本科毕业论文外文翻译
外文题目：The Isr ael High Tech-Industy -Fifty Year s ofExcellence 处：Isr ael M nistr yOf RoreignAffairs
出
作者：Nisso Cohen
The Isr ael High-Tech Industr y -Fifty Year s ofExcellence
B y Nisso
C oh en
Israelshigh-techindustry is experiencing an unprecedented rate ofgrowth whichbeganintheearly1990s.Its growth is evidenced both in total sales - 1997 salestotaled $7.2 billion,a growth of 10.7% over1996 - andin exports - $5.6 billion in1997,agrowthof14.2%over1996.Thisisinacountrywithatotalpopulationoflessthansixmillion;GDP(1996)o f$92.3billion;and exports(goodsandservices,1996)of$31.3billion.
Moreover,advancedtechnologies developed in Israel are in great demand, andmany Israeli-developed applications can now be found in the products ofmulti-national companies in the communications, computers, information systems,medicine,optics,consumergoodsandsoftwaresectors.
Origins
The Israel high-tech industry was born with the State of Israel. In 1948, thenewly-created Israel Defense Forces established a branch called the Science Corps.The corpsdeveloped new arms, explosives, and a variety of electric and
electronicappliancesfortheIDF.Israelsmilitaryindustrydevelopedatarapidpace,meetingthecountrysneedsfo rarmamentsandtechnologieswhichitcouldnotobtainfromabroad.Duringthesameperiod,Israeldevelopedw hatweretobecomethebestinstitutionsofeducationandscientificresearchintheMiddleEast.TheyincludetheT echnion-IsraelInstitute ofTechnology in Haifa, the WeizmannInstitute ofSciencein Rehovot,theHebrew University inJerusalem, anduniversitiesinHaifa, BeerSheba, TelAvivandRamatGan.Inthe early sixties,Israel enteredthe nuclear era withthe establishmentof tw o nu cl ea r re sea rc h plants.
ThefirstIsraeli computer was developed andassembled inthe early fifties at theWeizmannInstitute.Golem("dummy")was an all-tube computer, similar tothefirstcomputersdevelopedinthe US intheforties.Inthelate fiftiesandearly sixties,therewerealreadyseveral mainframe computersinIsrael, purchased fromIBM andPhilco.Those computers were used primarily by government ministries and institutions,universitiesanda numberofbanks.Inthelatesixtiesandearly
seventies,mainframeandminicomputerspenetratedthefinancialandbusinesssectors.During theeighties,manyIsraelisacquiredpersonalcomputers.
T he H i g h-Te ch Industry
Onefactorintheexceptionalgrowthrateinthis industry in recentyears is Israelspercentageofengineers,theworldshighest,with135 engineersper10,000 persons,ascomparedto85per10,000personsintheUnited States.Anotherfactorhas beenthemanythousandsofskilledengineersandtechnicianswhohaveimmigratedfromtheformerSovietUnio nsince1989.
Moreover,advanced technologies that were originally developed and utilized formilitarypurposesarenowbeingused fordevelopingcommercial productsforcivilianuse. With the downsizing of Israels defense industry - as a "peace dividend" -thousandsofskilledpersonnelhave left the defense industry since 1988. Many ofthem were absorbed into the civilian marketplace, while others formed start-upcompanieswhichlaterbecamesuccessfulhigh-techfirms.
TheongoingsuccessoftheIsraelihigh-techindustry is reflected inthe local andforeignstockmarkets.In1996 Israeli firms provided the third largest number ofinitialpurchaseofferings(IPOs) on theNAS DAQ (over-the-counterstock exchange)inNewYork,aftertheUSandCanada,andthesecondlargestnumberofIPOsontherelatively new AIM (Alternative InvestmentMarket)inLondon(aftertheUK).ManyleadingAmericaninvestmenthouses and venture capital funds have established apresenceinIsrael in order to support Israeli high-tech firms and benefit from thecu rre nt boom.
Israelsleadersare proud of the countrys high-tech "label" and promote it. Theresultisthatthecountryisparticularlyinterestedincooperationwithforeigninvestorsin the hi g h-tec h fi el d s, m ore tha n w i th inv e stors i n other a rea s.
AuniqueIsraeliphenomenonistheofficeoftheChiefScientistattheMinistryofIndustryandTrade, which distributes grants totaling nearly $400 million to variousR&D projects. The projects that succeed are expectedto pay royalties to the ChiefScientistsoffice fora numberofyears. DomesticTechnologicalAdvancement
Israelhasfirmlyestablisheditself as the mostcomputerizedcountry intheMiddleEast;itevensurpassessome WesternEuropean nations.In1997, morethan 250,000personalcomputerswere soldin Israel, compared to 102,000 sold in Egypt(with apopulationofsome60million)and justunder300,000 inTurkey (witha populationofsome65 million).
