Topics of Task 2 （2008～2009.11.21)
一、教育（共25题，占%）
1. In countries where there is a high rate of unemployment, most pupils should be offered only primary education. There is no point in offering secondary education to those who have no hope of finding a job. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
(08.01.26)
不同意：
中学教育是一个重要的德育阶段，如果在这个时候中断，带来的不仅仅是失业这样的问题，还有青少年犯罪等社会问题vital stage for moral education. If it was interrupted, numerous of social problem/headaches may create as juvenile delinquency. (正如马克吐温说：你每关闭一所学校，你就必须开设一座监狱。Every time you stop a school, you will have to build a jail ）
教育能够帮助培养个人素质；提高劳动力的素质，从而提高生产效率，推动社会发展，从根本上解决失业的问题。do a favor to/be beneficial （advantageous, preferable) to personal quality, enhance/boost/promote the quality of the labor force, thereby increase production efficiency, social development, solve the problem of unemployment
从长远来看，如果受过更高的教育，则有更多的机会找到好的工作。In a long run／term, if pupils could receive better education, they may have far more opportunities to find better jobs.
教育的作用不仅仅应当局限在找工作，而是为了将来更好的发展。The function of education should be not only focused on \limited in job hunting, but also for a better development.
＊＊失业的原因是综合的comprehensive/complicated，例如经济原因：经济衰退或者不景气economy recession/depression，就业岗位剧减，导致市场对于劳动力的需求整体下降a fall in the overall demand for labor;社会原因，个人原因等
2. Most countries spend much money on education, as they start to realize the importance of education. In your opinion which subject is the most important for young people and which one is the least important?
Subjects: Literature Sports Mathematics Economy Physics History Music Geography (08.03.01)
整个题目可以分为理论科目和实践科目两种：
理论科目的好处：智的角度
实践科目（音乐、体育）的好处：美、体、劳的角度
E.g.: What does sports benefits your academic? Any sport will have a positive effect on academic performance simply because exercise is good for the brain, and teamwork and strategy that are focal to most sports are applicable as well to many academic areas.
理论科目的坏处：枯燥、单调、需要长时间的学习、结合实践时较为困难
体育、音乐的坏处：需要天赋；需要大量时间和金钱的投入；就业范围小，职业生涯短
3. Schoolteachers used to be the source of information, however, some people argue that teachers are not as important as before as the increasing variety of information resources. What is your opinion? (08.0
4.24)
和以前一样重要：（也就是说老师的重要性）
学校教育更加有利于学生的道德培养，尤其对于年龄较小的学生。老师可以帮助学生建立自信心，培养能力，塑造良好的性格最终成为一个有利于社会的人。Teachers could help the students to build up confidence, shape upright character and ultimately grow a full man beneficial to the society.
通过老师的讲解，能够更加容易接受知识。By lectures, students are more easily to receive knowledge.可以根据学生的需要而改变teach students in accordance with their own characteristics and differences
学生在学校里能够参加体育锻炼，有利于身体的健康和成长
学校教育给了学生一个交流、沟通、合作的机会，有利于团队精神team spirit、合作精神cooperation、创新能力innovation的培养foster/cultivation。
其他信息途径的好处（远程教育的好处）
提供了一种更为新颖有效的教育形式an original and effective educational model；增加人们接受教育的机会increase the opportunities of being educated;提高参与者的科技能力develop technology competencies、拓展技术面broaden skill set,从而提高就业机会job opportunity。
为地处偏远和行动不便的人、工作时间不稳定的人提供了受教育的机会those with restricted mobility, such as elderly, disabled, injured, irregular work schedule.
可以同时和全国各地甚至全世界各地的人进行交流和学communicate and interact with students all over the country or even the world
文档和资料容易储存、易提取、打印和阅读documents and materials are easily recorded, retrieved, printed and read
远程教育的缺点：
缺乏和老师面对面的交流lack of in-person contact with faculty members很难及时接受到老师的反馈wait for a long time before receiving
feedback about assignments
不能像传统教育那样和同学之间更多地接触，没有机会提高口头交流能力和合作能力等have no chance to enhance oral communication skills and cooperation skills
精力和注意力会被很多东西分散many distractions at home
并不是所有的行业都承认网络教育的学历，缺乏就业认可。not all work industries acknowledge online degrees
4.Schools should teach children some academic subjects, which will be beneficial to their future careers. Therefore, other subjects such as music and sports are not important. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? (08.0
5.22)
同第2题
5.University students always focus on one specialist subject, but some people think universities should encourage their students to study a range of subjects in addition to their own subject. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? (08.0
6.05)
学习多个科目的好处：
目前很多大学都倾向于专业学习（specialized or vocational education），很多专业都是以就业为本（career-oriented or vocation-oriented）而最近的潮流是重新注重全面教育（general education），注重学生的技能，在不同学科上的应用。
很多学科是交叉的interrelated，学习多种科目有利于了解更多的知识widen scope of knowledge，加深对于专业科目的理解be beneficial/advantageous/preferable to the understanding/comprehension of specialist subjects
毕业之后有更多的工作选择increase employment opportunity,增加竞争力competiveness
当求职市场竞争日趋激烈的时候，在不同专业领域涉猎、对于跨学科学习具备经验的学生有望占据一个主导地位。As the job market is becoming increasingly competitive, students who dabble in different specialized areas and have experience in interdisciplinary study are expected to be in a preponderant position
深造的时候有更多的学科选择there are more choices when seeking for a further education.
学某些特定科目的好处：
学生将更有时间把精力放在专业课的学习上devote one?s time and energy to specific subjects节约时间
提高专业技能increase specialized knowledge
提高职业竞争力improve competitiveness
6.Some people think that children should obey the rules or do what their parents and teachers want them to do. Other people think that children controlled too much cannot deal with problem alone. Discuss both views and state your own opinion. (08.06.21)
父母的教育方式parenting分为：专断型authoritarian, 管教型authoritative，纵容型permissive和漠不关心型uninvolved。大多数的专家认同和推荐管教型authoritative这一教育模式，即父母会制定基本的规则establish basic guidelines让小孩去遵循，但是同时考虑到小孩的特点和要求，惩罚的时候同时注意开导孩子。
父母和老师制定规则，控制孩子的行为的好处：
孩子缺乏自制力和判断力the children are lack of self-control and judging ability/capability
父母和老师能够根据自己的经验帮助孩子找到正确的发展方向take the right path to success
有助于孩子形成良好的行为习惯form appropriate behavior patterns,改正其不好的行为习惯等stop their misbehaviors
孩子可以吸取前人的失败教训，避免走弯路can draw experience from the preceding failures and avoid committing the same mistakes.
父母和老师制定规则，控制孩子的行为的坏处：
导致叛逆的行为result in rebellion，甚至对父母产生憎恨hate their parents, who apply strict rules and impose punishment
导致孩子产生逆来顺受的性格docile obedience，不敢尝试和面对失败afraid to try and fail,表现出不足够的自制fail to demonstrate considerable self-regulation
抑制孩子的想像力，不利于孩子充分表现自我deny children the opportunity to express individuality
缺乏独立性lack of independence low self-esteem；不能独自面对和解决困难conquer difficulties and handle different situations
孩子的兴趣和决定应当受到尊重receive respect for their hobbies and decisions
给父母和老师减轻负担lighten\reduce the burden of …
7.Nowadays, more university students choose to study some practical subjects (such as marketing, computer programming, etc.) instead of theoretical subjects (such as economy, math, chemistry). Some people suggest that universities should focus on practical subjects, but not theoretical subjects. What is your opinion? (08.07.05)
实践科目的好处：
增加学生适应社会的能力：increase the capability of adapting the society
找工作的时候更加有竞争力have more competitiveness in job hunting\seeking
更快的适应新的工作：suit to the new position \career more rapidly
实践性科目往往更加有趣，容易坚持和学习。也可以通过学习增加合作能力和交流能力，some social skills as cooperation ability
理论科目的好处：
为实践科目提供理论基础和技术支持provide\supply theoretical foundation for practice
增加知识量increase knowledge capacity
培养逻辑和思维的能力cultivate critical thinking
更加有利于学生的深造be beneficial to further study
8.Some teachers think it is effective for students to study in-group while others think it is better to study alone. What are the benefits of each way? Which one do you think is more effective? (08.08.30)
分组学习的好处：
增加沟通face to face interaction与交流能力communication skills
提高团队精神team spirit, cooperation in groups;培养学生的责任感individual accountability
提高学生解决问题的能力problem-solving ability，他们可以从各种各样的观点和经验中获益benefit from a diversity of perspectives and experiences.
学习氛围更好: better atmosphere
监督性、竞争性: monitor and compete
适合较低阶段和较低年龄的学习:group study suits primary stage
单独学习的好处：
节约时间time-saving, 更有效率more efficient、突出学生的个人目标personal distinctions，而分组学习过分强调步调一致concerted effort个别学生可能失去对于学习的兴趣lose learning enjoyment，没有动力lack motivation
培养独立思考能力: self-independent
安静、可以集中精力: quiet, be beneficial to concentration
适合高级阶段的学习suits senior study
9.Once children start school, teachers have more influence than parents on their intellectual and social development. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (08.09.06)
浅析：教育类的新题。目前题库中没有任何题目与之相近。然而，如果考生聪明一点，完全可以将“老师”引申为“学校”或者“教育”，这样的思路就比较宽。首先看看两个概念。一是什么是intellectual development？Intellectual development refers to the development of one?s ability to think, to understand ideas and to acquire knowledge.
二是什么是social development？Social development refers to the acquisition and improvement of skills that are essential to social life or activities that have relevance to one?s functioning in society.
老师对小孩的学习能力和社会能力的影响：
老师更具有专业性：
老师可以制定教学方法（devise teaching methods），练习（drills），设计功课（design assignments），甚至可以调整课程（revise the curriculum），来提高小孩的学习能力。譬如说，绘画可以提高小孩的想象能力（ability to visualize different subjects），精读（critical reading）可以提高小孩的归纳能力(abilities to summarize key messages of a reading passage) ，实验课（lab experiments）可以提高小孩的观察能力（abilities to observe and detect differences）；家长一般是不可能有那么全面的知识，全方面的开发小孩的智力（foster children?s intellectual development in different aspects）
老师可以通过课程和功课的安排，来提高小孩的社会能力。譬如说，体育可以增加小孩的团队精神（inject a strong sense of team spirit），小组作业（group assignments）可以让小孩习惯于相互帮助（join efforts/make joint-effects to deal with problems），参加社区活动（community activities）可以提高小孩对社区的理解（have a strong sense of community）
家长对小孩的学习能力和社会能力的影响：
家长可以指导小孩完成作业（provide instruction），从而确保教育延续到家里（consistency of education between school and home environments）；家长可以通过一些课外活动来帮助小孩提高技能，譬如说gardening, 提高小孩的动手能力和解决问题能力（hands-on skills and problem-solving abilities）
家长在小孩的社会生活中起着重要的作用；家长决定了小孩和什么人接触，参加什么社会活动（social activities），决定了社会学习的效果(outcomes of social learning)，掌握礼仪（etiquettes）
10.Students from poor background such as rural areas often find it difficult to access to university education, so people think universities should make it especially easy for them to study at. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (08.09.27)
同意：
对个人来讲：农村学生和贫困学生（students from rural or deprived areas）虽然受教育的机会很低，但是不代表着他们没有天赋（aptitudes），知识和态度去适合大学的要求（meet entry requirements）,为贫穷学生上大学提供便利可以保证受教育机会的均等，同时，对于贫困生来说，教育意味着改变一生的机会life-changing opportunity大学提供的经济支持和学术支持，可以帮助学生适应城市生活和大学生活adapt to urban life and university life对于贫困地区来说：可以有助于脱贫致富In the long run, only more students attend universities, can this poor area shake off/get rid of poverty. 对于国家和社会来说：仅仅因为经济条件而不能入学，社会就会失去一些优秀的人才（young talent）；与此同时，因为受教育机会的不平衡（equal access to education is not guaranteed），贫困学生在就业方面会处于劣势（at a disadvantage），贫富的差距会维持。另外，文化普及率的提升可以提高国民素质，和一个国家的竞争力the improvement of educational level could greatly enhance the quality of the nation basically. Therefore, it may lead to\contribute to the nation's competitiveness in the world.
