北京师范大学考博英语试题及答案解析
第一部分：试题
Part 1 Listening Comprehension (15%)
Part 11 Reading Comprehension (30%)
Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C, and D by marking the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
1
The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise (有氧操). Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize (获利) on this emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially form the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for females. Many current programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.
Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. Increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives.
16. The word “spas” (Line 3, Para. 1) most probably refers to _________.
A) sports activities
B) places for physical exercise
C) recreation centers
D) athletic training programs
17. Early fitness spas were intended mainly for __________.
A) the promotion of aerobic exercise
B) endurance and muscular development
C) the improvement of women’s figures
D) better performance in aerobic dancing
18. What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement?
A) Positive.
B) Indifferent.
C) Negative.
D) Cautious.
19. People were given physical fitness tests in order to find out ________.
A) how ell they could do in athletics
B) what their health condition was like
C) what kind of fitness center was suitable for them
D) whether they were fit for aerobic exercise
20. Recent studies have suggested that weight training __________.
A) has become an essential part of people’s life
B) may well affect the health of the trainees
C) will attract more people in the days to come
D) contributes to health improvement as well
2
Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and other
single-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly classified as members of the plant kingdom, However, in reality they are very different
from paints and today they are placed in a separate group altogether, The principal reason
for this is that none of there possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates. They obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms, Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made
of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugar-like polymer called chitin the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made. The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi and
those of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing hyphac, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the walls of plant cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself It is these
cellulose-destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material.
The destructive power of fungi is impressive, They are major cause of structure damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of the greatest causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting, Some fungi can grow at+50 oC , while others can grow at-50 oC , so even food in cold storage may not be completely safe from them, On the other hand,
fung bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, this enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, They also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms In addition, lung are the source
of marry of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine, including penicillin
21. What does paragraph one mainly discuss?
A. differences between simple and complex fungi
B. functions of chlorophyll in plants
C. functions of sugar in the walls of fungal cells
D. differences between fungi and plants
22. Which of the following is mentioned as a major change in how scientists approach the
study of fungi?
A. Fungi are no longer classified as plants.
B. Some single-celled organisms are no longer classified as fungi
C. New methods of species identification have been introduced
D. Theories about the chemical composition of fungi have been revised.
23. The skeletons of shrimps, spiders and insects are mentioned in paragraph one because they
______.
A. can be destroyed by fungi
B. have unusual chemical compositions
C. contain a material found in the walls of fungal cells
D. secrete the same enzymes as the walls of fungal cells do
24. Fungi have all the following characteristics EXCEPT _______.
A. They grow hyphac
B. They secrete enzymes
C. They synthezise cellulose
D. They destroy crops
25. The passage mentions “penicillin”(last line) as an example of _______.
A. a medicine derived from plants
B. a beneficial use of fungi
C. a product of the
D. a type of fungi that grows at extreme temperatures
3
By far the most important United States export product in the 18 th and 19th centuries
was cotton favored by the European textile over flax or wool because it was easy
to process and soft to touch. Mechanization of spinning and waving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during this period and at the same time
the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of the invention of the coition gin by Eli Whitey in 1793. Cotton
could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber—or lint—from the seed was
a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its
fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but is demanded
long growing season, available only along the nation’s casterm seacoast .Short-staple
cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their
mixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day Whitney’s gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull Cotton fibers away from seeds . Using the gin, a worker could produce up to SO percents of
Lint a day The later development of larger gins powered by horses, water or stream
Multiplied productivity further
The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to a rapid spread of the
cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export dwarfing all others. In 1802 cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.
In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States—west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.
26. The main point of the passage is that the 18th and 19th centuries were a time when _________.
A. the European textile industry increased its demand for American export products
B. Cotton became the most important American export product
C. Cotton became a profitable crop but was still time-consuming to process
D. Mechanization for spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry
27. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCPPT______.
A. cotton’s softness
B. cotton’s case of processing
C. a shortage of flax and wool
D. the growth that occurred in the textile industry
28. According to the passage, one advantage of Sea island cotton was its _______.
A. abundance of seeds
B. adaptability to different climates
C. long growing season
D. long fibers
29. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton-production in the United States after the introduction of Whitney’s cotton gin?
A. More cotton come from Sea Inland cotton plants than before.
B. More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than before
C. Most cotton produced was sold domestically.
D. Most cotton produced was exported to England.
30. According to the passage, the Mississippi River was ______.
A. one of the boundaries of a region where new agricultural settlement took place
B. a major source of water for agricultural crops
C. the primary route by which agricultural crops were transported
D. a main source of power for most agricultural machinery
4
Why do some new products succeed, bringing millions of dollars to innovating
Companies, while others fail, often with great losses? The answer is not simple, and certainly we cannot say that “good”products succeed while “bad”products fail Many products that function well and seen to meet consumer needs have fallen by the wayside Sometimes, virtually identical products exist in the market at the same time with one emerging as profitable while the other fails, MeNeal Laboratories Tylenol has become successful as an aspirin substitute, yet Bristol-Meyers entered the lest market at about the same time with Neotrent, also a substitute for aspirin, which quickly failed
The nature of the product is a factor in its success of failure, but the important point is the consumer’s perception of the products need-satisfying capability, Any new product conception should be aimed at meeting a customer need, and the introductory promotion should seek to communicate that need-satisfying quality and motivate the customer to try may be sought
Here the company walks a tightrope A new product is more likely to be successful if it represents a truly novel way of solving a customer problem but this very newness, if carried too far, may ask the customer to team new behavior patterns, The customer will
make the change if the perceived benefit is sufficient but inertia is strong and customers
will often not go to the effort that is required, During the late sixties and early seventies Bristol-Meyers met with new product failures that exemplify both of these problems, In
1967 and 1968 the company entered the market with a $5 million advertising campaign
for Fact toothpaste, and an $11 million campaign to prorate Resolve, Both products
failed quickly, not because they didn’t work or because there was no construer need but apparently because consumers just could see no reason to shift from an already
satisfactory product to a different one that promised no new benefit.
