定语从句
导入：
e.g. She is a beautiful girl.
She is a beautiful girl who drives me crazy.
（一）定语从句定义
1.定语从句：在复合句中，修饰某个名词或代词的句子（做这个名词或代词的定语）叫定语从句，定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面，
2.先行词：被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词。
3.用来引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。
关系代词的种类：
关系代词that, which, who, whose,
关系副词：when, where, why
4.定语从句结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句。
1. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her.
2. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.
3. A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on a common theme.
4. The park has a conservation center that helps protect marine animals and their habitats in the rivers and coastal waters of Asia.
5. Visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it is like to do the things they have seen their heroes do in the movie.
6. Oprah Winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story. （二）定语从句分类
限定性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明，对先行词起修饰限定作用，从句与先行词紧密相连缺少它，则句义显得不完整，
一般不用逗号隔开。
非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词关系松散，用逗号隔开。
1.The man who gave me this book is Tom .(限定性)
2.Tom,who is reading a book ,is my classmate (非限定性)
（三）关系代词
1. who指人，在定语从句中作主语，口语中可做宾语；that 也可指人，但多用
who.
e.g. The man who is sitting under the tree is a German .
The students who speaks German best comes from China .
The man who (that ) you want to see is here .
2. Whom指人，在句中做宾语，可省略，但在做介词的宾语是只能用whom,不
能用who.关系代词前有介词时不能省略。
e.g. The man (whom) you look for has left .
I know the girl (whom) the teacher is speaking to .
I know the girl to whom the teacher is speaking .
3. whose, 作定语，可指人或物
e.g. Everyone heplps the child whose parents are dead.
They are the lazy students whose homew ork wasn‘t handed in .
针对练习
2011全国卷I)The prize will go to the writer ________ story shows the most imagination.
A. that
B. which
C. whose
D. what
2011四川卷）The school shop, ________ customers are mainly students, is
closed few the holidays.
A. which
B. whose
C. when
D. where
3.〖10山东〗That‘s the new machine ______ parts are too small to be seen.
A. that
B. which
C. whose
D. What
4.〖10陕西〗The old temple _______ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair.
A. where
B. which
C. its
D. whose
5.〖10北京〗Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
A. what
B. whose
C. which
D. that
6.〖10重庆〗In china, the number of cities is increasing ________development is recognized across the world.
A. where
B. which
C. whose
D. that
7.〖09天津〗A person ______ e-mail account is full won‘t be able to send or receive any e-mails.
A. who
B. whom
C. whose
D. whoever
8.〖09安徽〗Many children, parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village．
A．their B．whose C．of them D．with whom
9.〖09湖南〗I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind.
A. which
B. of which
C. that
D. whose
4.that 指人或物，多指物，作主语（不能省略）或宾语（可省略）
e.g. He is the finest comrade that has helped us .
This is a plant that grows in the north .
5. which ,指物，在句中做主语（不能省略），或宾语（可省略）。
e.g. This is a plant which grows in the north .
常用that不用which的情况
只能that用做关系代词的情况（共9种类型）。
1.当先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, much, little, none, one等不定代词时，只用that。
歌诀助记：不定代词这路货，全用that准没错。
Pay attention to everything that I do.
2.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。
歌诀助记：先行词前被限定，千万不要用which.
This is the best novel (that) have read.
3.如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时，关系代词用that。歌诀助记：两项并列人与物，引导定从用that.
They were talking about the person and things that they remembered in school.
4.当先行词被the only, the last, the way, the same等等修饰时。
This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.
5.在疑问词which开头的特殊疑问句中,为了避免重复只用that。
Which of the students that knows something about history.
6. 当先行词被All, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时，只用that。
He has little time that he can spare.
7.当被修饰的成分是数词时，（被修饰成分是代名词one，指人时除外）只用that.
I‘ve got one that you might be interested in.
（3）用which，不用that的情况
①引导非限制性定语从句。
e.g. Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.
