1)mass of cells forming the body of an animal or of a plantThe elderly lady strongly disapproves of the use of fetal tissue for the treatment of people with certain illnesses.2)thin light paper used esp. for wrapping things, or soft paper which is used for cleaning and is thrown away after use--The taxi driver always keeps a box of tissues in the taxi.5.serve as :be used for a particular purposea) Her apartment also serves as her office.b) That will not serve you as an excuse.c) In the absence of anything better, the couch would serve as a bed for a couple of nights.6. liberate:set freea) Try to liberate yourself from preconceived ideas.b) They liberated all the prisoners.7. apparently: according to appearance; as it seemsa) Not all of what Mr. Blair wrote was false, but much of what was true in his article was apparently lifted from other news reports.b) The young man was whistling by the window, apparently quite cheerful.8. in all likelihood:very probablya) In all likelihood the flight will be canceled.b) Interest rates will go up further in all likelihood.likelihood: probabilityThere is much/every/no/little likelihood that he’ll be elected for the second term.8.steadily:evenly; regularly; graduallyIt’s believed that today’s children will be living in a steadily improving environment.9.beneath:below; underneatha)The industrialized world is completely dependent on oil, much of which resides beneath the surface of Middle Eastern countries.b)After weeks at sea, it was wonderful to feel firm ground beneath our feet once more.11. starvation:suffering or death from lack of foodDrought conditions during the 1980s led to widespread starvation in Africa.starve: v. be hungry; go without foodThe explorers starved to death in the desert.Let's get something to eat; I'm starving.12.widespread:found, placed, etc., in many placesa) A widespread flu epidemic affected eighteen Western states.b) The president was elected to a new term with widespread popular support.13. structure:1) the way in which parts are formed into a wholeThe family is seen as the primary social structure for meeting the emotional needs of children.2) anything formed of many parts, esp. a building; any complex whole Many buildings of the period were steel and cement structure.14. collapse:1) fall down or inwards suddenlya) The building collapsed, trapping thousands of people.b) Quite a few houses collapsed in the heavy storm last week.2) fall helpless or unconsciousa) A hiker who collapsed along the snow-covered mountains was rescued after he’d called for help from his cell phone.b) He collapsed while working and died on the way to hospital.3) fail suddenly and completely; break downa) The company collapsed without any sign beforehand.b) He thought his whole world had collapsed when his wife died.15. pressure:1) the action of pressing with force or weighta) It takes a bit of pressure to make the lid close.b) The pressure of the water caused the wall of the dam to crack.2) trouble that causes anxiety and difficultya) The pressure of modern life is causing violence, murder, suicide and an obsession with fortune-telling.His health collapsed under the pressure of work.e about:take place; happena) How did the accident come about?b) Sometimes it is hard to tell how a quarrel comes about.17. connection:relationship between things or eventsa) How long will the connection of the new telephone take?b) The doctor believed that his illness must have had some connection with his diet.18. transparent:allowing light to pass through so that objects behind can be clearly seen; thin or fine enough to be seen througha) The silk dress of the model was almost transparent.b) The greenhouse was transparent all the way round, so the children can see the plants growing.19. radiation:the act of radiating heat, light, etc.; sth. which is radiateda) The building is designed to trap and store radiation from the sun.b) Nuclear radiation can attack the cells in living tissue.20. visible:that can be seen; noticeable to the eyea) Many stars are hardly visible to the naked eye.b) Children should wear bright orange when they are riding in the streets so that they are more visible.21. tend:v. be likely toPrices are tending upwards.Old people tend to get fat.He tends towards selfishness.People tend to get fat as they grow older.22.distinctly:in a distinct manner; clearlya) I distinctly remember you promising to keep the secret.b) He was looking distinctly nervous before the exam this morning. distinct: adj.The twins had distinct tastes.You should make your writing distinct.23. creep:1) move slowly