词汇(Vocabulary)
intricate (adj) : hard to follow or understand because full of puzzling parts，details，or relationships错综复杂的；难以理解的，难懂的
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indulge (v.): give way to one’s own d esire尽情享受；从事于
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------meander (v.) : wander aimlessly or idly；ramble漫步；闲逛
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------conversationalist (n.) : a person who converses；esp．，one who enjoys and is skilled at conversation交谈者；(尤指)健谈者
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------anecdote (n.) : a short，entertaining account of some happening，usually personal or biographical轶事，逸事
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------intimate (n.) : a close friend or companion密友，知己
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on the rocks[colloq．] : in or into a condition of ruin or catastrophe (婚姻)破坏的；失败的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------musketeer (n.) : (formerly)a soldier armed with a musket火枪手
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delve (v.) : investigate for information；search发掘；调查(研究)
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recess (n.) : a secluded，withdrawn，or inner place幽深处
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------desultorily (adv.) : aimlessly；at random随意地；无目的地
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------alchemy (n.) : an early form of chemistry，whose chief aims were to change baser metals into gold：a method or power of transmutation; esp. the seemingly miraculous change of a thing into something better炼金术；变化物质的方法或魔力
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tart (adj.) : sharp in taste；sour；acid辛辣的；尖酸的；刻薄的
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convict (n.) : a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court罪犯
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churl (n.) : a farm laborer；peasant农民；庄稼人，乡下人
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rift (n.) : an open break in a previously friendly relationship分裂；失和
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------scamper (v.) : run or go hurriedly or quickly急驰，快跑
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rendering (n.) : a translation翻译
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------bilingual (adj.) : of，in or using two languages(用)两种语言的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------intercept (v.) : seize or stop on the way，before arrival at the intended place拦截；截断；截击。
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abuse (v.) : use wrongly；use insulting，coarse or bad language；scold harshly滥用；辱骂，口出恶言
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coin (v.) : make up；devise；invent(a new word，phrase，etc．)编造；杜撰(新词、新短语等)
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tussle (v.) : fight，struggle，contend，etc．vigorously or vehemently斗争，搏斗；竞争
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------dandelion (n.) : any of several plants of the composite family，common lawn weeds with jagged leaves，often used as greens，and yellow flowers蒲公英(属)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------pejorative (adj.) : disparaging or derogatory轻蔑的；贬低的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------facetious (adj.) : joking or trying to be jocular，esp．at an imappropriate time滑稽的；诙谐的；(尤指在不适当的时候)开玩笑的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------underling (n.) : a person in a subordinate position；inferior disparaging(通常作蔑词)下属；
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edict (n.) : an official public proclamation or order issued by authority；decree法令；命令；布告
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------immune (adj.) : exempt from or protected against something disagreeable or harmful不受影响的；可避免的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------ultimatum (n.) : a final offer or demand，esp．by one of the parties engaged in negotiations，the rejection of which usually leads to a break in relations and unilateral action，the use of force etc．by the party issuing the ultimatum最后通牒----------------------------------------------------------------------------------chimpanzee (n.) anthropoid ape of Africa，with black hair and large，outstanding ears(非洲)黑猩猩
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短语(Expressions)
make a point: explain fully what one is proposing充分解释
例：All fight，you’ve made your
point；now keep quiet and let the others say what they think．好啦，你已经把话说清楚了；那就别说了，让别人谈谈看法。
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in a flash: suddenly，very quickly转瞬间，立刻
例：Just wait here．I’u be back in a
flash．就在这儿等我，我马上就回来。
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on the rocks : (colloq．)in or into a condition of ruin or catastrophe(婚姻)破坏的，失败的
例：Tim’s marriage is on the
rocks．提姆的婚姻亮起了红灯。
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get out the bed on the wrong side: to be cross or grouchy早晨起来便心情不好----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
lay down : to assert or declare声明，颁布
例：The regulations lay down a
rigid procedure for checking safety equipment．法令规定了一套严格的安检程序。----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
on wings : in flight；continually moving about像飞一样地，飘飘然
例：The birds are on wings in the
sky．鸟儿在空中展翅高飞。
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turn up one’s nose at : to sneer at，scorn嘲笑，轻蔑
例：The children turned up their
noses at my home cooking．孩子们嘲笑我的厨艺。
