翻译技巧1 Repetition 重复法：在译文中适当地重复原文中出现过的词语，以使意思表达得更加清楚；或者进一步加强语气，突出强调某些内容，收到更好的修辞效果。 1.为了明确 1.1重复名词 例1：We have to analyse and solve problems. 我们要分析问题，解决问题。 例2：He became an oil baron—all by himself. 他成为一个石油大王——一个白手起家的石油大王。 1.2重复动词 The blow hurt not only his hands but his shoulder too. 这一下不仅震痛了他的手，也震痛了他的肩膀。 1.3重复代词 重复代词所代替的名词 例1：Peter opened his eyes.They were filled with tears. 彼得睁开了眼睛，眼里充满了泪水。 例2：I hope that the discussion will not be too long,for it will only waste time. 我希望讨论不要太长，太长了只会浪费时间。 重复作代词主语的名词 英语中用物主代词its,his,their等等以代替句中作主语的名词时，翻译中往往可以不用代词而重复其作主语的名词，以达到明确具体的目的。 例1：Happy families are all alike,every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. 幸福的家庭总是相似的，不幸的家庭各有各的不幸。 例2：Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines. 强国有大强国的策略，小国也有小国的路线。 重复强势关系代词或关系副词 例1：Whoever violates the law should be punished. 谁犯了法，谁就应该受惩罚。 1.4内容上的重复 为了使译文明确具体，除了以上的重复方法外，还有一种情况：英语原文没有重复，汉译时采用一种在内容上而不是形式上的重复的手段。 例1：He wanted to send them more aid,more weapons and a few more men. 他想给他们增加援助，增添些武器，增派些人员。 2.为了强调 2.1为了强调，英语句子中往往重复关键性的词，以使读者留下深刻的印象，英译汉时往往可以采取同样的重复手段。 例1：He wandered about in the chill rain,thinking and thinking,brooding and brooding. 他在凄雨中荡来荡去，想了又想，盘算了又盘算。 英语对仗句的前后两部分中往往有词的重复，译成汉语时对仗句一般可以保持同样的重复。 对仗重复 An eye for an eye,a tooth for a tooth以眼还眼，以牙还牙 Out of sight,out of mind.眼不见，心不念。 2.2英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可以用同义词重复。
一、填空题:（每空1 分，本大题共10 分） 1. （）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学 走上独立发展道路的标志。 2. 人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制（ 掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 3. 进入20世纪以后，语言研究的主流由历史比较语言学转为 （）。 4. 俄语属于印欧语系的（ 5. 一个音位包含的不同音素或者具体表现出来的音素叫做 （）。 6. 语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是（ 7. 现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于（）字 母。 8. 言外之意之所以能够被理解是因为（）起了补充说明的 作用。 9. 方言在社会完全分化的情况下，有可能发展成（? ）?； 在社会高度统一的情况下，会逐渐被共同语消磨直到同化。 10. 南京方言的“兰”、“南”不分，从音位变体的角度来说，[n ]和[l]是 属于（）变体。 二、单项选择题: 码填在题干上的括号内。（每小题1 分，本大题共15 分）
1. 在二十世纪，对哲学、人类学、心理学、社会学等学科产生重大影响 的语言学流派是（） A.历史比较语言学 B.心理语言学 C.结构主义语言学 D.社会语言学 2. “人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于（） A.语言 B.言语 C.言语行为 D.言语作品 3. “我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”（） A.是聚合关系。 B.是组合关系。 C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 4. 一种语言中数量最少的是 A.音素 B.音位 C.语素 D.音节 5. 英语的man—→men采用的语法手段是 A. 屈折变化 B.变换重音的位置 C. 变化中缀 D.异根 6. 在汉语普通话中没有意义区别功能的声学特征是（） A.音高 B.音强 C.音长 D.音质 7. [ε]的发音特征是 A.舌面前高不圆唇 B.舌面后高不圆唇 C.舌面前半高不圆唇 D.舌面前半低不圆唇 8. 构成“语言、身体”这两个词的语素的类型（） A.都是成词语素 B.都是不成词语素 C.“语”和“言”是成词语素，“身”和“体”是不成词语素 D.“语”和“言”是不成词语素，“身”和“体” 9. 广义地说，汉语动词词尾“着”、“了”、“过”属于语法范畴中的 （）
Lecture 10 Language Processing in Mind In this section, we shall start a new chapter discussing how our mind works when we use language. We shall learn about the people working in this field and their major studies. 0.C lass activity: What is language processing? How does your mind work when you use language? 1.T he study of “language and mind”—psycholinguistics 2.W hy study psycholinguistics? 心理语言学 1)to know about the psychological reality of linguistic structures; 2)to produce findings which lead to the modification of theoretical ideas. 3.T he researchers and subjects of this study: 1)The study attracts adherents from linguistics and psychology, though they have different approaches with regard to methodology. 2)The subjects are usually: a. Normal adults and children; b. Aphasics 失语症者—people with speech