31. The first sentence of the first paragraph is a question to which the answer is ________.
A. that the good products succeed while the bad fail
B. that the “good”are not really good but the “bad”are actually bad.
C. that new products will succeed if they function well and fail if they don’t
D. not given in the paragraph
32. What are Tylenol and Neotrend?
A. They are names of twp drug manufacturers.
B. They are probably two new brands of medicine which serve as a substitute for aspirin
C. Tylenol is a drug manufacturer whereas Neotrend is a new substitute medicine for aspirin.
D. They are probably the names of chemists who invented the new medicine
33. The success or failure of a product seems to be determined by a number of factors, one of which the author emphasizes is the customer’s perception of the product’s ______.
A. quality and price
B. usefulness and durability
C. need-satisfying capability
D. appearance and inner packing
34. What does the author mean when be says “the company walks a tightrope’(Sentence 1, paragraph 3)?
A. The company has both the chance to succeed and to fail in dealing in a new product
B. The company has to study customer’s behavior before a new product is introduced.
C. The company has to find a new way to solve customers problems before a new product is put on the market.
D. The company has to make a great effort to overcome the customer’s inertia
35. Bristol-Meyers failed in promoting Fact toothpaste and Resolve because ______.
A. these products were too expensive as compared with their direct competitors
B. both products failed to meet the customers’needs
C. the customers could see no sense of a radical change of their habits
D. the company forgot an English saying: “You cannot teach an old dog new tricks’
5
With the release of The piano a powerfully emotional story set in nineteenth-century
New Zealand about a woman’s sexual awakening, the New Zealand –born Jane Campion
bas established herself as one of the most talented female filmmakers to come upon the
scene in recent years .The film not only received praiseful reviews from critics and
moviegoers but won the Cannes Film Festival’s top prize the Palme D’Ot making
Campion the first woman over to be so honored .Campion’s success is notable also
because she is a relative newcomer to the film world: the forty-year-old director has made
just three features (including The Piano), a television movie, and a handful of shorts
dating from her student days.
Although Campion’s films appear at first glance to have little in common—her first feature, Sweetie, is a very honest (some would say cruelly unfeeling) portrait of a dysfunctional family and her second, An Angel at My Table, is a sympathetic biography of
the New Zealand novelist Janet Frame—each reflects her feeling for strong-willed, often misunderstood women who refuse, or are unable to give themselves up to their respective societies’definitions of womanhood According to David Sterritt writing in the Christian Science Monitor, The Piano “gain much of its effectiveness from Campion’s directing style, which combines the dreamlike atmosphere of her early film Sweetie with the
sensitivity to feelings that made her last movie. An Angel at My Table, so extraordinary”
Also contributing to the film’s success was Campion’s ability to induce fine performances from her character, ‘She directs actors differently from anyone I’ve ever known ,”Sam
Neil told Paul Freeman in an interview for the Chicago Tribute “I always felt that there
was a big safety net under her and that I was permitted to take as many risks as I wanted
to “Genevieve Lemon, who had played the title role in Sweetie and took the supporting
role of Nessie in The Piano, agreed Campion is already at work on her next project an adaptation of Henry Jaures’s novel The Portrait of a lady.
36. The passage is primarily concerned with _______.
A. presenting the interrelationships between Campion’s three movies
B. commenting on Jane Campion as a filmmaker and her recent movie, The Piano
C. explaining why The Plano was a success
D. criticizing Jane Campion and her three movies
37. According to the passage, Campion’s three movies share which of the following characteristics?
A. All of them seem to be quite commonplace at first glance.
B. All of them deal with stories that took place in New Zealand.
C. All of them describe a woman who is rebellious against the traditional view of female
D. Each movie minors the time when the movie was produced.
38. It can be concluded that Campion is regarded as one of the most talented filmmakers in recent years because _______.
A. the movie that has brought such great honor to her is just the third feature she has produced
B. she is only 40 years old
C. she is the first woman who has received such honors
D. she began her movie production from her student days
39. It can be inferred from the passage that Campion’s directing style of the hird movie
_________.
A. is a simple combination of those in her two early movies
B. contributed greatly to the success of the movie
C. is much of an imitation of previous ones
D. is quite creative
40. The author implies that Campion is different from other filmmakers in that_______.
A. she is especially good at making the actors perform to the best of their ability
B. she is quite able to assure the actors of their success
C. she tends to encourage the actors to take as many risks as possible
D. she always places a big safety net under the actors when directing the movies
6
Speech—the act of uttering sounds to convey meaning is a kind of human action
Like any other constantly repeated action, speaking has to be learned but once it is
Learned, it becomes a generally unconscious and apparently automatic process.
