英语词汇学术语翻译

英语词汇学concatenation 【释义】concatenationn.一系列相互关联的事，连结【短语】1concatenation operator串连运算子;并置运算符2concatenation motor链系电念头;串级电念头3String Concatenation字符串连接;注意字串接合;字符串衔接4Concatenation Operators并置运算符;运算符;位拼接运算符;位并接操作符5concatenation character翻译6Virtual Concatenation虚级联;虚拟级联;虚拟复联7Matrix Concatenation矩阵串联;矩阵连接8string concatenation operator字符串串连运算子【例句】1Avoid using concatenation strings in code.避免在代码中使用连接字符串。

2Binding Parameters vs.String concatenation.绑定参数vs.字符串拼接。

3The simplest example is the concatenation of strings.最简单的示例是字符串串联。

4It returns a concatenation of the path formed using LHS and RHS.它将返回使用lhs和rhs形成的路径的串联值。

5For any given string,the correct value is the concatenation of.对于任意给定的字符串，正确值是由下列值并置而成的。

6The only difference is that concatenation is used instead of addition.惟一的差别是，这里使用的是并置（concatenation），而不是相加（addition）。

语言学术语（英-汉对照）表Aabbreviation 缩写词，略语ablative 夺格，离格accent 重音（符）accusative 宾格achievement test 成绩测试acoustic phonetics 声学语音学acquisition 习得acronym 缩略语action process 动作过程actor 动作者address form 称呼形式addressee 受话人addresser 发话人adjective 形容词adjunct 修饰成分附加语adverb 副词affix 词缀affixation词缀附加法affricate 塞擦音agreement 一致关系airstream 气流alliteration 头韵allomorph 词/语素变体allophone 音位变体allophonic variation 音位变体allophony音位变体现象alveolar ridge 齿龈alveolar 齿龈音ambiguity 歧义analogical creation 类推造字anapest 抑抑扬格anaphor 前指替代anaphoric reference 前指照应animate 有生命的annotation 注解antecedent 先行词前在词anthropologicallinguistics 人类语言学anticipatorycoarticulation 逆化协同发音antonomasia 换称代类名antonym 反义词antonymy 反义(关系)appellative 称谓性applied linguistics 应用语言学applied sociolinguistics应用社会语言学appropriacy 适宜性appropriateness 适宜性得体性approximant 无摩擦延续音aptitude test 素质测试Arabic 阿拉伯语arbitrariness 任意性argument 中项中词主目article 冠词articulation 发音articulator 发音器官articulatory phonetics 发音语音学artificial speech 人工言语aspect 体aspirated 吐气送气assimilation 同化associative 联想associative meaning 联想意义assonance 准压韵半谐音attributive 属性修饰语定语auditory phonetics 听觉语音学authentic input 真实投入authorial style 权威风格authoring program 编程autonomy 自主性auxiliary 助词auxiliary verb 助动词Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段back-formation 逆构词法base component 基础部分behavioural process 行为过程behaviourism 行为主义bilabial 双唇音bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音bilateral opposition 双边对立bilingualism 双语现象binary division 二分法binary feature 二分特征binary taxonomy 二分分类学binding 制约binding theory 制约论blade 舌叶舌面前部blank verse 无韵诗blending 混成法borrowing 借用借词bound morpheme 粘着语素bounding theory 管辖论bracketing 括号法brevity maxim 简洁准则bridging 架接broad transcription 宽式音标broadening 词义扩大Brown corpus 布朗语料库Ccalculability 可计算性calque 仿造仿造词语cancellability 可删除cardinal numeral 基数cardinal vowel 基本元音case 格case grammar格语法case theory格理论category 范畴categorical component 范畴成分causative 使役的使投动词center 中心词central determiner 中心限定词chain relation 链状关系chain system 链状系统choice 选择choice system 选择系统circumstance 环境因子class 词类class shift 词性变换clause 小句从句click 吸气音咂音clipping 截断法closed class 封闭类closed syllable 闭音节cluster 音丛coarticulation 协同发音coda 结尾音节符尾code 语码信码cognitive psychology 认知心理学cognitive system 认知系统coherence 相关关联cohension 衔接co-hyponym 同下义词colligation 类连结collocative meaning 搭配意义color word 色彩词color word system 色彩词系统command 指令common core 共核common noun 普通名词communication 交际communicative competence 交际能力communicative dynamism, CD 交际性动力communicative language teaching, CLT 交际语言教学法communicative Sentence Pattern, CSP 交际性句子模式communicative syllabus 交际教学大纲communicative test 交际性测试communicative-grammatical approach 交际-语法教学法compact disk 激光盘comparative degree 比较级competence 能力complement 补语complementary antonym 互补反义词complementary antonymy 互补反义关系complementary distribution互补分布complex predicate 复合谓语component 成分componential analysis 成分分析composite proposition 复合命题compositionality 复合性compound 复合词复合句comprehension 理解computation 计算computational linguistics 计算语言学computational system 计算系统computer-assisted learning,CAL 计算机辅助学习computer corpus 计算机语料库computer hardware 计算机硬件computer literacy 计算机操作能力computer networks 计算机网络computer system 计算机系统computer-assistedinstruction, CAI 计算机辅助教学computer-assistedlearning,CALL 计算机辅助语言学习conative 意动的concept 概念conceptual meaning 概念意义concord 一致（关系）concordance 共现关系concrete noun 具体名词concurrent 同时发生的conjugation 词形变化conjunct 连接副词conjunction 连接词conjunction buttressing 连接词支撑connotation 内涵consequent 跟随成分consonance 辅音韵consonant辅音constant opposition 不变对立constative 表述的constituent command 成分指令constituent proposition 成分命题constituent structure analysis 成分结构分析constituent 成分construct 编制construct validity 编制效度construction 构建constructivism 构建主义content analysis 内容分析content validity 内容效度content word 实义词context dependent 语境依赖的context of situation 情景语境context 语境contextual analyses 语境分析contextual meaning 语境意义contrastive analysis 对比分析control theory 控制理论controlled language 有控制的语言convention 常规规约conventional meaning 常规意义规约意义conventionality 常规性规约性conversational implicature会话含义conversational maxim 会话准则converse antonymy 相反反义现象conversion 变换cooperative principle, CP 合作原则coordinate construction 并列结构coordination 并列coreferential 互参的coronal 舌面前音corpus data 语料库语料corpus (pl corpora) 语料素材corpus linguistics 语料库语言学context 上下文countable 可数（名词）counterfactual proposition反事实命题couplet 对句对联creativity 创造性原创性Creole 克里澳尔语混和语cross-cultural communication跨文化交际cross-linguistic 跨语言的culturally-specific 文化特异的curriculum 教学大纲customizing 定制的Ddactyl 扬抑抑格Dani language 达尼语data retrieval, DR 资料检索database 数据库dative (case) 与格dative movement 与格移动declarative 陈述句decoding 解码deductive 演绎的deep structure 深层结构defeasibility 消除可行性definite 有定的degenerate data 无用的语料deixis 指称delicacy 精密阶denotation 外延指称dental 齿音dentalization 齿音化derivation 衍生derivational affix 衍生词汇derivational morphology 派生形态学descriptive adequacy 描写充分性descriptive linguistics 描写语言学design feature 结构特征determiner 限定词developing grammar 发展语法deviant 变体deviation 偏离变异devoicing 清音化diachronic linguistics 历时语言学diachronic 历时的diacritic 附加符号变音符diagnostic test 诊断性测试dialect 方言dialectology 方言学digitized sound 数字化语音dimetre 二音步诗行diphthong 二合元音双元音direct object 直接宾语direct speech, DS 直接言语direct thought, DT 直接思想directionality 方向性discourse 语篇话语discourse analysis 语篇分析话语分析discourse interpretation 语篇理解discrete 分离的离散的discrete-point grammar 离散语法discrete point test 分立性测试disjunction 分离关系displacement 移位dissimilation 异化（作用）distinctive feature 区别性特征distinguisher 辩义成分do-insertion rule do 添加规则domain 范围领域dorsal 舌背音舌中音dorsum 舌背（音）double comparative 双重比较drill-and-practice software操练软件D-structure D结构dual 双数dualistic view 二分观点duality 二重性Eearly Modern English 早期现代英语economy 经济性简洁性ejective 爆发音electronic mail 电子邮件Elizabethan English 伊利莎白时期英语ellipsis 省略（法）elliptical sentencestructure 省略句子结构embedded element 嵌入成分emic 位学的emotive 感情的empirical 经验主义的empirical data 经验主义的语料empirical validity 经验效度empiricism 经验主义empty category, EC 空范畴enabling skills 使成技能化encoding 编码end rhyme 末端韵endocentric construction 内向结构entailment 蕴涵entry condition 入列条件epenthesis 插音增音equipollent opposition 均等对立equivalence 相等equivalence reliability 相等信度error analysis 错误分析EST 科技英语ethnicity identity 民族认同ethnography of communication 交际民族学etic 非位的素的event process 事件过程example-based machine translation 基于例句的机器翻译exchange error 交换错误exchange sequence 交际序列exchange structure 交际结构exhaustive 穷尽的彻底的existent 存在物existential 存在句existential process 存在过程existential quantifier 存在数量词exocentric 外向的exocentric construction 外向结构experiential 经验的experiential function 经验功能experimentalpsycholinguistics 实验心理语言学explanatory adequacy 解释充分性explicit grammar instruction,EGI 明显的语法教学法expression minimization 表达最底程度expressive 表达的extended standard theory, EST扩展标准理论extensive 引申的扩展的extent-condition format 程度条件格式external evaluation 外部评估external qualifier 外部修饰语extrinsic sources of error 外在的错误来源eye movement 眼部移动Fface validity 卷面效度facilitation 便利促进Fasoldfeasibility 可行性feature 特征feedback 反馈felicity condition 适宜性条件恰当条件feminine 阴性fiction 小说figurative language 比喻性语言象征性语言figures of speech 修辞手段修辞格finite element 有定成分finite 有定的有限的finite state grammar 