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in the shoes of : in another’s position站在别人的立场上，设身处地
例：I’m glad I’m not in his shoes
with all those debts to pay off．我庆幸不用像他那样去偿还所有的债务。
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come into one’s own : to receive what properly belongs to one，esp．acclaim or recognition得到自己该得的东西，如荣誉或世人的口碑
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sit up : (colloq．)to。become suddenly alert；be surprised or startled吃惊，警觉
例：I called her a damned hypocrite and that made her sit up．我骂她惺惺作态，她马上警觉起来。
酒吧闲聊与标准英语
酒吧闲聊与标准英语
亨利?费尔利
人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。
闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。闲聊不是为了进行争论。闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。
或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。
有一天晚上的情形正是这样。人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。
“几天前，我听到一个人说‘标准英语’这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。”
此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。于是，问题便解决了。不过，酒馆闲聊并不需要解决什么问题，大伙儿仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。
告诉她“标准英语”应作那种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。得悉此情，有些人便说起刻薄话来了，说什么囚犯的子孙这样说倒也不足为怪。这样，在五分钟内，大家便像到澳大利亚游览了一趟。在那样的社会里，“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制订一些条条框框时，总会遭到下层人民的抵制。
看看撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼底统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是话题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转到12世纪的英国农民。谁对谁错，并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天。
有人举出了一个人所共知，但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法
语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore)；地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf)；Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自法语poulet)；calf加工成肉则变成veal(来自法语vcau)。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语，我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼底式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了诺曼底人征服之后英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。
撒克逊农民种地养畜，自己出产的肉自己却吃不起，全都送上了诺曼底人的餐桌。农民们只能吃到在地里乱窜的兔子。兔子肉因为便宜，诺曼底贵族自然不屑去吃它。因此，活兔子和吃的兔子肉共用rabbit这个词表示，而没有换成由法语lapin转化而来的某个词。
当我们今天听着有关双语教育问题的争论时，我们应该设身处地替当时的撒克逊农民想一想，新的统治阶级把法语用来对抗撒克逊农民自己的语言，从而在农民周围筑起一道文化障碍。当英国人在像觉醒者赫里沃德这样的撒克逊领袖领导下起来造反时，他们一定深深地感受到了文化上的屈辱。“标准英语”——如果那时候有这个名词的话——已经变成法语。而九百年后我们在美国这儿仍然继承了这种影响。
那晚闲聊过后，第二天一早便有人去查阅了资料。这个名词在16世纪已有人使用过。纳什作于1593年的《截获信函奇闻》中就有过“标准英语”(Queen’s English)的提法。1602年德克写到某人时有句话说：“你把‘标准英语’(King’s Engligh)简化了”。莎士比亚作品中是否也出现过这一提法呢?如出现过，那就证明这个词在当时即已通用。他用过一次，在《温莎的风流娘儿们》中，快嘴桂嫂在讲到她家老爷回来后将会有的盛怒情形时说，“……少不了一顿臭骂，骂得鬼哭神愁，伦敦的官话(即“标准英语”)不知要给他糟蹋成个什么样子啦。”(朱生豪译)后来的事实果然被她说中了。
我们有理由认为这个词语就是那个时期产生的。经过前后五百年的发展和与诺曼底人、安茹王朝及金雀花王朝的法语的竞争，英语最终同化了法语。被征服者变成了征服者，英语取得了国语的地位。
这样便有了一种值得引以自豪的“标准英语”。伊丽莎白时代的人没费吹灰之力，使其影响日盛，遍及全球。“标准英语”再也不带有今天所谓的种族歧视的性质了。
不过，那个澳大利亚人所作的解释也有一定的道理。下层阶级在用这一名词时总带着一点轻蔑或讥讽的味道。我们会发现，就连快嘴桂嫂这样一个婢女也会说她的主子凯厄斯大夫会管不住自己的舌头，而讲起平民百姓们所讲的那种粗话。如果说标准英语就是所谓“规范英语”，这种看法常常会受到下层人民的嘲笑讥讽，他们有时故意开玩笑地把它说成是“规反英语”。下层人民对文化上的专制仍是极为反感的。正如卡莱尔所说，始终存在着的一种危险是，“对我们来说。词语会变成具体的事物”。词语本身并不是现实，它不过是用以表达现实的一种形式而已。标准英语就像诺曼底人的盎格鲁法语一样，也是一个阶级用来表达现实的一种形式。让人们学着去讲也许不错，但既不应当把它作为法令，也不应当使它完全不接受来自下层的改变。
我一向对词典有着始终不渝的酷爱一奥登说过，一个作家的全部所需就是一支笔、够用的纸张和“他所能弄得到的最好的词典”——但我更赞同另一种说法，即把词典看成是一种常识的工具。标准英语是一种典范——一种丰富而有指导作用的典范——但并不是一种最高的典范。
由此我们可以回到我先前的话题上了。即便是那些学问再高、文学修养再好的人，他们所讲的标准英语在交谈中也常常会离谱走调。要是有谁闲聊时也像做文章一样句逗分明，或者像写一篇要发表的散文一样咬文嚼字的话，那他讲起话来就一定会极为倒人胃口。看到E?M?福斯特笔下写出“当今这个时代的阴森可怖的长廊”时，其用语之生动及由其所产生的生动有力、甚至可怖的形象令我们拍案叫绝。但假若福斯特坐在我们的会客室里说“我们大家正一个接一个地步入这个时代的阴森可怖的长廊”时，那我们完全有理由请他走开。
常常有一些愚人要求大文豪们谈话时也像写文章一样字字珠玑。也有些人对18世纪巴黎的文艺沙龙里那些文人雅士的高谈阔论极表称羡。可是，说不定那些文人雅士们在那里也不过是闲聊，谈论酒食的好坏哩。当时的巴黎大法院第一厅厅长亨奥尔特在德苏侯爵夫人家的沙龙里作客时就曾大叫着说“调料糟透了”，接着还大发议论说侯爵夫人家的厨子和总厨师长布兰维利耶之间的唯一差别只不过用心不一而已。
会客室里和餐桌上是无需摆上词典的。闲聊过程中若遇上弄不明白需待查实的问题可留待第二天再说，不要话说到一半却去一边查起字典来。否则，谈话便会受到妨碍，不能如流水般无拘无束地进行。那天晚上，如果我们当场弄清了“标准英语”的意义，也就不可能再有那一场交谈论辩，我们也就不可能一会儿跳到澳大利亚去，一会儿扯回到诺曼底征服者时代了。
而且，我们也就没有什么可以留到第二天去思考了。尤为重要的是，如果那个问题当场得到解决的话，人们就不会对于那位引出话题的“火枪手”那样发生兴趣，想多了解她的情况了。教黑猩猩说话之所以很困难，其原因就在于它们往往可能尽想着要讲出些正经八百的话来，因而使得谈话失去意趣。
Pub Talk and the King's English 课后练习题/EXERCISES 3
I. Write short notes on: Carlyle, and Lamb.
Suggested Reference Books[SRB]
1. The Oxford Companion to English Literature
2. any standard book on the history of English literature
3. Encyclopaedia Britannica
ⅡQuestions on content:
1. What, according to the writer, makes good conversation? What spoils it?
2. Why does the writer like "bar conversation" so much?
3. Does a good conversation need a focal subject to talk about?
4. Why did the people talk about Australia? Why did the conversation turn to Norman England?
5. How does the use of words show class distinction?
6. Can you guess the writer's views on bilingual education? (para 11)
7. Why was the term "Queen's English" used in 1593 and "the King's English” in 1602?
8. When was "the King's English" regarded as a form of racial discrimination in England?
9. What is the attitude of the writer towards" the King's English" ?
10. What does the writer mean when he says, "the King's English, like the Anglo-French of the Normang, is a class representation of reality" ? (para 16)
ⅢQuestions on appreciation:
1. In what way is "pub talk" connected with "the King's English"? Is the title of the piece well "chosen?
2. Point out the literary and historical allusions used in this piece and comment on their use.
3. What is the function of para 5? Is the change from "pub talk" to "the King's English" too abrupt?
4. Do the simple idiomatic expressions like "to be on the rocks, out of bed on the wrong side, etc., " go well with the copious literary and historical allusions the writer uses? Give your reasons.