IsraelalsoleadstheMiddleEastwiththehighestpenetrationrateofPCsinprivatehomes.There is a personal computer in nearly one out of two households, a ratiosimilartothatoftheUnitedStates,CanadaandaveryfewEuropeanandFarEasterncountries.Inrecentyears ,theeducationsystemhaspurchased tens ofthousands ofcomputersforuseby students,fromkindergartenthroughuniversity age.
Comparedtootherso-calledhigh-tech'tigers',suchasKorea,MalaysiaandTaiwan,Israel is unique in that it is a "true" high-tech country, with a highly developeddomestic market for computing and telecommunications. Israel is also a "quickadopter"ofadvanced technologies. Local expenditure on information technology isestimated at $2.4 billion in 1997, with a steady growth of 12-15% annually.Worldwide, expenditureoninformationtechnology reaches about$700 billion,witha
5-
yearcompoundannualgrowthrateofabout10%.Telecommunication
sInfrastructure
In 1984 a government-owned company - Bezeq - took over the telephone andtelecommunicationsservices,whichhadpreviouslybeensuppliedbya departmentoftheMinistryofCommunications.Sincethen,thetelecommunicationsinfrastructureinIsraelhas developed at a rapid pace, andis today considered to beoneofthe mosthighlyadvancedsystemsinthe region,providing full digital service throughout thecountry,advanced data communications,integrated services digital networks (ISDN),asynchronoustransfermode(ATM),andfiber-opticand satellite services. Itis clearthatthedevelopmentoftelecommunicationsserviceshascontributed significantly tothedevelopmentofIsraelshigh-techindustry.
High-Tech Exports
Israelsfirsthigh-techexports were produced by defense industries such as theIsraelAircraft Industries andRafael, as well as by defenseindustry sub-contractors.Thesefirmsproducedelectronicdefenseproductswithadvanced technologies,meantfor u se by the IDF.
Demandfor"proveninbattle" products from Israel led to a developing exportindustryofdefense-relatedproducts. today this is still a relatively large percentage ofhigh-techexports.
Studieshaveshown that R &D-intensive, high-tech companies have been a majorfactor in the growth of exports over the years, especially in electronics, optics,electro-optics,lasers,computer-basedequipment,roboticsandaeronautics.
Moreover, in the last two decades Israeli developments have contributedsignificantly to the following information technology and telecommunicationsindustries: Wireless Communications (voice and data)Advanced DataCommunications Technologies (ATM, IDSL, SDH)Advanced LAN Technologies(ATM, Fast Ethernet, FDDI, ISDN)Satellite VSAT (Very Small ApertureTerminal)Voice Mail and R elated Voice Manipulation Technologies DSP - DigitalSignal Processing Technologies and Products Encryption and Data SecurityAnti-Virus TechnologiesS oftwareUtilitiesforMainframeandMid-Range Computers(including year 2000 problem solving utilities) Databases for Mainframe andMid-Range ComputersInternetTechnologies InternetProductsEducational SoftwareandMultimediaGraphicArtsandColorPrintingTechnologies Billing Software forTelephoneandCellularOperators S emiconductorDevelopmentand Post-ProductionIn spe ction Tool s C A D, C A M , a nd C AE.
Interna ti ona l Firm s i n Israel
Ithastakenseveral years for the managementofinternational high-tech firms todecidetoutilize Israels advantages as an operations base. Of course, events in theMiddleEastplayadecisive role in international business strategies. The continuingpeaceprocess with the Palestinians, since 1993, has encouraged many internationalfirmstoestablishoperationsand/or conductbusinessinIsrael.
Therehas been a US presence in Israel, though, forthree decades.Two high-techgiants - IBM and Motorola - established local subsidiaries for sales and technicalsupport in the 1960s; over time the local plants evolved into full research and
developmentfacilities.Motorolatooktheprocessonestepfurtherandestablishedoneofits largest manufacturing facilities in Arad, near the Dead Sea. During the late1970sIntelCorporationbeganoperationsinIsrael.Today,Intels activitiesrange fromR&D(inHaifa)towafermanufacturing(Fab8inJerusalem); anda plantdesignatedFa b 1 8 u nd er c onstru ction in Kiry a t Gat.
Israelis highly regarded as a location for branches of foreign firms. Benefitsincludehighly-skilledengineers,goodgeographiclocationandsome tax and custombenefits,whichenableUSfirms to sell products manufactured inIsrael to Europeanmarkets without paying duty. Moreover, the government of Israel is considered agenerouspartnerforforeigninvestorswhoestablishoperationsinthenorthernorthesouthernpartsof the country. Government assistance can be in the form of a cashrefundorlong-termtax-waivers.
InIsrael,thepresenceofinternationalfirmsissomewhat of a controversy.Opponentsinlocalindustryclaimthatforeign firms gainresourcesasaresultoflocal"bra i n pow er," bu t do not fu nnel a ny thing ba ck in to the l oca l e con o m y . T hi s positi onisheld because most foreign firms do not build manufacturing facilities, the moremassiveemployersin the local market. Still, despite this dissenting pointof view,mostIsraeliscontinuetoconsider the presence of international high-tech firms inIsra el to be v ery i m portant.
