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外文翻译-印染废水处理的研究

外文翻译-印染废水处理的研究
外文翻译-印染废水处理的研究

文献翻译:

印染废水处理的研究

摘要:本文分析了印染废水处理的所面临的问题,以及介绍了印染废水处

理方法的研究进展与动向。并指出不同印染废水处理方法的组合是印染废水处

理的有效方法。

关键词:印染废水;处理方法

印染废水是指棉、毛、化纤等纺织产品在染色、印花过程中所排放的废水,其成分复杂,主要含以芳烃和杂环化合物为母体的带有显色基团及极性基团的染料。为使染色更加均匀,印染时还常加入一些助剂,从而使传统的生物处理工艺受到严重挑战翻。纺织印染行业是工业废水排放大户。因此开发经济有效的处理印染废水技术,成为当今环保工作者关注的课题。

印染废水具有水量大、有机污染物含量高、难降解物质多、色度高,以及组分复杂等特点,属难处理的工业废水。印染废水中含有染料、浆料、助剂、油剂、酸碱,纤维杂质及无机盐等,其中染料中的硝基和胺基化合物,以及铜、铬、锌、砷等重金属元素,具有较大的生物毒性,严重污染环境。

1印染废水处理面临的问题

1.1排放标准的日益严格

随着社会经济的不断发展和人们环境意识的提高,各国加大了对印染污水的治理。根据《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》,除Ⅲ类污水排放指标变化不大外,增加了Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类污水印染废BOD、COD、色度、悬浮物、氨氮、苯胺类、二氧化氯等指标的排放限定。而印染废水水质一般平均为COD800-2000mg/L,色度200-800倍,pH值10-13,BOD/COD为0.25-0.4,因此印染废水的达标排放是印染行业急需要解决的问题。

1.2印染废水处理难度增加

1.2.1印染废水组分复杂

印染废水是指印染加工过程中各工序所排放的废水混合而成的混合废水。主要包括:预处理阶段(如烧毛、退浆、煮练、漂白、丝光)排放的退浆、煮练、漂白、丝光废水;染色阶段排放的染色废水;印花阶段排放的印花废水和皂洗废水;整理阶段排放的整理废水。

印染废水水质随原材料、生产品种、生产工艺、管理水平的不同而有所差异,导致各个印染工序排放后汇总的废水组分非常复杂。随着染料工业的飞速发展和后整理技术的进步,新型助剂、染料、整理剂等在印染行业中被大量使用,难降解有毒有机成分的含量也越来越多,有些甚至是致癌、致突变、致畸变的有机物,对环境尤其是水环境的威胁和危害越来越大。总体而言,印染废水的特点是成分复杂、有机物含量高、色度深化学需氧量(COD)高,而生化需氧量(BOD5)相对较低,可生化性差,排放量大。

1.2.2印染废水处理方法的局限性

80年代以前,印染废水的可生化性较高,CODcr浓度常在800mg/L以下,采用传统的生物与物化联合处理系统,出水即可达到排放标准。近二十年来,印染废水水质发生了很大的变化。传统的印染废水处理方法,如吸附、悬浮、过滤、混凝等具有设备简单,操作简便和工艺成熟的优点,但是这类处理方法通常是将有机物从液相转移到固相或气相,不仅没有完全消除有机污染物和消耗化学药剂,而且造成废物堆积和二次污染;生物法只能除去印染废水中的BOD,对于COD特别是有毒难降解有机物和色度的出去效果不明显。单一的处理方法已不能满足当前印染废水发展的要求。

2印染废水处理研究进展与动向

2.1传统方法和工艺的改进

2.1.1吸附法

活性炭又称活性炭黑。黑色无定形粒状物或细微粉末。活性炭在结构上由于微晶碳是不规则排列,在交叉连接之间有细孔,在活化时会产生碳组织缺陷,因此它是一种多孔碳,堆积密度低,比表面积大,不溶于任何溶剂。对各种气体有选择性的吸附能力,对有机色素和含氮碱有高容量吸附能力。

活性炭具有一种强烈的“物理吸附”和“化学吸附”的作用,可将某些有机化合物吸附而达到去除效果,利用这个原理,我们就能很快而有效地去除水族箱水质中的有害物质、臭味以及色素等等,使水质获得直接而迅速的改善。活性炭吸附是城市污水高级处理中最重要最有效的处理技术,得到广泛的应用。

活性炭作为一种优良吸附剂早已广泛应用于水处理中。至今仍是有色印染废水的最好吸附剂。不过,活性炭价格昂贵,加之再生困难,因此一般只应用于浓度较低的印染废水处理或深度处理。吸附剂的最大问题在于难以实现现场再生。目前,国内外已有采用活性炭吸附法,该法对去除水中溶解性有机物非常有效,但它不能去除水中的胶体和疏水性染料,并且它只对阳离子染料、直接染料、酸性染料、活性染料等水溶性染料具有较好的吸附性能。活性炭并不是对所有类型的印染废水处理效果都是一致的。活性炭对染料具有选择性,其脱色性能顺序依次为碱性染料、直接染料、酸性染料和硫化染料。通常活性炭由动物性炭、木炭、沥青炭等以含炭为主的物质经高温炭化和活化而成。活性炭微孔多、大中孔不足、亲水性强,限制了大分子及疏水性染料的内扩散,适用于分子量不超过400的水溶性染料分子脱色,对大分子或疏水性染料的脱色效果较差。采用活性炭可以有效去除废水中的活性染料、碱性染料、偶氮染料。在一定条件下,活性炭还可直接吸附某些重金属离子。另外,活性炭吸附水溶性染料时吸附率高,但不能吸附悬浮固体及不溶性染料。活性炭虽然吸附性能优良,但由于成本高,一般应用于浓度较低的染料废水处理或深度处理。