11.Many people use distance-learning programs (study material post, TV, Internet, etc.) to study at home, but some people think that it cannot bring the benefit as much as attending college or university. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (08.10.23)
12.Memorization of information by frequent repetition (rote learning) plays a role in most education systems. Do the advantages of this method of learning outweigh its disadvantages? (08.12.06)
优点：
容易掌握，easy handle
普遍应用：widely use; basic way to memorize
在接受教育的初期和年龄较小的孩子中适用
缺点：
效率低、浪费时间low efficiency
局限创造力limit creativity；枯燥boring
不能灵活应用could not be used vividly
容易遗忘easy to forget，印象不深刻could not leave a deep impression
在较高层次的学习中就不再适用了
13.Some people believe that a country benefits greatly with a high percentage of young people who go to university, while others argue that it only leads to graduate unemployment. Discuss both views and give your opinion. (08.12.13)
Excessive enrollment
扩招的好处：
更多人接受教育，提高文化普及率the enhancement of cultural penetration, enhance the literacy rate，增强国家的竞争力，促进社会的发展to strengthen the country's competitiveness, promote social development
提高了劳动力的素质，从而提高了生产效率
解决了一部分的就业问题 solve part of the employment problem
产生了跟高等教育有关的新的经济增长点和产业Produce new industries and economic growth point related to higher education
扩招的坏处：
教育资源有限的情况下扩招会导致毕业生学习不到充足的知识，缺乏就业竞争力when the educational resources are limited, excessive enrollment may create a terrible phenomenon that the students could not learn enough/adequate knowledge and are lack of competitiveness
降低高等教育的含金量devalue the higher education
导致教育行业的不良竞争lead to/contribute to deteriorate competition
***毕业就失业的原因（同失业的原因）：
失业的原因是综合的Comprehensive reasons，例如经济衰退或者不景气recession／depression，就业岗位剧减，导致市场对于劳动力的需求整体下降a fall in the overall demand for labor
还可能社会原因：劳动法制约着雇主labor/job market regulations，使其对员工的招聘特别谨慎；雇主对年轻人抱有偏见和不信任。Prejudice to young inexperienced workers
还可能有个人原因：教育不够inadequate education，没有工作经验，缺乏培训lack of appropriate training缺乏对于劳动力市场的清晰理解a clear understanding of the job market对工资和职业的期望值过高exceedingly high occupational and wage aspirations/expectation，缺乏对于工作的耐性和雇主的忠诚度lack of loyalty to employers
14.Students at schools and universities learn far more from lessons with teachers than from others sources (such as the Internet, television). To what extent do you agree or disagree? (09.01.15)
15.More and more students choose to go to another country for their higher education. Do you think the benefits outweigh the problems
associated with it? (09.03.14)
留学的好处：
学习不同的文化，开阔视野learn diversified cultures and expand vision
有助于语言的学习be beneficial to language study
增强竞争力，拥有国际化的就业机会enhance competiveness, have international job opportunity
独立性，生存能力independence, survival skills
利用先进的教学设备和教育资源take advantage of advanced teaching equipments and recourses
留学的坏处：
想家，孤独感，无助感homesick, feel lonely, helpless
巨大的经济压力economic pressure
人才流失talent drain
因为缺乏监督，可能会沾染到不好的习惯may addict to bad habits
16.Some people think that computers and the Internet are more important for a child's education than going to school. But others believe that schools and teachers are essential for children to learn effectively. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. (09.04.25)
17.Some people believe that teenagers should concentrate on all school subjects. But, others believe that teenagers should focus on the subject that they are best at or that they find the most interest. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. (09.05.09)
比较与第五题的区别：
主体不同: unversity students VS teenagers
18. Some children do not appear to have language talent, so schools should not require then learning a foreign language. What is your opinion? (09.06.20)
浅析:
这是一道教育类的新题. 外语学习的作文题在最近两年有所增加, 是个可以注意的趋势.
支持学校强调外语学习：
全球化让外语学习成为必须完成的学习任务.Language acquisition has evolved from a need to a must in a globalised world.
语言学习已经成为其他科目学习的媒介物和必需品
语言学习涉及到学生未来的交流技能，甚至需要对语言非常熟练achieve superior proficiency.
反对学校强调外语学习：
强制教育可能会导致学生对语言学习的厌恶Demanding language tasks might engender frustration among students, causing their resentment against language acquisition.
语言的学习涉及到文化，过分强调外语学习可能会让学生对于本国文化的学习缺失。
学生应当全面发展，过分强调一科可能会占用学生大部分的精力。
很多科目的学习是不需要以外语为基础的，学生未必能够学以致用apply what one has learned to practice
结论：学校应该要求学生学习外语，但是应该给予更多的灵活度．Schools should require students to learn a foreign language, but should be given more flexibility
A concluding remark is that schools should not be held back by some students? apparent lack of capacity for language learning. Instead, flexibility should be given in learning task design so as to boost students' interest in language acquisition. In a world where nobody is exempt from communication in a second language, learning a foreign language has its justifications.
19. Students are now sent to boarding schools and even other countries (away from home, to study and live on their own). This has become more and more common in many countries. What are the reasons for this? Is it a positive development? (09.07.25)
大意:
学生现在被送到了寄宿学校, 甚至是国外(远离家人, 独力学习和生活). 在很多国家, 这已经变得很普遍. 原因是什么? 是否这代表着一个积极的变化?
在上面留学话题的基础上加入了寄宿学校的内容：
寄宿学校的好处：
因为父母工作的原因，有些家庭总是居无定所have to cope with geographic displacement frequently而寄宿学校可以确保教育的延续性educational continuity
学生的情况可以一直被监督regular supervised study periods成绩会提高更快high achievement standards
集体生活communal life可以培养学生和其他人，比如教职员工和同学的关系the community atmosphere fosters relationship between students and others, as faculty and classmates，增加与人交往的机会培养集体意识
寄宿可以培养学生的独立自主能力和独立生活能力
寄宿学校的坏处：
导致学生和社会隔离to cause to be in a detached or isolated position.
导致孩子和父母的关系疏远alienate children from parents无法满足其情感需要emotional needs从而加大与父母之间的代沟
学生自由掌握的时间减少less free time大部分时候要遵从学校的安排
受同年龄群体的不良影响的机会增加receive negative influence from peer group
Those who study at a boarding school or go overseas for educational purposes have appeared to account for a growing proportion of students in many countries. There are a number of motivators behind parents' decisions to send students to boarding schools or foreign countries. These motivators might be reasonable, but this trend should not be welcomed.
Today, parents are interested in putting their children in an institution remote from the neighborhood, so as to protect their children from the risk of drug use, joining gangs and teen sex. Under the supervision of staff in school, children are required and expected to discipline themselves and concentrate on their schoolwork. In addition, parents are motivated by the idea that their children might improve their abilities to cope with daily problems independently in a boarding school, where they cannot turn to parents for help, even in handling seemingly trivial tasks, such as laundry. Such challenges prepare them well for adulthood, in which they are overwhelmed with various problems.
Parents' initiatives should be appreciated, but it turns out that boarding schools do not offer an answer to their worries. Children might not have those behavior problems commonly found among those from day schools, but the cost of this benefit is children's zero social life. Many students, especially those in early teens, suffer homesickness and depression because of their protracted family detachment. These problems can be even more devastating among those who have to stay overseas all year long. The mundane campus life might nurture the misconception of what the real world is like among students. They might graduate from schools with confusion when they experience problems in making an adjustment from school to society.
Even a shallow review of the problems associated with boarding schools or overseas study can propel us to reassess these two brand-new preferences. Although the boarding school acts as a vacuum and cuts students' potential exposure to social evils, it might meanwhile compromise students' social skills and make them feeble in adults' world.
20.The authorities such as the government decide the subjects and course contents. Some people argue that teachers should make the decision. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (09.08.13)
21. Some people think that students should go to college for further education. However, others state that students should learn the skills of fixing cars or take jobs in industries such as construction, which are more valuable to society. What is your opinion? (09.09.05)
大学教育的优势：
有助于学习技能，提高思考问题critical thinking skills、分析问题analytical skills、解决问题的能力problem solving ability
为未来的实践工作提供理论基础lay a solid foundation for practice
学生在大学这样一个环境中得到的是综合素养Comprehensive quality的提高,例如主流社会的价值观念，道德观The values and moral concepts of mainstream society
技术课程的优势：
对于收入较低的家庭更为经济more realistic
for lower-income families
弥补大学教育的不足，例如，很多人经过大学教育后并不能很好的就业，再如很多人因为入学要求entry requirements 等条件而被大学拒之门外
很多人具有特殊的天赋，职业技术课程更有利于这些人发挥自己的才能
22. Caring for children is probably the most important thing to the society. All parents should therefore take the childcare training courses. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the statement? (09.09.13)新题
Model Answer:
Children represent both the present and the future. In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in transforming childcare into a formal subject of academic studies. Traditional childcare skills, which are passed on from one generation to another through oral and informal instruction, are not sufficient to guarantee quality care, so parents' participation in care training is advisable.
Many parents might be accustomed to the idea that childcare is all about love, but this notion is misleading. While it is easy to admit that parents
are responsible to attend to children's needs, it is also important to note that children are too often insatiable. Unlike adults, they have no idea of what their behaviors lead to. For example, children are candy lovers without knowledge that candy can cause obesity and tooth damage. Parents should not respond to children's needs for candy permanently. Parents who give whatever children want, known as indulgent parents, can be blamed for their children's behavior problems and unhealthy habits. Childcare training teaches parents how to take a holistic approach to care for their children and prevents them from answering children's inappropriate needs.
Another misconceived idea of childcare is that it is a simple process of feeding children and making them to sleep regularly. Contemporary childcare is not limited to this. Equally important for this science are emotional and mental wellbeing. For example, some children's first step comes earlier than other children's not necessarily because these children have intake of more nutrition but simply because they are more intelligent and curious about the physical environment. Childcare is a complex science that goes beyond nutrition. Whether parents have helped children improve motor skills and cognitive skills accounts for children's overall wellbeing.
The points put forward above, I believe, offer some insights into childcare. Successful childcare does not lie only in love but also in skills. Children's healthy development is measured not only by physical wellbeing but also by growth in other dimensions. With these borne in mind, parents might now be compelled to join childcare training.
23.In some countries, some school leavers choose to work or travel for a period of time between finishing high school and attending university. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of this decision. (09.09.26)剑桥系列原题
24. Once children start school, the teachers would have more influence in their intellectual and social development than parents. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (09.10.08)
25.Some people think that a university should prepare students for employment, while others disagree and believe it has other functions. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion. (09.10.24)
大学教育的作用
二、工作生活与意识形态（共15题，占17.6%）
工作生活与意识形态这一类考题在一些参考数目中也被叫做生活方式和社会观念类考题。一般来说，这一类题目可以从三大角度来考虑:1、外部环境（自然环境、生活环境的变化和影响）2、社会因素（家人的利益、朋友的选择、社会地位）3、个人因素（收入情况、个人爱好、年龄结构、受教育程度的变化）
26.The older generations have very traditional ideas about the correct ways of life, thinking and behavior. However, some people think that these ideas are not helpful for the young generation to prepare for modern life. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
(08.01.19)
老年人的思维和生活方式不会制约年轻人：
每个人的观念是不同的，也很难受到他人的影响。尤其对于年轻人来说更是这样,因为他们更为独立。
Different individuals hold different perceptions; it is hard to receive influence from others. Especially for the young people, for they are more independent.
老年人的传统思维和生活方式有助于年轻人形成良好的道德观念和生活习惯。The traditional way of thinking\thoughts and lifestyle are advantageous \beneficial to the young people to form good virtue and habits. As a case in point, the old people tend to do exercise in the morning, which may do a favor to health.
老年人的生活经验能够提高我们对于现代社会的了解、避免走弯路。The experience of the older can provide us a better understanding of modern society. For instance, the rich experience of the old people may pave a way \lay a foundation for the young people, help them avoid\escape from the same mistake, promote\improve\enhance the work efficiency.