Since1995,manyforeignfirmshaveestablished a presence in Israel. Of these,someenteredthe marketby setting up operationsdirectly, whereas othersdo so byfriendly take-over of small Israeli firms. Additional firms are listed as U.S. firms,although all development and manufacturing facilities are located in Israel andmanagementisIsraeli,or largely Israeli. Many international firms also maintain apresencein Israel by virtue oftheirminority holdings in Israeli start-up companies.Thisphenomenonbegana few years ago and is expected to continue in the future.Theseminorityshareholdersalsoinvariably holdoptionsforshareincreases.
Internationalfirmswhichestablishedlocal research and development centers inIsraelin the70s andthe 80s broughtthe know-how and the operating procedures oflarge conglomerates to local, inexperienced firms. These firms exposed Israeliindustrytonewareas,primarily in the telecommunications and the semiconductorindustries.
CooperationwithForeignFirms
TheIsraelhigh-tech industry can benefit from cooperationwithforeign companiesatalllevels. Some of the success stories of the Israel high-tech industry involve apartnershipbetweenan Israeli and a foreign partner, in which the Israeli partnerprovidesthetechnologyorthe product,andtheforeign partnerprovides thesales andsupportfunctionsintargetmarkets.Thistypeofcooperationisawin-winsituationforbothsides. ForUS partnersorinvestorsitis even morebeneficial as thepartnershipcanapply forBIRD Foundationfunds.
Motorola,IntelandothershavemadeIsraela
preferredsiteforproductionfacilities.Thesecompaniesbenefitfromahigh level of technicians and engineers and fromproximity to their target markets in Europe. NAFTA agreements made Israel themanufacturing locationofchoice forproductsthataretobeexported toEurope.Itis
quitedifficultforIsraeltocompetewithSouthAsiancountriesonthe
basisoflaborcosts,butIsraelsbetterproductquality isanadvantage.
Therapidlygrowinghigh-techindustry has the potential togrowatan even fasterrate,despitethepresenteconomic slowdown - which affectsthehigh-tech field lessthan otherindustries.Intermsof productivity peremployee,Israeli high-tech still hasalongwaytogo,comparedtointernational standards.Althoughoutputperemployeeintheindustry is $160,000 perannum, some countries boastan output ofupwardof
$250,000peremployeeperannum.
Challengesfacingtheindustryasthe21stcenturyapproaches: The shortage ofprofessionalsin electronicsandsoftware,acommonprobleminthewesternworld.InIsrael, immigrantsfrom the former Soviet Unionserved as a stop-gap between1992and 1995. Since then, immigrationto Israel has slowed down and the problem hasagain arisen. This in turn has increased the cost of salaries to a level where thea dv a nta g e of a l ow cost pe r e m p loy ee i n Isra el no l ong er e x i sts.
Thehigh-techindustryneedstowidenits focus onR&D to include marketing, inorder to capture a larger market share. Today, some start-ups develop valuabletechnologies, only to discover that their target market is unaware of them. Moststart-upsinIsraelboastannualsalesofafewmilliondollars;onlyahandfulofIsraelicompanieshaveachievedannualsales ofhundredsofmillionsofdollars;andnotoneIsraeli company is positioned among the worldwide leaders that sell high-techproductsinthebillions.
Thefrozenexchangerateoftheshekel,untilMarch 1998, negatively impactedprofitability of the high-tech industry. In late 1997/early 1998, with the economicslowdown, a reduction in capital investment has occurred, which will affectinvestmentinequipmentupgradingandmaterialsintheshortterm.
The Israel high-tech industry is capable of enjoying tremendous profitability. Italready leads the Israeli economy in terms of added value, export rates andproductivityper employee. By taking the appropriate strategic decisions, the Israelhigh-techindustry-withtotalsalesofsome$7.2 billion today - can become,inthecomingdecade,a $10-15 billionindustry.