2.1.2混凝法

印染废水絮凝脱色机制是以胶体化学的DLVO理论为基础的。其投资费用低,设备占地少,处理量大,是一种被普遍采用的脱色技术。包括无机混凝剂包括铁盐、铝盐、镁盐及无机絮剂,天然有机高分子絮凝剂,合成的有机高分子絮凝剂,传统混凝法对疏水性染料脱色效率很高。缺点是需随着水质变化改变投料条件,对亲水性染料的脱色效果差,COD去除率低。如何选择有效的混凝脱色工艺和高效的混凝剂,则是该技术的关键。

2.1.3化学氧化法

化学氧化是目前研究较为成熟的方法。借助氧化还原作用破坏染料的共轭体系或发色基团是印染脱色处理的有效方法。除常规的氯氧化法外,国内外研究重点主要集中在臭氧化、超声波氧化、过氧化氢氧化、电解氧化和光氧化方面。氧化剂一般采用Fenton试剂、臭氧、氯气、次氯酸钠等。按氧化剂的不同,可将化学氧化分为:臭氧化法和芬顿试剂氧化法。氧化法是一种优良的印染废水脱色方法,但如果氧化程度不足,染料分子的发色基团可能被破坏而脱色,但其中的COD仍未除尽;若将染料分子充分氧化,能量、药剂量消耗可能会过大,成本太高。臭氧化法不产生污泥和二次污染,但是处理成本高,不适合大流量废水的处理,而且COD去除率低。通常很少采用单一的臭氧法处理印染废水,而是将它与其它方法相结合,彼此互补达到最佳的废水处理效果。所以氧化法一般用于氧化—絮凝或絮凝—氧化工艺。

2.1.4电化学法

电化学法具有设备小、占地少、运行管理简单、CODcr去除率高和脱色好等优点,但是沉淀生成量及电极材料消耗量较大,运行费用较高。传统的电化学法可分为电絮凝法、电气浮法、电氧化法以及微电解、电解内法等。国外许多研究者从研制高电催化活性电极材料着手,对有机物电催化影响因素和氧化机理进行了较系统的理论研究和初步的应用研究,国内在这一领域的研究还刚刚起步。

2.1.5生物处理法

生物处理法主要包括好氧法和厌氧法。目前国内主要采用好氧法进行印染废水处理。好氧法又分为活性污泥法和生物膜法。活性污泥既能分解大量的有机物质,又能去除部分色度,还可以微调pH值,运转效率高且费用低,出水水质较好,适合处理有机物含量较高的印染废水;生物膜法对印染废水的脱色作用较活性污泥法高。但是生物法存在着三个自身无法解决的问题:1.剩余污泥的处里费用较高;2.单一运用生物法己不能满足实际运用的需要;3.有时需要在其前端加一道提高废水可生化性的预处理,提高了投资及运行成本。

单一的好氧生物处理只能去除废水中的部分易降解的有机物,色度问题无法解决。为了降低消耗及去除废水中较难降解的有机污染物,出现了厌氧-好氧新型处理工艺和生物强化技术。厌氧-好氧法可先由厌氧过程中的产酸阶段,去除部分较易降解的有机污染物,将较难降解的大分子有机物分解为较简单的小分子有机物,再通过好氧生物处理过程进一步去除。厌氧-好氧法处理难生化降解的印染废水具有除污染效率高、运行稳定和较强的耐冲击负荷能力等特点。有研究报道,采用厌氧-好氧工艺处理印染废水,在进水CODcr为1085mg/L,BODS为315mg/L 的情况下,二者的去除率分别可达83.9和76.2,再经硫化床自然氧化和混凝沉淀处理,去除悬浮物,排水可达排放标准。

由于传统的生物方法对色度的去除往往不够理想,国内外许多学者致力于培育或改良高降解活性菌种用于印染废水处理,产生了生物强化技术。其机理为向废水处理系统中投加自然界中的优势菌种或通过基因组合技术产生的高效菌种,增强生物量,强化生物量的反应,以去除某一种或某一类有害物质为目的。目前,生物强化技术最普遍的应用方式是直接投加对目标污染物具有特效降解能力的微生物。

2.2高新技术的应用和实践

2.2.1光化学氧化法

光化学氧化法由于其反应条件温和(常温、常压)、氧化能力强和速度快等优

点。光化学氧化可分为光分解、光敏化氧化、光激发氧化和光催化氧化四种。目前研究和应用较多的是光催化氧化法。

光催化氧化技术能有效地破坏许多结构稳定的生物难降解的有机污染物,具有节能高效、污染物降解彻底等优点,几乎所有的有机物在光催化作用下可以完全氧化为CO2、H2O等简单无机物。但是光催化氧化方法对高浓度废水效果不太理想。

关于光催化氧化降解染料的研究主要集中在对光催化剂的研究上。其中,TiO2化学性质稳定、难溶无毒、成本低,是理想的光催化剂。传统的粉末型TiO2光催化剂由于存在分离困难和不适合流动体系等缺点,难以在实际中应用。近年来,TiO2光催化剂的搀杂化、改性化成为研究的热点。

2.2.2膜分离技术

膜分离技术处理印染废水是通过对废水中的污染物的分离、浓缩、回收而达到废水处理目的。具有不产生二次污染、能耗低、可循环使用、废水可直接回用等特点。膜分离技术虽然具有如此多的优点,但也存在着尚待解决的问题,如膜污染、膜通量、膜清洗、以及膜材质的抗酸碱、耐腐蚀性等问题,所以,现阶段运用单一的膜分离技术处理印染废水,回收纯净染料,还存在着技术经济等一系列问题。现在膜处理技术主要有超滤膜,纳米滤膜和反渗透膜。膜处理对印染废水中的无机盐和COD都有很好的去除作用。