27.People living in big cities face many problems today. What are the problems? Should the government encourage people to live in regional towns? (08.02.14)
问题：
Traffic jams
Pollution
Housing shortage (housing price; real estate price)
High pressure
Overpopulation
High consumption（most of income has to spend on daily necessities)
Be occupied everyday (owning to the fast development of science and technology, people have to receive further education and on-the-job training) 乡村生活的好处：
Be in close contact with nature, living in peace and quiet.
Go without the trouble of pollution, traffic problems
Less pressure, slow pace of life
城市生活的好处：
Medical care
Educational resources
Shopping
Transportation
Job opportunity
迁移可能造成一些社会问题，例如犯罪
28.“Tomorrow is the most important thing in life. ” - US movie actor & director John Wayne. Why is it important for individuals and countries to think about the future rather than focusing on the present? (08.02.16)
这是一道比较新颖的题目，该题的背景介绍为一句名人名言，也是不多见的形式。不过该题并没有给考生的审题带来太大的障碍，因为后面的提问句的表述还是非常简洁清晰的。这道题不像以前的雅思作文题目，非常浪漫的一个考题。给人发挥的空间很大，你可以告别以前所有雅思写作生涩的模板和套句，充满激情地尝试这篇文章。下面我们挑出其中一个新颖，并且对于大多数同学来说比较有难度的题目：Tomorrow is another day. Although living in the current society keeps us away from the shadows of the past, it is more important for individuals and countries to think about the future than focusing on the present. Three episodes from history serve as compelling examples of this fact.
明天是新的一天，虽然生活在当下世界让我们远离过去的影子，对于个人和国家来说似乎考虑未来比关注现在更加重要。历史上的三个小片段可以作为这个观点的例证。
Where there is future, there is hope. Even after the Supreme Court struck down segregation in 1954, human-rights offenses were both law and custom in much of America. Before Martin Luther King and his movement, a tired and respectable Negro seamstress like Rosa Parks could be thrown into jail and fined simply because she refused to give up her seat on an Alabama bus so a white man can sit down. A six-year-old black girl like Emmett Till could be hunted down and murdered by a Mississippi gang simply because he wanted to go to the same school as white children. For hundreds of years, African Americans had been tired of the that America claimed to be the leader of the …free world' with out inviting smirks of segregation upon the land of itself. Martin Luther King, however, had not lost his hope; his belief in nonviolence never swerved. From the time he assumed leadership of the Montgomery bus boycott, he foretold a future America where children would not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. Subsequent mass demonstrations culminated in the March on Washington in which he delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech. On that day, he saw tomorrow; upon da nger, he saw hope. That is why he succeeded.
有未来的地方就有希望，即使是在1954年最高法院废除种族隔离之后，对于人权在法律和习俗方面的进攻仍然充斥在美国的很多地方。在马丁路德金和他的运动之前，一个勤劳而受人尊敬的女裁缝Rosa Parks被扔进监狱仅仅是因为简单的她没有在阿拉巴马州的一辆公交车上给一个白人让座位；一个6岁的黑人小丫头被一个密西西比流氓枪杀仅仅是因为她想要和白人上同样的学校。几百年来，美国人已经厌倦了这种美国人所宣称的自由世界的伪善。然而马丁路德金却没有丧失他的希望，他坚信非暴力永远不能扭转局势，从他开始宣布蒙哥马利公车联合抵制，他就预言了一个未来的美国，孩子们将不会被根据肤色来决定学校。紧接着，大量的人在3月的华盛顿云集在那里呢，他发表了著名的我有一个梦想的演说，在那一天他看到了明天，在危险之上他看到了希望，这就是他成功之所在.
The fact that the future deserves more attention than the present also stands true for a country. During the Great Depression, ideologues in America believed that the economic downturn had imposed the country a either choice: if you abandon laissez-faire you are condemned to a total betrayal of capitalism and democracy. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, however, stood firmly in America's ability to regain control over its future. His New Deal swiftly introduced measures for social protection, regulation and control. His actions succeeded in protecting the nation from major economic crisis for nearly 80 years.
未来比现在更加重要对于一个国家来说同样是事实。在大萧条时期，美国的理论家认为这种经济的低迷时期给了美国另一种选择: 如果你放弃自由主义，你将会被宣告为一个彻底背叛资本主义和民主主义的人。然而，富兰克林，却坚决的站在这样的立场上—美国有能力重新获得控制未来的能力。他的新政迅速地为社会保护、调整和控制提供了方法，他的行为成功的保护了一个国家在长达80年的时间里免受巨大经济危机的侵袭。
Had the prejudice of hundreds of years disbelieved Martin Luther King of a free world, he would die in vain. Had the failure of capitalism blinded
America from looking forward, no changes would be made to better its administration. All in all, the future always weighs heavier than the present. 如果马丁路德金关于自由世界的梦想在几百年来被怀疑，他的死将是没有价值的。如果资本主义的失败蒙住了美国人向前方看去的视野，它的行政将不会有任何的转机。总之，未来永远比现在更加重要。
29.People should look after their health as a duty to the society they live in rather than personal benefits. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (08.03.13)
同22、26、28考察的根本点是：
**公民健康和政府以及社会的关系
公民的健康状况直接关系到学习和工作的效率，从而决定整个社会的发展进度The health condition of the citizens has a direct relationship with the learning and working efficiency, thereby decides the progressing rate of the whole society.
良好的社会健康状况可以让政府减少对于公共医疗事业的投资，从而把更多的精力放在一些关键项目上，例如教育和公共交通 A high-quality health condition may decrease the government?s investment on medical care; therefore the government can attract more attention from medical expense to education and public transportation.
认真关注国民的健康状况是政府的一大职责。只有提高公民的整体健康状况才能树立政府的良好形象。Being the critical obligation of the government, only improves the whole healthy condition of the nation can the authorities build up a good image.
30.Some people think it is the responsibility for government to ensure that people have healthy lifestyles. Others think people should be free for their own lifestyles decisions. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. (08.03.29)
31.Many people are busy with work and do not have enough time to spend with families and friends. Why does this happen? What are the effects to the whole family and society?
“许多人忙于工作，没有太多的时间用来陪伴家人和朋友，为什么会产生这样的状况? 这种状况对于家庭生活和整个社会的影响是什么？”这道题就很好的体现这类考题的一个考点：人们生活方式的改变对于社会和家人的影响。这种改变不仅体现在工作和生活的调节和冲突上，而且体现在生活的各个方面，衣---人们对现代服饰的要求不仅仅是遮体和保暖，而是更加注重社会因素，比如时尚，我们的最后一个考题考察的就是这个点。食—随着全球化的进程，快餐的流行已经不再新鲜，各国特色的美食随处可见，进口食品也成为最大的时尚。
原因：
现代生活让人们压力增大，就业的压力、升学的压力、生存的压力等Modern life increases people?s pressure, including employment, attending schools and survival problems.
人们为了适应竞争，需要不断接受教育和培训to adapt to competition, people have to receive education and on－the-job training.
人与人之间的亲情友情感减弱是现代社会的一个趋势the alienation between people is an irreversible trend
现代社会人更加关注自身的发展people tend to pay more attention to their self-development.
影响：
好的影响：提高了生活水平living standard和个人的素质personal quality；促进了社会的发展contribute to the development of the society
坏的影响：人们之间的感情变淡，冷漠indifference，可能会感觉孤独，无助helpless；影响家庭的稳定stability of the family；家庭和个人是社会的细胞the cell of the society，如果出现不稳定，会影响社会的发展
32.Some people believe that the fittest and strongest individuals and teams always success in sports. Others think that success in sports depends on mental attitudes. Discuss both views and give your opinions. (08.05.31)
支持心态（mental attitude）更重要的观点：
好的心态可以让运动员能够接受恶劣的条件（accept the agonizing conditions），坦然面对逆境（stay calm in the face of adversity），克服障碍（overcome obstacles），影响着他们的表现（dictate their performance），让他们在压力下也能保持注意力集中和全力以赴（their persistence and their ability to focus under pressure）
好的心态会让运动员去构想他们成功的表现（visualize their winning performance），激发他们的斗志（stimulate their competitive spirit）,运动员自己觉得自己能够赢（Capable to win）；反之，如果没有好的心态，运动员对自己的期望就有局限（limit expectations），一个斗志昂扬的运动员(at his/her mental peak)可以发挥到自己的最佳状态（perform at his/her best）
如果两个具备同等天赋的运动员放在一起，意志坚强的总能在大部分时候胜出If two equally talented professional athletes are put together, the mentally stronger of the two will win most of the time.
在专业体育中，大部分的运动员身体状态都是出色的，真正导致不同的是他们的心理忍受能力In professional sports, a majority of athletes are at the same physical excellence, so what separates them from each other is mental capacity.
反对心态（mental attitude）更重要的观点：
过分强调心态让运动员高估自己（overrate his/her own capabilities），只会在失败后更加沮丧（feel a stronger sense of frustration）
体育运动是以身体和团队为基础的，心态只是一个辅助因素
33. In modern society, fashion is becoming more and more popular in people's choice of clothes. Why? Do you think it is a positive development or negative development? (08.11.08)
人们追求时装的原因:
经济发展的产物：收入增加，让人们可以购买不同的衣服（expand the range of clothes worn）
现在的人们越来越个人化（individualistic），时装是一种表现自我的方式（a form of self-expression），可以展现人的性格、心情和审美观（personality, mood and aesthetic appreciation）。
全球化的产物：全球化促进了各种文化的融合（mixture of different cultures），时装设计师可以从不同文化中获得灵感（draw up the inspiration from different costumes），人们接触不同文化的机会增加(exposure to different cultures)，因此他们接受时装就更加大胆（become bold fashion wearers）
支持追求潮流的观点：
创造新的经济增长点和就业机会Stimulate consumption. Make contribution to the development of economy
新时代的时尚fashion in the new era不一定意味着高消费，也并非一定穿着某种款式的衣服，充分考虑了消费者的需求consider the consumer demand fully，不象人们想的那样肤浅not as superficial as some people think
时装是自我表达的一种体现 a means of self-expression，表现人的性格和喜好reflect one?s personality or likes让人们在生活中体验不同的角色allow people to try on many roles in life，同时使得世界更加多样化make world diversified
反对追求潮流的观点：
潮流变化太快，盲目追求时尚可能造成过度消费follow fashion blindly／slavishly/Sequaciously may cause excessive consumption，从而导致浪费，成为购物狂shopaholic或者fashion victims，忽略质量neglect the quality等
失去自己的判断和喜好dwell too much on what others think
鼓励人们将衣服和地位、社会阶层还有财富联系在一起associate clothing with status, social class and wealth,造成歧视。
可能导致产业内的恶性竞争deteriorate competition
34. Some people believe that improve public health should increase the number of sports facilities; others believe that it has little effects and need other measures to improve it. Discuss both views and give your opinion. (09.02.28)
35.Some people think music plays an important role in society. Others think it is simply a form of entertainment. Discuss both sides of this argument and give your own opinion. (09.03.07)
36.Some people think it is more important to spend public money on promoting healthy lifestyle in order to prevent illness than to spend it on the treatment for people who are already ill. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (09.03.21)
37.Nowadays，people live in the society where consumer goods are cheaper to buy. Do you think its advantages outweigh disadvantages?
(09.04.04)
好处：
为消费者带来了更大的实惠和利益bring more benefits to the consumers, in particular for the low-income groups，尤其对于低消费人群
促进消费promote consumption，尤其in particular/particularly 是在经济低迷的时候economy depression/recession
可能为商家带来更多的利润bring more profits to the sellers
从实质上缩小了贫富差距reduce/narrow the gap between poor and rich essentially
坏处：
低价的原因可能是降低成本或者数量，从而商品的质量得不到保障，或者过时out of fashion
会影响品牌的市场定位和价值
可能会导致商家的恶性竞争
38.Some people think museums should be enjoyable places to attract and entertain young people. But others think the purpose of museums is to educate, not to entertain. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. (09.04.30)
应该具有娱乐性的原因：
适应社会的发展需要，吸引更多的年轻人be beneficial/advantageous to
喻乐于教，instill enjoyment into education可以激发年轻人的兴趣spark/trigger interests，生动的形式更加有利于年轻人对知识的记忆和理解vivid ways can benefit the comprehension
如果博物馆具有了娱乐性，可以成为年轻人的娱乐放松场所，来释放压力If the museum was enjoyable, it could be a new entertainment to release pressure.