第三章词汇翻译 第六节重复法 一、名词的重复 A. 名词作宾语时的重复 1.I must do my best to develop the students’ ability to analyze and solve problems. 2.We should inspect and oil the machines before work. 3.Can you tell the chemical and physical characteristics about this substance? B. 名词作先行词的重复 1.Days and nights are very long on the moon, where one day is as long as two weeks on the earth. 2. A synthetic material equal to that alloy in strength has been created, which is very useful in industry. 二、动词的重复 1.Refrigerators, freezers and air-conditioners must obey not only the first law (energy conservation) but the second law as well. 2.The conflict spread everywhere, into little villages, as well as the cities. 三、代词的重复 A. 人称代词的重复 1.There is air around us although we cannot see it. 2.She works extremely hard though still rather poor in health. 3.He hated failure; he had conquered it all this life, risen above it, and despised it in others. B. 代词that (或those)的重复 1.Einstein first considered that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light. 2.Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French.
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
语言学笔记 陈银2014/2/28 Teaching Goal of This Course ?To get a scientific view on language; ?To understand some basic theories on linguistics; ?To understand the applications of the linguistic theories, especially in the fields of language teaching & learning (SLA or TEFL), cross-cultural communication……; ?To prepare for the future research work. Teaching Plan Introduction: ?18-week academic term (including a 2-week holiday, one week revision ) ?Each week: 2-hour teaching ?Main teaching material 《语言学教程》第四版胡壮麟北京大学出版社 ?Auxiliary teaching materials 《语言学概论》蓝纯外语教学与研究出版社 PPT & handouts Distribution of Grades ?10 % Attendance ?10 % Classroom Behavior ?10 % Assignment and oral presentation ?70 % Examination ?The final examination paper will cover all the materials used and all works done during class time and after class time. Requirements: ?Attendance is a “must”for every student. ?Complete all the tasks required. ?Self-discipline is necessary. ?Be attentive and interactive in classroom discussion and presentation. ?Self-study is desirable. ?Preview and review the lessons or do some further reading. Group Work Group work requirements: 1.Oral English (30%) 2.PPT design (30%) 3.Key points coverage (40%)
练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only 11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p 12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ] 13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ? ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ] 14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ] 15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ] 16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel 17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English word A. [r∧b ] B. [ l? b ] C. [m?sta:∫] D. [lm?p] 18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides 19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 1788 20. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value. A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Allophone D. Sound 1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F 2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T 3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T 4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T
You were born to run. And we were born to help you do it better. 奔跑是你的天性，让你跑得更快是我们的天职。运用了多种修辞手法：重复、押头韵 Skin firming/toning agent 紧肤水/爽肤水成分 Coriander 芫荽、香菜Lavender 薰衣草 Adidas Sports Shoes Over twenty-eight years ago, adidas gave birth to a new idea in sports shoes. And the people who wear our shoes have been running and winning ever since. In fact, adidas has helped them set over 400 world records in track and field alone. Maybe that’s why more and more football, soccer, basketball, baseball and tennis players are turning to adidas. They know that, whatever their game, they can rely on adidas workmanship and quality in every product we make. So whether you are pounding the roads on a marathon, or just jogging around the block, adidas shall be on your feet. You were born to run. And we were born to help you do it better. You’ll find us anywhere smart sports people buy their shoes. Adidas, the all sports people. 阿迪达斯运动鞋 28年前，阿迪达斯为运动鞋注入了一种全新的理念，从此以后，脚穿阿迪的运动健儿风驰电掣、频频夺冠。事实上，仅在田径场上阿迪达斯就帮助人们创造了400多项世界记录。或许正因为如此，才有越来越多的足球、橄榄球、篮球、棒球和网球运动员青睐这个品牌。他们知道，无论从事哪项运动，他们都可以信赖阿迪达斯