2.2.3超声波技术

利用超声波可降解水中的化学污染物,尤其是难降解的有机污染物。它集高级氧化技术、焚烧、超临界水氧化等多种水处理技术的特点于一身,降解条件温和、降解速度快、适用范围广,可以单独或与其它水处理技术联合使用。该方法的原理是废水经调节池加入选定的絮凝剂后进入气波振室,在额定的震荡频率的激烈震荡下,废水中的一部分有机物被开键成为小分子,在加速水分子的热运动下,絮凝剂迅速絮凝,废水中色度、COD、苯胺浓度等随之下降,起到降低废水中有机物浓度的作用。目前超声技术在水处理上的研究已取得了较大的成果,但

绝大部分的研究都还局限于实验室水平上。

2.2.4高能物理法

高能物理法是一种新的水处理技术, 当高能粒子束轰击水溶液时, 水分子发生激发和电离, 生成离子、激发分子、次级电子, 这些辐射产物在向周围介质扩散前会相互作用产生反应能力极强的物质HO ·自由基和H 原子, 与有机物质发生作用而使其分解。高能物理法处理印染废水具有有机物的去除率高、设备占地小、操作简单、用来产生高能粒子的装置昂贵、技术要求高、能耗大、能量利用率不高等特点。若要真正投入实际运行, 还需进行大量的研究工作。

3结语

印染废水是一种较难处理的工业废水,预防和治理印染废水污染是相辅相成的两个方面,积极研发先进印染设备,提高染料与助剂的使用效率,是降低印染废水危害的有效手段同时采用各种治理方法,并做到处理后水循环利用,这不仅能降低水的消耗,而且能有效的减轻印染废水对环境的污染。印染废水处理的目的就是为了除去废水中的各种有害物质,防止环境污染,使水能够重新利用!

所以说印染废水处理大意义:水是一种易受污染而可以再生的自然资源。随着人口的不断增长和经济发展,加之水污染的日益严重,可利用的水资源数量日益短缺,造成水危机。根据水工业的观点,给水和排水分别是人类向自然界取用和归还可再生资源“水”的两个程序,为了使这个循环能够持续地为人类服务,水在使用后回归自然界前,必须进行废水的再生处理,使水质达到自然界自净能力的承受水平,恢复其作为自然资源的属性。对可持续发展战略的实施有着极为现实的意义,给人类营造一个健康绿色的生态圈。

随着排放标准的日益严格,各国学者在印染废水的处理技术方面进行了深入的探索。相信随着科学技术的不断进步,印染废水的处理工艺将逐渐完善,投资省、运行费用低、操作简单的处理技术将给印染废水的处理带来新的希望。

附原文:

Research on printing and dyeing wastewater

treatment

Abstract: This paper analyzes the treatment of dyeing wastewater issues facing, and describes methods of dyeing wastewater treatment progress and trends. And pointed out that different methods of dyeing wastewater treatment is a combination of effective treatment of dyeing wastewater.

Keywords: Dyeing wastewater; treatment

Printing and dyeing wastewater is a waste cotton, wool, chemical fiber textile products emitted during dyeing, printing, its composition is complex, mainly containing aromatic and heterocyclic compounds with a color group and the polar group parent dyes. In order to make more uniform dyeing, printing and dyeing are also often add some additives, so that the traditional biological treatment process is seriously challenged over. Textile printing and dyeing industry wastewater is the major emitters. Therefore the development of printing and dyeing wastewater treatment technology economy effectively, becomes the focus of today's environmental protection workers subject.

Printing and dyeing wastewater with large quantity, high content of organic pollutants, refractory material, high chroma, characteristics and complex components, belongs to the industrial wastewater treatment. Printing and dyeing wastewater containing dyes, auxiliaries, paste, oil, acid and alkali, fiber impurities and inorganic salt, wherein the dye in the nitro and amino compounds, as well as copper, chromium, zinc, arsenic and other heavy metal elements, biological toxicity, serious pollution of the environment.

A printing and dyeing wastewater treatment problems

1.1 the increasingly stringent emission standards

With the development of social economy and people's environmental awareness, our increased investment in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment. According to "textile dyeing and finishing of industrial water pollutant discharge standards", in addition to class Ⅲeffluent changed little, the state increased the classⅠandⅡdyeing wastewater effluent BOD, COD, color, suspended solids, ammonia, aniline, Chlorine dioxide emission limits and other indicators. The general water quality printing and dyeing wastewater average COD800-2000mg / L, chroma 200-800 times, pH, 10-13, BOD / COD for the 0.25-0.4, so printing is a printing and dyeing wastewater discharge standards in the industry need to solve the problem.

1.2 The difficulties in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment

1.2.1 components of complex printing and dyeing wastewater

Printing and dyeing wastewater refers to the process of dyeing process wastewater discharged by each process a mixture of mixed wastewater. Include: pre-processing stage (such as singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerization) emissions desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerization wastewater; dyeing stage of dyeing wastewater discharge; printing stage of waste water and discharge printing soaping

wastewater; finishing stages of finishing wastewater discharge.

Quality printing and dyeing wastewater with raw materials, production varieties, production technology and management level vary, leading to various printing and dyeing process wastewater discharge summary after the component is very complex. With the rapid development of industrial dyes and finishing technology, new additives, dyes, finishing agents in the dyeing industry, being used extensively in refractory toxic organic content are more and more, and some are carcinogenic, mutation, resulting in distortion of the organic matter, on the environment especially the water environment of threats and hazards is growing. Overall, the printing and dyeing wastewater is characterized by complex composition, organic matter content is high, dark color and chemical oxygen demand (COD), whereas the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) is relatively low, poor biodegradability, emission volume.

1.2.2 the limitations of printing and dyeing wastewater treatment

80 years ago, our printing and dyeing wastewater biodegradability higher, CODcr often concentration 800mg / L the following, using the traditional biological and physico-chemical co-treatment system, effluent discharge standards can be achieved. Past two decades, water quality printing and dyeing wastewater has undergone great changes. Traditional printing and dyeing wastewater treatment methods, such as adsorption, suspension, filtration, coagulation and other features simple, easy to operate and process the advantages of maturity, but such treatment is usually to transfer organic matter from liquid to solid or gas, not only did not complete elimination of organic pollutants and consumption of chemicals and pollution caused by waste accumulation and secondary; biological methods can only remove the printing and dyeing wastewater BOD, COD, especially for toxic and refractory organics and color out of little effect. Single approach can not meet the current requirements of the development of dyeing wastewater.