让博物馆更加多样化diversified，适应市场需要
应该具有教育性的原因：
大多数博物馆的气氛都是庄重严肃的，娱乐性可能会破坏原有的文化
年轻人可能会忽略教育和知识本身，只关注娱乐young people could neglect the knowledge and only focus their attention on entertainment.
娱乐性可能让博物馆变得商业化，从而导致恶性的竞争.
39.A hundred years ago, people think that human race is steadily improving in every area of life. Now it seems this is not certain in that situation. In which areas do you think we have made important progress nowadays? In which areas do you think we still need to make progress? (09.05.21)
科技、教育进步很大：
科技：网络、媒体化、数字化、自动化、生产效率提高……
教育：教育方式多样化（远程教育）、教育途径和受教育的机会增加（出国留学，扩招）
仍然需要改进的：
医疗：产生了很多新的流行疾病epidemic diseases，但却没有良好的对应措施counter measures；对于一些落后地区undeveloped areas，医疗条件很差；医疗设备不够先进advanced ，医疗资源不充足medical resource is inadequate
环境：新型的污染物、科技发展的同时产生了不可解决的环境问题
40.Professional workers (e.g., nurses, doctors and teachers) should be paid more than sports and entertainment personalities. Do you agree or disagree? (09.11.14)
Sports stars, film stars and musicians are widely known as high-income earners in many societies. One issue that has survived in past decades is whether these people deserve what they are earning, compared to those working in other professions, such as nursing, medical care and teaching. There are arguments that make it impossible to give any conclusive remark about this issue.
The fact that entertainment and sports are industries offering better-paid jobs finds its answers in some social trends. These industries are expanding rapidly from an economic perspective, because of their growing importance in people's leisure life. People watch television operas, go to the cinema and have their favorite sports players. The economic value of sportsmen and movie stars is matchless. Their personal charm is a powerful weapon for advertisers to stimulate the sales of given products and services. There is no denying that those in other professions can hardly perform a similar task.
While it is evident that these high-profile figures' salaries are justified, it is also true that their income is too often excessively high. People are guided to think that famous stars make multi-million dollars simply by having a brief appearance on a TV commercial, while nurses and teachers struggle with more satisfactory incomes by devoting much of their daily life to their careers. This can be harmful to the fabric of society. Young people daydream about the day when they rise to prominence overnight, rather than focusing on the development of specializations, such as nursing, which are more realistic objectives.
With all these facts taken into account, we might find it difficult to justify the income of people in one industry by citing standards in other industries. Reputed athletes and distinguished actors and actresses have derived more wealth from their careers than people from industries, a fact revealing their prominent role in advertising. However, the negative impact of this trend, especially the impact on the younger generation, is worrying.
三、科技（共10题，占11.7％）
科技类考题的考点主要集中在科技发展对生活的影响和人们生活方式的改变上
积极影响：
电脑和自动化automation设备equipment使得生产效率更高the production efficiency is enhanced greatly by the popularity of computerization and automation equipment
促进了经济发展和推动了社会的进步
给人们的日常生活带来极大的便利，提高了人们的生活水平…could bring great convenience to our daily lives and promote the standard of living.
通过网络可以做很多事情，比如购物和处理个人财务，不用浪费时间在交通上People can do numerous of affairs via\by\through network/Internet, as a case in point, shopping and dealing with the financial affairs. Namely, people could spend less time on commuting.
联系方便easy contact
获得信息更加容易the science and technology make it easier to obtain information.
负面效应：
因为竞争激烈，人们需要接受职业培训和教育.随着生活节奏加快，压力增大，和家人朋友相聚的时间减少Because of the fierce competition, people have to receive on-the-job training and further education. Along with the fast pace of modern life and the increase of pressure, it is hard for the mass to take family reunion.
网络交流让人们不愿意外出inactive\immobile lifestyle (在家宅着)，和外界的联系减少，性格变得孤僻Internet communication make a large amount\tremendous of people live an inactive life (keep a …lifestyle ). Owning to \By reason of the decrease of outside touch\connection, their personalities may become isolated\solitary
人们在享受着网络娱乐和其他媒体所带来的娱乐时容易忽视和家人的交流Along with the leisure lives have been enriched which brought by the Internet amusement\entertainment and other media, people are tending to neglect\overlook the communications with family members.
生产效率提高，工业化程度的加强，导致劳动力的需求减少，许多企业不得不裁员Along with the enhancement\boost\elevation\improvement of efficiency and the reinforcement of industrialization, the requirement of labor force is decreasing, thereby many corporations have to reduce the staff. 快节奏的生活会引起疾病The fast pace life can increase the possibility of lifestyle diseases, such as obesity, stroke, diabetes, heart disease and so forth.
科技可能会产生新的污染
41.Mobile phones and the Internet are very useful. However, it is rare for old people to use them. What ways could mobile phone and the Internet are useful to old people? How does the old people to be encouraged using this new technology? (08.06.28)
手机的好处：
老年人常有小恙（suffer ill health），如果有突发事件，可以联系急救（make an emergency call in the event of trouble）；也方便医务人员(health professionals)和家庭医生（family doctors）联系；
因特网的好处：
因特网有娱乐价值（entertainment value）；通过在网络上和人聊天，在留言版（discussion board）上参与讨论，老年人不会感到被社会排挤（a sense of exclusion ）；
因特网甚至可以让老年人在家里每天花点时间工作，为社区或者企业提供服务，譬如说咨询（provide consultancy）；不仅可以补贴养老金（complement pension），对老年人的心理健康也有帮助（contribute to psychological wellbeing）
如何鼓励老年人使用因特网和手机：
减低费用（reduce service fees）免费试用，让老年人感受电脑和手机所带来的好处could send the products to the old people for free. (Tryout for free)
个人化服务（personalised service）可以让电脑和手机的设置更加简单，例如，一些复杂的程序可以删减，例如蓝牙和录像。It is better to make the computer and mobile phone simple- equipped .As a case in point; some complicated\sophisticated programs could be deleted\canceled, just as Bluetooth and video.相关机构可以开发一些特殊的产品来满足老年人的特殊需要。例如可以把屏幕设计的更大、声音更响亮、手写。related organizations could explore special goods \products that may satisfy the needs of the old people. For instance, the screen can be designed to be larger and clearer.
商家和志愿者可以采取一些措施，教给老年人如何使用一些功能，例如拍照built-in cameras、发邮件、语音留言voice calls、下载铃声ring tones、浏览网页Internet browsing 。帮助老年人学会使用，譬如说发一些简明的手册user-friendly pamphlets
42.Some people support the developments in agriculture such as factory farming and creations of new types of fruits and vegetables, while others oppose this view. Discuss both views and give your opinion. (08.07.12)
支持农业技术发展的观点：
农业技术改良农作物的基因（modify the gene of crops），从而提高产量（raise productivity），譬如说减少虫害的影响（pest-resistant or disease-resistant），加速成长（hasten the growth of crops）；减少某些地区的饥荒问题(relieve famine)
农业技术可以让农作物大批量生产（achieve economies of scale），把农作物放在温室里培植可以保证种植不受季节影响（reduce the impact of seasonality）
对于某些地区，基因食物的产生可以增加食品的多样性（improve the richness of food varieties），让人们吸收更多的营养（increase the intake of nutrition）
机械化农业可以提高生产效率production efficiency，节约劳动力save the labor force，增加产量increase output/production
研发新型农作物可以丰富人们的生活enrich our daily life，提高生活质量enhance living quality；创造新的经济增长点create new industries，给农民带来更大的利益
反对农业技术发展的观点：
有一些技术改变了农作物的基因，伤害农作物的营养价值（reduce the nutrition value of crops）；很多时候，基因食物对人体的影响还有很多未知因素（the effect of genetically modified foods on human bodies is unknown or untested）
机械化农业可能会导致失业
可能导致浪费、污染
研发新的农作物有一定的市场风险,投资巨大；可能对健康有害
因为工厂种植，很多食物的品种慢慢被我们放弃了（abandon plant varieties），我们的农业种植集中在少数几种农作物，我们的饮食越来越单调（monotonous diet）
43.There are more workers to work from home and more students to study from home. This is because the computer technology is more and more easily accessible and cheaper. Do you think it is a positive or negative development? (08.11.15)
优点：
增加工作和学习的灵活性increase the flexibility dramatically
减少上下班以及上下学的时间reduce interruptions and commuting time从而减少给社会交通带来的压力This lifestyle may reduce interruptions and commuting time, thereby decrease the traffic pressure.
增加学习工作的动力increase motivation减少在学校以及办公室要面临的压力The motivation could be boosted dramatically because of the reduction of pressure\stress, which we have to face in school and office.
节省空间和设备，从而减少费用支出It may save space and other facilities thereby reduce costs.
缺点：
不利于管理学生和员工，缺乏监督By reason of lacking monitor about performance, it is disadvantageous to manage the students and staff.
很难保持团队精神，缺乏交流，同事和同学之间有疏远感It is difficult to keep team spirit and is lack of communication between members, which may produce a sense of isolation.
44.Some people say modern children's games do not develop a wide range of skills, while traditional games can be much better for developing such skills. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (08.11.29)
现代游戏的好处：
更加丰富和多样化diversity，可以开发孩子的智力develop children?s intelligence
现代游戏是以网络为基础的based on Internet，可以让孩子更加适应现代生活be accustomed to modern life
现代游戏大多是室内的indoor，较为安全
单独的，提高孩子的独处能力
传统游戏的好处：
较为简单，可以激发孩子的创造力和动手能力The traditional games are tend to be simple-eq uipped, which may inspire children?s practical ability\capability and creativity.
户外的，可以让孩子得到很好的锻炼。对身体的伤害更小cause less damage to health.
传统游戏大多需要多人去玩，可以增强孩子交流能力和社交能力等
45.Some people believe the range of technology available to individuals today is increasing the gap between poor people and rich people. Others think it is having an opposite effect. Discuss these points of view. What is your opinion? (09.01.10)
科技加深了贫富差距：
富人能够购买科技产品，从而提高生产效率，创造更多的财富，也就是说科技所带来的便利和快捷往往只能由富人享有
核心core, nuclear、尖端的科学技术和科技产品需要巨大的金钱和地位才能获得
穷人往往没有条件和机会接触、学习新的科技，而财富的获得越来越多的需要以获得科技为基础
科技缩小了贫富差距：
网络的发达让穷人可以廉价地获得信息和接受到教育，从而有机会改变贫穷现状
科技的发达让商品更加便宜，尤其是一些科技产品，穷人和富人之间的生活差距会减小
46.Today, people can work and live in anywhere they want, because of the improvement of communication technology and transportation. Do advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages? (09.01.17)
47.It has been believed that people who read for pleasure have developed imagination and good language skills than people who prefer to watch TV. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (09.05.16)
科技对于阅读方式的影响
看电视：直接、印象深刻、容易理解、相对轻松，同时利用听觉和视觉，效果较好，信息量更大
读书：激发想像spark the imagination，对于文字的记忆更好更直接，对于读写能力的提高更大，方便，更有效率，有效信息较多。而人们如果通过看电视这样的方式，很能收到多种信息的interruption，注意力不集中
48.Many people are optimistic about the 21st century and see it as an opportunity to make positive changes to the world. To what extent do
you agree or disagree with their optimism? What changes would you like to be made in the new century? (09.07.23)
People's optimism about the 21st century can be understood by the upsurge in the interest in science and technology around the world. This upbeat attitude is further supported by the proliferation of novel inventions and state-of-the-art technologies that have emerged in recent years. While the world's continued advance in various domains (e.g science) is noteworthy, this advance does not come without its problems.
Much of the world's achievement in the 21st century or in the 20th century has been made at the cost of environment and the poorest people and countries. The automobile industry has developed rapidly, but the side-effect of this development is the degrading environment, which is characterized by increased greenhouse emissions and abnormal climates. The growing demand for commodities has prompted the world's factories to increase output incessantly, accelerating the consumption of energy and other resources. Leading countries have advocated globalization and promoted this as a way of achieving countries' shared prosperity, but the truth is that the gap between rich and poor countries is widening, rather than narrowing.