全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。
Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much. 卡罗尔说这项工作将在十月前做，对此我个人表示怀疑。
Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which ,of course, made the others unhappy. 桃乐茜总是吹嘘她在戏剧中的角色，这当然使别人不高兴。
②直接放在介词后作宾语时。
Language is the most important tool without which people can't communicate with each other.语言是最重要的工具，没有它，人们便无法交流。
2011上海卷) You‘ll find taxis waiting at the bus station ____ you can hire to reach your host family.
A. which
B. where
C. when
D. as
2011山东卷）The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each
other.
A. they
B. where
C. what
D. that
2011福建卷）She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ____ allows them to
communicate freely with each other.
A. which
B. where
C. what
D. who
4.〖10湖南〗I‘ve become good friends with several of the students in my school I met in the English speech contest last year.
A. who
B. where
C. when
D. which
5.〖10全国Ⅱ〗I refuse to accept the blame for something ________was someone else‘s fault.
A. who
B. that
C. as
D. what
（四）关系副词
1.when 指时间
（1）在定语从句中作状语，先行词主要为一些时间名词（year ,day ,time,week
等）,但时间名词在从句中作主语，宾语时，应用that，which，不能用when e.g. He still remember the day when he joined the army .做主语
I‘ll never forget the time when (during which ) we worked on the farm.作状语
I still remember the day that/which is his birthay.做主语
He regretted the days that /which he spent on play . 做宾语
He rememberes the days when he spent much money on stories .
(2) It is the first time that …句型中，that是习惯用法，不用when。
e.g. It is the first time that I have been to the Great Wall .
2.where 指地点
（1）指前面的地点，在从句中作状语。
e.g. I know the factory where I worked twenty years ago .
(2) 指地点，在句中作主语，宾语时不能用where，须用that/which .
e.g. This is the house where he has lived for 20 years .
This is the house that he has lived in for 20 years .
e.g. This is the shool ｛in which /where we study every year.
This is the shool that /which we visited yesterday.
注：有时when ,where 相当于“介词+at/in +which ”.
e.g. He left the room where /in which he lived last year.
(3)当先行词为某个方面、情况、阶段、位置等的词时使用关系副词
3.why表示原因
―the reason why ….that…. ‖中，不能用because 代替that .
e.g. That‘s the reason why (for which ) he didn‘t come to school .
The reason why he didn‘t attend the meeting is that he was ill .
但reason 在从句中做宾语时，关系代词用that/which ,课省略
e.g. I don‘t believe the reason (which/that) he gave me .
关系副词针对性练习
2011江苏卷）Between the two parts of the concert is an interval（间隔; 幕间, 休息时间;
距离）, _______ the audience can buy ice-cream.
A. when
B. where
C. that
D. which
2011安徽卷）Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _____ it will keep for two or three weeks.
A. when
B. which
C. where
D. while
2011浙江卷）A bank is the place ______ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.
A. when
B. that
C. where
D. there
2011福建卷）It was April 29,2001 Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.
A．that B．when C．since D．berore
2011陕西卷）I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, __________ we enjoyed a
splendid view of the lake.
A. which
B. where
C. who
D. that
6.〖10福建〗Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet life has developed gradually.
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. whose
7.〖10江西〗The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training center with her sister ______ she would stay for an hour.
A where
B who
C which
D what
8.〖10天津〗-----Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?
-----You should try the barber‘s I go. I t‘s only 15.
A. as
B. which
C. where
D. that
9.〖09上海〗Mozart‘s birthplace and the house ______ he composed ?The Magic Flute‘ are both museums now
A. where
B. when
C. there
D. which
10.〖09四川〗She‘ll never forg et her stay there _ __ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.
A. that
B. which
C. where
D. when
11.〖09福建〗It‘s helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently.
A. that
B. when
C. which
D. where
12.〖09浙江〗I have reached a point in my life ______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.
A. which
B. where
C. how
D. why
13.〖09重庆〗Life is like a long race _____we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
A. why
B. what
C. that
D. where
14.〖09北京〗—What do you think of teacher, Bob？
—I find it fun and challenging. It is a job ___ you are doing something serious but interesting.