2 Printing and Dyeing Wastewater Treatment and Trends

2.1 traditional methods and process improvement

2.1.1 Adsorption

Charcoal activated carbon black. Black amorphous granular or fine powder. Activated carbon in the structure due to crystallite carbon is irregular, pores are in cross connection between, on the activation will produce carbon tissue defects, so it is a kind of porous carbon, low bulk density, large specific surface area, do not dissolve in any

solvent. A selective adsorption capacities of various gas, organic pigment and nitrogenous base has high capacity of adsorption capacity.

Activated carbon has a strong " adsorption " and " chemical adsorption " role, can be certain organic compounds adsorption removal effect, making use of this theory, we can quickly and effectively remove harmful substances, the aquarium water odor and pigment and so on, so that the water quality directly and rapidly improve. Activated carbon adsorption is one of the most important the most effective technique of advanced treatment of city sewage, widely used.

Activated carbon as an excellent adsorbent has been widely used in water treatment. The best adsorbent is still colored printing and dyeing wastewater. However, activated carbon is expensive, and the regeneration is difficult, so usually only applied to the low concentration of printing and dyeing wastewater treatment and advanced treatment. The biggest problem is difficult to achieve the adsorbent regeneration. At present, domestic and abroad, using activated carbon adsorption method, this method is very effective for the removal of dissolved organic matter in water, but it can't remove the dye colloidal and hydrophobic water, and it only cationic dyes, direct dyes, acid dyes, reactive dyes and other water-soluble dye has good adsorption performance. Activated carbon is not the effect on treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater of all types are the same. Activated carbon has selectivity to dyes, the decolorization performance in order of basic dyes, direct dyes, acid dyes and sulfur dyes. Usually activated carbon from animal charcoal, charcoal, carbon to carbon based material through high temperature carbonization and activation. Activated carbon pore, hole, and lack of strong hydrophilic, hydrophobic dye molecules and the limitation of the internal diffusion, applicable to the molecular weight of not more than 400 water soluble dye decolorization, poor decolorization of macromolecules or hydrophobic dyes. Using activated carbon can effectively remove the reactive dyes, basic dyes, wastewater of azo dye. Under certain conditions, activated carbon can also direct adsorption of some heavy metal ions. In addition, carbon adsorption water activity of soluble dye adsorption rate is high, but can not absorb the suspended solids and insoluble dye. Although excellent adsorption performance of activated carbon, but due to the high

cost, generally used in low concentration of dye wastewater treatment and advanced treatment.

2.1.2 Coagulation

Coagulation with low investment costs, equipment, small footprint, processing capacity, decolorization rate and so on. Coagulants are inorganic coagulants, organic coagulants and biological coagulant. Traditional coagulation decolorization efficiency on hydrophobic high. It requires change with changes in feed water quality conditions, the decolorization effect of hydrophilic poor, COD removal rate. How to choose an effective coagulation process and efficient coagulant, it is the key to the technology. 2.1.3 Chemical Oxidation

Study of chemical oxidation is more mature approach. Oxidant commonly used Fenton reagent (Fe2, H2O2), ozone, chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, etc.. According to the different oxidants, chemical oxidation can be divided into: ozone oxidation and Fenton's reagent oxidation. Ozonation does not produce sludge and secondary pollution, high costs, however, not suitable for large flow waste water treatment, and CODcr removal rate. Seldom a single ozone treatment of dyeing wastewater, but will combine it with other methods, complementary to each other to achieve the best wastewater treatment effects. Wang Xiaojun et al [13] with ozone - biological aerated filter wastewater treatment process

2.1.4 Electrochemical

Electrochemical method has the equipment, small, small footprint, simple operation and management, CODcr removal rate and the bleaching of high and good, but the precipitation formation and consumption of large electrode materials, higher operating costs. The traditional electrochemical methods can be divided into electric flocculation, electric float, electro-oxidation and micro-electrolysis, electrolysis within the law. Many foreign researchers from the developing electrode materials with high electrocatalytic activity to proceed, on the organic electro-catalytic oxidation mechanism of influencing factors and a more systematic application of theoretical study and preliminary research, the domestic research in this field has just started.

2.1.5 biological treatment

Biological treatment include aerobic and anaerobic methods. Currently the main method of dyeing wastewater using aerobic treatment. Divided into aerobic activated sludge and biofilm. A large number of both activated sludge decomposition of organic material, but also remove some color, you can fine-tune the pH value, high efficiency and low cost of operation, effluent quality is better suited to deal with printing and dyeing wastewater with higher organic matter content; biofilm decolorization of dyeing wastewater than the activated sludge process. However, there are three biological methods can not solve its own problems: ① Department of residual sludge in higher costs; ②single-use biological Ji can not meet the needs of practical application; ③sometimes necessary to add a front-end to improve its wastewater biodegradability pretreatment, to improve the investment and operating costs.

Only a single aerobic biological treatment to remove part of readily biodegradable wastewater organic matter, color can not solve the problem. In order to reduce consumption and waste removal more difficult to degrade organic pollutants in the emergence of anaerobic - aerobic treatment process and the new biological technology. Anaerobic - aerobic anaerobic process can start with the acid production phase to remove part of the easily degradable organic pollutants, degradation of macromolecules will be more difficult to decompose organic matter to simpler organic molecules, and through aerobic biological treatment process to further remove. Anaerobic - aerobic treatment of biodegradable wastewater was difficult with the removal of pollution, high efficiency, stable and strong resistance capacity and so on. Studies have reported that anaerobic - aerobic process of dyeing wastewater, the influent CODcr to 1085mg / L, BODS to 315mg / L in the case, both the removal rate up to 83.9 and 76.2, respectively, and then by fluidized bed natural oxidation and coagulation treatment to remove suspended solids, water up to emission standards. The traditional biological method of color removal is often not ideal, many domestic and foreign scholars dedicated to nurturing high-degradation activity of bacteria or improved treatment of dyeing wastewater, resulting in a bioaugmentation. The mechanism for the wastewater treatment system to increase the dominant species in

nature or produced through genetic technology and efficient combination of bacteria, increased biomass, enhanced biomass response to removal of a particular hazardous substance or class of purpose. At present, the biological technology is the most common application form directly to the target dosage degradation of pollutants with the effects of microorganisms.