有限状态语法first-person narrator 第一人称叙述者Firthian phonology 弗斯音系学flap 闪音flexibility 灵活性变通性floppy disk 软盘focus 焦点中心folk etymology 俗词源学民间词源foregrounded features 突出特征foregrounding 突出前景话foreign language teaching 外语教学form 形式formal difference 形式差异formalization 形式化formation 形成formative 构形成分构词成分free form 自由形式free indirect speech, FIS 自由间接言语free indirect thought, FIT 自由间接思想free morpheme 自由语素free root morpheme 自由词根语素free variant 自由变体free verse 自由韵文French 法语frequency effect 频率效应fricative （摩）擦音friction 摩擦front 舌面前舌前的fully automatic high qualitytranslation, FAHQT 全自动高质量翻译function word 功能词function 功能functional grammar 功能语法functional linguistics 功能语言学functional sentenceperspective, FSP 功能句子观functions of language 语言功能fusion 溶合fuzzy 模糊的Ggender difference 性别差异general linguistics 普通语言学generalisation 概括generative grammar 生成语法generative semantics 生成语言学genitive 属格所有格genre 体裁语类German 德语given (information) 已给信息global task 整体任务glottal 喉音glottal stop 喉塞音goal 目标government theory 支配理论government 支配grammatical analysis 语法分析grammaticalfunction ; ;grammatical structure 语法结构gradable antonymy 分等级的反义关系gradual opposition 渐次对立grammatical category 语法范畴grammatical concept 语法概念grammatical description 语法描写grammatical form 语法形式grammatical marker 语法标记grammatical meaning 语法意义grammaticalorganization 语法组成grammatical pattern 语法类型grammatical process 语法过程grammatical rule 语法规则grammatical sentence pattern,GSP 语法句形grammatical structure 语法结构grammatical subject 语法主语grammatical system 语法系统grammatical word 语法词graphitic form 文字形式Gricean maxim Grice准则group 词组guttural 腭音Hhalf-rhyme 半韵hard palate 硬腭head 中心词中心成分headed construction 中心结构heptameter 七音步诗行hierarchical structure 等级结构hierarchical system 等级系统hierarchy 等级体系high 高（元音）historical linguistics 历史语言学holophrastic stage 单词句阶段homonym 同音/形异议词Hopi Hopi语horizontal relation 链状关系Horn scale 霍恩阶human cognitive system 人类认知系统human language 人类语言human speech 人类言语human translation 人译hypercorrection 矫枉过正hyponym 下义词hyponymy 下义关系hypothesis 假设hypothesis-deduction 假设-演绎Iiamb 抑扬格iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步诗行IC analysis 直接成分分析法ICALL (intelligent CALL) 智能计算机辅助语言学习ideational (function) 概念功能identifying 认同的idiom 成语习语idiomatically-governed 习语支配的ill-formed sentences 不合适的句子illocutionary act 话中行为施为性行为illocutionary force 言外作用施为作用imaginative (function) 想象功能immediacy assumption 即时假定immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法imperative rule 祈使规则imperative 祈使语气命令的implicate 意含implication 蕴涵含义implication connective 蕴涵连接implicature 含义言外之意implied meaning 蕴涵意义implosive 内破裂音内爆音inanimate 无生命的inclusiveness relation 内包意义indefinite 不定的，无定的indicative 陈述式陈述语气indirect object 间接宾语indirct speech, IS 间接言语indirect thought, IT 间接思想Indo-European languages 印欧语言inference 推论推理inference drawing 推论inferential communication 推论交际infinitive不定式infix 中缀inflection 屈折（变化）inflectional affix 屈折词缀inflectional morphology 屈折形态学inflective endings 屈折结尾information retrieval 信息检索information structure 信息结构informative (function) 信息功能innateness 先天性innateness hypothesis （语法）天赋假设input 输入input hypothesis 语言输入说instrumental (function) 工具功能integrative test 综合性测试intensifier 强调成分intensive 强调的增强的interactional (function) 交互功能interdental 齿间音interface 界面interference 干扰interjection 感叹词interlanguage 中介语interlingua 国际语interlingual approach 语际法interlocutor 会话者internal evaluation 内部评估internal structure 内部结构international phoneticalphabet, IPA 国际音标internet 互联网interpersonal 人际的interpersonal function 人际功能interpretation 解释interrogative sentence 疑问句intonation 语调intra-linguistic relation 语言内关系intransitive 不及物的intrinsic sources of error 错误的内源invariable word 不变词invention 新创词语inversion 倒置，倒装IPA chart 国际音标图IPS symbol 国际音标符号irony 讽刺反话isolated opposition 孤立对立Italian 意大利语JJapanese 日语jargon 黑话行语Jesperson,OttoJohnson & JohnsonJohnsonJones,DanielKkernel sentence 核心句keyword关键词knowledge 知识known information 已知信息KrashenKruszewski, MikolajKuno, SusumoLlabel 标示标记labial 唇音labiodental 唇齿音language 语言language acquisition device, LAD 语言习得机制language attitude 语言态度language choice 语言选择language comprehension 语言理解language data 语言素材language learning 语言学习language maintenance 语言维护language processing 语言处理language structure 语言结构language system 语言系统language teaching 语言教学language universal 语言普遍性language use 语言使用langue 语言（系统）larynx 喉头lateral 边音旁流音Latin 拉丁语Latin grammar 拉丁语法lax vowel 松元音length 长度音长letter 字母level 层，级，平面Levinson, Stephenlexeme 词位词素lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义lexical change 词汇变化lexical level 词汇层lexical meaning 词汇意义lexical morphology 词汇形态学lexical studies 词汇研究lexical word 词汇词lexicogrammar 词汇语法lexicon 词汇词典lexis 词liaison 连音连续limerick 打油诗line 诗行linear phonology 线性音系学linear structure 线形结构linguistic university 语言普遍性linguistic behaviour 语言行为linguistic behaviourpotential 语言行为潜势linguistic competence 语言能力linguistic context 语言语境上下文linguistic data 语言素材linguistic description 语言描写linguistic determinism 语言决定论linguistic facts 语言事实linguistic relativity 语言相对性linguistic sexism 语言性别歧视linguistic structure 语言结构linguistic theory 语言理论linguistic unit 语言单位linguistic universal 语言普遍性linguistic variation 语言变异linguistics 语言学lip rounding 圆唇化literal language 本义语言literary stylistics 文学文体学loan translation 翻译借词loanblend 混合借词loanshift 转移借词loanword 借词local area networks, LAN 局域网locutionary act 发话行为，表述性言语行为logical component 逻辑成分logical connective 逻辑连词logical form component 逻辑式成分logical form representation逻辑式表达logical formula 逻辑公式logical function 逻辑功能logical semantics 逻辑语义学logical structure 逻辑结构logical subject 逻辑主语logophoricity 词照应London School 伦敦学派long vowed 长元音loss of sound 语音脱落loudness 响度Mmachine translation 机器翻译macrolinguistics 宏观语言学macroproposition 宏观命题macrostructure 宏观结构main clause 主句Malinowski,Bronislawman-machine symbiosis 人机共生manner maxim 方式准则manner of articulation 发音方式marked 标记的masculine 阳性matalinguistic 元语言学的material (process) 物质过程mathematical principles 数学原理maxim 准则maximal onset principle 最大节首辅音原则meaning potential 意义潜势meaning shift 转移meaning 意义mental (processs) 思维过程心理过程mentalism 心灵主义message 信息metafunction 元功能metalinguistic 元语言的metaphor 隐喻metathesis 换位（作用）metonymy 换喻转喻metre 韵律metrical patterning 韵律格式microcomputer 微机microprocessor 微处理器mid 中（元音）mind 思维minimal attachment theory 最少接触理论minimal pair 最小对立体minimalist programminimum free form 最小自由形式mirror maxim 镜像准则mistake 错误modal subject 语气主语modal verb 情态动词modality 情态modern French 现代法语modification 修饰modifier 修饰语monomorphemic 单语素的monophonemic 单音位的monophthong 单元音monosyllabic 单音节的Motague grammar 蒙太古语法mood 语气morph 形素词素形式morpheme 语素词素形素morpheme-exchange error 词素交错误morphemic shape 词素形状morphemic structure 词素结构morphemic transcription 词素标音morphological change 形态变化morphological rule 形态规则morphology 形态学morpho-phonemic component 形态音位成分morphophonemics 形态音位学morphophonology 形态音系学morpho-syntactical change 形态句法变化mother tongue 母语本族语motivation 动因动机move （移动）MT 机器翻译MT quality 机译质量multilateral opposition 多边对立multi-level phonology 多层次音系学multilingualism 多语制多语现象N narratee 被叙述者narrator 叙述者narrator’s representationof speech acts, NRSA 言语行为的叙述者表达narrator’s representationof speech, NRS 言语的叙述者表达narrator’s representationof thought acts, NRTA 思维行为的叙述者表达narrator’s representationof thought, NRT 思维的叙述者表达narrow transcription 窄式音标narrowing 狭窄化nasal 鼻音nasal cavity 鼻腔nasal sound 鼻音nasal stop 鼻塞音nasal tract 鼻道nasality 鼻音性nasalization 鼻音化Nash, Walternative speaker 操本族语者natural language 自然语言naturalistic data 自然语料near-adult grammar 近成人语法negation 否定否定结构negative 否定的negative interference 负面干扰negative marker 否定标记negative transfer 负转移neogrammarian 新语法学家network 网络network computer 网络计算机neutralizable opposition 可中立对立new information 新信息new stylistics 新文体学node 节nominal group 名词词组nominalization 名词化nominative 主格non-authentic input 非真实语料的输入non-contrastive analysis 非对比性分析non-conventionality 非规约性non-detachability非可分离性non-linear phonology 非线性音系学non-linguistic entity 非语言实体non-pulmonic sound 非肺闭塞音non-reciprocal discourse 非交替性语篇non-reflexive pronoun 非反身代词nonsense word