As far as we can determine human beings do not need to be forced to speak most
Babies born to possess a sort of instinctive drive to produce speechlike noises How to
speak and what to say are another matter altogether, These actions are learned from the particular society into which the baby is born; so that, like all conduct that is learned from
a society—from the people around us—speech is a pattered activity.
The meandering babble and chatter of a young child are eventually channeled by imitation into a few orderly grooves that represent the pattern accepted as meaningful by
the people around him. Similarly, a child’s indiscriminate practice of putting things into
his mouth becomes limited to putting food into his mouth in a certain way.
The sounds that a child can make are more varied and numerous than the sounds that
any particular language utilizes, However, a child born into a society with a pattern of
language is encouraged to make a small selection of sounds and to make these few sounds over and over until it is natural for him to make these sounds and no others.
41. For an adult the process of speaking usually involves________.
A. conscious selection of sounds
B. imitation of those around him
C. a drive to make noises
D. unconscious actions
42. The selection says that most babies have an instinctive drive to ______.
A. express ideas in words
B. make speechliks noises
C. convey meaning
D. imitate sounds around them
43. Conduct that is learned from a society may be called________.
A. instinctive drive
B. selection
C. automatic activity
D. patterned activity
44. The most important factor in a child’s learning to speak probably is _____.
A. repetition
B. selection
C. instinct
D. imitation
45. The sounds that a child is able to make are _____.
A. not as varied as those used in language
B. more varied and numerous than those in any language
C. far fewer than those needed to form a language
D. completely different from the sounds of language
Part III Translation and Writing (55%)
Section A Translation (40%)
Translate the following into Chinese
1) He was taken to the huge medieval fortress at the harbour’s mouth, He found prison life fairly endurable His cell was darup and dark, and the food was bud and insufficient; but his sister soon obtained permission to seed him all the necessaries of life from borne He was kept in solitary confinement and failed to obtain any explanation of the cause of his arrest Nevertheless the tranquil frame of mind in which he had entered the fortress did not change Not being allowed books, he spent his time in prayer and devout meditation, and waited without impatience for the further course of events.
2) Industrial engineering involves the application of engineering principles and techniques of scientific management to the maintenance of a high level of productivity at optimum cost in industrial enterprises, In the 1880s F. W. Taylor considered the father of
modem industrial engineering pioneered in the scientific measurement of work After
numerous work studies he presented his company with a formula for obtaining maximum production, which was later applied to many manufacturing concerns, The industrial. or science, Among his responsibilities are the selection of tools and materials for production
that are most efficient and least costly to the company. The industrial engineer may also determine the sequence of production and the design of facilities or factories.
Translate the following into English:
美国人以两个特殊的日子向父母表示敬意：这便是每年五月第二个星期日的母亲节和六月第三个星期日的父亲节。人们用各种形式来庆贺这两个特殊的日子。在母亲节那天，人们佩戴康乃馨(carnation) : 很多人还通过参加宗教仪式来向父母致意，在这两天，许多家庭在中或到餐馆去聚会：这是充满欢乐、美好情感和美好回忆的日子。
Section B Witting (15%)
Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.
The Scientific Method
In the course of the Scientific Revolution, attention was paid to the problem of establishing the proper means to examine and understand physical realm. This creation of a sciemific method was at octal to the evolution of science in the modem world Curiously enough it was an Englishman with few scientific credentials who attempted to put forth a new method of acquiring knowledge that made an impact on English scientists in the seventeenth century and other European scientists in he eighteenth century Francis Bacon (1561-1626), a lawyer and lord chancellor, rejected Copemicus and Keplet and misunderstood Galileo And yet in his unfinished work The Great Instonararion (The Great Restoration). he calle for his contemporizes “to commence a total reconstruction of sciences, arts, and all human knowledge, raised upon the proper foundations, “did not doubt humans ability to know the natural world, but he believed that they had proceeded incorrectly “The entire fabric of human reason which we employ in the inquisition of nature is badly put together and built up, and like some magnificent structure without foundation.”Bacon’s new foundation—a correct scientific method—was to be built on inductive principles. Rather than beginning with assumed first principles from which logical conclusions could be deduced. He urged scientists to proceed from the particular to the general. From carefully organized experiments and systematic, thorough observations correct generalizations could be developed Bacon was clear about what he believed his method could accomplish. His concern was more for practical than for pure science. He stated that “the true and lawful goal of the sciences is none other than this is it human life be endowed with new discoveries and power. “He wanted science to contribute to the “mechanical arts”by creating devices that would benefit industry,
agriculture, and trade Bacon was prophetic when he said that “I am laboring to lay the foundation, not of any seat or doctrine, but of human utility and power, ”And how would this “human power”be used? To “conquer nature in action”The control and domination of nature became a central proposition of modern science and the technology that accompanied it. Only in the twentieth century did some scientists ask whether this assumption night not he at the heart of the modern ecological crisis.