In view of the downside of the world's seemingly positive changes, the question remains: what changes can be made in the new century? Without any doubt, how to maintain the current momentum without causing further damage to the environment should be the issue on top agenda. Scientists and inventors should update the environmental impact of their inventions before commercializing them and introducing them to the public. Meanwhile, leading countries for their own benefits should not manipulate globalization. Policies and regulations should be rerated and adjusted to make sure that developing countries can benefit from countries' closer ties in trade, politics and social issues.
Measured against world standards, changes can be a complex topic that encompasses many issues but two urgent issues that require immediate actions are the environment and globalization. A world that fails to address these two issues can by no means be deemed as perfect.
49. The development of technology has changed the way people interact with each other. In which ways has technology changed the relationship between people? Does it have any positive or negative effect? (09.08.08)
四、环境与动物保护（共10题，占11.7% ）
关于动物保护：
保护动物的意义：
维护生态系统maintain natural ecosystems,保持生态平衡have profound impacts on the sustainability of an ecosystem and the well being of humanity.食物链的稳定All animals are connected in one way or another in food chains，确保可持续发展consistent with the principle of sustainable development
Animals, as a significant part of an ecosystem, have profound impacts on the sustainability of an ecosystem and the well being of humanity. All animals are connected in one way or another in food chains. For this reason, the demise of a species can lead to overpopulation or under population of another species and then put this species at the verge of extinction. The natural balance will be disrupted and the ecosystem cannot be sustained. 人类可以从动物身上获得灵感draw on animal-based research for inspiration
人类可以探知物种的起源，进行科学研究
动物有生存的权利，应该维护动物的权益animal welfare
关于动物试验：
支持
动物不能够进行道德的判断，也不会尊重其他动物的权利因此动物不能等同于人类
A fact to support animal-based experiment is that animals are not the equivalent\counterpart of humans, and can be used as resources for human purpose. Animals have no capacity to make moral choices and could not recognize the rights of other animals. Nor will they take in consideration the interests of other species. It is possible one of the main reasons why animals feed on each other.
Humans, in comparison, use animal experimentations not only for their own interests but also for the benefits of animals. For instance, some medical discoveries can be used by veterinary surgeons to give medical care and treatment to sick animals.
动物的神经系统不如人类发达，痛苦已经最小化minimize pain，而如果是在人类身上做试验是不人道的vivisection practiced on human beings is inhumane；动物和人相似bear a resemblance to humans对外部的影响和人类反应相似respond similarly to external disturbances，因此最适合做替代品。而且人类目前找不到代替动物的试验品replacement，substitution
人类的利益应该建立在动物的利益之上human interest should be placed above animal welfare,利用动物做实验有利于科技的发展
反对
动物的生存权需要被保护，禁止虐待行为the prohibition of torture
很多时候，动物试验的目的只是为了一些商业用途commercial purposes，这是不道德的,例如化妆品产业the cosmetic industry has been exploiting animal experiment simply for diversifying products and maximizing profits. The fewer cosmetics people use, the fewer animals they have
to slaughter.
动物试验的结果是和信息是不可靠的，具有误导性unreliable and misleading毕竟动物和人类有很大的不同
关于动物做食物：
支持
富含蛋白质high in protein和必要的营养物质essential nutrients，没有替代品alternative
动物没有道德能力（同上）
食物链food chain有捕食者hunters也有被捕食者prey，物竞天择，适者生存，这是自然法则
反对
肉类富含动物脂肪和胆固醇high in saturated fat and cholesterol，吃肉过多over consumption有害健康
所有动物都有生命权entitled to possess their own lives
工业化农场经营导致环境污染，一些食物是疾病的来源responsible for the food borne disease，进而影响健康pose health risks
50.Some people think it is acceptable to use animals for the benefit of humans. Other people think it is wrong to exploit animals for human purposes. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. (08.02.02)
同意：
人类开发使用动物，但很多都是在可接受的范围之内的acceptable，例如，我们大多食用一些家禽、牲畜而不是野生动物，对于生态平衡不会产生影响；现在的很多动物试验都是在人道并且不杀死动物的前提下进行的；我们使用的皮毛大多来源于人工饲养的动物，不会对生态平衡造成威胁；我们为了娱乐饲养宠物，而他们也得到了关爱；我们建动物园，在观赏和娱乐的同时，也保护了很多濒危的动物。
不同意：
很多人为了利益，非法猎杀野生动物
现代的医学试验，虽然大多不需要杀死动物，但无可避免给动物带来痛苦
很多动物在动物园里虽然得以生存，但是失去了自由和在野外环境生存的能力
51.One long-distance flight consumes fuel, which a car uses in several years' time, but they cause the same amount of pollution. So some people think that we should discourage non-essential flights, such as tourist travel, rather than to limit the use of cars. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this view? (08.04.05)
限制私家车：
操作起来更为简单carry out easily
限制私家车可以在消除污染的同时，减缓交通压力和城市的拥挤状况Meanwhile, the traffic pressure and crowded condition could be released/reduced.
私家车所带来的便利可以用其他公共交通方式来代替could be replaced by other approaches, as bus and tube/subway，例如地铁和巴士；而长途航班用其他方式来代替则会给人们带来极大的麻烦
限制非必要航班：
跟其他交通方式相比，Compared with other transportations, flights consume more fuel and discharge more pollution.从污染量上来看，航班的污染更大,从燃油的消耗量上来看，也是航班更多
非必要的航班是可以取消的，对我们的正常生活没有很大的影响；而私家车已经变成了人们的生活必需品daily necessity ，如果取消cancel 会给我们的生活带来极大的不便great inconvenience,从而影响经济和社会的发展
可以通过其他途径来解决we can adopt other approaches.
52.Many people think cheap air travel should be encouraged because it gives ordinary people freedom to travel further. However, others think this leads to environmental problem, so air travel should be more expensive in order to discourage people from having it. Discuss the both sides and give your own opinion. (08.06.14)
机票应当便宜：
飞行旅行对于普通人仍然是奢侈的luxurious，然而机票降价就会让他们享受到旅行的快乐
缩小穷人和富人之间的生活差距，保证secure/guarantee 了社会的平等equality和人权human right
我们可以采用其他的方式来减缓环境的压力，而不能因此拒绝航空旅行给我们带来的便利，毕竟环保不是人类发展的主题we can adopt other approaches to release the environmental pressure rather than decline the convenience that air travel brings us, after all, environmental protection is not the subject of human development与其他交通工具相比，飞机具有不可比拟的优势incomparable advantages，例如舒适、快捷
飞机排放的气体对大气的影响要远远低于工业废气industrial air pollution和汽车尾气car emission
技术的发展已经让飞机更加省油fuel-efficient ，排气量变低，一些减轻影响的措施已经实施mitigation measures have been taken
机票应当更贵：
相较于其他的交通方式，飞机的污染是最大的，如果机票便宜了，可能会让飞机成为一种主要的长途旅行方式，增加环境负担burden。飞机排放出大量破坏环境的气体environmental destructive gases,会破坏臭氧层the ozone layer特别是私人使用的喷气式飞机jet plane
降价decrease the price可能会导致航空公司airlines间的恶性竞争，为了保证成本，undoubtedly无疑要增加航班数量，这时带来的不仅仅是更大的污染量,还可能有浪费
机票涨价之后，旅客能够享受到更加优质的服务high-quality service
增加搭乘飞机的费用会减少短途航班（short-haul flights）, 减少二氧化碳的排放(reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide), 促使航空公司购买比较节省油的飞机(fuel-efficient airliners
低的航班费用会导致乘坐固定航班的乘客人数的显著增加。Low-cost airline travel has been responsible for the marked growth in the number of passengers who take trips on scheduled airlines.
53.Some people think international cooperation has brought benefits to world environment protection, while some people think more benefits has been brought to international business. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. (08.07.26)
国际合作给环保带来的好处：
从环境问题本身来讲：很多环境问题在开始的时候可能是地区性的regional,但最后会成为全球性的worldwide，主要原因是人们共享着地球资源share the earth supply,例如，空气污染和水污染会从一个地方扩展到另一个地方transport pollution from one location to another
单方面的努力是不够的unilateral moves are not enough，如果采取多变行动take strong multilateral actions可以互通有无，共享人力、资源、技术International cooperation can cover the shortage of the technique and labor force
共享治理成果，分享经验exchange the experience, shoulder the responsibility and finally bring the environmental problems under control\restriction.
反对国际合作解决环保问题：
如果所有环境问题都由国际合作解决，比较耗费时间time-consuming and inefficient，而且由于很多问题是独立的isolated problems完全可以由当地政府来解决tackled by the local or national government
造成环境问题的原因因地而异causes and solutions differ from one region to another国际经验未必适合于特定的地区international practices might not apply locally.
＊＊＊国际合作给贸易带来的好处：
形成双赢的局势form a win-win situation，促进全球经济发展
互通有无，共享人力、资源、技术With its collective wealth of experience, knowledge, and resources, international cooperation is in a unique position to bring environmental problems under control.
增强优势企业superior enterprises的国际化和竞争力,淘汰劣势企业inferior enterprises和产品，即优胜劣汰survival of the fittest
国际贸易加强的同时，人们的生活也会得到改善和提高，例如我们可以购买到各国的产品
给了很多人才talented person; talent; qualified personnel; people with special skills; competent people; human talents全球化的就业机会和视野54.Many people think it is very important to protect environment but they make no effort to do it themselves. Why does it happen? How to solve this problem? (08.09.13)
原因：
很多人将环保的责任归于政府和相关的组织而非个人Majorities of people subscribe the responsibility to the government and related administrations instead of／rather than individuals.譬如说植树造林（afforestation），保护水源等，个人不可能完成。
很多人不清楚自己行为对环境产生的伤害（not aware of the environmental impact of their behaviors），也不知道怎么去保护环境（have little knowledge of how to protect the environment from further damage）；譬如说，前几天看BBC的报道，很多专家建议人们减少吃肉，因为肉类产品的生产会消耗大量的农业资源和能源，排放温室气体；这些知识极少人知道
没有经济支持，没有专业性，不知道具体应该怎样去做There really exist a large amount of people who want to do something to this career, however they do not what to do specifically.
即使有些人采取了一些环保的行为，，但因受不到支持和鼓励，没有激情和动力继续下去Because of seldom receiving support and appreciation ／encouragement, the one who devoted a great deal to the environmental protection always had no passion and motivation to go on.
很多人觉得自己的努力是微弱的和徒劳的（negligible and futile），不可能明显地改善环境（unlikely to improve the situation significantly）
很多人以环境为代价牟取利益Some shortsighted ones only focus on the short-term profit instead of long-term interest.