stage 无意义词语阶段nonverbal cues 非言语提示norm 规范notation system 标写系统notion 意念notional-functional syllabus意念功能教学大纲noun phrase 名词短语noun 名词number system 数字系统number 数字Oobject 宾语object-deletion 宾语省略objective case 宾格objectivity 客观性obligatory 强制性observational adequacy 观察充分性abstruction 阻塞OCR scanner 光学字符阅读器扫描仪octametre 八音步诗行Old English 古英语one-place predicate 一位谓语on-line translation 在线翻译onomatopoeia 拟声词onset 节首辅音open class 开放类open syllable 开音节operational system 操作系统operative 可操作性operator 操作词oppositeness relation 对立关系opposition 对立optimal relevance 最适宜关联option 选择optional 可选择的oral cavity 口腔oral stop 口阻塞音ordinal numeral 序数词origin of language 语言起源orthography 正字法ostensive communication 直示交际output 产出overgeneralization 过分法则化Ppalatal 腭音舌面中音palatal-alveolar 腭齿龈音palatalization （硬）腭化paradigm 聚合体paradigmatic relation 聚合关系paraphrase 释义意译parole 言语part of speech 词类participant 参与者particle 小品词语助词particular grammar 特定语的语法partitive 部分的部分格passive transformation 被动转换passive (voice) 被动语态pattern drill technique 句型操练法pattern 模式patterning 制定模式pause 停顿peak （节）峰perceptual span 感知时距perfectionism 完善主义perfective 完成体performance test 语言运用测试performance 语言运用performative (verb) 行事性动词perlocutionary act 话后行为perseverative coarticulation重复性协同发音person 人称personal (function) 自指性功能pharyngeal 咽头音喉音pharynx 喉头phatic (communion) 寒暄交谈交感性谈话phone 音素音子phonematic unit 音声单位phoneme 音位phonetic alphabet 音标phonetic form component 语音形式部分phonetic similarity 语音相似性phonetic symbol 语音符号phonetic transcription 标音（法）phonetics 语音学phonological analysis 音位分析phonological component 音位部分phonological level 音系层phonological process 音位过程phonological representation 音位表达phonological rule 音位规则phonological structure 音位结构phonological system 音位系统phonological variant 音位变体phonology 音系学phrasal verb 短语动词phrase 短语phrase structure 短语结构phrase structure grammar 短语结构语法phrase structure rule, PSrule 短语结构规则pidgin 皮软语洋泾滨语不纯正外语Pitch 音高声调高低place of articulation 发音部位play 剧本plosion 爆破plosive 爆破音爆发音plural 复数pluralism 多元主义plurality 复数形式poetic (function) 诗学功能poetry 诗歌polymorphemic (word) 多语素词polysyllabic 多音节（词）polysystemic analysis 多系统分析Portugese 葡萄牙语positive transfer 正移转possessive 所有的属有的possible grammar 可能语言的语法postalveolar 后齿龈音post-Bloomfieldianlinguistics 后布龙菲尔德语言学postdeterminer 后限定词post-structuralist view 后结构主义观点pragmatic inference 语用推论pragmatic roles 语用角色pragmatics 语用学Prague School 布拉格学派predeterminer 前限定词predicate calculus 谓语演算predicate logic 谓语逻辑predicate 谓语predicator 谓语（动）词predictive validity 预测效度pre-editing 预先编辑译前加工prefix 前缀pre-modified input 预修正的输入premodifier 前修饰语preposition 介词prepositional calculus 介词演算prepositional logic 介词逻辑prepositional opposition 介词对立prepositional phrase 介词短语prescriptive 规定式presupposition 前提预设primary cardinal vowel 主要基本元音primary stress 主重音第一重音principle of informativeness信息性原则principle of least effort 最省力原则principle of quantity 数量原则privative opposition 表非对立表缺对立process 过程production error 产生性错误productivity 多产性proficiency test 水平测试pro-form 代词形式替代形式programming language 编程语言progressive 进行体progressive assimilation 顺同化projection rule 投射规则pronominal 代词pronoun 代词pronunciation 发音pronunciation dictionary 发音词典pronunciation 发音proportional opposition 部分对立proposition 命题prose style 散文风格prosodic analysis 节律分析超音质分析psycholinguistics 心理语言学psycholinguistic-sociolinguistic approach 心理-社会语言学方法psychological reality 心理现实psychological subject 心理主语psychology of language 语言心理学psychometric-structuralistapproach 心理测定-结构主义法pulmonic sound 肺闭塞音Putonghua 普通话QQ-based implicature 基于质量的含义Q-principle 质量原则quality 质量quality maxim 质量准则quantifier 数量词quantitative analysis 定量分析quantitative paradigm 数量变化表quantity maxim 数量准则quatrain 四行诗Rrange 范围rank 级rationalism 理性主义raw data 原始素材R-based implicature 基于关联的涵义reader 读者reading comprehension 阅读理解realisation 体现recall 回忆received pronunciation, RP标准发音receiver 受话者信息接受者recency effect 近期效应recognition 识别recursion 可溯recursive 可溯的还原的recursiveness 递归性reference 所指参照referential meaning 所指意义referential theory 所指理论referential 所指的reflected meaning 反映意义reflexive (form) 反身形式regional dialect 地域方言register 语域regressive assimilation 逆同化regulatory (function) 控制性语言功能relation maxim 关系准则relational opposite 关系对立relational process 关系过程relative clause 关系分句关系从句relative pronoun 关系代词relative uninterruptibility相对的非间断性relevance theory 关联理论reliability 信度repetition 重复representational system 表达系统representational 表达实体residue 剩余成分restricted language 限制性语言retrieval process 检索过程retrieval system 检索系统retroflex sound 卷舌音reverse rhyme 反陨revised extended standard theory, REST 修正扩展标准理论rewriting rules 重写规则rheme 述位rhetorical skill 修辞技能rhyme 韵韵角压韵rhythm 韵律节奏Roman alphabet letter 罗马字母root 词根root morpheme 词根语素round vowel 圆元音R-principle 关联原则rule system 规则系统rule-based approaches 基于规则的方法rules of language 语言规则Ssameness relation 相同关系Sanskrit 梵文Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 萨丕尔-沃夫假设Saussure 索绪尔scale of delicacy 精密阶schema 图式scheme-oriented language 面向图式的语言second language acquisition第二语言习得secondary cardinal vowel 次要基本元音secondary stress 次重音segment 音段selection restriction 选择限制selectional rules 选择规则self-reflexive 自反身semantic association network语义关联网络semantic change 语义变化semantic component 语义部分semantic feature 特征semantic interpretation 语义解释semantic interpretativerules 语义解释规则semantic process 语义过程semantic representation 语义表达semantic sentence pattern,SSP 语义句型semantic triangle 语义三角semantics 语义学semi-consonant 半辅音semiotic system 符号系统semiotics 符号学semi-vowel 半元音sense relation 意义关系sense 意义sentence 句子sentence fragments 句子成分sentence meaning 句义sentence memory 句子记忆sentence stress 句重音sentence structure 句子结构sentential calculus 句子演算setting 场景sibilant 咝擦音sign 符号signified 所指受指signifier 能指施指simile 明喻simultaneity 同时性singular 单数situational context 情景语境situational level 情景层situational syllabus 情景教学大纲situational variation 情景变异slot 空缺social role 社会角色social semiotic 社会符号学socio-cultural role 社会文化角色sociolinguistic study of language 语言的社会语言学研究sociolinguistic study ofsociety 社会的社会语言学研究sociolinguistics 社会语言学sociological approach 社会学方法soft palate 软腭solidarity 团结sonnet 十四行诗sonorant 响音sonority scale 响音阶sound 语音sound image 语音图像sound pattern 语音模式sound segment 音段sound system 语音系统sound wave 音波speaker’s meaning 说话者意义speech 言语speech act theory 言语行为理论speech community 言语社团speech comprehension 言语理解speech event 言语事件speech function 言语功能speech mode 言语方式speech organ 言语器官speech perception 言语感知speech presentation言语表达speech production ; 言语产生speech research言语研究speech role言语角色speech sound 语音speech synthesis 言语合成spelling 拼写,拼法split infinitives 分裂的不定式spoken corpus 口语语料库spoken language translation口语翻译spondee 扬扬格spoonerism 首音互换斯本内现象spread 展元音S-structure 表层结构stability 稳定性stability reliability 稳定性效度Standard English 标准英语standard theory 标准理论standardization 标准化statistical analysis 统计分析status 地位stem 词干stimulus 刺激stimulus-response 刺激反应stop 闭塞音stored knowledge 储存知识strategic knowledge 学习策略知识stratification 层stream of consciousness 意识流stress pattern 重音模式stress 重音structural analysis 结构分析structural (structuralist) grammar 结构语法structural syllabus 结构教学大纲structural test 结构测试structuralism 结构主义structuralist linguistics 结构主义语言学structuralist view 结构主义观点style 文体风格stylistic analysis 文体分析stylistics 文体学subcategorize 次范畴subject 主语subject-deletion 主语省略subjective test 主观性测试subjectivity 主观性subjunctive mood 虚拟语气subordinate construction 从属结构subordination 从属substitutability 替代性substitution 替换suffix 后缀superlative degree 最高级superordinate 上坐标词suprasegmental feature超语段特征surface form 表层形式surface representation 表层表达surface structure 表层结构syllabic structure 音节结构syllabification 音节划节syllable 音节syllabus design 教学大纲设计syllabus 教学大纲syllogism 三段论法symbol 符号synchronic (linguistics) 共时（语言学）synonym 同义词synonymous 同义的synonymy 同义现象syntactic component 句法部分syntactic features 句法特征syntactic function 句法功能syntactic marker 句法标记syntactic process 句法过程syntactic restriction 句法限制syntactic structure 句法结构syntactical change 变化syntagmatic relation 组合关系syntax 句法system network 系统网络system of signs 符号系统。