第二部分：参考答案
1、Reading Comprehension
16-20：BBCAD 21-25：DACCB 26-30：DCDBA
31-35：DBCAC 36-40：BCADA 41-45：DBDDB
2、Translation and Writing （见答案解析）
第三部分：答案解析
Part 11 Reading Comprehension (30%)
Passage One
文章大意：本文主要介绍了aerobic exercise在不同时期的发展情况，以及对wight-training与aerobic exercise的比较与阐述，后面提出了wight-training对健康是有益的观点。
题16：题目问，“spas”指的是什么？定位第一段第二行“millions of individuals......dancing for females”随着有氧运动的兴起，出现了很多健身的场所，因此B最符合意思，另，现在马路边上很多店都是“XXSPA”，因此不难得出答案B。
题17：题目问，早先的健身场所主要是做什么的？定位第一段第六行，“However, their focus was not on aerobic......in there primarily male enthusing”这些spas的重点不是有氧运动而是肌肉块、力量以及耐力的练习，故答案为B。
题18：题目问，医生对于weight training的态度？定位第一段第九行”since medical opinion suggested......health benefits”医生认为weight training有few benefit，其中few是一个否定词，因此医生的意思是没有好处，故答案为C。
题19：题目问，人们被进行体质测试是为了查明什么？定位第二段第二行，“not for health-related reasons......performance in athletics”很明确指出这不是因为health-relate而是因为performance in athletics.故答案为A。
题20：题目问，现在研究表明weight training是怎样的？定位第二段第三行“however，in recent years......some health benefit as well”明确指出weight training 在提高肌肉力量与耐力的同时也对健康带来益处，故答案选D。
Passage Two
文章大意：本文主要对真菌作了介绍，讨论了真菌与植物的不同，真菌的特性与危害。
题21：题目问，第一段主要讨论了什么？结合第一段讲述很明显作者认为真菌与植物是不同的并为此进行了论证。文章开头“Fungi......in a separate group altogether”就点名了问题。故答案为D。
题22：本题对于题目的理解有一定难度，其实题目是问，科学家针对真菌的
研究中给真菌带来的最主要的变化是什么？根据本文的主旨与第一段的论述，研究对真菌的最大变化是证实真菌并不属于植物，故答案为A。
题23：题目问提及基围虾、蜘蛛、昆虫是为了什么？定位第一段第七行“Furthermore,the walls of fungal cells......and insects are made”此句中作者表明真菌的细胞壁的构成物不同于植物而是含有与构成基围虾、蜘蛛、昆虫的原料。因此文中提及基围虾、蜘蛛、昆虫是为了表明他们中有一种材料在真菌细胞中也有，故选C。
题24：题目问，除哪项外均是真菌的特征？A，B选项定位第一段倒数第五行，“because it enables the tips......the fungus itself ”其中AB选项是文中原话；D 选项定位第二段第二行，“one of the greatest causes of agricultural losses ......after harvesting”;C选项定位第一段第七行“furthermore.....plants are”这是植物的特性而不是真菌，故答案为C。
题25：题目问，文章提到penicillin是作为什么的一个例子？定位文章倒数第二行”they also enter into a number of......including penicillin”最后作者表明了真菌
有益的地方，故而此例子是表明真菌的益处，故答案为B。
Passage Three
文章大意：本文主要围绕作为美国18、19世纪最主要的出口商品的棉花阐述，介绍了棉花成为重要出口品的原因以及其种植和棉花产业的发展相关情况题26：题目问，文章的主题是18、19世纪是一个怎么样的时代？定位文章第一段第三行”Mechanization of spinning......during this period”正是选项D的论述，故答案为D。
题27：题目问，一下选项除了哪一个都是棉花需求增长的原因？定位文章第一段第二行“favored by the European textile over flax or wool,because it was easy to process and soft to touch”直接指出了答案A、B、D，其中欧洲纺织业的发展是根本原因，而棉花本身的便于加工以及触摸柔软是其优于其他材料的特征，所以这三个是导致棉花需求的原因。故答案为C。
题28：题目问，sea island cotton一个优势是什么？定位文章第一段第九行“Sea island cotton was relatively easy......seacoast”指出sea island cotton 的优缺点，其中优点是”easy to process by hand”因为“fiber were long and seeds were concentrated”
缺点是“long growing season available only......”所以D选项是其一个优点，而C 选项是其一个缺点，故选D。
题29：题目问，以下关于cotton gin 发明后，美国棉花产量的推断正确的是？定位文章第一段最后”Whitney’s gin was a......multiplied productivity further”可知，在gin发明后通过机器将fiber与seed分离而提高了棉花生产效率，而fiber与seed 难以分离是Short-staple cotton的缺点，如此一来，克服了缺点，而生长时间又不需要像sea island cotton那样长，因此，可以推断Short-staple cotton的种植会增多。故答案选B。
题30：题目问，根据文章，密西西比河是什么？文章就在最后出现了密西西比河，最后一句“the growing market for cotton......east of the Mississippi River”结合四个选项，只有A根据文章意思能够得出，而B、C、D或许对但文章中压根没提。故选A。
Passage Four
文章大意：本文主要围绕产品成功与失败进行讲述，并进行了举例说明，作者提出了产品要迎合消费者需求并且要有足够的动力让消费者改变其之前的消费习惯。
题31：题目问，第一段第一句问题的答案是什么？作者在开头提出问题后自己也做出了暗示”The answer is not simple, and certainly we can not say that good products succeed while bad products fail”作者并没有正面回答这个问题，故选D 题32：题目问，Tylenol and Neotrend 是什么？定位文章第一段倒数第三行”MeNeal Laboratories Tylenol has......which quickly failed”其中提到”aspirin substitute”是“阿司匹林的替代品”因此它俩应与阿司匹林对应，应该也是一个商标，如果aspirin 不认识的话，可以根据“MeNeal Laboratories Tylenol”与“Bristol-Meyers entered the lest market with Neotrent”是根据“公司+产品”的模式，因此两者应该为商品；或者根据关键词“aspirin substitute”均可确定答案为B。
题33：题目问，作者强调产品成败的一个关键因素是消费者对于产品什么的感觉？定位第二段开始“the nature of the product ......need-satisfying capability”故答案选C