语言学概论试题及答案 分享 首次分享者：◇﹎ゞ丫丫℡已被分享11次评论(0)复制链接分享转载举报语言学概论形成性考核作业及参考答案 语言学概论作业1 导言、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释 1、历时语言学——就各种语言的历史事实用比较的方法去研究它的“亲属”关系和历史发展的，叫历时语言学。 2、语言——语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具。就语言本身的结构来说，语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统。 3、符号——符号是用来代表事物的一种形式，词这样的符号是声音和意义相结合的统一体。任何符号都是由声音和意义两方面构成的。 4、语言的二层性——语言是一种分层装置，其底层是一套音位；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是由语素构成的词，第三级是由词构成的句子。 5、社会现象——语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系。所谓“社会”，就是指生活在一个共同的地域中，说同一种语言，有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体。语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的、共同的；另一方面，语言在人们的使用中可以有不同的变异、不同的风格。 二、填空 1、结构主义语言学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学三个学派。 2、历史比较语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。 3、人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 4、一个符号，如果没有意义，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有声音，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。 5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成。 6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点。 7、语言的底层是一套音位，上层是符号和符号的序列，可以分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是词，第三级是句子。 8、语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合。 9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，聚合是指符号在性质上的归类。 三、判断正误（正确的打钩，错误的打叉） 1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具。（×） 2、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言是有阶级性的。（×） 3、在现代社会，文字比语言更加重要。（×）
语言学笔记 陈银2014/3/8 Lecture 2 Pretest ?Define the following terms: ? 1. design features ? 2. arbitrariness ? 3. duality ? 4. creativity ? 5. displacement ? 6. language Answers ? 1. design features:the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals.(从本质上将人类语言与动物语言区分开的人类语言的区别性特点。) ? 2. arbitrariness：the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.(语言符号和这些符号所指的实体间不存在任何物质的联系。) ? 3. duality：the structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units (eg. words) and meaningless segments (e.g. sounds, letters) 语言的结构组织可分为两个抽象的层面：有意义的单元（如词语）和无意义的片段（如语音.字母）? 4.creativity：also called productivity, refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those which he has never heard before, but which are appropriate to the speaking situation.(亦称“能产性，指人们可以说出（或构造）也可以懂得无穷多的语句，哪怕是从未听说过的句子（只要语境条件充分）。”) ? 5.displacement: the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speakers immediate situation. (语言能够指称说话人即时情景以外的语境。) ? https://www.doczj.com/doc/8f17774245.html,nguage:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(语言是人类用于交际的有声符号系统。) What’s the property of language? ?Systematic---- rule-governed, elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; can’t be combined at will. e.g. *bkli, *I apple eat ?Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with. ?Symbolic---- words are associated with objects, actions ideas by convention. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”----Shakespeare ?V ocal---- the primary medium is sound for all languages; writing system came much later than spoken form. ?Human-specific---- different from the communication systems other forms of life possess, e.g. bird songs, bee dance, animal cries.