A. where
B. which
C. when
D. that
15.〖08北京〗I‘ll give you my friend‘s home address, I can be reached most evenings. A.which B.when C.whom D.where 16.〖08安徽〗All the neighbors admire this family, the parents are treating their child like a friend.
A.why
B.where
C.which
D.that
17.〖08江西〗Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.
A.where
B.when
C.who
D.which
18.〖08重庆〗They will fly to Washington, they plan to stay for two or three days.
A.where
B.there
C.which
D.when
19.〖08山东〗Occasions are quite rare I have the time to spend a day with my kids.
A.who
B.which
C.why
D.when （五）．“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
当先行词在定于从句中作介词的宾语时，往往可以把介词放在关系代词之前，构成“介词+关系代词（whom/which）”结构。但一些短语东西如look after 等中的介词不能与动词分开，故不能放在关心代词之前。确定介词时：
一是，依据定于从句中动词所需要的某种习惯搭配，
二是，依据先行词的某种习惯搭配，
三是，根据所要表达的意思来确定，例如：
介词+ 关系代词针对性练习
1.〖10山东〗Wind power is an ancient source of energy we may return in the near future.
A. on which
B. by which
C. to which
D. from which
2.〖09陕西〗Gun control is a subject Americans have argued for a long time.
A. of which
B. with which
C. about which
D. into which
3.〖09江西〗The house I grew up ________ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.
A. in it
B. in
C. in that
D. in which
4.〖10浙江〗The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of left their village homes for a better life in the city.
A. whom
B. which
C. them
D. those
5.〖08福建〗By nine o‘clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, appeared a rare rainbow soon.
A.of which
B.on which
C.from which
D.above which
6.〖08四川〗For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, New York is an example.
A.for which
B.in which
C.of which
D.from which （六）.非限定性定语从句
1.关系代词在非限定性定语从句中的用法。
指人做主语用who,作宾语用whom ，指地点用where，指时间when，指物只用which，不能用that，作定语用whose。
e.g. He didn‘t see the film, which was very interesting .(不用that)
非限定性定语从句针对性练习
2011全国卷II）Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, ______ is
a stupid thing to do in such weather.
A. this
B. that
C. what
D. which
2011北京卷）Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _________, of course, make all the others upset.
A. who
B. which
C. what
D. that
2011江西卷）She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _____had taken
more than three years.
A. for which
B. with which
C. of which
D. to which
2011江苏卷）Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _______ the audience can
buy ice-cream.
A. when
B. where
C. that
D. which
2011安徽卷）Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _____ it will keep for two or three weeks.
A. when
B. which
C. where
D. while
2011浙江卷）English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of ____ uses it
somewhat differently.
A. which
B. what
C. them
D. those
2011陕西卷）I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, __________ we enjoyed a
splendid view of the lake.
A. which
B. where
C. who
D. that
2011湖南卷)Julie was good at German, French and Russian , all of _________ she spoke
fluently.
A. who
B. whom
C. which
D. that
9.〖10浙江〗The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of left their village homes for a better life in the city.
A. whom
B. which
C. them
D. those
10.〖10江苏〗The newly built café, the walls of_______ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, specially after hard work.
A. that
B. it
C. what
D. which
11.〖10四川〗After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling,
turned out to be a wise decision.
A. that
B. which
C. when
D. where
12.〖10全国Ⅰ〗As a child , Jack studied in a village school ,_____ is named after his grandfather.
A. which
B. where
C. what
D. that
13.〖09安徽〗Many children, parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village．
A．their B．whose C．of them D．with whom
14.〖09辽宁〗They‘ve won their last three matches, ________I find a bit surprising
A. that
B. when
C. what
D. which
15.〖09湖南〗I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind.
A. which
B. of which
C. that
D. whose
16.〖09全国Ⅱ〗My friend showed me round the town, was very kind of him.