题34：题目问，作者说“the company walks a tightrope”是什么意思？定位文章第三段，这句话之后作者对其进行了解释”A new product is more......the effort that is required”其中作者提到，新产品或许成功，但，if carried too far....inertia is strong...表明也有失败的可能性，因此答案为A
题35：题目问，Bristo-Meyers失败的原因是什么？定位倒数第三行”not because they didn’t.....promised no new benefit”即消费者没有获得足够的改变的利益驱动，故答案选C。
Passage Five
文章大意：本文主要围绕新西兰女导演JaneCampion展开,介绍了她的新作The piano以及取得的极大成就，介绍了她创作电影的风格以及创作特点题36：题目问，本文主要讲了什么？根据文章主题，不难选出答案B。
题37：题目问，根据文章，Campion的三部电影共性是下面哪个选项？定位文章第二段第一行”Although Campion’films......definitions of womanhood.”指出虽然咋一看三部电影没有相同点但是（破折号间的内容是解释，可以忽略不看）each reflects.....后面就是共性的内容，即宣扬女权主义，故选C。
题38：题目问，Campion 被认为是近期最有天赋的电影制作人之一是因为什么？定位文章第一段第四行”The film not only......just three features”其中阐述了两个原因，一个是她获得很高的荣誉，一个是她在圈里是新人，因此只有A选项t 同时包含这两个意思，干扰选项为C，作为第一个获此殊荣的女人并不意味着她就是most talented，故选A。
题39：题目问，从文章中可以推断出Campion指导第三部风格是怎样的？定位文章第二段第七行，”The piano gain much of......her character......sa I wanted to”提出The piano 成功有两方面的因素，一个是得益于传承Campion 的前两部电影风格——对于情感的敏锐；一个是Campion 调动她演员的能力——就是题目所说的directing style，选项B之所以不合适是greatly用词不准确，文章中没有突出greatly，相比较之下D表达更为准确，故选D。
题40：题目问，作者暗示Campion不同于其他一些电影制作人在于什么？定位文章倒数第六段，作者借用Sam Neil之口说出了问题”She directs actors differently from anyone I have ever known”紧接着给出了解释”I always felt
that......as I wanted to”而这只是作者列举的一个例子，通过这个例子来说明Campion调动演员的能力，故不选C，（C是具体例子，并不具有普遍性，它只是调动演员的方式之一）而A正是作者通过举例C表达的意思，故选A。Passage Six
本篇阅读难度很小，答案基本都在文中，甚至是原话。
题41：题目问，成年人说话的加工过程是怎样的？定位文章第一段第二
行”speaking has to be learned but once it is learnedl, it becomes a generally unconscious and apparently automatic process”可知说话一旦学会就变成无意识的了。故答案选D。
题42：题目比较简单，答案直接在文中能找到，定位文章第二段第二行“most babies scorn to possess a sort of instinctive drive to produce speech like noises”直接定位答案B。
题43：答案也可直接在文章中找到，定位第二段最后”like all conduct that......speech is a pattered activity”故选D。
题44：题目问，小孩学习说话最重要的一个因素是什么？定位文章第三段第一行“the meandering babble......by the people around him”故答案选D。
题45：答案直接在文中，定位文章第四段第一行”the sound that https://www.doczj.com/doc/9114429859.html,nguage utilizes”故答案选B。
Part III Translation and Writing （供参考）
Section A Translation
Translate the following into Chinese
第一篇
他被带到海港入口处一个巨大的中世纪的堡垒里。他发现监狱里的生活还过得去。他的牢房潮湿黑暗，食物很难吃也吃不饱。但是不久允许他妹妹从家里给他送来所有的生活必须品。他被单独关押，而且得不到被捕理由的解释。然而，他进古堡时的平静心态始终没有变。不允许他读书，他就通过祈祷和虔诚的冥思，耐心的等待事情的进一步发展。
第二篇
工业工程涉及工程原则的使用和科学管理技术在工业企业中以合理的成本消耗维持高水平的劳动生产率。在十九世纪八十年代，现代工业工程之父F.W.泰勒对科学的生产计量做了探索。在做了大量工作研究之后，他把一套能获得最大生产
率的方案运用到他的公司中，这套方案之后也应用到许多制造企业。工人或管理工程师借鉴系统工程和管理科学的方法。他的职责就是选择产品的工具和原材料，而这种产品对公司最有效也最节省。工业管理工程师可以确定生产序列和设施或工厂的设计。
Translate the following into English:
People in the United States honor their parents with two special days:Mother’s Day, on the second Sunday in May, and Father’ Day, on the third Sunday in
June.People celebrate the two special days in various forms.On Mother’ Day, people wear carnation, a lot of people honor their parents by taking part in religious ceremonies , many families meet in the home or a restaurant in this two days: full of joy, happy feeling and memories
Section B Witting(供参考）
People pay attention to establishing proper means to know the world. Francis Bacon who had few scientific credentials, called on people to commence reconstruction of human knowledge in his work The Great Instauration. He believed humans had proceeded incorrectly to know the natural world and raised a new method of acquiring knowledge -- to built on inductive principles. Bacon urged scientist to proceed from the particular to the general and develop correct generalizations. He wanted science to benefit people’s life and labored to lay the foundation of human utility and power, with which humans can conquer the nature. The control and domination of nature became a central proposition of modern science and technology.