2.2 The application and practice of high-tech

2.2.1 Photochemical Oxidation

Photochemical oxidation due to its mild reaction conditions (ambient temperature and pressure), oxidation capability and speed advantages. Photochemical oxidation of decomposition can be divided into light, photosensitization oxidation, light excitation of four oxidation and photocatalytic oxidation. More current research and application of photocatalytic oxidation is.

Photocatalytic oxidation can effectively destroys many structural stability Di difficulty to the degradation of organic pollutants, Juyou energy efficiency, pollution and other degradation Chedi advantages, almost all of the organic matter in the next Ke Yi Guang complete oxidation catalyst for the CO2, H2O and other inorganic Jian Dan material. However, the photocatalytic oxidation effect of high concentrations of waste water is not ideal.

On the photocatalytic degradation of dyes in the light focused on the study of catalysts. Which, TiO2 chemical stability, insoluble non-toxic, low cost, is an ideal photocatalyst. Conventional powder-type TiO2 photocatalyst separation because of the difficulties and shortcomings such as not suitable for mobile systems, it is difficult to apply in practice. In recent years, TiO2 photocatalyst mixed technology, modification of a hot topic.

2.2.2 Membrane Separation Technology

Membrane separation technology of dyeing wastewater by the pollutants in wastewater the separation, concentration and recovery of waste water treatment to achieve the purpose. With no secondary pollution, low energy consumption, can be recycled, wastewater reuse, etc directly. Although membrane separation technology has so many advantages, but there are also unresolved problems, such as membrane fouling,

membrane flux, membrane cleaning, and acid resistant membrane material, corrosion resistance and other problems, so at this stage the use of a single membrane separation technology of dyeing wastewater, recycling pure dyes, there are still technical and economic and other issues. Now membrane ultrafiltration membrane treatment technologies, nano-filtration membrane and reverse osmosis membrane. Membrane Treatment of dyeing wastewater salts and COD removal are very good role.

2.2.3 Ultrasonic technology

Chemical pollutants in water by ultrasonic, especially organic refractory pollutants. It combines advanced oxidation technology, incineration, a variety of supercritical water oxidation technology in water treatment characteristics in a mild condition, degradation, degradation speed, wide application range, can be used alone or in combination with other water treatment technology. The principle of this method is by regulating pond flocculants in selected into the gas wave vibration chamber, in the intense shock oscillation frequency rated under the water, a portion of the organic matter is key to open a small molecule, water molecules in the accelerated thermal motion, flocculant rapid flocculation, decrease chroma, COD, aniline concentration in the waste water, to reduce the concentration of organic waste water of. The present study of ultrasonic technique in water treatment has made great achievements, but most of the studies are confined to the laboratory level.

2.2.4 high energy physics method

High energy physics method is a new technology of water treatment, when high-energy particles bombarding the water solution, the water molecular excitation and ionization, ion, the excited molecules, secondary electron, the radiation products in the interaction to the surrounding medium diffusion of reaction ability strong, free radicals and substance H HO atoms, and the organic matter of the decomposition. Treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater of high energy physics method with organic removal rate high, equipment covers an area of small, simple operation, used to produce high-energy particle expensive, high technical requirements, large energy consumption, energy utilization rate is not high. If you want to truly put into actual operation, still need to do a lot of research.

3 Conclusion

Printing and dyeing wastewater is a kind of difficult to industrial wastewater treatment, prevention and treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater pollution are the two aspects complement each other, and actively develop advanced printing equipment, improve the efficiency of the use of dyes and auxiliaries, printing and dyeing wastewater is effective means to reduce harm and using a variety of treatment methods, and make use of circulating water treatment, it can not only to reduce water consumption, but also the environmental pollution of printing and dyeing wastewater effectively reduced. Printing and dyeing wastewater treatment is to remove all kinds of harmful substances in waste water, preventing the pollution of the environment, so that the water can be reused!

So that the printing and dyeing wastewater treatment significance: water is a vulnerable to pollution and renewable natural resources. With the increase of the population and economic development, and water pollution is becoming more and more serious, the shortage of the quantity of water resources available, causing water crisis. According to the water industry point of view, water supply and drainage are the human nature and return to use renewable resources " water " of the two procedures, in order to make this cycle can continue to serve mankind, water in the natural regression after use, regeneration treatment must be wastewater, so that water will reach the natural self-purification ability of endurance level, recovery as natural resources attribute. The implementation of sustainable development strategy is of great realistic significance, to create a human health green ecological circle.

With increasingly stringent emission standards, in-depth exploration of scholars in the printing and dyeing wastewater treatment technology. Believe that with the continuous progress of science and technology, treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater treatment technology will gradually improve, investment, low operation cost, simple processing for printing and dyeing wastewater brings new hope.