Israeli high-tech is on the way to the forefront of world technology in terms ofknowledge and development. Israeli leaders believe that the high-tech industry canleadnot only Israel, but its neighbors as well, to a better future. The high-techindustryis nolongera gamble - it has proveditsability.Itnow needs toexpandandfirmly establishitspositionasarecognizedworldleader
译文：
以色列高新技术产业——五十年的卓越以色列的高科技产业正在经历一场前所未有的增长。始于 2 0 世纪 9 0 年代初。其增长体现在（销售总额）1 9 9 7 年销售总额为 7 2 亿美元，增长 1 0 .7 ％，比1 9 9 6年增加5 6亿美元，1997年比1996年增长了14.2％，。这是一个国家，总人口不到6 亿美元，国内生产总值923 亿美元，出口（货物和服务，1996 年）313亿美元。
此外，发达国家的先进技术在以色列有巨大需求，许多以色列开发的应用软件现在可以发现在产品的多国公司在通信，计算机，信息系统，医学，光学，消费品和软件部门。
起源
以色列高科技产业的诞生于以色列州。1 9 4 8 年，新成立的以色列国防军设立分行称为科学团。兵团制定了新的武器，炸药，以及各种电器和电子设备的以色列国防军。以色列的军事产业发展快速，满足该国需求的军备和技术，它不能从外国获得的。在同一期间内，以色列开发出要成为最好的教育机构和科研在中东。它们包括技术研究所，以色列技术研究所在科学研究所的雷霍沃特，希伯来大学在耶路撒冷，海法大学，贝尔谢巴，特拉维夫拉马特甘。在6 0 年代早期，以色列进入了核时代，建立了两个核研究站。
以色列的第一次计算机研制成功，并聚集在五十年代初在以色列魏茨曼研究所。巨像是一个所有管计算机，类似于计算机的第一个发达国家。美国在五十年代末和六十年代早期，已经有几个大型计算机在以色列，购自IB M 和Phil co 。这些电脑主要用于由政府各部委和机构，大学和一些银行。在 6 0 年代末和 70年代初，主机和微型计算机侵入的金融和商业部门。在八十年代，许多以色列人拥有个人电脑。
高新技术行业
近年来高增长速度其中一个因素是以色列人中工程师的比例，这一比例是世界最高的，每一万名以色列人中就有 1 3 5 个工程师，相比之下，美国每一万人中只有 8 5 名是工程师。另一个因素是自 1 9 8 9 年以来数以千计的熟练工程师和技师从前苏联移民到其他国家。此外，原本为军事目的开发和使用的先进技术现正被用于开发民用商业产品。随着以色列国防方面的缩减作为“和平时期公共事业经
费” 自 1 9 8 9 年以来数以千计的技术人员已离开国防工业。他们中许多人被吸收到民用市场，而
其他人组成的创业公司后来成为成功的高科技公司。
此外，原来发展和使用的为了和平目的军事先进技术正在正在被民用科技公司使用并发展成为
商业产品。以色列精英国防工业--作为“红色股利”-成千上万的技术人员已离开自 1 9 8 8 年以来的
国防工业。很多人都是被吸收到民用市场,而另一些人形成了初创公司, 后来成为成功的高科技公司。
以色列高科技产业的持续成功在本地及外国股市得到体现。1 9 9 6 年，以色列公司在纽约纳
斯达克证交所提供的首次公开募股数目名列第三，仅次于美国和加拿大；同时其在伦敦证交所提供
的就相对较新的另类投资市场首次公开募股数目名列第二，仅次于英国。许多顶尖的美国投资家和
风险资本基金已成立了驻以色列办事处，以支持以色列高科技公司并从目前的产业繁荣中获益。
在技术上，以色列高科技产业处于有利地位，排在世界前5 名。当地市场的下列条件为产业
提供了支持：在一个个人电脑被广泛应用的国家，整体气氛和对电脑使用的积极态度有利于在年轻
的一代中发展高科技技能。以色列领导人为其国家被列为高科技国家感到自豪，并积极宣传。结果
是该国尤其热衷于与高科技领域的外国投资者合作，热忱度比其他领域要高很多。
以色列一个独特的现象是在产业和贸易部有一间首席科学家办公室，这个办公室向各种研发项
目分配总额近 4 亿美元的基金。成功的项目要向首席科学家办公室支付数年的版税。
国内技术进步
以色列已经牢固地确立了自己作为全国最大的电脑在中东的地位，它甚至超过了一些西欧国家。在1997年，超过25.0万的个人电脑销量在以色列相比，10200 万出售自埃及（人口约 6 0 万美元）和3 0 .0 万只下在土耳其（人口约 6 5 万美元）。
以色列也导致中东渗透率最高的个人电脑。几乎有三分之一的两个家庭拥有一台个人电脑，比
类似美国，加拿大等极少数欧洲和远东国家。近年来，教育系统已经购买了数以万计的电脑使用的
年龄层从幼儿园到大学。
相对于其他所谓的高科技强国，如韩国，马来西亚和台湾，以色列的独特之处在于，它是一
个高科技国家，同一个高度发达的国内市场，专门为计算机和电信业。以色列也是一个加速引进的
先进技术。地方支出的信息技术估计为 2 4亿美元，在1997年，与稳步增长12-15%的年增长率。在
世界范围内，支出信息技术达到约 7 ,0 0 0 亿美元，与 5 年复合年增长率为 1 0 % 左右。
电信基础设施
1984 年，政府全资拥有的公司Bezeq接过电话和电信服务，以前一直由一个部门的通讯部。电信基础设施，在以色列已开发的快速发展，以色列被认为是一个最先进的系统，提供全数字服务普及全国各地，先进的数据通信，综合业务数字网络（ISDN网），异步传输模式（ATM），以及光纤和卫星服务。以色列发展高科技产业为电信服务做出了重大贡献。
高新技术产品出口
以色列首次高科技产品出口的国防工业，如以色列飞机工业公司和拉斐尔，以及国防工业的分判承建商。这些企业生产的电子防御的产品和先进技术，这意味着使用的以色列国防军。
要求“在战斗中证明”产品由以色列导致发展中国家出口工业与国防有关的产品。今天这仍是一个相当大比例的高新技术产品出口。
研究表明，研发密集，高科技公司一直在一个主要因素，出口增长多年来，特别是在电子，光学，光电，激光，计算机为基础的设备，机器人和航空。
此外，在过去二十年中，以色列的发展作出了重大贡献的下列资讯科技及电讯业：无线通信（语音和数据）先进的数据通信技术（自动取款机，宽带同步数位阶层）先进的网络技术（自动取款机，快速以太网，FD DI ，IS DN 网）卫星的 V S AT （甚小孔径终端）语音信箱和相关的语音操控技术基于DS P - 数字信号处理技术及产品，加密和数据安全，反病毒技术，软件实用程序的主机和中档电脑数据库的主机和中档计算机，互联网技术，网络产品，教育软件和多媒体，图形艺术和彩色印刷技术，计费软件，电话和手机运营商安森美半导体开发及后期制作检查工具的 C A D 和 C A M 和 C A E 。
国际公司在以色列
它采取了几年的管理国际高科技公司决定利用以色列作为一个优势业务基础。当然，中东的事件中发挥决定性作用的国际商业战略。继续和平进程的巴勒斯坦人，自1 9 9 3 年以来，已鼓励许多国际公司建立业务和/或开展业务在以色列。
出现了美国在以色列的存在，但三十年。两个高科技巨人 I B M 公司和摩托罗拉公司设立当地子公司的销售和技术支持在 2 0 世纪 6 0 年代，随着时间的推移，当地的植物演变成全面的研究和发展设施。摩托罗拉在这一进程向前迈出一步，并设立其最大的生产设施阿拉德，死海附近的。在20世纪70 年代末，英特尔公司开始运作在以色列。今天，英特尔的活动范围从研发，以晶体制造商和一
家工厂正在建设中的科技城。
以色列是高度视为一个位臵分支机构的外国公司。优点包括高技能的工程师，良好的地理位臵和一些税务和海关的好处，使美国公司出售产品在以色列向欧洲市场无需缴付关税。此外，以色列政府被认为是一个慷慨的合作伙伴为外国投资者建立业务谁在北部或南部地区。政府的援助可以为形式的现金退款或长期税务豁免。