A. which
B. that
C. where
D. it
17.〖08全国Ⅱ〗The road conditions there turned out to be very good, ______ was more than we
could expect.
A.it
B.what
C.which
D.that
18.〖08北京〗I‘ll give you my friend‘s home address, you can be reached most
evenings. A.which B.when C.whom D.where
19.〖08安徽〗All the neighbors admire this family, the parents are treating their child
like a friend.
A.why
B.where
C.which
D.that
20.〖08湖南〗The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, are beyond our control.
A.most of them
B.most of which
C.most of what
D.most of that
21.〖08陕西〗The man pulled out a gold watch, were made of small diamonds.
A. the hands of whom
B. whom the hands of
C. which the hands of
D. the hands of which
22.〖08四川〗For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, New York is an example.
A.for which
B.in which
C.of which
D.from which
23.〖08重庆〗They will fly to Washington, they plan to stay for two or three days.
A.where
B.there
C.which
D.when
24.〖08浙江〗Yesterday she sold her car, ______ she bought a month ago.
A. when
B. where
C. that
D. which
25.〖08福建〗By nine o‘clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, appeared a rare rainbow soon.
A.of which
B.on which
C.from which
D.above which
26.〖08江苏〗The Science Museum, we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London‘s tourist attractions.
A.which
B.what
C.that
D.where
（八）as 引导的限制性定语从句
A such ….as和the same…as 的用法
such ….as：像….一样的，像…..之类；
the same…as：和…..同样的
在这两个句型中，as是关系代词，such和same 作定语，修饰主语里的某个名词（或代词），这个名词是由as引导的定语从句的先行词，as在从句中可担任主语、宾语或表语。
Eg：We have found such materials as are used in their factory.( 在从句中作主语)
I seldom give my students such a difficult problem as they cannot work out.（在
从句中作宾语）
The result is not the same as they had expected.( 在从句中作宾语)
重点比较
the same …as…和the same …that…
the same…as…:和…..相同（代指同类事物）；
the same …that…：和….相同（代指同一事物）
两者都引导定语从句。as 从句中说明的名词与the same 修饰的名词是同一类，而非同一个。that从句中说明的名词与the same 修饰的名词是同一个。
Eg：He is reading the same book that you bought yesterday.
He is reading the same book as you bought yesterday.
This is the same pen that I lost. =This is the pen that I lost.(指同一支笔)
This is the same (kind/type/sort) of pen as I lost.（指同类型的笔，但并不是我丢失的那一支）
B ….such as …的用法
….such as …中的such为代词，意思是“这样的人或物”，as 在从句中作宾语，修饰先行词such。
Eg：This book is not such as I expect.
He told me of his experience such as I had never had before.
I have not many, but I will send you such as I have.
相关链接：
such as 还有“诸如，例如，像…那样的”的意思，此时后面跟名词或名词短语等。
Eg：They bought a lot of fruit, such as apples,oranges,etc.
?as 引导的非限制性定语从句
as 可以像which一样引导非限制性定语从句，用来代表整个句子的内容，它的先行词可以是名词，也可以是不定式短语或整个句子。as 在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。此外，有些as 引导的定语从句已成为固定用法，如：As we know As has been said before 如上所述As is known to all As is often the case 像通常那样As is reported As was expected 正如预料的那样Eg：She is very careful, as her work shows.
As we know, smoking is harmful to one‘s health.
As is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.
?重点比较
as 和which 引导的非限制性定语从句的联系和区别
as 和which 都可以代替整个句子，当定语从句置于主句之后时，as和which 可以和互换。
Eg：He didn‘t tell me any news, as/which upset me.
Which引导的从句，代表的前面的整个主句时，不能放在主句之前。而as 引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时，可以放在主句之前或之后，有时也可以放在主语和谓语之间。
Eg：As is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.
= Talks between the two countries, as is reported in the newspapers, are making progress.