试卷代号：1093 语言学概论(本) 模拟试题 一、举例解释下列名词(每词5分，共10分) 1. 音位变体 2．借词 二、单项选择(每小题2分。共10分) 3．下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A．语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字也是人类最重要的交际工具 B．不同的阶级使用语言具有不同的特点，说明语言具有阶级性 C．人类多种多样的语言说明语言具有任意性特点 D．语言是一种纯自然的现象 4. 下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A．语法的组合规则是潜在的 B．语法的聚合规则是潜在的 C．语法的组合规则存在于书面语言中 D.语法的聚合规则存在于口头语言中 5．单纯词就是由一个( )构成的词。 A．词根 B．词干 C．词缀 D．词尾6．下列各种说法只有( )是正确的。 A．词义的模糊性说明词义是不可捉摸的 B．多义词使用不当会产生歧义，如“门没有锁” C．“glass”的本义是玻璃，派生义指玻璃杯，这是隐喻 D．同义词在修辞上具有对比作用，可以利用来突出对立面 7．下列说法只有( )是错误的。 A．语法的规则可以类推，但也有例外，如“wife”的复数不是“wifes” B．}昆合语又叫克里奥尔语，它可以被孩子们作为母语来学习 C．混合语只限于某社会集团使用，缺乏广泛性 D．“墨水”原指黑墨水，现指各种颜色的墨水，这种变化是词义的扩大
三、综合分析题(共40分) 8．描写下列音素的发音特点。（8分） ① [u]： ② Ea]： ③ [m]： ④ [x]： 9．分析下面词语中各个构词语素的类别，是词根、词缀还是词尾。（12分） ① going ②老乡 ⑧绿化 10．指出下列词组的结构类型。(10分) ①学生和老师 ②空气新鲜 ③热烈欢呼 ④摆放整齐 ⑤阅读报纸 11．指出下列句子中画线词语的词尾所表示的语法意义和语法范畴。(10分) He buys many books． 四、问答题(每小题10分，共40分) 12．为什么说语言是一种特殊的社会现象? 13．语言符号是一种分层装置，这种分层的核。g,是ffA?其上层由哪些要素构成? 各要素在数量上有何特点? 14．举例说明基本词汇的特点，并简要说明这些特点之间的相互影响。 15．什么是双语现象?双语现象随着社会的发展会出现怎样的结果?
北京外国语大学 2004年硕士研究生入学考试语言学与应用语言学专业试卷 IMPORTANT!!! All the questions are to be answered in English on the answer sheets provided．1．Shakespeare has Juliet say： What?s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet． What do the above lines say to you about the relationship between the form (sounds) and meaning (concept) of a word in spoken language? Explain with positive evidence as well as exceptions from the English language．(15 points) 2．How much does our language influence the way we think? How deeply do language and culture interpenetrate and influence one another? These questions about language have fascinated thinkers throughout the ages．For example，Johann Gottfried Herder and Wilhelm yon Humboldt in the German Romantic tradition regarded language as a prisma or grid spread over things in the world so that each language reflects a different worldview．Write a short essay to explain your position on this view．(35 points) 3．Is English a language that uses a phonetic alphabet system? Explain briefly why or why not with examples．(15 points) 4．Suppose you were given four cards，each of which had a different phoneme of English printed on it： Now arrange these cards to form all the "possible" words that these four phonemes could form．Discuss what rules you have followed t0 come up with these words．(20 points) 5．Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show that you understand the ambiguity involved：(10 points) a．Dick finally decided on the boat． b．The professor's appointment was shocking． c．The governor is a dirty street fighter． d．Terry loves his wife and so do I． e．No smoking section available． 6．It is argued that grammaticality judgments do not depend on whether the sentence is meaningful or not, as shown by the sentence "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously”，which does not make much sense but is syntactically well formed．How would you respond to this argument?(25points) 7．TOEFL often requires the examinees to specify the situational context after listening to a conversation．See for example a tape-script below for an exam item． Voice A (male)：How much is this tie? Voice B (female)：Forty Voice C (male)：Where does this conversation most probably take place? What do you think is the TOEFL people?s belief about what constitutes linguistic competence and how linguistic competence can be tested? (30 points)