在以色列，在场的国际企业是一定的争议。反对者在地方工业声称，外国公司获得的资源，由于当地的“大脑”，但没有任何渠道进入当地经济。这一立场举行，因为大多数外国公司不生产设施建设，更大规模的雇主在当地的市场。然而，尽管这种反对的观点来看，大多数以色列人继续审议的国际高技术公司在以色列是非常重要的。
自1 9 9 5 年以来，许多外国公司已经建立了在以色列的存在。这些，一些进入市场建立了直接业务，而另一些这样做友好接管以色列小企业。更多的企业被列为美国企业，但所有的开发和生产设施设在以色列和管理是以色列，或在很大程度上以色列。许多国际公司也保持在以色列凭借其持有的少数以色列创业公司。这种现象始于几年前，预计将在今后继续下去。这些小股东也必然选择持有的份额增加。
国际公司，设立了地方的研发中心在以色列在 7 0 年代和 8 0 年代把诀窍和操作程序的大型企业集团到地方，没有经验的公司。这些企业接触，以色列工业的新领域，主要是在电信和半导体行业。
合作与外国公司
以色列高科技产业能够受益于同外国公司在各级。一些成功的故事，以色列高科技产业涉及的伙伴关系，以色列与外国合作伙伴，在以色列的合作伙伴提供技术或产品，与外国合作伙伴提供销售和支持职能目标市场。这种类型的合作是一个双赢的局面双方。对于美国的合作伙伴或投资者更有利的伙伴关系，可以申请基金会的资金。
摩托罗拉，英特尔和其他取得了以色列的首选网站，生产设施。这些公司受益于高水平的技术员和工程师，从接近其目标市场在欧洲。北美自由贸易协定使以色列制造地点的首选产品，将出口到欧洲。这是相当困难的以色列与南亚国家的基础上，劳动力成本，但以色列更好的产品质量是一个优势。
迅速崛起的高新技术产业有潜力的增长甚至更快的速度，尽管目前的经济放
缓- 因为这影响到高科技领域小于其他行业。从每名员工的生产力，以色列高科技仍然有很长的路要走，比较符合国际标准。虽然员工人均产值在工业 1 6 0 万美元每年，一些国家拥有的输出上升。
面临挑战的行业作为 2 1 世纪的方法：电子和软件工业专业人员短缺，在西方世界是一个共同的问题。在以色列，移民来自前苏联作为权宜之计， 1 9 9 2年至1995年。自那时以来，移民到以色列已经减缓的问题再次出现。这反过来又增加了成本的工资水平在那里的优势，低成本的每个雇员在以色列不再存在。
高科技产业需要扩大其重点放在研发，包括市场营销，以获取更大的市场份额。今天，一些初创企业发展宝贵的技术，只发现，他们的目标市场是不了解他们。大多数初创公司在以色列拥有年销售额几百万美元，只有少数以色列公司实现年销售额达数亿美元，而不是以色列公司之间的位臵在全世界的领导人，销售高科技产品在数十亿。
冻结汇率，直到1998 年3 月，盈利能力的负面影响的高技术产业。在1998年年底，随着经济增长放缓，减少资本投资已经发生，这将影响投资的设备更新和材料在短期内如此。
以色列高科技产业能够享受巨大的利润。它已经导致以色列经济方面的附加值，出口率和生产力的每名员工。通过采取适当的战略决策，以色列高科技产业总销售额约7 2 亿美元今天- 可以成为，在未来十年中，为行业 1 0 至 1 5 亿美元。
以色列高科技的道路上向世界前沿技术方面的知识和发展。以色列领导人认为，高科技产业可以不仅导致以色列，但它的邻国以及，更美好的未来。高技术产业已不再是一个博弈，它证明了它的能力。现在需要扩大高新技术产业的规模和并达到世界领先水平。
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
旅游服务贸易外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力：罗马尼亚的案例 引言 旅游业是唯一的可以为任何发展水平的国家提供贸易机会的服务活动。然而，它也是一个很大程度因为国家的能力和在全球经济中的表现而又有明确的利益分配不均行业，而这又需要提高自己的竞争力。 自20世纪90年代初，罗马尼亚旅游业经历了出口量，生长速率和结构的重大变化。这些不同的波动都影响了罗马尼亚在国际旅游市场上相对的竞争地位并引起了其旅游贸易平衡的变化。同时，新的和更多的错杂的欧式建筑，引起了罗马尼亚的区域旅游竞争力的显著变化。 在此背景下，本文试图提出一个框架，以竞争力和旅游贸易表现之间的关系为重点，来评估罗马尼亚的旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力。 一、国际竞争力视角：国际竞争力之与国际旅游业的相关性 国际竞争力的概念，尽管有争议，难以捉摸，但现在已经得到认可，并继续吸引世界各地的学者和决策者的关注。 到目前为止，为提高国际竞争力已采取措施，都被认为是在经济层面进行的(加瑞利，2003)通常是指一个国家生产的商品和服务，以满足国际市场的考验，并同时保持和增加公民的收入的能力(欧洲委员会，2007)。 由于竞争力最终取决于一国企业在国内和国际的市场成功，所以对竞争力的注意力都集中在企业层面的竞争力上(波特，1990)，对于此的普遍理解是指“……该公司保持，并更好的是，扩大其全球市场份额，增加和扩大利润的能力” (克拉克和盖，1998, 经济合作与发展组织，1993)。 因此，虽然广泛流传但是国际竞争力作为与国家经济和其国际贸易相关
的理论基础已经不太在学术文献进行分析。因此，一个国家国际竞争力的性质，效益和局限性仍然含糊不清(科尔德威尔，2000,克鲁格曼，1994, 1996)。 国际竞争力，是指一个国家在货物和服务贸易方面巩固和保持贸易优势相对于世界其他地区的贸易优势。 每当一个国家的经济福利通过贸易流量的增加，或通过从初始平衡状态的贸易条件的改变而增加，他的国际竞争力都会得到提高(科尔德威尔，2000)。 贸易理论表示，经济福利依赖于一个国家有比较优势的货物和服务的生产。这实际上意味着当生产符合一国的比较优势的情况时国际竞争力能得到保障。如果一国能在国际上表现良好并在出口市场竞争成功，这可能就是他们健全的国际竞争力的标志。 因此，在国际上，竞争力定义为一个经济体能够吸引其出口需求和投资供给需求的能力和在所有社会规范内提升公民生活水平的能力。这反过来又取决于宏观和微观经济政策，影响生产的经济生产率要素和经营成本的法规和制度。 一个可用的文献回顾和实证证据支持国际竞争力可以解释为在一定程度上，一个国家的出口能力这一观点(道乐和沃尔夫，1993, 格博格等. 2004)。还有就是，事实上，是出口表现和国际竞争力之间的循环关系。出口是国际竞争力的第一衡量指标。出口情况的改善会导致了一个国家的竞争力提升。这种效果是一个企业的技能，知识，创新和运用新技术并能够在一个成功的商业方式中利用技术机会等的结果。 另一方面，为了在竞争激烈的全球市场努力成功实现出口，一个国家被迫提高竞争力。更具竞争力的国家，它的经济更强大。因此，它更有能力在全球市场竞争，以吸引具有较高的知识，技能，水平人们去购买新技术等，
外文翻译 原文 Firms in International Trade Material Source: https://www.doczj.com/doc/9c882062.html, Author: Andrew B. Bernard For most of its lengthy history the field of international trade largely ignored the role of the firm in mediating the flow of goods and services. Traditional trade theory explained the flow of goods between countries in terms of comparative advantage, that is, variation in the opportunity costs of production across countries and industries. Even the research focusing on differentiated varieties and increasing returns to scale that