and quietly along the ground or a surfacea) The traffic was creeping along at a snail’s pace.b) I heard a man creeping stealthily up to my door.2) move or advance slowly and quietlya) Surveys noted that the company is creeping onto cell phones andother wireless devices.b) Old age creeps up on you before you realize it.24. estimate:calculate roughly the cost, size, value, etc. of sth.a) I had estimated that the work would take three days; however, it tooka week.b) That’s just an estimate–nobody really knows what the figure is because nobody bothers to calculate it.25. polar:of or near the North or South PoleThe latest science tells us that, at the current rate of global warming, polar bears might not make it to the next century.26. melt:1) (cause to) become liquida) For a very long time the United States was regarded as a “melting pot”.b) The spring sun melts the snow and the lakes become ice-free by mid-March.2) gradually become smaller and then disappeara) Their differences melted away.b) Her anger melted away when she read the letter.27. factor:any of the things that cause or influence sth.a) There are many factors that influence who will ultimately become the candidate for a party.b) Ability, industry, and health are factors of success in school.28. to make matters worse:with the result that a bad situation is made worsea) Trying to soothe her only make matters worse.b) I realized that anything I could say only make matters worse.29. disappear:1) go out of sighta) I saw the plane disappear behind a cloud.b) The spot disappeared when the shirt was washed.2) cease to exist; become losta) Let’s hope that our difficulties will soon disappear.b) That species disappeared in the Ice Age.30. replace:take the place ofa) Robots are replacing humans for dangerous tasks.b) Can anything replace parental love?31. consume:use; use upa) Those big powerful cars consume a great deal of fuel.b) He soon consumed his fortune.32. perspective:a particular way of thinking about or viewing sth.a) The author sees the event in historical perspective.b) The perspective of the executives on the situation is rather different from that of the workers.33. nuclear:of, concerning, or using the nucleus of an atom, atomic energy, or the atom bombThey claimed that there was evidence that the country supported terrorism and possessed biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons. 34. alternative:(n.) one of two or more possibilitiesa) We have no alternative in the matter.b) One of the alternatives open to the minister is to resign.(a.) that can be used instead of sth. Else; other; differentThey are alternative ways of expressing the same idea.35.interior(a. & n.) situated within or inside; innera) The interior walls of the building were painted green.b) The interior of the cave was dark.36. solar:of, from, or concerning the sunA solar cell takes radiation from the sun and converts it into electricity.pete:try to win sth. in competition with someone elsea) The two nations continued to compete with each other for influence in the resource-rich Third World.b) These young men competed for the silver medal.38. military:relating to the armed forcesa) The government accused the newspaper of preparing to reveal military secrets.b) The administration became increasingly concerned with military action.39. apparently:adv. from appearances aloneHe was apparently surprised at the news.Apparently she did not succeed.40.fraction:n. a small part or item forming a piece of a wholeHe has done only a fraction of his homework.The story does not contain a fraction of truth.41.splash:vi. cause (a liquid) to spatter about, especially with force; walk through mud or mireShe accidentally splashed ink on my sleeve.42.do sb. harm对某人造成损害If you do harm to me I shall not look over you.It wouldn't do him any harm to work a bit harder.43.from year to year年复一年地，每年Prices fluctuate from year to year.Things get worse from year to year.44. go up上升，增长Inflation may be rising, if (it is) so, prices will go up.The financial times share index go up five point yesterday.45. make up弥补, 和解, 编造, 整理, 化妆, 拼凑成I tried to make up for my loss.She tired to make up to the boss.46. first of all首先First of all, let me tell you the news.First of all she just smiled, then she started to laugh.47. at first起先，开始时The answer was at first unapparent.At first we used hand tools.48. by itself自动地，独自地The house stood by itself on a hill.The machine will start by itself in a few seconds.49. cut down砍倒；减少He has to cut down on the consumption of meat.Do not cut down the tree that gives you shade.[谚]遮荫之树不可砍。