措施：
加强宣传和教育，让人们意识到加强环保人人有责
指导人们的环保行为，使其有组织并具有科学性
增加相应的投资和鼓励机制
惩罚以环境为代价牟取利益的行为
55.Development in technology causes environmental problems. Some people believe the solution in these problems is everyone accepts a simpler way of life, while others say that technology can solve these problems. Discuss both view and give your own opinion. (09.02.12)
题目理解：“如今，科技发展引起环境问题。很多人觉得我们的生活方式应该简单点，而其他人相信科学能够解决环境问题。讨论两个观点，给出你自己的看法。”
科技发展和社会发展导致了消费主义（consumerism）的产生。消费主义是指人们经常购买奢侈品或者是多余的商品（luxury or unnecessary goods），一方面是因为他们希望得到消费的快乐（pursuit of happiness brought by consumption），另外一方面也是有社会因素，譬如说展示自己的社会地位（social status）。譬如说很多人喜欢每年都买新的手机、电器，这些就是所谓的消费者生活方式（consumer lifestyle）或者消费文化（consumer culture）。
我们喜欢消费，无形之中会对环境产生伤害。商品的生产需要耗费资源（consume/ extra resources），而最终会产生垃圾(create garbage)。譬如说生产一台手机需要使用各种金属和非金属材料（metallic and non-metallic materials），需要使用水、电和汽油，最后会产生一些很难分解的垃圾（non-biodegradable materials）. 如果生活比较简朴（live a simpler life），产生的垃圾自然少一点。
科技是否可以解决环境问题？从一些发达国家的经验来看，确实可以。现在很多产品都使用一些容易降解的材料（bio-degradable materials），很多工厂也变得非常节能（fuel efficient）。在可预见的未来，科技的发展会减少我们生活对环境产生的伤害。我们需要注意的是，科技的发展虽然会减少环境压力，但是却不是一个根本性的方法。
在讨论好这两个观点后，我们不难发现，在解决环境问题上，我们既要控制消费文化，也要提高环保科技（environmentally friendly technology）。
通过接受简单的生活方式来解决环境问题：
在交通上，我们减少使用一些现代的交通工具，可以减少空气污染
在通讯工具上，减少使用手机cell/mobile phone，可以减少辐射radiation污染
减少使用塑料plastic、化工产品industrial products可以减少白色污染white pollution、水污染等
通过科技来解决环境问题：
我们可以使用清洁能源clean/alternative energy，改善交通工具，减少对于空气的污染
可以利用生物技术bio-technology，来治理水污染和土壤污染
可以使用高科技环保材料hi-tech environmental friendly materials来代替传统材料，例如使用可降解塑料袋degradable plastic bags
56.Some think that these environmental problems are too big for individuals to be solved, while others think that individuals cannot solve these environmental problems unless they make some action. Discuss both views and give your opinion. (09.02.21)
环保对于个人来说很难解决：
个人的力量是有限的，不论是从时间、经济还是技术上都是不足的
很多环境问题需要人们通力合作甚至是全球合作，例如海洋污染和水污染
很多人认为环保问题并非自己的责任，不会采取什么行动
人们采取行为可以解决环保问题：
大多数的环境问题是由公众制造的，所以每个人都采取措施能够从源头上解决这一问题a fundamental solution, get to the root of something 政府或者环保组织的行为是宏观的macroscopic readjustment and control，而人们的环保行为是微观的microscopic behavior，可以弥补前者的漏洞to plug/close the loopholes
57.Many countries use fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) as the main source of energy. However, in some countries the uses of the alternative sources of energy (wind energy and solar energy) are encouraged. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this development? (09.5.30) 支持使用可替代资源：
减少环境污染；可更新资源（renewable energy sources）很少排放温室气体，开采过程中也极少对环境产生伤害；
创造新的就业机会和产生新的产业，技术可以出售给其他国家；
解决能源危机，地球的化石燃料储备有限（limited reserve for fossil fuels）；
长远来说in the long term / in the long run，可以降低能源价格
发展可替代资源的困难有以下一些：
对现有的一些产业产生威胁，譬如说石油开采业（oil drilling）；
很多国家目前没有资金开发可替代资源，即便开发了，成本非常高
消费不起；发达国家，譬如说德国，一直都用补贴（subsidies）来帮助这些新能源产业发展。
并不是多有地区和国家都有条件利用可再生资源
目前的技术还不够完善，不能达到fossil fuels的所有优点
58.An increase in production of consumer goods results in damage to the natural environment. What are the causes and possible solutions?
(09.10.10)
59. The environment problem facing today's world are so great that there is little ordinary people can do to improve the situation. Government and large companies should be responsible for the deducing the amount of damage being done to the environment. To what extend do you agree or disagree? (09.10.31)
五、犯罪（共6题，占7.05％）
必备词汇：
犯罪行为、不良行为:criminal behaviors, wrongdoing, law-breaking, delinquency
青少年犯罪：juvenile delinquency
罪犯：criminal, lawbreaker，offender, delinquent
常见的犯罪：抢劫robbery ;绑架hijack;强奸rape；商店偷窃shoplift (shoplifter);走私smuggle;贩毒drug-trafficking（traffic交易）放火罪arson;杀人罪Offenses of Homicide\murder；故意伤害intentional injury\assault
犯罪的原因：
客观上：经济上的拮据和生活所迫be in financial strait; be herd up for money; be short of money，家庭的负面影响negative influence from family members
媒体的负面影响和误导the negative influence from the media
主观上：心理不正常abnormal psychology and behavior
性格缺陷character flaw
年轻人犯罪往往是因为同伴的压力和一时冲动the youth tend to commit a crime because of peer pressure and sometimes are on the spur of the moment
惩罚的方式：
监狱
预防罪犯再犯罪，尤其是惯犯prevent the criminals from recommitment especially\in particular\particularly the habitual criminals罪犯在监狱的行为受到监控不会对外界造成伤害。The criminals? behavi ors may be closely monitored and would not cause damage to the outside world.
抚慰受害者solace\comfort the victims
有震慑作用，可以警示潜在的犯罪人the deterrent effects may warn the potential criminals from committing crimes.
是正义战胜邪恶的象征 a sign of the triumph of justice over evil
教育、培训、心理辅导
改造罪犯最文明的方式是教育、心理治疗和感化it is the best way to correct the criminals by education; psychology treatment and inspiration are better to be taken最好被采取，是文明社会的标志shorter prison sentences are the symbol of a civilized society.一个文明的社会是以高的文化率和低的犯罪率为特征的is characterized by\noted for a high literacy rate and low crime rate.
符合人权Is according to the human right.
帮助犯人回归社会，掌握自食其力的技能it is a better way to help the criminals to return the society, they can master some skills to support themselves\earn their bread\make a living让罪犯可以在出狱后为社会做贡献，弥补过错they can make contribution to the society to repair their mistakes.
预防犯罪的措施：
加强自我保护意识the awareness of self-protection should be enhanced
加强预防precautions，鼓励受害人报案encourage the victims to report a case to security authorities，同时设法消除受害人担心报复的心理meanwhile, approaches should be adopted to clear the fear of reprisal
完善法律体系perfect\better legal system. Especially, betterment should be done to the Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Law, which may basically guarantee the life right and property right
加大法制宣传enlarge the scope of legal advocating make more and more people to known law better. As a case in point, some related authorities and organizations could take some efforts to promote people's legal awareness and encourage them to combat social evils.
60.Some people think the best way of reducing crime is to give longer prison sentences. Others, however, think there are other better ways to reduce crime. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. (08.01.12)
61.Putting criminals into prisons is not so effective in dealing with them. Instead, education and job training should be offered to them. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (08.09.18)
62.Many people are afraid to leave home because of crime. Some believe that more action should be taken to prevent crime, but others feel
little can be done. What's your view? (08.10.04)
63.Society is based on rules and laws. It could not function if individuals were free to do whatever they want. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (08.10.11)
并不是每个人都会合理合法地利用自己的权利，如果每个人都有自由做自己想做的事情，势必会侵犯别人的权利If each individual had the freedom to do whatever they want, others? rights will be invaded.
一个法治的社会是建立在合理使用权利，履行义务的基础上的a legal society is based on every individual use their rights properly and perform their duty/obligation strictly.
社会应该遵循规则和法律（enforce rules and require people to observe them）：法律通过惩罚(impose sanctions／punishment such as imprisonment监禁, compensation赔偿)来约束人的行为（control/regulate or shape citizens? behavior），譬如说，不让人们在公众地方抽烟，不让人们使用毒品（forbid people to use illegal drugs），防止诈骗（prevent any fraudulent activity）；因为人们总是有很多欲望和动力（desires and motivations）去做一些伤害自己或者别人的事情。法律也会制止任何抢劫、偷盗、身体侵犯、谋杀等行为（robbery, theft, physical assault and murder），保护合法公民的权益（protect the rights of law-abiding citizens），这样可以防止社会的不稳定（prevent social unrest）。
一些法律，譬如说税法，环境保护，有利于社会的长足发展（sustainable development）和稳定。
51.Nowadays, the criminals set free from the prisons always tend to commit crimes again. What are the causes of this problem? What measures can be taken to solve this problem? (09.06.13)
再犯罪的原因：
在监狱中受到消极影响，改造不彻底
出狱后不能自食其力，不能重新适应社会
受到偏见和歧视，就业和家庭生活很难恢复正常
个人的自卑和心理障碍
解决的措施：
改进改造方法，让罪犯的改造更为彻底。
改造时对罪犯进行心里辅导和职业培训，让他们彻底拜托犯罪心理，掌握自食其力的技能
防止罪犯间的消极交流
保障罪犯在返回社会后的就业和生活问题，尽量减少歧视。
64.Whether the labor rehabilitation program is a good alternative to imprisonment for law offenders? (09.09.17)
65.Reasons for increase of teenagers’ criminal acts and give your measures to reduce it. (09.11.07)
青少年犯罪增多的原因：
家庭方面：
不稳定的家庭生活unstable family life,单亲家庭增多single-parent households，孩子情感需求无法得到满足emotional needs left unattended
父母对孩子的教育不够妥善improper parental care，过分溺爱孩子，导致孩子为所欲为
家庭暴力使孩子形成畸形的心理状态，导致其走向暴力和犯罪。甚至有些家长虐待孩子，将其作为发泄的工具more and more parents show an inclination to abuse their children and treat them as an outlet of stress
教育方面：获得教育的机会不够limited access to education,小孩没有得到及时正确的引导导致其产生不良行为serious misconduct
社会方面：媒体暴力media violence(Many studies have made it clear that the upsurge in televised violence and the video games that have violence as the main theme is closely linked to young adults? a ggressive behaviors)、失业率unemployment rate、同龄群体的影响delinquent peer group;年轻人对物质财富、奢侈的生活方式的强烈追求a strong desire for material wealth and luxury lifestyles导致其不择手段illegitimate means。
解决方法：
家庭方面：关注孩子的成长，采取正确的教育方式。
教育方面：提供良好的教育机会和环境provide favorable educational opportunities and environment
社会方面：为年轻人提供更多的就业机会provide more job opportunities树立良好的社会风气
六、媒体（共5题，占5.8% ）
66.Some people believe that time spent on television, video and computer games can be valuable for children. Others believe this has negative effects on a child. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. (08.01.10)
好处：
可以更好的与人交流，获得更多的信息，拓宽知识面have a broad knowledge of many subjects.
掌握一些办公软件的应用和其他计算机操作是社会发展的需要，为孩子的职业发展奠定基础Enable the children to catch up with the pace of modern society. They can touch the latest technology and information
坏处：
过多待在屏幕前会影响身体健康，破坏视力If the children stay a long time in front of the screens, great damage could be caused to the eyesight and impair their health.
孩子的分辨力较差，一些暴力色情内容的信息不适合儿童，对他们的行为产生负面影响。Most of the children cannot tell right from wrong; they may receive negative influence from the media, such as violence and drugs.
室内环境让孩子不愿意外出和运动It may make the children live a sedentary lifestyle and do not want to do exercise outdoors. Indoor environment 过分依赖电脑excessive reliance on computer use可能会导致儿童思维能力下降,变得懒惰laziness,indolence
67.Children can learn efficiently by watching television, so they should be encouraged to watch television regularly both at home and in school. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (08.05.10)
68.Detailed description of crimes on newspaper and TV can have bad consequences on society, so this kind of information should be restricted on media. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? (08.08.16)
同意:
对于潜在犯罪人：犯罪行为在媒体上很少被惩罚，因此人们可能在生活中进行模范.the criminal behaviors seldom are punished on TV，thereby it may cause imitation.
媒体报道的犯罪情节可能给潜在的罪犯提供犯罪方法和手段。The crime episode may provide methods and ways to the potential criminals.
对于普通观众：暴力导致观众对犯罪失去敏感性，从而认为犯罪是普遍的，无可避免的Media violence may enable the criminals lose sensitivity to the crimes, so it may leave a negative impression to the audiences that crime is unavoidable and irresistible
不同意：
警示作用：社会暴力的主要原因是一些社会原因，而媒体可以起到提醒观众暴力行为可能导致法律制裁的作用The main factors that contribute to the social violence are tending to be complex, however media can shoulder the responsibility to remind the audience being aware of the violent behaviors.
对媒体暴力的看法因人而异，很多人觉得这只是一种娱乐Reaction or views toward violence differ from individual to individual, a majority of people just view it as entertainment \recreation\amusement
宣传作用：可以起到预防犯罪的目的.
69.Newspapers have an enormous influence in people’s opinions and ideas. Why and do you think it is positive or negative situ ation?