followed Helpman and Krugman continued to retain the characterization of the representative firm.?However, the assumption of a representative firm, while greatly enhancing the tractability of general equilibrium analysis, is emphatically rejected in the data. My research over the past decade has been an attempt to explore international trade from below: to understand the decisions of heterogeneous firms in shaping international trade and their effects on productivity growth and welfare. Firm Heterogeneity and Trade My early work with J. Bradford Jensen was motivated by a simple question: what do we know about firms that trade? The answer at the time was "very little" and our initial efforts focused on locating firm-level data and describing the world of exporting firms. Our first study compared exporters and non-exporters for the entire U.S. manufacturing sector and established a set of facts about exporting plants and firms.?Two major results stand out. First, only a small fraction of firms are exporters at any given time. Even in sectors where the United States is thought to have comparative advantage, such as Instruments, a majority of firms produce only for the domestic market. Similarly, some firms are exporting even in net import sectors such as Textiles and Apparel. Second, exporters are substantially and significantly different than non-exporters, even in the same industry and region. Exporters are dramatically larger, more productive, pay higher wages, use more skilled workers, and are more technology- and capital-intensive than their non-exporting counterparts. In related
外文资料译文及原文 译文(一) 消费者体验旅游和品牌的结合 米契尔罗伯特 定义消费者体验旅游 制造工厂参观，公司博物馆和公司访客中心表现为被不同名字已知的观光事业片段：制造业观光事业，工业的吸引、工业的观光事业和工业的遗产观光事业。在每一个描述性的长期的共同目标是在消费者学习品牌，其运作，生产过程，历史和历史意义的时候建立一个消费者和品牌之间的纽带。有人建议在这里CET代表一个统一的主题的旅游。这个术语捕捉消费者的消费能力发现更多关于他们所消费的品牌，而制造商可以在与该工厂的客人接触的30-120分钟时间里建立与这些消费者更密切的关系。 参与的品牌 品牌经理寻求解决在三个层次消费者的需求： （1）功能（对消费者提供解决问题的办法）; （2）符号（提供心理欲望满意度）; （3）经历（提供感官快乐，品种，认知，刺激） CET可以通过视觉地介绍品牌，运作，生产工艺，历史和历史意义加强消费者和品牌之间的纽带。这种纽带可以被看作是个人品牌参与和品牌忠诚度的提高。认知参与反映了消费者对产品的兴趣（或学习更多）。CET可以通过刺激消费者对于品牌和生产过程的想象提高消费者的认知水平。此外，积极口碑沟通刺激满足旅客可能会比其他形式的促销更可信。 缺乏现有的直接研究关注 迄今为止，CET已经在行销文学中受到一点注意。米契尔和米契尔（2001年）对此内容这种的旅游网站进行了评估。此外，这些相同的作者已经评估食物和饮料工业中的现象（米契尔和米契尔，2000年），非营利部门（米契尔和米契尔，2001年b），和整体经济（米契尔等， 2001）。米契尔和米契尔（2002）为学者提出了格式，用来评估在当地的服务领域这些设施的地方利益。该主题通常包括对整合营销的简要讨论，但已收到直接研究的关注很有限。
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
文献出处：Barattieri A. The mechanism of service trade liberalization[J]. Journal of International Economics, 2014, 92(1): 1-13. （声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。） 原文 The mechanism of service trade liberalization Barattieri A Abstract In this paper, Service trade liberalization is the key areas of the United States to promote the TPP negotiations, the United States in the negotiations are pushing mechanism of a high standard of service trade liberalization. In this paper the progress of the TPP negotiations and services trade issues important position, on the basis of the acceptance, architecture design, focus on services, regulatory consistency four aspects in the TPP uncovers the "high standards" service trade liberalization mechanism establishment. American "high standards" service trade liberalization mechanism is tailored to the interests of the United States, actually services in the service of the United States. These mechanisms are through to strengthen and promote the TPP platform, forming reversed transmission to other countries. Key