高中新生入学英语考试试卷(附参考答案) 英语 考生注意：?? 1．本试卷分试题卷和答题卡两部分。?? 2．试题卷共55小题加书面表达题。共100分。120分钟完卷。??3．本卷所有选择题最符合题意的答案只有1个。不选、多选、错选、涂写不清或是不填写答案编号字母而抄写英语答案的，均不给分。?? 4．全部答案都必须按要求在答题卡中相对应题号下填涂或书写，要求填涂正确、书写工整、清晰、规范，卷面清洁。?? 5．完卷后，答题卡和试题卷分别交回，答题卡按要求密封装订成册。?? Ⅰ、知识运用（两个部分，共20小题，计20分）?? A）单项选择（共10小题，计10分）?? 从A、B、C 3个选项中选出1个能填入所给句子空白处的最佳答案。 1. ―Why do you like Mary??? ―Because she is honest girl. ?? A. a B. an C. the 2. ―How heavily it rained this early morning.?? ―Yes. But of the students in our class was late fo r school. ?? A. some B. none C. all?? 3. ―Where is Peter??? ―He volleyball with his friends in the school gym.?? A. plays B. played C. is playing?? 4. ―My spoken English is poor, what shall I do??? ―Join an English language club to practice，you’ll it? ?? A. be good at B. drop in C. deal with?? 5. ―Must I be in hospital for a week， Doctor? ?? ―No， you . You can go back home tomorrow.?? A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. must??
(2020最新模拟江苏省宿迁市 A) 根据句意及所给中文提 示或英文解释，写出句中所缺单词。每小题1分) 46. My neighbours are very ▲ (友好的) to us. 47. Do you ▲ (同意) with what I say? 48. We had a very cold ▲ (冬季) last year. 49. Are you ▲ (有空的) this evening? 50. I can’t ▲ (买得起) to go to the 2020最新 模拟 World Cup. 51. The tourists had no c ▲ but to wait for the next bus. 52. Tom is a ▲ (a good sense of humour) boy, so everyone likes him. 【答案】46.friendly 47.agree 48.winter 49.free 50.afford 51.choice 52.humo(u)rous (2020最新模拟.江苏省无锡市.B根据句意和汉语注释，在 答题卡标有题号的横线上，写出单词的正确形式,每小题1 分） 6.Sometimes ______________（深厚的） feelings are hard to put into words. 7.Mr Wang was busy,but he_____________ （坚持） on seeing me off at the airport. 8.Will you join us in the _____________（讨论）about the teenage problems.
2015年考博 单选： 有少部分原题（出自曾建彬《研究生英语》《研究生高级英语》） 阅读理解： 第一篇：Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, most of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form. of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks—that purchasable wells of wisdom—what would civilization be like without its benefits? So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births—but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and the capacity of a man is to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form. of "college" imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect every- body is equipped for life. It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry, which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents' and therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child. (选自新概念) 第二篇：关于在Internet site上挂条幅广告销售商品的。第一题问：文章开头是什么意思，我选择了，和传统广告一样，互联网广告也是为了促使消费者冲动消费。有一题问：下列哪些选项作者没提及：我选了传统广告在较长的竞争中必然会战胜网络广告方式。有一题关于互联网广告的：我选择了需要做些change来保持他的竞争性什么的。最后一题问作者对互联网广告的态度：uncertain,objective,X,X.另两个记不清了，我选的客观的。 第三篇：关于脸书，推特等这些网络平台火的原因，强调以前的网络平台web1.只是让你看别人提供的content，而web 2.如这些社交平台是让你能跟别人交流自己creat content,而不是enjoy 别人提供的content.一题问：Myspace社交平台火的原因：我选了有content的那个选项。有题问下面哪个选项作者没提及：我选了大家怀念web1.那个选项。 第3篇This reading comprehension focuses on social networks. It's followed by key vocabulary
中学新生入学摸底考试 英语试题 （满分100分，时间30分钟） 第一部分选择题 (共55分) 注意：请把第一部分所有题目（1—45小题）的答案全部填写到第3页的《选择题答题表》中相对应的题号后面，只把答案写到原题上的不得分。 一、单项选择。把答案填写在《选择题答题表》中。(每小题1分，共25分) 1. __________ is a panda. A. This B. That’s C. What’s D. How 2. —How are you ? —_______________ A. How are you? B. Yes, I am C. Nice to meet you. D. Fine, thank you. 3. __________ colour is your pencil? A. How B. What C. This D. Who 4. Can you __________ a bike over there? A. spell B. help C. see D. look 5. Does Wu Yifan __________ in the country? A. live B. lives C. living D. lived 6. He cleaned __________ bedroom this morning. A. he B. his C. he’s D. him 7. The drivers must stop at the _________ light. A. green B. yellow C. red D. white 8. ___________. Is this Dongying Shiyan Middle School? A. Excuse me B. Pardon C. I’m sorry D. Sorry 9. —I have a sore throat. —_____________ A. Excuse me. B. You are sad. C. That’s OK. D. I am sorry to hear that. 10. —Where are you going this weekend? —I’m going to __________. A. Shanghai B. by plane C. with my parents D. in the morning 11. How many __________ are there in the classroom? A. boy B. girl C. boy and girl D. boys and girls 12. —__________ is your phone number? —My phone number is 59821678. A. Which B. Who C. What D. Where 13. Do you like __________? A. swim B. swimming C. swims D. swim, too 14. This is my uncle. He _________ in a company now. A. works B. work C. working D. worked 15. —____________? —Yes, please. I want some eggs.