5. Does the writer reveal his political inclination in this piece of writing? How?
IV. Paraphrase:
1. And it is an activity only of humans. (para 1)
2. Conversation is not for making a point. (para 2)
3. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose. (para 2)
4. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other's lives. (para 3)
5. it could still go ignorantly on (para 6)
6. There are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf). (para 9)
7. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. (para11)
8. English had come royally into its own. (para 13)
9. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes. (para 15)
10. The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there. (para 15)
11. There is always a great danger that "words will harden into things for us. " (para 16)
12. Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King's English slips and slides in conversation. (para 18)
V. Translate paras 9--11 into Chinese.
ⅥLook up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the italicized idiomatic phrases:
1. their marriage may be on the rocks (para 3)
2. they got out of bed on the wrong side (para 3)
3. the conversation was on wings (para 8)
4. the Norman lords of course turned up their noses at it (para 10)
5. we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant (para 11)
6. English had come royally into its own. (para 13)
7. we sit up at the vividness of the phrase (para 18)
Ⅶ. Discriminate the following groups of synonyms:
1. ignorant, illiterate, uneducated, unlearned
2. jeer, scoff, sneer, gibe, flout
[SRB]
1. Webster' s New World Dictionary of the American Language
2. Webster' s New Dictionary of Synonyms
3. Reader' s Digest, Use the Right Word
ⅧGive ten synonymous and/or related words of the word conversation (meaning 'communication'). Give words of the same part of speech.
[SRB]
1. Roget ' s International Thesaurus
2. Webster's Collegiate Thesaurus
Ⅸ. Give ten antonymous and/or contrasted words of the word intricate. Give words of the same part of speech.
[SRB]
1. Roget's International Thesaurus
2. Webster's Collegiate Thesaurus
X. Look up the dictionary, find out from what languages the following words are borrowed, and then put them into Chinese:
1. buffet 8. soireé 15. attaehé
2. cuisine 9. cloisonné 16. liaison
3. lemonade 10. omelette 17. déjàvu
4. liqueur 11. restaurateur 18. encore
5. déjeuner 12. repertoire 19. discothèque
6. menu 13. coup d'état 20. chandelier
7. salon 14. corps de ballet
Ⅺ. The following sentences all contain metaphors or similes. Explain their meaning in plain, non-figurative language:
1.no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows.
2.they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern.
3.They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side by side with each other, did not delve into each other's lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings.
4.suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place
5.The glow of the conversation burst into flames.
6.we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant.
7.The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth.
8.I have an unending love affair with dictionaries
9. Otherwise one will bind the conversation, one will not let it flow freely here and there.
10. We would never have gone to Australia, or leaped back in time to the Norman Conquest.
Ⅻ. Study the model given below. Then read the next two paragraphs and show how coherence and unity is improved by the use, of transitional devices.
Model: But this is only one aspect of the problem. Another, no less essential, is the wider gap between generations since the rate of social development has speeded up. The tastes and habits of young people today differ markedly from those of the young people of the thirties, let alone of the twenties. Still influenced by the tastes and habits of their own youth, the "fathers" are inclined to think these habits and tastes are absolutes and to deny their children the right to independent creativity which they demanded from their own parents. Hence the artificial conflicts, in which a dance or the width of trousers is elevated to the dignity of crucial issues. The writer uses the following transitional devices:
1) Transitional words and expressions
but another still hence
2) Pronoun reference
those their these they
3) Repetition of important words
tastes and habits young people
1. And since we (teenagers) are so new, many people have some very wrong ideas about us. For instance, the newspapers are always carrying advice-columns telling our mothers how to handle us, their "bewildered maladjusted offspring, " and the movies portray us as half-witted bops (hoodlums-ed. ); and in the current best sellers, authors recall their own confused, unhappy youth. On the other hand, speakers tell us that these teen-years are the happiest and freest of our lives, or hand us the "leaders of tomorrow, forge on the future" line. The general opinion is that teen-agers are either car-stealing, dope-taking delinquents, or immature, weepy adolescents with nothing on our minds but boys (or girls as the case may be ). Most adults have one or two attitudes toward the handling of teens--some say that only a sound beating will keep us in line; others treat us as mentally unbalanced creatures on the brink of insanity, who must be pampered and shielded at any cost.
2. As of today, I am fed up with the food served in the campus dining hall. My disenchantment started in September---the day I bit into a hamburger to find myself staring at a long strand of grey hair that trailed out of the meat, through the mayonnaise, and over the edge of the bun. After that, I was not much surprised by the little things I came across in October and November: bugs in the salad and
bobby pin in the meatloaf, for example. Then in December the food was worse--and a little dirtier. For Christmas dinner, for in- stance, the cook gave me a thin slice of rolled turkey, straight out of the can, and dished up a cock-roach in my pudding. Even that was excusable (nobody is perfect), but what happened today is not" I had already eaten most of my clam chowder before I found it, at the bottom of the bowl, nestled among the diced potatoes and the chopped onions: one band-aid, slightly used.
Ⅻ. Topics for oral work:
1. In your opinion, what makes or spoils a good conversation?
2. Is spoken English different from written English? In what ways are they different?
ⅩⅣ. Write a short composition describing some of the peculiarities of spoken English
Ⅰ .