words: the TPP; The United States; Service trade liberalization; High standards; Mechanism design America is the first largest exporter global trade in services, and for many years, continues to service trade surplus. Competitive advantage based on service industry and service industry The importance of promoting American exports, jobs and economic growth, the United States in the multilateral, bilateral and regional multiple layers jointly promoting service trade liberalization. In the Uruguay round negotiations, the United States has overcome many obstacles, for the first time to include the Service Trade in multilateral negotiations, contributed to the general Agreement on Trade in services (the Genre - al Agreement on Trade and Service,
附录 F.1英文参考资料及中文翻译 F. 1 .1international trade documents role General international trade documents (international trade documents) is the international trade of use all the documents, documents and certificates collectively. Usually with international trade documents to deal with in and out of delivery of the goods El, transportation, insurance, inspection and quarantine, customs declaration, the settlement of exchange, etc. Special international trade documents usually refers to the settlement documents, especially the l/c under the way of settlement of documents. International trade documents and the use of import and export trade program closely related, the documents in the import and export enterprise work throughout the export, purchase, transportation, the whole process of the proceeds, the effort is big, timeliness strong, is broad, in addition to import and export enterprise internal between various departments the cooperation with the outside, still must and bank, customs, transportation department, insurance companies, the inspection and quarantine agencies and the relevant administrative authorities happen various contact, linked together, mutual influence, also are conditions. International trade documents for the performance of a contract is necessary means International trade is the transnational goods business, due to the particularity of the multinational business, which is the purchase and sale of the different departments are located in different countries, are remote, in most cases, the goods and payment can't perform simple direct exchange, but only as the medium of exchange with documents means. The international trade of the documents that sales of goods through the documents realization sale, the seller should not only will the actual delivery of goods export shipment, and should submit to the buyer include the title to the goods vouchers, complete documents to show real assignment. The seller/p means that the delivery of the goods, and the buyer payment is get to buy goods on behalf of property rights certificate, the deal is no longer with the goods as the core, but with documents as the core. Documents and payment of the convection principle has become the international trade of general principles of the commodity business. As international trade experts "; m Cardiff in the export trade in his book mentioned: "from a business perspective, can say CIF the purpose of the contract is not the buying and selling of goods itself, but the documents relating to the goods business." What say here "documents" is the international trade of documents. International trade documents many kinds, every kind of documents has its
旅游品牌定位外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