make progress on the piano, one day, a boy 70. to a Paderewski’s concert by his mother. After they were seated, the mother saw a friend and walked up to g reet her, leaving the boy alone in 71. seat. Catching the chance to explore the wonders of the concert hall, the little boy stood up and finally made his way through a door 72. marked “No Admittance(进入)” . Soon, the hall got dark and the concert about to begin. When the mother 73. to her seat, discovered that the child was missing. Suddently the lights focused on the piano on the stage. In surprise, the mother
work can be truly beautiful. Next time, you set out to achieve great works, listen carefully. You can hear the voice of the master, whispering in your ear, “Don’t stop. Keep playing.” 解析 70. 考查一般过去时的被动语态,一天，一个小男孩被他妈妈带到 帕德雷夫斯基的音乐会。根据后文“by his mother”及上下文时态可知was taken。 71. 考查物主代词。根据上下文可知“把小男孩独自留在他的座位
西安交通大学考博英语试题及其解析 I.In each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,(15points) EXAMPLE: I was caught_the rain yesterday. A.in B.by C.with D.at ANSWER:(A) l.Those two families have been quarrelling__each other for many years. A.to B.between C.against D.with 2.There are many things whose misuse is dangerous,bur it is hard to think of anything that can be compared___ A.in B.with C.among D.by 3."How often have you seen cases like this?"one surgeon asked another."Oh,__times,I guess,"was the reply. A.hundred of B.hundreds C.hundreds of D.hundred 4.Give me your telephone number__I need your help. A.whether B.unless C.so that D.in case 5.You sang well last night.We hope you'll sing__. A.more better B.still better C.nicely D.best 6.Those people__a general understanding of the present situation. https://www.doczj.com/doc/9114429859.html,ck of B.are lacking of https://www.doczj.com/doc/9114429859.html,ck D.are in lack 7.Alone in a desert house,he was so busy with his research work
2017年小升初新生入学检测卷 英语试卷（时间50分钟，满分80分） 一、语音知识。（每小题0. 5分，共5分）找出与所给单词划线部分读音相同的词。 1、thank A. these B. brother C. both D. without 2、where A. whole B. what C. who D. whose 3、look A. football B. food C. school D. tooth 4、care A. here B. hear C. fair D. clear 5、bread A. please B. sheep C. tea D. head 6、cake A. make B. map C. sad D. cat 7、music A. cut B. bus C. use D. put 8、Christmas A. match B. chair C. child D. character 9、now A. grow B. flower C. follow D. bowl 10、helped A. played B. planned C. killed D. worked 二、单项选择。（每小题1分，共20分） 1、Reading aloud is useful way for us to learn English well. A. a B. the C. an D. \ 2. My sister likes playing violin while my brother likes playing basketball. A. the ;the B. the;\ C. \;the D. a; a 3. My mum always gets up six Monday morning and cooks breakfast for me. A. at; on B. in ;at C. on ;at D. at ;in 4. Would you like to drink, Joe? A. Anything B. nothing C. something D. some things 5. ----Mary, book is on the desk, but I can't find . A. Your ;yours B. yours ;mine C. you ;me D. Your; mine 6. If it rain tomorrow, we to have a picnic. A. isn't ,go B. doesn't , go C. isn't, will go D. doesn't will go 7. ----You look beautiful in white tonight. Sally! ---- . A. My pleasure B. You're welcome C. Thank you D. That's OK. 8. Though he is an American boy, he can speak Chinese . A. well B. good C. better D. nice 9. the black board and listen to me carefully, boys and girls. A. lookup B. Look at C. Look down D. Look after 10. It rained all day, I had to stay inside. A. so B. but C. because D. too
08重庆大学博士英语考试试题 2008年重庆大学博士入学考试英语试卷 (Time Limit: 180 minutes) Part I: Reading Comprehension 40 % Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet. Passage One Problems and discouragements will face the leader, but he can overcome them with staying power. It seems as if many of the world’s famous people faced some of the greatest difficulties and discouragements in carrying out their visions. Christopher Columbus, for instance, concluded from the information he acquired from his travels and from studying charts and maps, that the earth was round and that he could reach Asia by sailing west. But he needed a patron to finance such an expedition. He first tried John II., King of Portugal, without success, and then, the Count of Medina Celi in Spain. The Count encouraged Columbus for two years, but never actually provided him with the money and supplies he needed. Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Castile in Spain, were then contacted. A review of Columbus’ plans by a committee appointed by the queen