Abberbation 缩写；缩略Ablative case 夺格（即第五个或工具格）Absolute synonym 绝对同义词Accusative case 直接宾格Acronym 首字母缩略词Aderbial clause of concession 让步状语从句Affix 词缀Affixation 词缀法Alien 外国词Alliteration 头韵Alphabetical order 字母表顺序Amelioration 进化Analogy 类比Analytic language 分析性语言Anthropomorphic 拟人化的Antonym 反义词Antonymy 翻译关系Approach to 方法Archaism 古词Arbitrary 任意的Argot 黑话Autosemantic 词本身有独立意义的Base 词基Back-formation 逆成法Bilingual 双语的Blend 拼缀词Blending 拼缀法Borrowed word 借词Borrowing 借词Bound morpheme 粘着形位Briton 布立吞人Capitalization 大写Case 格Classical element 古典成分Clipping 缩短法Collocability 词的搭配能力Collocation 词的搭配Colloquialism 口语词Colloquial style 口语语体Combining form 构词成分Complementaries 互补性反义词Complex word 复合词Compound 合成词Compound word 合成词Compounding 合成法Concatenation 连锁型语义演变过程Conjugation 动词变位Connotative meaning 内含意义Context 语境Contraries 相对性反义词Conventional 约定俗成的Converging sound-development 语音发展的一致性Conversion 转类法Conversives 换位性反义词Cosmopolitan character 国际性Dative case 与格（第三格）De-adjectival 由形容词转变而来的Declension 名词、形容词等的变格Degradation of meaning 意义的降格Denizen 外来词Denominal nouns :abstract 纯名词表示抽象意义Denominal nouns :concrete 纯名词表示具体意义Denotative meaning 外延意义Derivative antonym 派生反义词Deterioration 退化Deverbal noun 由动词派生的名词Diachronic approach 历时分析法Diachronic dictionary 历史语言学词典Diachrony 历时分析Dialect 方言Double genitive case 双生格Doublets 两词一组的同义词Elevation of meaning 意义的升格Encyclopaedic dictionary 百科全书词典Entry 词条Etymology 词源学Euphemism 委婉语Euphony 语音的和谐悦耳Existing word 现行的词Exocentric word 离心结构合成词Extension of meaning 意义的扩大Figure of speech 修饰手段Figurative use 比喻用法Foreign element 外来语成分Formal word 书面词Form-word 虚词Free from 自由形式Free morpheme 自由形位Free phrase 自由词组French element 法语成分Full conversion 完全转类法Full word 实词Functional word 虚词Generalization 一般化Genitive case 生格（第二格）General dictionary 一般性词典Glossary 难词Headword 词目Homoform 同语法形式异义词Homograph 同形异音异义词Homonym 同音异义词；同形异义词；同音同形异义词Homonymy 同音、同形、同音同形异义词的研究Homophone 同音异形异义词Hybrid 混合词Hyponym 下意词Hyponymy 上下意关系Idiom 习语Idiomatic phrase 惯用语词组Imperative sentence 祈使句Indo-European family 印欧语系Inflected language 曲折性语言Informal word 口语词Jargon 行话Latin element 拉丁语成分Leveled inflections 曲折变化弱化Linguistic context 语言语境Literal use 字面用法Loan-word借词Locative case 位置格Locative prefix 表示地点的前缀Lost inflections 曲折变化消失Main stress 主重音Medium-sized dictionary 中型词典Metaphor隐喻Middle English 中古英语Miscellaneous prefix 混合型前缀Monosemy 一词单意Morpheme 形位Morphology 词法Motivation 理据Multilingual 用多种语言表达的；多语的Narrowing of meaning 意义的缩小Native element 本族语成分Native word 本族语词Negative prefix 表示否定的前缀Neo-classical 新古典主义的Neologism 新词New word 新词Nominative case 主格Nonce word 临时造的词Non-linguistic context 非语言语境Notional word 实词Number prefix 表示数目的前缀Obsolete word 费词Official language 官方语言Old English 古英语Onomatopoeia 象声词Open 分开写的Orthographic criterion 正字法标准Part of the speech 词类Partial conversion 部分转类法Pejorative prefix 表示贬义的前缀Pahatic communion 交际性谈话Phonetics 语音学Phonology 音位学Phraseological idiom 熟语Physiology 生理学Pocket dictionary 小型词典Polarity 对立性Polysemic character 一词多义性Polysemy 一词多义Popular 通俗的Possessive case 所有格Preciseness 精确性Prefix 前缀Prefixation 前缀法Private prefix 表示反义的前缀radiation 放射型的语义演变过程reduplicative compound 或者reduplicative(s )重叠合成词reference 语词所指涵义referent 语词所指事物relative synonym 相对同义词repetition 重复representative work 代表作reversative prefix表示反义的前缀rhyme 韵脚richness丰富性root 词根root antonym词根反义词Scandinavian element 斯堪的纳维亚语成分Secondary stress次重音Semantic borrowing(s)义借词Semantics语义学Semiotic triangle三角关系符号学理论Sense-shift语义转换Shade of meaning意义的（细微）差别Shortening缩短法(the)sign theory of Saussure索绪尔符号理论Signified（借助符号进行交际的）事物的概念或涵义Signifier代表事物的概念或涵义符号Simile明喻Slang俚语solid(合成词中两个词）连起来写的special dictionary专门性词典specialization 特殊化Spelling拼写Stem词干Stylistics文体学Suffix后缀Suffixation后缀法(the)superordinate (term)上义词Survival(s)(vestiges)保留下来的词Sychronic approach共时分析法Sychronic dictionary共时语言学词典Synchrony共时分析Synesthetic（产生）联觉的Synecdoche提喻法Synonym同义词Synonymy 同义关系Synsemantic 与其他词连用时才有意义的Teutonic language条顿（日耳曼）语言The Angles,Saxons and Jutes盎格鲁人撒克逊人，朱特人The Norman conquest 诺曼征服英国Translation-loans译借词Triplets三词一组的同义词Unabridged dictionary 大型（无任何删节的）词典Variety (语言的）变体Word-class 词类Word -formation word-building 构词法Word-forming ability 构词能力Word-stock词汇Working language 工作语言。