1. Carlyle : Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881), English essayist and historian born at Ecclefechan, a village of the Scotch lowlands. After graduating from the University of Edinburgh, he rejected the ministry, for which he had been intended, and determined to he a writer of hooks. In 1826 he married Jane Welsh, a well-informed and ambitious woman who did much to further his career. They moved to Jane' s farm at Craigenputtoeh where they lived for 6 years (1828-1834 ). During this time he produced Sartor Resartus (1833-1834), a book in which he first developed his char- acteristic style and thought. This book is a veiled sardonic attack upon the shams and pretences of society, upon hollow rank, hollow officialism, hollow custom, out of which life and usefulness have departed. In 1837 he published The French Revolution, a poetic rendering and not a factual account of the great event in history. Besides these two masterpieces, he wrote Chartism (1840), On Heroes, hero Worship, and the Heroic in History (I841), Past and Present (1843) and others. "Carlylese", a peculiar style of his own, was a compound of biblical phrases, col loquialisms, Teutonic twists, and his own coinings, arranged in unexpected sequences. One of the most important social critics of his day, Carlyle influenced many men of the younger generation, among them were Mathew Arnold and Ruskin.
2. Lamb : Charles Lamb (1775-1834), English essayist, was born in London and brought up within the precincts of the ancient law courts, his father being a servant to an advocate of the inner Temple. He went to school at Christ's Hospital, where he had for a classmate Coleridge, his life-long friend. At seventeen, he became a clerk in the India House and here he worked for 33 years until he was re-tired on a pension. His devotion to his sister Mary, upon whom rested an hereditary taint of
insanity, has done al-most as much as the sweetness and gentle humor of his writings to endear his name. They collaborated on several books for children, publishing in 1867 their famous Tales from Shakespeare. His dramatic essays, Specimens of English Dramatic Poets (1808), established his reputation as a critic and did much in reviving the popularity of Eliza-be then drama. The Essays of Ella, published at intervals in London Magazine, were gathered together and republished in two series, the first in 1823, the second ten years later. They established Lamb in the title which he still holds, that of the most delightful of English essayists.
Ⅱ.
1.A good conversation does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go. A good conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. When people become serious and talk as if they have something very important to say, when they argue to convince or to win their point, the conversation is spoilt.
2. The writer likes bar conversation very much because he has spent a lot of time in pubs and is used to this kind of conversation. Bar friends are companions, not intimates. They are friends but not intimate enough to be curious about each other's private life and thoughts.
3. No. Conversation does not need a focus. But when a focal subject appears in the natural flow of conversation, the conversation becomes vivid, lively and more interesting.
4. The people talked about Australia because the speaker who introduced the subject mentioned incidentally that it was an Australian who had given her such a definition of "the King's English. " When the people talked about the resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for "English as it should be spoken", the conversation moved to Norman England because at that time a language barrier existed between the Saxon peasants and the Norman conquerors.
5. The Saxon peasants and their Norman conquerors used different words for the same thing. For examples see paragraph 9.
6. The writer seems to be in favor of bilingual education. He is against any form of cultural barrier or the cultural humiliation of any section or group of people.
7. The term "the Queen's English" was used in 1953 by Nash because at that time the reigning monarch was a queen, Elizabeth I. The term "the King's English" is the more common form because the ruling monarch is generally a king. Those who are not very particular may use the term "the King's English", even when the ruling monarch is a queen. In 1602, Dekker used the term "the King's English", although the reigning monarch was still Queen Elizabeth.
8．“The King’s English” was regarded as a form 0f racial discrimination during the Norman rule in England about 1154—1399．
9．The writer thinks “the King’s English” is a class representation of reality．1t is worth trying to speak “the King’s English”，but it should not be 1aid down as an edict，and made immune to change from below．The King’s English is a model a rich
and instructive one- but it ought not to be an ultimatum．
10．During the Norman period，the ruling class spoke Anglo— French while the peasants spoke their native Saxon language．Language bears the stamp of the class that uses it．The King’s English today refers to the language used by the upper，educated class in England．
Ⅲ．
1．The title of this piece is not well chosen．It misleads the readers into thinking that the writer is going to demonstrate some intrinsic or linguistic relationship between pub talk and the King’s English．Whereas the writer．in reality，is just discoursing on what makes good conversation．The King’s English is connected with “pub talk” when the write r describes the charming conversation he had with some people one evening in a pub on the topic “the King’s English” to illustrate his point that bar conversation in a pub has a charm of its own．
2．1n this essay the writer alluded to many historical and literary event such as the Norman conquest，the saloons of 18th century Paris，and the words of many a man of letters．For a short expository essay like this，the allusions used are more than expected and desirable．
3．Paragraph 5 is a transition paragraph by means of which the writer passes from a general discourse on good conversation to a particular instance of it．But one feels the change from “pub talk” to “the King's English” a bit too abrupt．4．The simple idiomatic expressions like "to be on the rocks，out of bed on the wrong side，etc．”may be said to go well with the copious literary and historical allusions the writer used for an informal conversational style to Suit the theme of this essay in which the writer tries to defend informal uses of language．5．The writer’s attitude towards “the King’s English” shows that he is a defender of democracy．
Ⅳ．
1．And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings．(Animals and birds are not capable of conversation．)
2．Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view．．3．In fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view．
4．People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each other’s lives．5．The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong．