【英语】中考英语试题真题分类汇编形容词含解析 一、初中英语形容词 1． we work at English，the better grades we will get．（） A. Harder B. The hardest C. Hardest D. The harder 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】根据we work at English，the better grades we will get，可知我们学习英语越努力，成绩就会越好．句子考查the+比较级，the+比较级，表示越…越…故选D． 2．Wang Wei speaks English as ________ as Yang Lan. They both study English hard. A. good B. well C. better D. best 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意：王伟的英语讲的和杨澜的一样好。他们学习英语都努力。可知as…as中间用形容词或副词原级；此处是副词修饰动词speak。good好的，形容词原形；well好地，副词原形，better比较级；best最高级，故选B。 【点评】此题考查形容词原级。注意as...as中间跟形容词或副词原级。 3．—You haven't said a ________ word since last Friday. What's wrong? —Nothing. Just leave me alone. A. simple B. single C. similar D. silent 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意：——自从上周五你没有说一句话，怎么了？——没事，仅仅让我单独待会。A.简单的；B.单一的；C.相似的；D.沉默的。根据Just leave me alone.仅仅让我单独待会，可知没有说一句话，say a single word，说一句话，故选B。 【点评】考查形容词辨析，注意平时识记其词义，理解句意。 4．To make rivers than before, everybody is supposed to protect them. A. dirty B. dirtier C. clean D. cleaner 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】句意：要使河流比以前更干净，每个人应该去保护它们。根据比较词than，可知此处用比较级结构，根据 everybody is supposed to protect them，可知是为了河流更干净，故选D。 【点评】此题考查形容词比较级。根据上下文的联系确定所使用的形容词。 5．The flying squirrel might be one of __________ animals you could meet during the trip. A. strange B. stranger C. strangest D. the strangest 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】句意：这会飞的松鼠可能是你在旅程中能遇到的最奇怪的一个动物。one
北京邮电大学2012-2013 学年秋季学期 2012级《博士英语写作》期末考试试卷 Name in Chinese ___________________ Name in pinyin: ___________________ Student no __________________ Class no :_______ School / Institute ___________________ 1 / 9
PART A : Controlled Writing i)ARTICLES: Fill in the gaps with an article as appropriate: the / a / an OR 0 (no article) 15points (10 points) 2 / 9
ii)REGISTER: Re-write these sentences in a more formal register (e.g. using PASSIVE form, formal register vocabulary items, etc.) (10 points) 1.Obesity is getting a lot of attention nowadays in modern society. 2. 3. 4.. 5. 6. 7. 8.. 9. 10. 3 / 9
iii)LINK WORDS: Complete these texts by choosing the most appropriate LlNK WORD or PHRASE (10 points) Even though computers are clever machines, they cannot understand ordinary spoken English or any other natural language. 1)Yet / Likewise / In fact, the only language central processors can understand consists of a series of binary digits. Such a language can be understood directly by a machine. The instructions are 2)also / therefore / actually said to be in “machine code”.However, machine code as a means of communication is very difficult to write. 3) So / And / Instead we use symbolic languages that are easier to understand. By using a special program, these languages can then be translated into machine code. 4) Similarly / Hence / For example, the so called “assembly languages”use abbreviations such as ADD, SUB, MPY to represent instructions. 5)In other words / In brief / In this case, they are labels which can be easily associated with the items to which they refer. 4 / 9
2017年上海交通大学博士入学测试英语试题回忆 阅读理解Passage One Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II. In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level. In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters. One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability —rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rent controls. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The construction of apartments in the United States. (B) Causes and effects of rent control (C) The fluctuations of rental prices (D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States. 2. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica, California? (A) rapid population growth (B) inflation (C) economic conditions during wartime (D) record-high housing prices 3. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to (A) protect tenants
长郡中学高一新生入学考试英语试卷（答案） 考生须知： 1、本试卷共五个大题，总分100分，考试时间90分钟，请将答案做在答题卷上。 2、答题前，先用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题卷规定位置上填写姓名、考场号、座位号。 一、单项选择（本题有15小题，每小题1分，共计15分） 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。 1. __ Excuse me, to the nearest post office, please ? __ Go straight and take the second turning on the left. A. where the way is B. which the way is C. where is the way D. which is the way ll come for second time. 2. Changsha is most beautiful city and I beIieve I’ A. the; a B. a; a C. the; the D. a; the 3. — Oh, I'm hungry. Mum, can I have the hamburger on the plate? —No. It tastes A. terribly B.terrible C. good D. well ; 4. —What's the best way of losing weight? — . A.why not playing games? B.why don’t you play games? C. I advise you to playing games D. You'd better to play games. 5. When I dropped in, Dr Smith ,so we only had time for a few words. A. just left B、was Just leaving C. has just left D. had just left 6. —lt‘s a secret between us. Don't tell anybody. —Sure, . A. I do B. I don't C. I will D. I won't 7. —What a beautiful watch! Is it new? —No, I have it for 2 year. A、had B、sold C、borrowed D、bought 8. Her hobby is taking photos collecting stamps. It’s growing flowers. A. either ; or B. both; and C. not only ; but also D. neither ;nor 9. The students here after school yesterday. A. have seen to play B.were seen to play C. were seen play D.have been seen palying 10.—May I put my bike here? —No, you you should put it Over there. A. couldn't B. needn't C. mustn't D.won't 11.—How about going shopping this weekend ? —Sorry,dear,I prerfe rather than . A.to stay at home ; go out " B, to go out; stay at home C. going out ;stay at home D.staying at home ; go