∙aallomorph['æləumɔ:f]基本释义同近义词∙n. 同质异晶；同质异形体ambiguity[,æmbi'ɡju:iti]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 含糊；不明确；暧昧；模棱两可的amelioration[ə,mi:ljə'reiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 改进，改善analytic[,ænə'litik,-kəl]基本释义词组短语antithesis[æn'tiθisis]基本释义同近义词∙n. 对立面；对照；对仗∙adj. 分析的；解析的；善于分析的antonymy[æn'tɔnimi]基本释义∙n. 反义词组；反义现象appreciative[ə'pri:ʃiətiv]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 感激的；赏识的；有欣赏力的；承认有价值的archaic[ɑ:'keiik]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 古代的；陈旧的；古体的；古色古香的archaism['ɑ:keiizəm, -ki-]基本释义n. 古语；拟古主义；古体argot['ɑ:ɡəu, 'ɑ:ɡət]基本释义同近义词∙n. 隐语；暗语；暗号；俚语；黑话armenian[ɑ:'mi:njən]基本释义∙n. 亚美尼亚人；亚美尼亚语∙adj. 亚美尼亚的；亚美尼亚人的clipping ['klipiŋ]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 剪裁，剪断；剪报，剪辑；剪下物，剪下的东西∙adj. 头等的，第一流的；极好的，恰好的balto-slavic['bɔ:ltən'slɑ:vik]基本释义∙n. 印欧语中的波罗的海语系bound [baund]英汉翻译∙adj. 受约束的；装有封面的；有义务的∙vt. 束缚；使跳跃∙n. 跳跃；范围∙vi. 弹起；限制catchphrase['kætʃfreiz]基本释义同近义词∙n. 标语，警句Celtic ['keltik;'sel-]基本释义∙adj. 凯尔特人的；凯尔特语的∙n. 凯尔特语（等于Keltic）collocation[,kɔləu'keiʃən]英汉翻译∙n. 搭配；配置；排列colloquialism[kə'ləukwiəlizəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 白话，口语；口语体；方言用语concatenation[kɔn,kæti'neiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 串联，连结connotation[,kɔnəu'teiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 内涵；含蓄；暗示，隐含意义；储蓄的东西（词、语等）constituent[kən'stitjuənt]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 成分；选民；委托人∙adj. 构成的；选举的consultative[kən'sʌltətiv]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 咨询的couplet ['kʌplit]基本释义同近义词∙n. 对联；对句degradation[,deɡrə'deiʃən]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 退化；降格，降级；堕落deletion[di'li:ʃən]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 删除；[遗]缺失；删除部分denizen['denizən]基本释义同近义词∙vt. 给…居住权；移植∙n. 居民；外来语；外籍居民denominal[di'nɔminəl]基本释义∙adj. 来自名词（形容词）的∙n. 来自名词（形容词）的词denotation[,di:nəu'teiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 符号；表示；意义；指示derivation[,deri'veiʃən]∙基本释义词组短语同近义词n. 引出；来历；词源derogatory[di'rɔɡətəri]基本释义词组短语同近义词adj. 贬损的diachronic[,daiə'krɔnik,-kəl]基本释义∙adj. 探求现象变化的；历经时间长河duplication[,dju:pli'keiʃən]英汉翻译∙n. 复制；副本；成倍equivalent[i'kwivələnt]英汉翻译∙adj. 等价的，相等的；同意义的∙n. 等价物，相等物etymology[,eti'mɔlədʒi]基本释义∙n. 语源，[语] 语源学[ 复数etymologies ]euphemism['ju:fimizəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 委婉语；委婉说法morpheme['mɔ:fi:m]基本释义∙n. [语] 词素；形态素generalisation[,dʒenərəlai'zeiʃən, -li'z-]基本释义同近义词∙n. （英）一般化；归纳；普遍原理（等于generalization）grammatical[ɡrə'mætikəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 文法的；符合语法规则的graphology[ɡræ'fɔlədʒi]基本释义∙n. 笔迹学；笔迹相法；图表法hellenic[he'lenik, -'li:-]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 希腊的；希腊人的；希腊语的heterogeneous[,hetərəu'dʒi:njəs]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. [化学]多相的；异种的；[化学] 不均匀的；由不同成分形成的homograph['hɔməuɡrɑ:f, -ɡræf]基本释义∙n. 同形异义字homonym['hɔməunim]基本释义∙n. 同音异义词；同形异义词；同形同音异义词；同名异物homonymy[hɔ'mɔnimi]基本释义∙n. 同音异义homophone['hɔməufəun]基本释义∙n. 同音异形异义字idiom ['idiəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 成语，习语；土话idiomatic[,idiə'mætik]基本释义词组短语∙adj. 惯用的；符合语言习惯的；通顺的Iranian[i'reinjən]基本释义∙adj. 伊朗的；伊朗人的；伊朗语的∙n. 伊朗人；伊朗语initialism[i'niʃəlizəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 首字母缩略词intimate['intimət]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 亲密的；私人的；精通的；有性关系的∙n. 知己；至交∙vt. 暗示；通知；宣布juxtaposition[,dʒʌkstəpə'ziʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 并置，并列；毗邻lexical['leksikəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 词汇的；[语] 词典的；词典编纂的lexicography[,leksi'kɔɡrəfi]基本释义∙n. 词典编纂lexicology[,leksi'kɔlədʒi]基本释义∙n. 词汇学；词典学lexis ['leksis]基本释义同近义词∙n. 词汇；词语literary ['litərəri]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 文学的；书面的；精通文学的loan [ləun]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 贷款；借款∙vi. 借出∙vt. 借；借给metaphor['metəfə]基本释义同近义词∙n. 暗喻，隐喻；比喻说法metonymy[mi'tɔnimi, mə-]基本释义∙n. 转喻monolingual[,mɔnəu'liŋɡwəl]基本释义∙adj. 单语的；仅用一种语言的；仅懂一种语言的∙n. 只用一种语言的人monosomic[,mɔnəu'səumik]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 单（染色）体的morphology[mɔ:'fɔlədʒi]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 形态学，形态论；[语] 词法，[语]词态学neoclassical[,ni:əu'klæsikəl]基本释义词组短语∙adj. 新古典主义的neologism[ni:'ɔlədʒizəm,ni-]基本释义同近义词∙n. 新词；新义；新词的使用notional['nəuʃənəl]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 概念性的；想像的；抽象的；不切实际的obsolete['ɔbsəli:t, ,ɔbsə'li:t]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 废弃的；老式的∙n. 废词；陈腐的人vt. 淘汰；废弃onomatopoeic[,ɔnə,mætə'pi:k]英汉翻译∙adj. 拟声的；声喻的orthographic[,ɔ:θəu'ɡræfik]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 正字法的；拼字正确的；直角的pejoration[,pi:dʒə'reiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 恶化；堕落；语义的转贬polysemic网络释义多义性polysemous[,pɔli'si:məs]基本释义∙adj. 一词多义的；有多种解释的reduplication[ri,dju:pli'keiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 加倍；复本；复制器；重复referential[,refə'renʃəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 指示的；用作参考的Scandinavian[,skændi'neiviən; -vjən]基本释义∙n. 斯堪的纳维亚人；斯堪的纳维亚语；北欧日耳曼语系∙adj. 斯堪的纳维亚的；斯堪的纳维亚人的；斯堪的纳维亚语的；北欧日耳曼语系的semantic[si'mæntik]基本释义词组短语∙adj. 语义的；语义学的（等于semanticalsubordinate[sə'bɔ:dinət,-neit,sə'bɔ:dineit]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 下属，下级；部属，属下∙adj. 从属的；次要的∙vt. 使……居下位；使……服从[ 过去式subordinated过去分词subordinated 现在分词subordinatingsuperordinate[,sju:pə'rɔ:dinət]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 上级的，地位高的；高级的[ 过去式superordinated 过去分词superordinated现在分词superordinating ]synthetic[sin'θetik]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 综合的；合成的，人造的∙n. 合成物triplet ['triplit]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 三个一组；三连音符；三元组中的一个；三胞胎之一verbal ['və:bəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 口头的；言语的；动词的；照字面的∙n. 动词的非谓语形式unabridged[,ʌnə'bridʒd]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 完整的；未经删节的；足本的。