污水处理的英文文献翻译

非洲生物工程卷。7(15),第2621至2629年2008年8月4https://www.doczj.com/doc/8e43103.html,/AJB ISSN 1684-5315 2008学术期刊约旦污水处理厂处理性能及水回用的适宜性 无论是在城市还是农村环境,水资源的更有效地利用都有一个增长的趋势。在约旦,水的需求增加,水资源短缺,导致人们对废水回用产生了兴趣。在这项工作中,分别测定四个废水处理厂的水质特点,并对废水特性进行了评估。在选定的污水处理厂中测量其进出水水质的生化需氧量,化学需氧量,总悬浮固体,总溶解固体,氨氮,和溶解氧。经过处理后的出水水质与约旦的标准进行了比较。结果表明:在约旦城市废水中的生化需氧量,化学需氧量,总悬浮固体,NH4等污染物的浓度很高,所以它是一个较大的浪费。评估了四个污水处理厂的性能,常规和改良活性污泥表现出良好的性能,而低水质则是通过稳定塘产生的。活性污泥污水处理厂的出水水质符合约旦标准。为了防止其对人类健康和环境的影响,在重复使用前,二级出水需要进行深度处理。 关键词:废水,处理厂,水回用,废水特点,废水处理,约旦 前言 约旦人口迅速增加,在1950年到2006年从58万增长到560万。这一增长导致每年提高 3.1%的增长速度,并且从1948年巴勒斯坦连续移民,90年代从1967年科威特开始移民(统计处2006年)。约旦多年来一直面临着水资源短缺的问题,提高水资源的利用效率作为其努力的重要组成部分,从而来处理水资源短缺的问题。总平均降水总量约为8.5 × 109立方米/年,但这一数量的92%是通过蒸发损失掉的(铝Zboon,2002)。耗水量的增加,是人口增长和发展项目的必然结果,而水资源的有效利用却是年复一年的被限制。在2000年,每年的需水量,估计为1100万立方米,而从各种渠道的可供水量(地表水和地下水)却小于850 万立方米,这表明了250万立方米的缺水问题。这种水资源的短缺同时也影响了个人消费。例如,在1998年耗水量约为160m3/capita/y,预计在2020年将下降到90m3/capita/y,这是一个非常低的比较对于人均消费水平在1000立方米/年(铝Zboon,2002)城市农业需水量占总用水量的73%,而22%的水是用于国内需求,只有5%是用于工业部门(WAJ,2006)。 这种水资源的需求增加与限制相结合导致水资源的可利用量的发展。目前,世界各地的废水资源的再利用促进了废水有限水资源和

(完整版)纺织厂的印染废水处理站的毕业课程设计

前言 随着城市改革开放的不断深入,经济发展较为迅速,近年来经济稳步发展,城区的规模不断扩大,人口也不断的增加,人民的生活水平也在不断的提高,城区内新建了许多的工企业,致使城市的生活污水和工业废水量也逐年增加,如果这些污水未经处理而直接排入城市周围的水体,会导致严重的水体污染、水质恶化。水污染不仅会威胁到城市居民的身体健康,还会破坏城市的整体环境,影响城市的投资环境,阻碍城市的经济发展。 建设污水处理厂是控制水污染的有效手段,也是城市基础建设的一个重要环节,这一目标的实现与否,不仅直接影响该市各项功能的发挥,也标志着城市基础建设的完善程度,成为衡量城市现代化的标准之一,污水处理厂的建设,不仅反映城市的经济实力、人口素质和社会文明水平,也可以通过污水的集中处理,降低企业和社区污水处理的费用,减少企业的生产成本,从而增加对内资和外资的吸引力。良好的城市环境也会加快该地区旅游业的发展,增加该地区的市民收入和财政收入。 为了不断改善城市的环境状况,提高居民的生活水平和生活质量,促进经济的可持续发展,适应对外开发,加速发展的要求,建设污水处理厂、完善污水处理系统已成为当务之急,该项目的实施,必将产生巨大的社会效益和经济效益。

一.设计的目的及要求。 1.1设计的目的 1.运用所学的基础理论和专业知识,根据国家的方针政策,解决工程实际问题,达到总结、巩固、扩大、深化所学的知识的目的。 2.分析问题和解决问题的能力,提高学生独立工作的能力。 3.同时使学生更多的阅读参考资料,使用规范、设计手册,标准设计图纸,产品目录,进一步培养的学生的计算和绘图的能力,编写说明书的技能。学生在教师的指导下,通过毕业设计受到一次综合运用所学理论知识和技能的训练,进一步提高分析问题和解决问题的能力;学会阅读参考文献,收集、运用设计原始资料的方法以及如何使用规范、手册、产品目录、选用标准图的技能,从而提高设计计算及绘图能力。 1.2设计要求 通过收集资料,根据水处理厂设计规范与原则,按指定的水质指标,确定污水处理程度,并进行几种不同的处理方案的比较与选择;选定方案后,进行单元构筑物的设计计算,并绘制出污水处理工艺流程图和污水处理厂总平面布置图,最后编写设计说明书和计算书。 二.设计资料。