6．These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields；but when we sit down at the table to eat．we call their meat beef．7．The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the、rulers．
8．The English language received proper recognition and was used by the King once more．
9．The phrase，the King’s English，has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes．The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people．
10．There still exists in the working people，as in the early Saxon peasants，a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class．
11．There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent．For example，the word “dog” is a symbol representing a kind of animal．We mustn’t regard the word “dog” as being the animal itself．
12．Even the most educated and literate people do not use standard，formal English all the time in their conversation．
V．See the translation of the text．
Ⅵ·
1. on the rocks：metaphor，comparing a marriage to a ship wrecked on the rocks
2．get out of bed on the wrong side：be in a bad temper for the day (The meaning is perhaps derived from the expression “You got out of bed the wrong way”．It was an ancient superstition that it was unlucky to set the left foot on the ground first on getting out of bed．)
3．on wings：metaphor，comparing conversation to a bird flying and soaring．It means the conversation soon became spirited and exciting．
4．turn up one’s nose at：scorn；show scorn for
5．into the shoes：metaphor(or more appropriately an idiomatic expression)，think as if one were wearing the shoes of the Saxon peasant，i．e．as if one were
a Saxon peasant
6 come into one’s own：receive what properly belongs to one，especially acclaim or recognition65
7．sit up at：(colloquial)become suddenly alert and take notice of
Ⅶ．
1．ignorant指缺乏知识，可以是就整体而言(如an ignorant man)，也可以是就某一具体方面或问题而言(如ignorant of the reason of their quarrel对他们争吵的起因毫无所知)；illiterate意为缺乏文化修养，尤指读写能力的缺乏；uneducated指没有受到正规的、系统的学校教育；unlearned意为学问不富(未必无知)，既可指一无所长，又可指某一方面所知有限，如unlearned in science，意为对科学懂得有限，但对其他学科，如文学、哲学等，倒可能是很精通的。
2．scoff指对某事疑惑不信或缺乏尊敬而用无礼、轻蔑的言词或加以嘲笑；sneer侧重于面部表情或语气中所含的轻蔑嘲笑之意：jeer侧重指用粗俗的、侮辱性的言词或粗鲁的嘲笑来表示轻侮；gibe通常指不带恶意的取笑或作弄人的笑骂；flout主要指以不理不睬或视而不见的态度表示出的轻侮蔑视。
Ⅷ．
conversation(communication)，intercourse，com，commerce．intercommunication，dealings，traffic，exchange，interchange，correspondence，truck，etc
Ⅸ．
uncomplicated，uninvolved，simple，plain，unmixed，unmingled．uncombined，unsophisticated，straight，elementary etc．
Ⅹ．
The following words are all borrowed from French：
1．冷餐2．烹调3．柠檬汁4．烈性甜酒5．早餐／午餐6．菜谱7．沙龙／客厅8．晚会9．景泰蓝10煎鸡蛋11．餐馆老板12．保留节目，全部节目全部技能13政变14．芭蕾舞团15．随员16．连音／连络17记忆错觉／回忆幻想18．再来一次19．放流行歌曲唱片的夜总会20枝形吊灯
Ⅺ．
1．No one knows how the conversation will go as it moves aimlessly and desultorily or as it becomes spirited and exciting.
2. It is not a matter of interest if they are cross or in a bad temper.
3. Bar friends, although they met each other frequently, did not delve into each other's lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings.
4. Suddenly a miraculous change in the conversation took place.
5. The conversation suddenly became spirited and exciting.
6. We ought to think as the Saxon peasants did at that time.
7. The Elizabethan writers spread the English language far and wide.
8. I have always had an eager interest in dictionaries.
9. Otherwise one will tie up the conversation and will not let it go on freely.
10. We would never have talked about Australia, or the language barrier in the time of the Norman Conquest.
Ⅻ.
Coherence and unity can be enhanced by continuity in the paragraph. Continuity gives writing a sense of smoothness. Good organization is essential for continuity, because the clear, logical arrangement makes the order of thought easy to follow. But good transitions also help to make the writing smooth. The three common transitional devices are: pronoun reference, repetition of important words, and transitional expression. The two paragraphs in the exercises employ these three methods to establish continuity and so improve coherence and unity of the paragraphs.
Paragraph 1
1) Transitional words and expressions: for instance, on the other hand
2) Pronoun reference. we (referring back to teen-agers), us, our, us, us, our, us, our, us, us
3) Repetition of important words: teen-agers, teen-years, teen-agers, teens
Paragraph 2
1) Transitional words and expressions: As of today, After that, Then, for instance, even that
2) Pronoun reference :I, my, I, myself, I, I, me, my, I, I
3) Repetition of important words. food (and names of different kinds of food) ⅩⅢ. Omitted.
ⅩⅣ. Peculiarities of Spoken English
The peculiarities of spoken English, in my opinion, become apparent in contrast with those of written English. First, in spoken English, people tend to use small and simple words, and since they have little time to think about the use of proper or exact words, they may fail to convey their feelings or thoughts effectively. And when they cannot think of anything to say, they may use mouth-fillings such as "you know", "I think", etc. While writing, people are generally allowed enough time to think of the choice of words and they can usual- ly express themselves successfully. Secondly, when spoken English used, people may use many broken sentences or other ungrammatical ones due to the limit of time. While writing, however, people seldom make similar mistakes unless they are not well-educated enough. Finally, when speaking, people may move from one idea to another casually and the speech can not be well organized. When it comes to the use of pen, people usually pay much attention to the structure or the whole passage.
Pub Talk and the King's English 补充练习题
Pub Talk and the King’s English
I. Choose the one which is equal to the word given blow:
1. intricate
A. difficult
B. complicated
C. invalid
D. simple
2. anecdote
A. short amusing story
B. long tedious talk
C. uninteresting writing
D. exciting information
3. affirmation
A. negative conversation
B. possibility
C. positive statement
D. affection
4. churl
A. soldier
B. bishop
C. naturalist
D. peasant
5. convict
A. criminal
B. aggressor
C. captain
D. captor
6. intercept
A. stop between starting-point and destination
B. arrive at the conclusion
C. write words expressing respect
D. prevent from being seen
7. denial
A. piece of open land
B. accepting an invitation
C. refusing a request
D. teaching good behaviour
8. delve
A. give oneself up
B. clasp carefully
C. search carefully and deeply
D. look down upon
9. immune
A. secure
B. impure
C. odorous
D. revival
10. facetious
A. unimportant
U n i t2M a r r a k e c h 1. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. The burying-ground is just a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned construction site. 2. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals. 3. They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name, and nobody notices that they are dead. 4. A carpenter sits cross-legged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightning speed. Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.