第一章wordl.Word ——A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.第三章formation 11.Morpheme ——A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the position of words.2.Allomorph —Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs.3.Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes.4.Bound Morphemes --- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words.5.Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to bine with other morphemes to make words.6.Affixes ——Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.7.Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes.8.Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9.Prefixes ——Prefixes are affixes that e before the word.10.Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that e after the word.11.Roo t ——A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12.Stem ——a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.第四章formation 21, Affixation -affixation is generally defined as theformation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.2.Prefixation ——is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.3.pounding (positon) -- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.4.Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.5.Blending-- is the formation of new words by bined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word.6.Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remain instead.7.Acronymy-- is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.8.Back-formation -- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit. 第五章meaning1.Reference --- the relationship between language and the world.2.Concept ——which beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting theobjective world in the human mind.3.Sense- denotes the relationship inside the language.4. Motivation - -accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.5. Onomatopoeic Motivation - -These words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.6. Morphological Motivation--pounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes bined.7. Semantic Motivation - -refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. 8. Etymological Motivation-- The history of the word explains the meaning of the word9.Grammatical meaning - refer to that part of the meaning of the word which i ndicates grammatical concept or relationships.10.Lexical meaning--is constant in all the words within or without context relat ed to the notion thatthe word conveys.11.Conceptual meaning (denotative meaning) - the meaning given in the di ctionary and forms the core of word-meaning12.Associative meaning - the secondary meaning supplemented to the concep tual meaning. It is open-ended and indeterminate13.Connotative meaning ---the overtones or association suggested by the con ceptual meaning14.Stylistic meaning - stylistic features make the words appropriate for different contexts.15. Affective meaning - the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in q uestion.第六章Sense Relations and semantic Field23.Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms I. II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai emef/=International Monetary Fund. III.IV. Blends--are words that are bined by parts of other word24.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysedinto parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.25.Transparent Words --Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).26.Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.27.Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} hasa number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.28.Derivation or Affixation --Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.29.Polysemy —the word with more than one senses or which can be used to express more meaning.30.Diachronic approach - Diachronically, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. This first meaning is the primary meaning. With the advance of time and the development of language , it took on more and more meanings. These latter meanings are called derived meanings.31.Synchronic approach - synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistent of various meaning of the same word in a certain historical period of time. The basic meaning of a word is the core of word meaning. The core of word meaning called the central meaning (secondary meaning).32.Radiation - a semantic process which shows that the primary meaning stands at the center andeach of the derived meanings proceed out of in every direction like rays.33.Concatenation - meaning “linking together”, which theis the semantic process in meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense bysuccessive shifts until， in many cases， there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finallydeveloped and that which the tern had at the begining.34.Homonyms ----------- are generally defined as words different in meaning buteither identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.35.Perfect Homonyms ------------- are words identical both in sound and spelling, butdifferent in meaning.36.Homographs --------- are words identical only in spelling but different in soundand meaning.37.Homophones(most mon) ---------------- are words identical only in sound but differentin spelling and meaning.38.Synonyms—are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.39.Absolute Synonyms ------------ are words， which are identical in meaning in all itsaspects， i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning， including conceptual and associative meanings.40.Relative synonyms ------------- are similar or nearly the same in denotation butembrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.41.Antonyms --------- are words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms(according to the semantic opposition )1) Contradictory terms - these antonyms are truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. They assertion of one is the denial of the other.2)Contrary terms --------------- a scale running between two poles or extremes.3) Relative terms - consist of relational oppositeness. The pairs of words indicate such a socialrelationship that one of them can not be used without suggesting the other, the type is also reverse terms. The two words of each pair interdependent..Hyponymy ----------- deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, themeaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.These specific words are known as hyponyms (下义词).For instance, tulip and rose are hyponyms of flower. The general word flower is the superordinate term (上义词) and the specific ones tulip and rose are the subordinate terms (下义词).第七章changes in word meaning1.Extension (generalization) -------------------- I t is a process by which a word with aspecialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less definite concept.2.Narrowing (specialization) -------------------- I t is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquiresa narrower or specialized sense.3.Elevation or amelioration -------------- r efers to the process by which words rise fromhumble beginnings to positions of importance.4.Degradation or pejoration of meaning ---------------------- I t is a process whereby words ofgood origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words e to be used in derogatory sense.5.Transfer ---------- I t is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes torefer to different but related thing.第八章contextThe extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire culture background.Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context Lexical Context - refers to the words occur together with the word inquestion.Grammatical context - The meanings of a word may be inflected by the structure in which it occurs.第九章：idioms5.1diom-idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences, which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas.2.Characteristics of idiomsa.Semantic unity - Idioms each consist of more than one word, but each is a semantic unity. Though the various words which make up the idiom have their respective literal meanings， in the idiom they have lost their individual meaning. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom. The part of speech of each element in no longer important. Quite often the idiom functions as one word.b.Structural Stability - the structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable.True idioms - the meaning of the idiom cannot be deduced from those of the individual constituents. Regular bination - the speaker of the regular collocations, the meaning of the idiom can be understood from the literal meaning of the constitute.Semi-idioms - the meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constitute but are not themselves explicit.1.Idioms nominal in nature （名词性）一have a noun as the key word and function as a noun.1.1dioms adjective in nature （形容词性）-function as adjectives but the constituents are not necessary adjectives.1.2dioms verbal in nature （动词性）- this is the largest group.Phrasal verbs - idioms which are posed of a verb plus a prep and/or a particle.4.Idioms adverbial in nature （副词性）1.Sentence Idioms - are mainly proverbs and sayings including colloquialisms and catchphrases. Each function as a sentence.Figure of speech1.Simile2.Metaphor「n.隐喻」------ is a figure of speech containing an implied parison，in which a word or phase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.3.Metonymy「n.借代」----- is the device in which we name something by one ofits attributes， as in crown for king， the White House for the President. The kettle is boiling. （kettle for water in the kettle）4.Synecdoche「n.提喻法」 ---- means using a part for a whole, an individual fora class a material for a thing or the reverse of any of these.5.Personification （拟人）6.Euphemism （委婉）Variation of idioms1.Replacement - a constituent may be replaced by a word of the same part of speech, resulting insynonymous or antonymous idioms.2.Addition or deletion - some constituent can be added or deleted without any change of meaning3.Positionshifting - the position of certain constituent is some idioms can be shifted without any change of meaning4.Shorting - in proverbs and sayings, where only a part of them is used instead of the whole5.Dismembering - breaking up the idioms into pieces, an unusual case of idioms particular in literature or popular press to achieve special effect.。