印染废水处理技术综述

印染废水处理技术综述 发表时间:2018-07-20T15:57:34.953Z 来源:《基层建设》2018年第14期作者:沈杰陈敏燕 [导读] 摘要:本文介绍了印染废水的产生、特点及处理工艺。 利华环保工程(嘉兴)有限公司 314000 摘要:本文介绍了印染废水的产生、特点及处理工艺。由于印染工业中各种染料和新助剂的广泛使用,印染废水的COD浓度高,色度高,可生物降解性差,流量大。目前主要采用物化法和生化法处理印染废水,通过各种深度处理技术,达到行业水质要求。 1、印染废水的产生和特点。 1.1印染废水 由于生产的各种纺织工业废水,印染废水的污染是严重的,其排放量约占工业废水的排放总量的1/10,是目前水污染的主要来源之一,所以印染废水的综合治理已成为迫切需要解决的问题。 棉及其混纺织物的印染一般工艺是:烧毛、脱浆-漂白-丝光-印染-整理。 1.1.1退浆废水 退浆是用化学剂去除织物上的浆料,去除纤维本身的杂质。退浆废水为碱性有机废水,含浆料分解、纤维屑、酶等,其COD和BOD5含量非常高。退浆废水量较少,但污染较重,是污水处理中有机污染物的主要来源。 1.1.2沸水 在水溶液的烧碱和表面活性剂等,在高温(120℃)和碱性(pH值为10 ~ 13)条件下,棉织物精练,去除纤维包含的杂质如油脂、蜡,果胶,确保漂白和染整加工的质量。沸水是高碱性的,碱浓度约为0.3%,为深褐色,具有较高的BOD5和COD值。 1.1.3漂白废水 漂白是使用次氯酸钠、过氧化氢、次氯酸钠和其他氧化剂去除纤维表面和内部的有色杂质。漂白废水造成大量的水污染,其BOD5和COD值均较低,属于较清洁的废水。 1.1.4丝光废水 丝光处理是在浓缩氢氧化钠溶液中对织物的处理,在丝光过程中产生的废水。丝光废水具有高碱度、低BOD5和COD的特点。 1.1.5染色废水 印染废水的主要污染物是染料和助染剂。印染废水的水质变化较大,一般印染废水的颜色深、可生物降解。其COD值一般为300-700mg/L,颜色可达数千次。 1.1.6印刷废水 印染废水主要来自于彩印、印版滚筒、印版等洗涤废水,以及印刷后的皂洗和洗涤废水。在印染废水中,除染料和助剂外,还含有大量的浆液,其BOD5和COD值较高。 1.1.7排放废水 废水中含有树脂、甲醛、表面活性剂等。废水量小,混合废水水质较低。 1.2印染废水的特点和危害。 印染废水的主要特点是:色泽大、有机含量高。水质的PH值变化很大。水温变化很大。 印染废水的颜色深度严重影响水体的外观。印染废水的颜色是严重的,用正常的生化方法很难去除。有色水影响阳光的传播,不利于水生生物的生长。 2、印染废水的基本处理方法 印染废水处理方法可以大致分为化学和物理方法、化学方法、生物方法三大类,但由于印染废水成分的复杂性,在实践中主要采用几种方法的组合来完成印染废水的彻底处理。 3、物理和化学方法 3.1凝固方法 混凝是在废水中加入一定量的物质,使原来溶解在水中的物质不易沉淀,过滤污染物,并聚集成较大的颗粒,从而分离出该方法。絮凝法是印染废水物理化学处理中应用最广泛的一种方法,投资成本低、容量大、脱色率高。 3.2吸附 吸附法是一种较为实用的物理处理方法。该方法采用多孔材料质粉或混有印染废水的颗粒,废水由粒状物料组成,使染料、助剂等污染物在多孔材料表面吸附并去除。吸附技术特别适用于低浓度印染废水的深层处理,工艺过程中投资小,操作简单、操作方便,成本低。 4、化学处理 4.1氧化 氧化法是在氧化剂的作用下,使染料分子的不饱和双键被氧化破坏,形成具有少量分子量的有机或无机物质。 4.2电化学方法。 电化学方法分为电解和内部电解。前者具有较高的能耗和较高的运行成本,在印染废水处理过程中应用较少。内部电解也被称为铁还原法,是通过铁碳微电池的铁还原电化学作用和填料的吸附效果,以及其他各种协同方法处理废水。该工艺以废铁为原料,不需要消耗电力资源。 5、生物方法 生物法具有操作成本低、加工效果稳定的优点,在印染废水处理中得到了广泛的应用。本文主要介绍了目前印染废水处理中常用的生物处理方法。 1)活性污泥法 活性污泥法最常用的混合方法,即在废水中进行处理,将废水注入系统,使原有的混合料混合均匀,使质量均匀,在空间的每一点上最大限度地提高水的质量。

污水处理英文翻译解析

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分与分流污水一起经污水预处理构筑物进入污水处理构筑物外,另一部分可考虑通过雨污溢流构筑物进入雨污溢流沉定池后排入附近水体。为了对进入污水处理构筑物的合流污水高峰流量、水质波动进行缓冲调节,污水处理构筑物前端可设缓冲调节池以均衡水质、储存水量。 2. 具有可靠的 BOD、 COD、 SS 去除功能及氮磷去除功能,保证最终出水水质稳定。通常情况下,城市污水中难降解有机物较少, BOD、 COD 去除比较容易实现,而氮磷去除则较复杂。我国现行的污水排放标准对污水处理厂出水氮磷指标有严格的要求,故城市污水处理都必须达到氮磷的有效去除。在现行城市污水脱氮除磷工艺中, A2/0 采用较为广泛。针对 A2/0 工艺存在的问题目前出现了许多改进工艺,每种工艺又都存在各自的特点和局限。由于合流污水引起的水质、水量波动较大,对污水厂各处理单元产生冲击,为了适应受纳水体的要求,为使 BOD、COD 等指标进一步降低,进一步去除污水中的细菌及氮、磷等植物性营养物质,在污水厂与受纳水体之间可设氧化塘。 3. 具有灵活多变的运行方式,可根据收集的污水量、进水水质以及季节变化调整运行方式。常规 A2/0 工艺,很难做到灵活方便地调整运行方式。但 A2/0工艺从构成原理上讲,是在曝气段前 加厌氧段和缺氧段。这一原理用于氧化沟技术,便可形成各种适应不同水质、水量、季节变化的运行方式。污水厂可根据实际情况设两个以上的氧化沟,每个沟设一定数量的水力推进器,池底均匀分布微孔爆气器。通过调整氧化沟污水进水管阀门、曝气器的开及关的区域、内回流比大小、污泥回流比大小及水力推进器运行个数,便可形成串联、并联等若干种运行方式。每种运行方式具有各自区域大小不同的厌氧段、缺氮段、曝气段。当旱季污水量小则采用串联运行方式,雨季污水量大,则采用并联运行方式。夏季温度高,硝化反应速度快,则采用具有较小曝气区域、较小硝化段的运行方式,相应反硝化区域

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毕业论文(设计)文献综述 题目:印染废水处理技术研究进展 学院:环境科学与工程 专业:环境工程 班级: 学号: 学生姓名: 指导教师: 二○一六年三月

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Advances in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment technology Abstract:Printing and dyeing wastewater treatment has been an important topic in the field of water treatment. After many years of development, technology has become increasingly mature, many new printing and dyeing wastewater treatment technology has been widely used at home and abroad, and the treatment effect is good. This paper mainly introduces the technical principle and related treatment process of physical, chemical and biological method for the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater, which provides a theoretical basis for the future treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater. Key words:Printing and dyeing wastewater, physical treatment, chemical treatment, biological treatment,treatment process.