(09.03.05)
70.If a product is good or it meets people’s need s, people will buy it. So advertising is unnecessary and no more than an entertainment. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (09.05.18)
同意：
从长期效果来看，广告的作用是有限的
很多广告都有虚假和欺骗性
可能会增加商品的成本
不同意：
大多数消费者都是通过广告来获得信息的
娱乐只是广告吸引人们的一种方式而非最重要的目的
广告的作用是多样化的，例如它可以带动相关产业的发展，创造就业机会和经济价值
70.The news media has its growing influence on people’s everyday life. Some people think that it is a negative development. T o what extent do you agree or disagree? (09.08.22)
七、全球化及其影响（共5题，占5.8%)
71.International travel sometimes makes people more prejudiced rather than board-minded. Give out reasons why it cannot bring benefits to those visitors. Do you have ways to improve people's understanding of the countries they visit? (08. 08.21)
为什么游客不能从中获益：
游客只想看到自己想看到的，而不去理会自己看到的文化是不是正宗的（authentic）；
游客只是满足于拍照,买纪念品,明信片,只是在乎有没有去过某个地方,而不在乎有没有真正了解当地文化;
Culture and communication barriers
Irritate the local people
Maybe the locals are not so friendly to the visitors
让游客带有偏见的观点:
1-5 科技类同不同意题型 Some people think that people who prefer to read for pleasure will have better imagination and language skills than people who like watching TV. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 1-10 抽象类同不同意题型 The most important thing of people's life is his or her work. Without satisfying career, the life is meaningless. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 1-12 教育类利弊分析题型 In some countries, the parents expect children to spend long time in studying both in and after school and have less free time. Do you think it has positive or negative effects on children and the society? 1-19 教育类同不同意题型 Caring for children is probably the most important thing of the society. It is suggested that all mothers and fathers should be required to take the childcare courses. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the statement? 2-2 科技类+教育类双边讨论题型 Some people think watching TV is bad for children, while others think that watching TV has more beneficial effects on children. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion 2-14 工作类双边讨论题型 Some people believe that young people should be free to choose his or her job, while others think that they should be realistic and think about their future. Discuss both views and give your own opinion
Topics of Task 2 （2008～2009.11.21) 一、教育（共25题，占%） 1. In countries where there is a high rate of unemployment, most pupils should be offered only primary education. There is no point in offering secondary education to those who have no hope of finding a job. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? (08.01.26) 不同意： 中学教育是一个重要的德育阶段，如果在这个时候中断，带来的不仅仅是失业这样的问题，还有青少年犯罪等社会问题vital stage for moral education. If it was interrupted, numerous of social problems/headaches may create as juvenile delinquency. (正如马克吐温说：你每关闭一所学校，你就必须开设一座监狱。Every time you stop a school, you will have to build a jail ） 教育能够帮助培养个人素质；提高劳动力的素质，从而提高生产效率，推动社会发展，从根本上解决失业的问题。do a favor to/be beneficial（advantageous, preferable) to personal quality, enhance/boost/promote the quality of the labor force, thereby increase production efficiency, social development, solve the problem of unemployment 从长远来看，如果受过更高的教育，则有更多的机会找到好的工作。In a long run／term, if pupils could receive better education, they may have far more opportunities to find better jobs. 教育的作用不仅仅应当局限在找工作，而是为了将来更好的发展。The function of education should be not only focused on \limited in job hunting, but also for a better development. ＊＊失业的原因是综合的comprehensive/complicated，例如经济原因：经济衰退或者不景气economy recession/depression，就业岗位剧减，导致市场对于劳动力的需求整体下降 a fall in the overall demand for labor;社会原因，个人原因等 2. Most countries spend much money on education, as they start to realize the importance of education. In your opinion which subject is the most important for young people and which one is the least important? Subjects: Literature Sports Mathematics Economy Physics History Music Geography (08.03.01) 整个题目可以分为理论科目和实践科目两种： 理论科目的好处：智的角度 实践科目（音乐、体育）的好处：美、体、劳的角度 E.g.: What does sports benefits your academic? Any sport will have a positive effect on academic performance simply because exercise is good for the brain, and teamwork and strategy that are focal to most sports are applicable as well to many academic areas. 理论科目的坏处：枯燥、单调、需要长时间的学习、结合实践时较为困难 体育、音乐的坏处：需要天赋；需要大量时间和金钱的投入；就业范围小，职业生涯短 3. Schoolteachers used to be the source of information, however, some people argue that teachers are not as important as before as the increasing variety of information resources. What is your opinion? (08.0 4.24) 和以前一样重要：（也就是说老师的重要性） 学校教育更加有利于学生的道德培养，尤其对于年龄较小的学生。老师可以帮助学生建立自信心，培养能力，塑造良好的性格最终成为一个有利于社会的人。Teachers could help the students to build up confidence, shape upright character and ultimately grow a full man beneficial to the society. 通过老师的讲解，能够更加容易接受知识。By lectures, students are more easily to receive knowledge.可以根据学生的需要而改变teach students in accordance with their own characteristics and differences 学生在学校里能够参加体育锻炼，有利于身体的健康和成长 学校教育给了学生一个交流、沟通、合作的机会，有利于团队精神team spirit、合作精神cooperation、创新能力innovation的培养foster/cultivation。 其他信息途径的好处（远程教育的好处） 提供了一种更为新颖有效的教育形式an original and effective educational model；增加人们接受教育的机会increase the opportunities of being educated;提高参与者的科技能力develop technology competencies、拓展技术面broaden skill set,从而提高就业机会job opportunity。 为地处偏远和行动不便的人、工作时间不稳定的人提供了受教育的机会those with restricted mobility, such as elderly, disabled, injured, irregular work schedule. 可以同时和全国各地甚至全世界各地的人进行交流和学communicate and interact with students all over the country or even the world 文档和资料容易储存、易提取、打印和阅读documents and materials are easily recorded, retrieved, printed and read 远程教育的缺点： 缺乏和老师面对面的交流lack of in-person contact with faculty members很难及时接受到老师的反馈wait for a long time before receiving feedback about assignments 不能像传统教育那样和同学之间更多地接触，没有机会提高口头交流能力和合作能力等have no chance to enhance oral communication skills and cooperation skills 精力和注意力会被很多东西分散many distractions at home 并不是所有的行业都承认网络教育的学历，缺乏就业认可。not all work industries acknowledge online degrees 4.Schools should teach children some academic subjects, which will be beneficial to their future careers. Therefore, other subjects such as music and sports are not important. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? (08.0 5.22) 同第2题 5.University students always focus on one specialist subject, but some people think universities should encourage their students to study a range of subjects in addition to their own subject. To what
最近考试高频的十八个写作话题思路分析与素材汇总！只有7页，共18个话题，中英双语结合给出了关键思路和素材，给出了关键的高分词汇与表达！老是在考试时理不清思路、想不出素材的同学，看了一定会有帮助的！大家加油加油！ ----------------------------------------------我是分割线--------------------------------------------------- 一、跳槽的原因及解决办法 1、相关词汇： fierce competition heavy pressure job-hopping is looked upon to move upward quickly keep skill fresh and up to date acclimatize themselves to the rapidly changing society 2、原因： （1）社会压力大，人们的竞争意识增强，不断改变以适应社会的变化。 （2）处于个人发展的需要，寻求升职，更新知识。 （3）金钱的诱惑，不在乎在哪儿工作，做什么职业，只要挣钱多。 （4）家庭原因，spouse工作地点改变或孩子去其他地方上学。 3、解决方法： （1）要理性看待，一般来说，stability equals success。
（2）chronic job-hopper将被questioned integrity and loyalty ，not reliable。 （3）政府和mass media应该鼓励人们扎根一个地方，扎扎实实干事业，并且尽可能提高welfare，改善城市和community的环境，留住人才。 （4）公司应该提高工资待遇，给employee创造一个良好的工作环境，在保证企业利润的同时要考虑员工个人发展，增加培训，扩充员工的知识。 二、大学是否应该根据就业教授学生知识，大学的主要功能是什么 平衡写： 1、认为应该提供实际知识的： （1）大学生毕业就要找工作，因此要培养学生掌握future job的技能。 （2）有人甚至声称理论没用，不是每个大学生都要做科学家。 2、反对方： （1）It will definitely be shortsighted to…目光短浅理论知识非常重要，理论指导实践，大学的职责不仅是教会学生一门技术，更重要的是教授一种方法。 （2）不学理论只学实际知识，会使学生变成utilitarian，narrow-minded，lack of imagination，如果学生要学的只是生存的技能，那就去vocational school。 3、总结 总之，我认为大学的功能是versatile的，促进学生all-around development，培养学生具有creative mind in some special field，而不只是教授该领域的实际知识，可以通过一些part-time job来获得。 三、个人不能对环境保护做不了什么，同意不同意 This is just an excuse for the ignorance of environmental protection. 1、分析环境恶化原因是缺乏环保意识。 2、给出解决办法。 四、维持博物馆是否是浪费金钱？ 1、提出自己的观点（反对）。 政府应该spend a lot of money to enrich the collection of museums to cater for different tastes or needs of different people．有的人认为是浪费钱，我认为是很有必要的。 2、博物馆很重要（博物馆的作用）。 （1）illuminate the culture，history and arts of the world. 比如，世界上最大的British Museum provide visitors with all-round knowledge about the world culture and arts,collections in it trace the development of civilization throughout the history of mankind. Definitely a heartquake！ （2）shoulder the responsibility to preserve and carry forward a country‘s traditional culture. （3）serve as a significant mean of adolescent education,benefit both the present and future generation. 教育学生什么是美，purify their heart，也可以作为第二课堂，提供教学参考
一.雅思大作文的15大考察内容 考察频率最高专题： ? 1. 教育：儿童，中学，大学教育体制和方法 ? 2. 科技发展对生活的影响 ? 3.文化的组成因素和保护 ? 4.生活方式的转变和社会观念 ? 5. 全球化及其影响 ? 6. 环境问题和环境保护 ?7. 政府投资 考察次重点专题： ? 1. 艺术的价值 ? 2.媒体的作用 ? 3.广告的影响 ? 4.动物的保护和动物实验 ? 5.城乡差距和城市化 ? 6.犯罪 ?7.弱势群体：妇女的权利，妇女参军 ?8.体育 雅思写作错误检查表（10条） 1.使用了正确的语法结构：时态语态，主谓一致，从句，用词准确(名词，动词，形容 词的形式)，介词，冠词 2.句式有变化 3.使用了一定量的词汇 4. 拼写没有错误 5. 观点明确，语意精准不模糊 6. 每段主题句都表明了该段中心思想，所有拓展句支持句都紧扣主题 7. 大量的过渡性词语(逻辑连接词)，使句子间和段落间都具有逻辑性和条理性 8. 提供了足够的细节，例子或论据 9. 每一段话都得到充分展开 10. 每一段话都紧扣文章主题 如何应用： a.1347当做检查项目，其他当做考前提醒 b.时间紧，就改第一段和每段的前两句话 三.大作文首段基本写作策略---三步走 1.转述背景，扩展题目(setting/ background information )：把题目所提供的背景再用自 己的话拓展转述同义替换一下 题目：It is generally believed that some people are born with certain talents, for instance for sports or music, and others are not. However, it is sometimes claimed that any child can be taught to be a good sports person or musician. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 考官写的开头段： The relative importance of natural talent and training is a frequent topic of discussion when people try to explain different levels of ability in, for example, sports, art or music. 2. 说明意图(statement of purposes)：