As与that的区别
As 引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句所讲的内容相似，即指同类事物；that 引导定语从句表示的内容与主句相同，即为同一事物。
e.g. This is the same pen that I lost yesterday .这正是我昨天丢的钢笔。
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday .这正像我昨天丢的钢笔。
（九）.同位语从句与定语从句区别：
1.同位语从句和定语从句结构相似，通常位于某一名词或代词之后，但两
者存在明显区别：同为语从句对名词性成分加以补充说明，是该名词性
成分具体内容的体现（相当于名词的作用）。That 引导的同位语从句中引
导词that不在该同位语从句中充当成分，但不能被省略，同位语从句还
可以用whether,how等连词引导（定语从句则不能）。定语从句对先行词
加以限制或修饰，说明先行词的性质或特征（相当于一个形容词的作用），定语从句的引导词均在该定语从句中充当成分（that在其引导的限定性定
语从句中充当主语，宾语或表语，充当定语从句的宾语，that可以省略）注意体会一下三组例句.
（1）第一组
①We can‘t solve the problem how we can travel faster than light .我们解决不
了如何才能超过光的速度这个问题。
②I can‘t remember the problem tha t they have.我记不得他们的问题了。
（2）第二组
①I won‘t believe the fact that he lied to his mother.我不愿相信他对他母亲撒
谎的事实
②I won‘t believe the fact (that) he told me .我不愿相信他告诉我的事实。
（3）第三组
①The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him. 汤姆将出国的消息是他
讲的。
②The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.他告诉我的
消息是汤姆来年将出国。
例题：
1.News came from the school office ______ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing
University.
A which
B what
C that
D where
2.Tomorrow is Tom‘s birthday. Have you got any idea ______ the party is to be
held ?
A what
B which
C that
D where
3. There is much chance _____ Bill recover from his injury in time for the race .
A that
B which
C until
D if
4. –Is there any possiblility _______ you could pick me up at the airport ?
--- No problem.
A when
B that
C whether
D what
5. Doris‘s success lies in the fact _____ she is cooperative and eager to learn from others.
A which
B that
C when
D why
（十.）定语从句中的主谓一致问题
1.I,who am your friend, will help you.
The student who is playing basketball is my classmate.
The only one
The one of + c/n pl. 定从+ 单三
One of + c/n pl. 定从+ 复数
He is the only one of the students who works hard.
He is one of the students who work hard.
（十一.）抽象地点名词
Stage, occasion, point, case, activity…这类词做先行词如果缺状语where
e.g. I can think of many cases where drivers know traffic rules but don‘t follow them.
We have reached a point where a change is needed.
They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.
Life is like a long race ______ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
A which
B that
C /
D where
（十二) 插入语问题
I think you should ring Tom, who (I‘m afraid) will not come.
He bought a coat, which (I think )is very expensive.
(十三) 分隔式定语从句---- 找准先行词
Days are gone when we could swim in the clever river near our house.
There is a man outside the door who wants to see you.
(十四) 关系代词与人称代词
的转换。
He has three sons, all of whom are doctors.
and all of them are doctors.
He failed in the exam, which made his mother angry.
and that/ it made his mother angry.
有并列连词and, but, so 选人称代词，无并列连词选关系代词
（十五）定从与what引导的名词性从句的转换
Please tell me everything that/ 空格you know ︿
宾语
Please tell me
Please tell me
（十六）先行词+关系词=what
He is no longer what he used to be.
He is no longer the man that he used to be
(十七) 定语从句与地点状语从句
Please put the book
Please put the book in the place where you can find it easily.
In which
(十八) 定语从句与强调句
It is + 名词that （which）定从
It is + 介词+名词that 从句（强调句）
e.g. that he was born in
which ….. 定语从句It is the place in which
Where he was born
It is in the place that he was born. 强调句
（十九）当先行词是way，表示方式方法时，引导词可用in which，that ，that 可省略。
This is the way in which
that I study Enghish.
I don‘t like the way that/ in which / 空格you treat her.
Which/ that/ 空格you told me .