Abberbation 缩写；缩略Ablative case 夺格（即第五个或工具格）Absolute synonym 绝对同义词Accusative case 直接宾格Acronym 首字母缩略词Aderbial clause of concession 让步状语从句Affix 词缀Affixation 词缀法Alien 外国词Alliteration 头韵Alphabetical order 字母表顺序Amelioration 进化Analogy 类比Analytic language 分析性语言Anthropomorphic 拟人化的Antonym 反义词Antonymy 翻译关系Approach to 方法Archaism 古词Arbitrary 任意的Argot 黑话Autosemantic 词本身有独立意义的Base 词基Back-formation 逆成法Bilingual 双语的Blend 拼缀词Blending 拼缀法Borrowed word 借词Borrowing 借词Bound morpheme 粘着形位Briton 布立吞人Capitalization 大写Case 格Classical element 古典成分Clipping 缩短法Collocability 词的搭配能力Collocation 词的搭配Colloquialism 口语词Colloquial style 口语语体Combining form 构词成分Complementaries 互补性反义词Complex word 复合词Compound 合成词Compound word 合成词Compounding 合成法Concatenation 连锁型语义演变过程Conjugation 动词变位Connotative meaning 内含意义Context 语境Contraries 相对性反义词Conventional 约定俗成的Converging sound-development 语音发展的一致性Conversion 转类法Conversives 换位性反义词Cosmopolitan character 国际性Dative case 与格（第三格）De-adjectival 由形容词转变而来的Declension 名词、形容词等的变格Degradation of meaning 意义的降格Denizen 外来词Denominal nouns :abstract 纯名词表示抽象意义Denominal nouns :concrete 纯名词表示具体意义Denotative meaning 外延意义Derivative antonym 派生反义词Deterioration 退化Deverbal noun 由动词派生的名词Diachronic approach 历时分析法Diachronic dictionary 历史语言学词典Diachrony 历时分析Dialect 方言Double genitive case 双生格Doublets 两词一组的同义词Elevation of meaning 意义的升格Encyclopaedic dictionary 百科全书词典Entry 词条Etymology 词源学Euphemism 委婉语Euphony 语音的和谐悦耳Existing word 现行的词Exocentric word 离心结构合成词Extension of meaning 意义的扩大Figure of speech 修饰手段Figurative use 比喻用法Foreign element 外来语成分Formal word 书面词Form-word 虚词Free from 自由形式Free morpheme 自由形位Free phrase 自由词组French element 法语成分Full conversion 完全转类法Full word 实词Functional word 虚词Generalization 一般化Genitive case 生格（第二格）General dictionary 一般性词典Glossary 难词Headword 词目Homoform 同语法形式异义词Homograph 同形异音异义词Homonym 同音异义词；同形异义词；同音同形异义词Homonymy 同音、同形、同音同形异义词的研究Homophone 同音异形异义词Hybrid 混合词Hyponym 下意词Hyponymy 上下意关系Idiom 习语Idiomatic phrase 惯用语词组Imperative sentence 祈使句Indo-European family 印欧语系Inflected language 曲折性语言Informal word 口语词Jargon 行话Latin element 拉丁语成分Leveled inflections 曲折变化弱化Linguistic context 语言语境Literal use 字面用法Loan-word借词Locative case 位置格Locative prefix 表示地点的前缀Lost inflections 曲折变化消失Main stress 主重音Medium-sized dictionary 中型词典Metaphor隐喻Middle English 中古英语Miscellaneous prefix 混合型前缀Monosemy 一词单意Morpheme 形位Morphology 词法Motivation 理据Multilingual 用多种语言表达的；多语的Narrowing of meaning 意义的缩小Native element 本族语成分Native word 本族语词Negative prefix 表示否定的前缀Neo-classical 新古典主义的Neologism 新词New word 新词Nominative case 主格Nonce word 临时造的词Non-linguistic context 非语言语境Notional word 实词Number prefix 表示数目的前缀Obsolete word 费词Official language 官方语言Old English 古英语Onomatopoeia 象声词Open 分开写的Orthographic criterion 正字法标准Part of the speech 词类Partial conversion 部分转类法Pejorative prefix 表示贬义的前缀Pahatic communion 交际性谈话Phonetics 语音学Phonology 音位学Phraseological idiom 熟语Physiology 生理学Pocket dictionary 小型词典Polarity 对立性Polysemic character 一词多义性Polysemy 一词多义Popular 通俗的Possessive case 所有格Preciseness 精确性Prefix 前缀Prefixation 前缀法Private prefix 表示反义的前缀radiation 放射型的语义演变过程reduplicative compound 或者reduplicative(s )重叠合成词reference 语词所指涵义referent 语词所指事物relative synonym 相对同义词repetition 重复representative work 代表作reversative prefix表示反义的前缀rhyme 韵脚richness丰富性root 词根root antonym词根反义词Scandinavian element 斯堪的纳维亚语成分Secondary stress次重音Semantic borrowing(s)义借词Semantics语义学Semiotic triangle三角关系符号学理论Sense-shift语义转换Shade of meaning意义的（细微）差别Shortening缩短法(the)sign theory of Saussure索绪尔符号理论Signified（借助符号进行交际的）事物的概念或涵义Signifier代表事物的概念或涵义符号Simile明喻Slang俚语solid(合成词中两个词）连起来写的special dictionary专门性词典specialization 特殊化Spelling拼写Stem词干Stylistics文体学Suffix后缀Suffixation后缀法(the)superordinate (term)上义词Survival(s)(vestiges)保留下来的词Sychronic approach共时分析法Sychronic dictionary共时语言学词典Synchrony共时分析Synesthetic（产生）联觉的Synecdoche提喻法Synonym同义词Synonymy 同义关系Synsemantic 与其他词连用时才有意义的Teutonic language条顿（日耳曼）语言The Angles,Saxons and Jutes盎格鲁人撒克逊人，朱特人The Norman conquest 诺曼征服英国Translation-loans译借词Triplets三词一组的同义词Unabridged dictionary 大型（无任何删节的）词典Variety (语言的）变体Word-class 词类Word -formation word-building 构词法Word-forming ability 构词能力Word-stock词汇Working language 工作语言。