污水处理外文翻译---污水的生物处理过程

附录Ⅰ: Wastewater Biological Treatment Processes The objective of wastewater treatment is to reduce the concentration of specific pollutants to the level at which the discharge of the effluent will not adversely affect the environment or pose a health threat. Moreover , reduction of these constituents need only be to some required level. For any given wastewater in a specific location , the degree and type of treatment are variables that require engineering decisions . often the degree of treatment depends on the assimilative capacity of the receiving water . DO sag curves can indicate how much BOD must be removed from wastewater so that the DO of receiving water is not depressed too far . The amount of BOD that must be removed is an effluent standard and dictates in large part the type of wastewater treatment required . To facilitate the discussion of wastewater , assume a “ typical wastewater ”and assume further that the effluent from this wastewater treatment must meet the following effluent standards : BOD≤15mg/L SS≤15mg/L P≤1mg/L Additional effluent standard could have been established , but for illustrative purposes we consider only these three . The treatment system selected to achieve these effluent standards includes 1. Primary treatment : physical processes that nonhomogenizable solids and homogenize the remaining effluent . 2. Secondary treatment : biological process that remove most of the biochemical demand for oxyen . 3. Tertiary treatment : physical , biological , and chemical processes to remove nutrients like phosphorus and inorganic pollutants , to deodorize and decolorize effluent water , and to carry out further oxidation .

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法。生物处理法中, 厌氧法的优点是应有范围广, 能耗低, 剩余污泥少, 耐冲击负荷能力强, 缺点是设备的启动时间长, 出水水质无法达标, 需进一步处理。活性污泥法是好氧生物处理的一种主要方法, 利用好活性污泥的吸附和氧化作用, 去除废水中的有机污染物质。生物膜法是与活性污泥法并列的另一种好氧生物处理法, 该法经过生长在填料, 如滤料、盘面等表面的生物膜来处理废水, 主要有生物接触氧化法、生物转盘和生物炭法等。 2 工程实例 2.1 水质和水量 珠江三角洲某印染厂印染废水, 处理规模: 3.6万m/d。设计进水水质和出水见表1, 出水要求达到《广东省地方标准水污染物排放限值》(DB44/26—)中第二时段的一级标准。 2.2工艺流程 印染废水的常规处理方法一般分为生化+物化和物化+生化两大类处理工艺, 但由于缺少水解酸化单元, 实际运行中存在好氧生化单元反应不够彻底, 导致后续物化处理费用偏高的问题。在传统的好氧生物处理装置前增加水解酸化处理的”水解+好氧” 串连工艺, 能够使印染废水中难以降解的有机物进行水解, 生成为较易生物降解的物质, 改进废水的可生物降解性, 从而提高传统流程的COD 去除率。当前国内许多新建的印染废水处理装置(包括生活污水和

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(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文资料对照外文翻译 Catalytic strategies for industrial water re-use Abstract The use of catalytic processes in pollution abatement and resource recovery is widespread and of significant economic importance [R.J. Farrauto, C.H. Bartholomew, Fundamentals of Industrial Catalytic Processes, Blackie Academic and Professional,1997.]. For water recovery and re-use chemo-catalysis is only just starting to make an impact although bio-catalysis is well established [J.N. Horan, BiologicalWastewater Treatment Systems; Theory and Operation, Chichester, Wiley,

1990.]. This paper will discuss some of the principles behind developing chemo-catalytic processes for water re-use. Within this context oxidative catalytic chemistry has many opportunities to underpin the development of successful processes and many emerging technologies based on this chemistry can be considered . Keywords: COD removal; Catalytic oxidation; Industrial water treatment 1.Introduction Industrial water re-use in Europe has not yet started on the large scale. However, with potential long term changes in European weather and the need for more water abstraction from boreholes and rivers, the availability of water at low prices will become increasingly rare. As water prices rise there will come a point when technologies that exist now (or are being developed) will make water recycle and re-use a viable commercial operation. As that future approaches, it is worth stating the most important fact about wastewater improvement–avoid it completely if at all possible! It is best to consider water not as a naturally available cheap solvent but rather, difficult to purify, easily contaminated material that if allowed into the environment will permeate all parts of the biosphere. A pollutant is just a material in the wrong place and therefore design your process to keep the material where it should be –contained and safe. Avoidance and then minimisation are the two first steps in looking at any pollutant removal problem. Of course avoidance may not be an option on an existing plant where any changes may have large consequences for plant items if major flowsheet revision were required. Also avoidance may mean simply transferring the issue from the aqueous phase to the gas phase. There are advantages and disadvantages to both water and gas pollutant abatement. However, it must be remembered that gas phase organic pollutant removal (VOC combustion etc.,) is much more advanced than the equivalent water COD removal and therefore worth consideration [1]. Because these aspects cannot be over-emphasised,a third step would be to visit the first two steps again. Clean-up is expensive, recycle and re-use even if you have a cost effective process is still more capital equipment that will lower your return on assets and make the process less financially attractive. At present the best technology for water recycle is membrane based. This is the only technology that will produce a sufficiently clean permeate for chemical process use. However, the technology cannot be used in isolation and in many (all) cases will require filtration upstream and a technique for handling the downstream retentate containing the pollutants. Thus, hybrid technologies are required that together can handle the all aspects of the water improvement process[6,7,8]. Hence the general rules for wastewater improvement are: 1. Avoid if possible, consider all possible ways to minimise.

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