Lesson One 1. And it is an activity only of humans. And conversation is an activity found only among human beings. 2. Conversation is not for making a point. Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our ideas or points of views. 3. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose. In fact , people who are good at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his ideas. 4. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives. People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not close friends for they are not deeply absorbed in each other’s private lives. 5. ....it could still go ignorantly on ... The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong. 6. There are cattle in the fields ,but we sit down to beef. These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feed in the fields , but when we sit down at the table to eat, we call their meet beef. 7. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it hard for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers. 8. English had come royally into its own. English received proper recognition and was used by the King once more. 9. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes. The phrase , the King’s English ,has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes.(The working people often mock the proper and formal language of the educated people.) 10. The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there. As the early Saxon peasants , the working people still have a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class. 11. There is always a great danger that “ words will harden into things for us. “ There is always a great danger , as Carlyle put it , that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent. Translation
L3. Pub Talk and the King’s English(酒吧闲谈与标准英语) Henry Fairlie (亨利·费尔利) 1.Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities.And it is an activity only of humans. However intricate the way in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation. 人类的一切活动中，闲谈是最具交际性的sociable（主题句），也是人类特有的。而动物之间的信息交流，无论其方式何等复杂intricate，也是称不上交际的。 1.And it is an activity only of humans. (para1) 并且它是人类特有的一种活动。 And conversation is an activity which is found only among human being． Sociable [?so???bl] adj.随和的，好交际的，友善的friendly or agreeable,eapecially in an easy,informal way(用书） intricate (adj) : hard to follow or understand because full of puzzling parts，details，or relationships错综复杂的；难以理解的，难懂的 Indulge: 任凭自己沉溺于……；耽于to allow yourself to have or do sth that you like,eapecially sth that is considered bad for you ----indulge in sth, indulge yourself. 例：Women do not indulge in to the same extent as men. deserve: 值得；应得 2.The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go as it meander s or leap s and sparkle s or just glow s. The enemy of good conversation is the person who has “something to say.”Conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation. In fact, the best conversationalist s are those who are prepared to lose. Suddenly they see the moment for one of their best anecdote s, but in a flash the conversation has moved on and the opportunity is lost. They are ready to let it go.
第一课Face to face with Hurricane Camille Translation (C-E) 1. Each and every plane must be checked out thoroughly before taking off. 每架飞机起飞之前必须经过严格的检查。 2. The residents were firmly opposed to the construction of a waste incineration plant in their neighborhood because they were deeply concerned about the plant’s emissions polluting the air.居民坚决反对在附近建立垃圾焚烧厂，因为他们担心工厂排放的气体会污染周围的空气。 3. Investment in ecological projects in this area mounted up to billions of Yuan. 在这个地区，生态工程的投资额高达数十亿元。 4. The dry riverbed was strewn with rocks of all sizes.干枯的河道里布满了大大小小的石块。 5. Although war caused great losses to this country, its cultural traditions did not perish.虽然战争给这个国家造成巨大的损失，但当地的文化传统并没有消亡。 6. To make space for modern high rises, many ancient buildings with ethnic cultural features had to be demolished.为了建筑现代化的高楼大厦，许多古老的，具有民族特色的建筑物都被拆毁了。 7. In the earthquake the main structures of most of the
Lesson 9 “A More Perfect Union” (Part Ⅰ) 一、词汇短语 1. improbable adj. not likely to be true or to happen不可能的 2. persecution n. the state of treating someone cruelly or unfairly over a period of time, especially because of their religious or political beliefs 迫害 3. stalemate n. a situation in which it seems impossible to settle an argument or disagreement, and neither side can get an advantage 僵局，僵持 4. embed v. to fix something firmly into a substance or solid object 使插入，使嵌入 5. parchment n. a substance made from animal skin, used in the past for writing on; a document, manuscript, or diploma on parchment （用于书写正式文件的）仿羊皮纸；毕业文凭 6. obligation n. the state of being forced to do something because it is your duty, or because of a law, etc.义务，职责， 债务 7. unyielding adj. if a person is unyielding, they are not easily influenced and they are unlikely to change their mind坚强的，不屈的， 执着的
Face To Face With Hurricane Camille 迎战卡米尔号飓风 约瑟夫.布兰克 1John Koshak,Jr., knew Hurricane Camille would be bad. Radio and television warnings had sounded throughout that Sunday. Last August 17, as Camille lashed northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico. It was certain to pummel Gulfport, Miss., where the Koshaks lived. Along the coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama, nearly 150,000 people fled inland to safer ground. But like thousands of others in the coastal communities, John was reluctant to abandon his home unless the family—his wife, Janis and their seven children, aged 3 to 11—was clearly endangered. 小约翰。柯夏克已料到，卡米尔号飓风来势定然凶猛。就在去年8月17日那个星期天，当卡米尔号飓风越过墨西哥湾向西北进袭之时，收音机和电视里整天不断地播放着飓风警报。柯夏克一家居住的地方一—密西西比州的高尔夫港——肯定会遭到这场飓风的猛烈袭击。路易斯安那、密西西比和亚拉巴马三州沿海一带的居民已有将近15万人逃往内陆安全地带。但约翰就像沿海村落中其他成千上万的人一样，不愿舍弃家园，要他下决心弃家外逃，除非等到他的一家人一—妻子詹妮丝以及他们那七个年龄从三岁到十一岁的孩子一一眼看着就要灾祸临头。lash (v.): move quickly or violently猛烈冲击；拍打 pummel (n.): beat or hit with repeated blows，esp．with the fist(尤指用拳头)连续地打 2 Trying to reason out the best course of action, he talked with his father and mother, who had moved into the ten-room house with the Koshaks a month earlier from California. He also consulted Charles Hill, a longtime friend, who had driven from Las Vegas for a visit. 为了找出应付这场风灾的最佳对策，他与父母商量过。两位老人是早在一个月前就从加利福尼亚迁到这里来，住进柯夏克一家所住的那幢十个房间的屋子里。他还就此征求过从拉斯韦加斯开车来访的老朋友查理希尔的意见。 course (n.): a way of behaving；mode 0f conduct行为；品行；做法 reason out: to find out an explanation or solution to a problem，by thinking of all the possibilities寻找解决途径 例：Let's reason this out instead of quarrelling．让我们不要争吵，商量出事情的解决方案 3 John, 37—whose business was right there in his home (he designed and developed educational toys and supplies, and all of Magna Products’ correspondence, engineering drawings and art work were there on the first floor)—was familiar with the power of a hurricane. Four years earlier Hurricane Betsy had demolished his former home a few miles west of Gulfport (Koshak had moved his family to a motel for the night). But that house had stood only a few feet above sea level. “We’re elevated23 feet,” he told his father, “and we’re a good 250 yards from the sea. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it. We’ll probably be as safe here as anyplace else.”