2015年2月28日雅思机经：写作 2.28小作文柱图，大作文是Some students take one year off between finishing school and going to university, in order to travel or to work. Do you think advantages outweigh disadvantages? 2015年2月7日雅思写作机经 大作文： Many museums and historical sites are mainly visited by tourists, not local people. Why? What can be done to attract local people?对于很多博物馆和历史遗迹而言，参观者多有游客，而非本地人，原因何在，如何吸引当地人？ 小作文： 小作文双图，对比2008年英国男女性平均花在Household Activity和在Leisure Activity的时间，单位分钟每天。 G类： 小作文，写求职信,关于volunteer照顾local community的小孩，为什么感兴趣为什么认为自己适合和details of availibility。G类大作文，computer makes the world a better place.同不同意。 2015年1月31日雅思写作机经 雅思A类小作文柱图，大作文Some people argue that too much attention and too many resources are given to protection wild animals and birds. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2015年1月29日雅思写作回忆(小鹏哥提供) 小作文：流程图 大作文：利弊讨论;新题出现 Currently, some scientists or travelers like to travel to remote natural environment such as south pole, do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. 很多科学家和游客喜欢去遥远的有自然美景的地方旅行，是否利大于弊? 2015年1月17日雅思机经(写作) 小作文：线图sales of books 比较四年的趋势 大作文： Some people think that the amount of noise people make have to be controlled strictly, others say that people are free to make as much noise as they wish. Discuss. 作文考了“有些人认为我们应该控制噪音，有些人认为不应该，讨论两个观点，给出你
雅思写作基础段课程 补充讲义资料 赵光伟
雅思写作审题词汇：名词性词汇
雅思写作基础词汇翻译练习(有提示版) 001. 现在，越来越多的孩子都是从小学开始学习外语，而不是中学。 002. 在许多国家，青年人通常要用四年时间完成本科学习，两年以上时间完成研究生学习。
004. 大学的课程总体是由必修课和选修课组成的。 005. 诸如经济学(economics)之类的科目是大学商科类(business)课程的重要组成部分。 006. 大学应当为学生同时提供理论性知识和实践性知识。 007.在大学的第一年学习中，学生主要获取公共基础知识，而不是专业知识。 008. 有优秀(excellent)学习成绩的学生通常都对基础的理论和原理有比较好的掌握。 009. 以学生为中心的教学方法很关注学生的实际需求(real needs)。 010. 教师应当鼓励学生积极地(actively)参与到课堂活动中来。 011.网络资源(online resources)可以有效(effectively)激励学生对学习外语的兴趣。 012. 各个学校应当尽最大努力(make every effort to)培养孩子们的全面发展。 013. 孩子们的身心健康和他们的学习成绩是同等重要的(of equal importance)。(倒装结构) 014. 鼓励独立思考(independent thinking)能帮助培养孩子们的创造力和解决问题的能力。 015. 道德教育能帮助孩子们形成(shape)积极的(positive)性格特征。 016. 雄心，热情和坚持是我们事业成功的三个重要因素(important factors to)。 017. 对于应当培养(foster)孩子们的合作意识(a sense of )还是竞争意识一直存在争论(there exists a debate)。018. 家长和学校应当一齐努力(make a concerted effort to)教育孩子们分辨是非。 019. 被家长溺爱的孩子会在长大后缺乏(without)对他人的尊重。 020. 家长也应该为孩子设立适当的行为准则，以防止(prevent)行为问题(behavioral problems)的发生。 021．老师应当多关注(pay more attention to)一下那些缺乏自律性的学生。 022．糟糕的家庭教育会导致孩子产生各种行为问题(behavioral problems)。 023．家长应当给予孩子更多情感的关怀与支持，而不是以物质的方式(in material ways)满足(meet)他们的需要。024．学校有责任(have a responsibility for)教育(educate)学生成为良好的社会成员。 025．大学的基本功能(basic function)之一是教授与工作相关的知识和技能。
【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】 范文的思路好了。这样好的东西，可惜不是我整理的，是一个叫landfish姑娘收集的，厉害！ v105 Some people claim that the disadvantages of the car are more than the advantages,do you ag ree or disagree? 范文1 The birth of cars has made an enormous change to our life. In the past, we travelled fro m one place to another only by foot, nowadays, cars can do the same job . It goes withou r saying that the invention of cars bring great benefits to all of us. but as an ancient prove rb goes, no garden without weeds. Car is no exception. Owing a car has a lot of advantages. For one thing, car provides us the most convenient wa y of transportation. we can get around freely without spenting a lot of time. Emotionally, I always found driving is so exciting. For another , it is comfortable to drive a car.in winte r.Drivers always can stay warm and dry even in rainy weather .In addition, drivers are saf er in their cars when they are out at night. While cars bring the human a large number of merits ,their side-effects gradually come t o the surface .Firstly, running a car needs a lot of oil,which is getting less and less.The incre asing number of cars contributes the lack of energy.Secondlly,as more and more cars are util zed,the traffic ecpecially in big cities is getting heaver and heavier,which leads to the seriou s traffic jam.Moreover,the inceasing numbers of cars ,which excaust sent a huge quantitie s of carbon monoxide into atmosphere.It makes the air of cities unbreathable, it strips peop le’s contact with fresh air. Therefore, the new energy should be explored to replace the oil so that our envionmental p ollution can be avioded , and the strick law should be issued to keep the numbers of cars un der control. Thus, our heavier traffic can be solved!
常用万能句型： 1、Nothing has received more praise and abuse than something 译文：没有什么能像…这样毁誉参半。 2、There is no doubt that 译文：毫无疑问 3、The reason why + 句子~~~ is that + 句子 译文：之所以…主要在于 4 、So + 形容词+ be + 主词+ that + 句子（如此…以至于…） 译文：如此…因此 5、It is conceivable that + 句子 译文：可想而知 6 、Leave much to be desired 译文：…远不能令人满意 7、The most obvious reason for this phenomenon is that 译文：造成该现象的最主要原因在于 8 、A is to B what C is to D 译文：A 对于B 就恰如C对于D 9 、There are probably many reasons contributing to this phenomenon 译文：造成该现象的原因有许多。 10、When it comes to ……， 译文：一谈到… 11、No one can deny the fact that…
译文：没有人能否认 12、To be sure, the topic concerning ……can always attract our eyes 译文：无疑，有关…话题总是能够引起人们的关注 13、Never has …failed to fascinate us in modern society 译文：在当代社会…总是能够引起人们的关注 14、Simply put,… 译文：简而言之， 15、It is no overstatement to say that 译文：可以毫不夸张地说 16、…is a good case in point 译文：…就是一个绝佳的例子 17、People assume different attitudes towards this issue 译文：人们对该问题的观点不一而同。 18、As is widely-accepted,… 译文：众所周知， 19、To conclude,… 译文：总之， 20、Nothing is further from the truth than this opinion 译文：没有任罕菊净种说法比这种观点更加荒唐了。 21、There is an element of truth in both opinions 译文：这两种观点都有其可取之处。 22、Another consideration in this case is that…
1/7/2017 流程smoked fish制作过程： 大作文：Art classes, like painting and drawing, are not as important as other subjects, so some people think that it should not be a compulsory subject at high school. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 1/12/2017 小作文：柱状图，四个国家留学申请的人数比例 大作文：Many cities have vehicle-free days, when people are required or encouraged to take a bus, cycle or travel by taxi. Do advantages of this outweigh disadvantages? 1/14/2017 Some people think job satisfaction is more important than job security. Others think that people cannot always expect enjoying jobs because working permanently is more important. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. =20111119=20141025
The best solution to traffic congestion in cities is offering free transport 24 hours a day, seven days a week. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
雅思写作完全攻略Total Solution of IELTS Writing 俞伟国 －2009－ 雅思考试作文部分题型 课时安排： Marking System Essay Writing Introduction Body Conclusion Structure Report Writing
(From Mat Clark) 近年雅思考试中国大陆考区作文部分得分情况Band4 or below: 15%-20% Band5: 60% Band6: 15%-20% Band7: <5% Band8 or above: Rare Key Language Features in Marking System Task Response: 1. No evidence of digression/irrelevant content 2. Adequate Words 3. Position + Supporting Ideas + Development Coherence and Cohesion 1.Logical overall structure 2.Topic Sentence 3.Cohesive devices Lexical Resource 1.Accurateness 2.Authentic Vocabulary (Less-common Vocabulary) 3.Variety Grammatical Range and Accuracy 1.Accurateness https://www.doczj.com/doc/9d1286032.html,plex Sentence 3.Variety
欢迎光临俞老师的BLOG: Chapter One－Essay Writing 第一章. 议论文完全攻略 _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ Part One－Introduction －闪亮开篇－ －Version 5.7－ Structure of Introduction 1. Background Information (1). Lead-in Sentence (Introduce the subject of the topic) (2). Public Opinion (State your position) 2. Statement1．主体背景（Background Information） (1) In the last century, the first man walking on the moon said: “It is a big step for mankind”. However, some people think it made ______________________________, when _______________________________________________________________ _ he time, the first for
Unit 1 雅思IELTS 考试写作简介 雅思考试写作部分在听力和阅读后进行，由两部分组成，TASK1和TASK2。要求考生在60分钟内完成两篇文章的写作。普通培训类和学术类考生在写作的考试内容上有一些区别。两类写作TASK2题目类型基本相同，考试的结构和要求也大体相同，要求在40分钟完成250字左右的议论文。类似英美国家学校里任课教师布置的课堂讨论作文。一般要求考生根据自己的知识和经验就一个现象阐明自己的态度和见解，或就一个观点发表自己赞同或反对的观点。 学术类写作TASK 1（ACADEMIC TRAINING MODULE）要求考生对题目中给出的各类图表加以观察和分析，并根据已知的图表和资料写一篇不少于150字的小短文。考得较多的有曲线图、柱状图、饼状图、表格、饼图等。也有可能考到两种不同种类的图。另外，流程图和示意图也偶尔考到。时间20分钟。 普通培训类写作TASK1（GENERAL TRAINING MODULE）则要求考生就某个假设的场景写一封信. 到目前为止，出现较多的书信种类有投诉信、请求信、建议信、寻找失物信、邀请信等。20分钟内完成150个字的文章。 总之，就题目的难度而言，GENERAL TRAINING MODULE 普通类写作比ACADEMIC TRAINING MODULE学术类写作稍微简单一些。 评分标准 The examiner reads your answer and awards band score of between 1(did not answer the question) and 9 (native speaker-like ) according to these criteria: ? 1.Task Response (i.e. how fully and appropriately the candidate has answered all parts of the task; the extent to which the candidate's ideas are relevant, developed and supported; the extent to which the candidate's position is clear and effective) ? 2.Coherence and Cohesion (i.e. how well the information and ideas are organized and presented i.e. paragraphing; how well the information is linked) ? 3.Lexical Resource (i.e. the range of vocabulary used, how accurately it is used and how appropriate it is for the task) ? 4.Grammatical Range and Accuracy (i.e. the range of structures used, how accurately they are used and how appropriate they are for the task) The band scores are then added together divided by 3 and rounded to determine your band score for this task. Writing Overall Band = 1 / 3* Task1 + 2 / 3*Task2 For example: Task1 =6 Task2 =7 Overall Band = 1 / 3* 6 + 2 / 3*7= 6.5
最新新东方听力笔记 概述： 一．雅思听力基本情况 可做任何标记。 分数段：12-18：4分19-24：5分25-30：6分 31-35：7分 36-38：8分39-40：9分根据难易要乘系数 二．两个误区 听懂核心词汇，掌握拼写。 极少考理解，多考记录信息点，所听即所得。 三．两个基本范围 1． survival english （社会生活，人际交往等） 2． academic english （学术类，教育类，热点话题） 四．问题 1．利用停顿时间抢读后面题目 2．直接书写答案 3．区分考试安排者声音，根据指导做题 4．手眼耳并用，听看写一体 五．雅思听力四大特点 1. 国际口音：（英、美、澳）（英音50%，澳20%，美20%，其他10%） 不利：习惯美音，不习惯英音，必须熟悉英音； 有利：新口音（大西洋口音，适于中国人）；动词短语不是考试重点（掌握一般程度：第一个意思即可），去掉了很多地域性的方言。 2. 四段叙述：1、3section是对话，2、4section是陈述，一般来说难度递增。 不利：a.不知道听力磁带和题目间如何建立关系——采用顺序原则(85%)：答案顺序和问题顺序一致。 b.无法集中注意力（听力中不包含问题，无法对大脑产生刺激）——改变听力学习习惯，练习时应聚精会神，忌跑神和恐慌。 有利：不是每句话都要听懂，应试图听懂每一句包含答案的句子（先看题，再猜答案，然后做题） 3. 边听边做： 不利：a.阅读量大——要求快速阅读（技巧+能力）——速读 b.写量大——要求手眼耳并用（加强听写能力，掌握四级单词听写） 有利：a.不考推理、总结、归纳题，主要考查细节，所听即所得。 4. 题型多样：10种题型 不利：不熟悉题型 有利：难度较低 六、听力应试策略 短期目标：1.紧扣9套题，十种题型，十种场景。 2.记补充的单词和地名。四级词汇(大学英语四级速听速记)。 3.精听六盘磁带。 中期目标：1.短期任务。 2.再做一点题。听力强化最新指南，雅思听力课外强化教程，英语中级听力（关于hotel/resta urant，news不听）。 3.背单词。 长期目标：1.加强发音以及听音的训练。 2.再做一些题目。