原文： Destination brand positions of a competitive set of near-home destinations Abstract: Although the branding literature commenced during the 1940s, the first publications related to destination branding did not emerge until half a century later. A review of 74 destination branding publications by 102 authors from the first 10 years of destination branding literature (1998–2007) found at least nine potential research gaps warranting attention by researchers. In particular, there has been a lack of research examining the extent to which brand positioning campaigns have been successful in enhancing brand equity in the manner intended in the brand identity. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an investigation of brand equity tracking for a competitive set of destinations in Queensland, Australia between 2003 and 2007. A hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) provided an effective means to monitor destination brand positions over time. A key implication of the results was the finding that there was no change in brand positions for any of the five destinations over the four year period. This leads to the proposition that destination position change within a competitive set will only
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
毕业论文文献综述 国际经济与贸易 中英金融服务贸易国际竞争力比较研究 金融服务贸易国际竞争力相关理论综述 服务贸易是以服务作为交易标的的一种贸易行为。《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)所界定的国际服务贸易是指以过境交付、境外消费、商业存在和自然人流动这四种形式进行的各国间的服务交易。该定义已成为有一定权威性和指导性的定义为各国接受。 根据《服务贸易总协定》中的服务部门清单，可以将服务贸易分为12类：商业性服务，销售服务，金融服务，娱乐服务，通讯服务，教育服务，卫生服务，运输服务，建筑服务，环境服务，旅游服务和其他服务。而对于金融服务贸易，国内外并没有确切的定义。本文将对金融服务贸易国外及国内有代表性的研究进行综述。 一、GATS与OECD对金融服务贸易的定义 根据GATS的定义，金融服务贸易是指由一成员国的金融服务提供者所提供的任何金融性质的服务。它包括两个部分：所有保险和保险相关的服务、银行和其他金融服务（保险除外），其中其他金融服务指证券和金融信息服务。 经济合作和发展组织（OECD）对金融服务贸易的定义为由金融机构提供服务的收入，或者接受付出的支持，包括得到的和付出的直接投资收益（未分配收益和利息）；从其他金融投资得到的和付出的收益（得到的和付出的利息和红利）；得到的、付出的手续费和佣金。 可见，经济合作和发展组织对金融服务贸易的界定强调了金融服务贸易交易的提供方，而忽略了金融服务贸易的消费方。金融服务贸易的发展主要是以此换取其他贸易领域的发展，而且金融服务贸易可以促进本国金融业与国际金融业的接轨，从而在国际竞争中促进本国金融业的发展。 二、国外对金融服务贸易相关研究 对于金融服务贸易研究，国外学者从不同角度出发，有不同的看法。 列为恩（1996）认为，各种金融服务可以实现五种基本功能：方便商品和劳务的交易；易于风险管理；加速资源流动；获取信息，评估企业和配置资本；提供公司法人治理。同时，更多的相关文献表示，金融中介可以降低由于信息不对称产生的管理成本（戴蒙德1984；威廉森1987）也可以对规模经济产生积极的效应。 莫施里安（Moshirian 1994）认为，金融服务贸易和制造业类似，一些基本要素赋予了
外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:https://www.doczj.com/doc/9c882062.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.
中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Tourism and the Environment: A Symbiotic Relationship Nowadays, with the improvement of people's living standards and the pursuit of higher spiritual life, tourism is developing rapidly, and it has an increasing proportion in the national economy. Tourism is getting more and more people's attention, followed by the impact of tourism on the ecological environment. The vigorous development of the tourism industry has multiple effects on the environment. They are both positive and negative. In order to adapt the development of tourism to the capacity of tourism resources, and promote the coordinated development of environment protection and tourism, and this paper will state the impact of tourism on the environment from three aspects: 1 The negative impact of tourism on the environment; 2 The positive impact of tourism on the environment; 3 The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment. Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce. The negative impact of tourism on the environment