Unit 1 Pub Talk and the King’s English 人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。 闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。闲聊不是为了进行争论。闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。 或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。 有一天晚上的情形正是这样。人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。 “几天前，我听到一个人说‘标准英语’这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。” 此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。于是，问题便解决了。不过，酒馆闲聊并不需要解决什么问题，大伙儿仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。 告诉她“标准英语”应作那种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。得悉此情，有些人便说起刻薄话来了，说什么囚犯的子孙这样说倒也不足为怪。这样，在五分钟内，大家便像到澳大利亚游览了一趟。在那样的社会里，“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制订一些条条框框时，总会遭到下层人民的抵制。 看看撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼底统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是话题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转到12世纪的英国农民。谁对谁错，并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天。 有人举出了一个人所共知，但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore)；地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf)；Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自法语poulet)；calf加工成肉则变成veal(来自法语vcau)。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语，我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼底式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了诺曼底人征服之后英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。 撒克逊农民种地养畜，自己出产的肉自己却吃不起，全都送上了诺曼底人的餐桌。农民们只能吃到在地里乱窜的兔子。兔子肉因为便宜，诺曼底贵族自然不屑去吃它。因此，活兔子和吃的兔子肉共用rabbit 这个词表示，而没有换成由法语lapin转化而来的某个词。 当我们今天听着有关双语教育问题的争论时，我们应该设身处地替当时的撒克逊农民想一想，新的统治阶级把法语用来对抗撒克逊农民自己的语言，从而在农民周围筑起一道文化障碍。当英国人在像觉醒者赫里沃德这样的撒克逊领袖领导下起来造反时，他们一定深深地感受到了文化上的屈辱。“标准英语”——如果那时候有这个名词的话——已经变成法语。而九百年后我们在美国这儿仍然继承了这种影响。 那晚闲聊过后，第二天一早便有人去查阅了资料。这个名词在16世纪已有人使用过。纳什作于1593年的《截获信函奇闻》中就有过“标准英语”(Queen’s English)的提法。1602年德克写到某人时有句话说：
Marrakech George Orwell 1 As the corpse went past the flies left the restaurant table in a cloud and rushed after it, but they came back a few minutes later. 2 The little crowd of mourners -- all men and boys, no women--threaded their way across （break ones way）the market place between the piles of pomegranates and the taxis and the camels, walling a short chant over and over again. What really appeals to the flies is that the corpses here are never put into coffins, they are merely wrapped in a piece of rag and carried on a rough wooden bier on the shoulders of four friends. When the friends get to the burying-ground they hack an oblong hole a foot or two deep, dump the body in it and fling over it a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which is like broken brick. No gravestone, no name, no identifying mark of any kind. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. After a month or two no one can even be certain where his own relatives are buried. 1.一具尸体抬过，成群的苍蝇从饭馆的餐桌上嗡嗡而起追逐过去，但几分钟过后又飞了回来。 2.一支人数不多的送葬队伍——其中老少尽皆男性，没有一个女的——沿着集贸市场，从一堆堆石榴摊子以及出租汽车和骆驼中间挤道而行，边走边悲痛地重复着一支短促的哀歌。苍蝇之所以群起追逐是因为在这个地方死人的尸首从不装进棺木，只是用一块破布裹着放在一个草草做成的木头架子上，有四个朋友抬着送葬。朋友们到了安葬场后，便在地上挖出一个一二英尺深的长方形坑，将尸首往坑里一倒。再扔一些像碎砖头一样的干土块。不立墓碑，不留姓名，什么识别标志都没有。坟场只不过是一片土丘林立的荒野，恰似一片已废弃不用的建筑场地。一两个月过后，就谁也说不准自己的亲人葬于何处了。 3 When you walk through a town like this -- two hundred thousand inhabitants of whom at least twenty thousand own literally (really;真实的)nothing except the rags they stand up in-- when you see how the people live, and still more how easily they die, it is always difficult to believe that you are walking among human beings. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact. The people have brown faces--besides, there are so many of them! Are they really the same flesh （mankind人类）as your self? Do they even have names? Or are they merely a kind of undifferentiated（无差别的）brown stuff, about as individual as bees or coral insects? （三个疑问句）They rise out of the earth（出生贫寒，metaphor），they sweat and starve(alliteration;) for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard and nobody notices that they are gone. And even the graves themselves soon fade back into the soil. Sometimes, out for a walk as you break your way(threaded their way) through the prickly pear(刺梨), you notice that it is rather bumpy（not even）underfoot, and only a certain regularity in the bumps tells you that you are walking over skeletons.//part1:the coprse scene 3.当你穿行也这样的城镇——其居民20万中至少有2万是除开一身聊以蔽体的破衣烂衫之外完全一无所有——当你看到那些人是如何生活，又如何动辄死亡时，你永远难以相信自己是行走在人类之中。实际上，这是所有的殖民帝国赖以建立的基础。这里的人都有一张褐色的脸，而且，人数书如此之多！他们真的和你意义同属人类吗？难道他们也会有名有姓吗？也许他们只是像彼此之间难以区分的蜜蜂或珊瑚虫一样的东西。他们从泥土里长出来，受哭受累，忍饥挨饿过上几年，然后有被埋在那一个个无名的小坟丘里。谁也不会注意到他们的离去。就是那些小坟丘本身也过不了很久便会变成平地。有时当你外出散步，穿过仙人掌丛时，你会感觉到地上有些绊脚的东西，只是在经过多次以后，摸清了其一般规律时，你才会知道你脚下踩的是死人的骷髅。
UNIT1 Face to Face with Hurricane Camille 1. We're elevated 23 feet. (para 3) We' re 23 feet above sea level. 2. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it. (para 3) The house has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever caused any damage to it. 3. We can batten down and ride it out. (para 4) We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage. 4. The generator was doused, and the lights went out. (para 9) Water got into the generator and put it out. It stopped producing electricity, so the lights also went out. 5. Everybody out the back door to the cars! (para 10) Everybody go out through the back door and run to the cars. 6. The electrical systems had been killed by water. (para 11) The electrical systems in the car had been put out by water. 7. John watched the water lap at the steps, and felt a crushing guilt. (para 17) As John watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland. 8. Get us through this mess, will Y ou? (para 17) Oh God, please help us to get through this storm safely. 9. She carried on alone for a few bars; then her voice trailed away. (para 21) Grandmother Koshak sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and stopped. 10. Janis had just one delayed reaction. (para 34) Janis displayed rather late the exhaustion brought about by the nervous tension caused by the hurricane. UNIT 4Inaugural Address 1. And yet the same revolutionary beliet for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe (para 2) Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world. 2. This much we pledge--and more. (para 5) This much we promise to do and we promise to do more. 3. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. (para 5) United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint undertakings. 4. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. (para 9) We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries. 5. our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace (para 10) The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace. 6. to enlarge the area in which its writ may run (para 10) We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate would continue to be in effect or in force. 7. before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental
LesｓｏｎOnｅ 1.And it iｓan actｉviｔｙｏnlｙｏf hｕmａns. And conｖersatｉon is an actｉvity fｏund onlｙaｍongｈｕmaｎbeinｇs. 2.Cｏnverｓａtｉｏn is not for maｋiｎg a point. Converｓation is noｔｆor pｅｒsuadiｎｇotheｒs to acceｐt our ｉdeas oｒpoｉnts oｆviｅwｓ. 3.Ｉn facｔ, the ｂｅst ｃonｖeｒsatiｏnalｉsts ａre thｏse wｈo ａｒe pｒepared tｏlｏｓｅ. Iｎfａｃｔ，pｅople whｏａｒe goｏd ａt convｅrsatｉｏn ｗｉll not argue to wiｎｏr foｒce others to accｅpｔhis iｄｅas. 4.Bａr frienｄs are nｏｔdｅeply iｎvolvｅd ｉｎｅach otｈer’s ｌives. Ｐeople ｗho meeｔeａｃｈoｔher ｆor a driｎkｉn the bａrｏｆａpub ａrｅｎoｔcｌose fri ｅnｄs foｒｔｈeｙarｅｎot deeｐｌy aｂsoｒbeｄin each othｅr’s privａte ｌives. 5.....it couｌｄstilｌgo ｉｇｎｏｒａntlｙoｎ... Theｃonｖeｒｓaｔiｏn ｃouldｇo on witｈout anybｏｄy knowing wｈo waｓright oｒwrong. 6.Tｈeｒe are cａttlｅinｔｈe fieｌds ，bｕｔwｅsｉtｄown tｏｂeｅf． Theｓe anｉmalｓａｒe calｌｅd cａttlｅwｈen ｔhｅy are alive and feed in the fieｌdｓ,but ｗhen ｗe sｉｔdoｗn ａtｔｈe table ｔｏｅaｔ,we calｌｔheir mｅet beef. 7.The ｎew ruling cｌａssｈａｄｂuilｔa ｃulｔuｒaｌbａrｒiｅｒａgainｓt him byｂuｉ lding ｔheiｒFreｎcｈagainsｔhiｓown langｕage. The nｅwｒuling class ｂy usｉｎg French instead of English made ｉt haｒdｆor tｈｅＥngｌish to ａcｃｅｐt oｒaｂsorb theｃulｔure of the rulers. 8.Eｎgｌish ｈad comｅroyalｌｙiｎｔo ｉts own. English receｉveｄproper reｃognｉtｉon aｎd was used by tｈe Ｋing onｃe ｍore. 9.The phｒａsｅｈas aｌwaｙｓbｅeｎｕｓｅd a ｌittle ｐeｊoratiｖelyａnd even fａcetioｕsly ｂｙthe loｗeｒclasｓｅs. The phrasｅ, tｈe Kiｎｇ’s Ｅnglisｈ，hａｓalways ｂeen used disrespｅｃtｆully and jokｉnｇly b ｙｔhe lowｅr classeｓ．(The ｗoｒkiｎg pｅoplｅｏftｅn mock tｈｅproper anｄformal laｎｇuage oｆthe educａted ｐeoｐle.) 10.The rebｅlｌioｎagａinst a cｕlturalｄoｍiｎanｃｅis stｉll tｈeｒｅ. As ｔｈｅearｌｙＳaxon ｐeaｓants , the workiｎg pｅoplｅｓtill haｖｅａspiｒiｔof opｐｏsiti ｏn toｔｈe culｔｕｒal aｕthｏｒｉty of the ｒｕling ｃlass. 11.Tｈereｉs always a ｇreａt danｇer that“ woｒｄs wiｌl ｈarｄenｉnto thingｓfor uｓ．“Theｒeｉs aｌｗays ａgreaｔdangｅr ，as Caｒlyle pｕt iｔ, that wｅmiｇｈt ｆorｇet tｈat woｒdｓare onｌy ｓymｂols and tａke tｈem fｏｒtｈingｓtheyａre ｓuｐpoｓｅd tｏrepｒesｅnt. a.Hoｗｅver ｉntricate tｈｅｗａｙｓin whicｈanｉmalｓｃommunicａte witｈeaｃｈｏｔｈer, they do not ｉｎdulge ｉnａnything thaｔdeservesｔｈe namｅoｆcoｎversation. 不管动物之间的交流方式多么复杂,它们不能参与到称得上是交谈的任何活动中。 b.Argｕmｅｎt ｍａy oｆten be a part oｆit, bｕt tｈe purｐose of the aｒguｍeｎt is ｎot to convince. Therｅis ｎo winning in coｎveｒｓａtion. 争论会经常出现于交谈中,但争论的目的不是为了说服。交谈中没有胜负之说。 c.Perhａps ｉt iｓbｅcauｓe ofｍy uｐbrｉnｇiｎg ｉｎEngｌish puｂs tｈaｔI think ｂar conversａｔｉｏn ｈaｓ a ｃharm ｏf its own. 或许我从小就混迹于英国酒吧缘故，我认为酒吧里的闲聊别有韵味。