《英语词汇学》教材全解析导入0.1英语词典学的本质和范围词典学是语言学的分支。

追寻词语的源头和意义。

英语词典学针对英语词汇的语形结构和等义词进行探索和研究，还有他们的语义结构，关系，历史发展，形式和用法。

英语词典学是一门理论课程。

它主要研究词汇总体的词汇理论和具体的词汇理论。

然而，它同样是一门实践课程，我们将不可避免的接触丰富的词汇和短语，并且研究大量的用法实例。

自然，将会涉及大量的练习。

02.英语词典学是语言学的分支，但是它也包括其他的学科，例如形态学，语义学，词源学，文体论，词语编纂。

每种在自己的范围之内形成学科。

形态学是研究词语形式结构的语法分支，主要通过词素结构的使用。

这是词典学主要关心的问题，因为我们将讨论词语和词语形式的变声，检查词素是如何构成词汇，词汇是如何构成句子的。

词源学传统上是用来研究词语结构和意义的起源和历史。

现代英语是来源于早年的日尔曼语族的一些语言，词汇相当少。

我们将研究这小的词汇量是如何变得庞大，并且解释词汇形式和意义上已经发生的变化。

语义学是研究不同语言等级含义的学科：词汇，句法，发声，演讲等等。

但是词典学将集中在词汇等级上。

意义和语感关系的类型如意义分歧，同名歧义，同义重复，反义词组，上下位关系和语义场都属于语义研究的范围，构成词典学的重要组成部分。

文体论是对文体的研究。

他是关注在特定环境中表达特殊效果的语言要素的选择，存在于研究领域的是：词汇，音韵学，句法学，笔迹学，我们将集中在词汇，和词汇文体价值的探索上。

词典编纂和词典学承担相同的问题：形式，意义，词汇的起源和用法，但是他们有实用上的差别。

一个词典编纂者的任务是记录使用的语言以便去把词语的真实面貌展现给读者，提供权威参考；而词汇学研究者是要获得关于词汇的知识和信息以便去增长他们的词汇知识和语言使用的能力。

尽管英语词汇学覆盖宽泛的学术领域，我们的任务却是明确的和一致的。

那就是在不同的方面和不同的角度研究英语单词。

Lexicology is a branch of linguistics，inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.Morphology: the study of morpheme and their different forms。

Semantics:the study of word meaning。

Etymology：the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning。

Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearerLexicography：the compiling of dictionaries。

Synchronic study：the study of a word or words at one particular point in time。

Diachronic study：an approach to lexicology which studies how a word (or words) changes over a period of time。

word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function。

语言学术语英汉对照——考@翻译硕士唯一认准@鬼谷一喵第一章phonology音系学grammar语法学morphology形态学syntax句法学lexicology词汇学general linguistics普通语言学theoretical linguistics理论语言学historical linguistics历史语言学descriptive linguistics描写语言学empirical linguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学anthropology人类学stylistics文体学signifier能指signified所指morphs形素morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列学syntactic categories句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列sub-structure低层结构super-structure上层结构open syllable开音节closed syllable闭音节checked syllable成阻音节rank 等级level层次ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论sing-song theory唱歌说yo-he-ho theory劳动喊声说pooh-pooh theory感叹说ta-ta theory模仿说animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说Prague school布拉格学派Bilateral opposition双边对立Mutilateral opposition多边对立Proportional opposition部分对立Isolated opposition孤立对立Private opposition表缺对立Graded opposition渐次对立Equipollent opposition均等对立Neutralizable opposition可中立对立Constant opposition恒定对立Systemic-functional grammar系统功能语法Meaning potential意义潜势Conversational implicature会话含义Deictics指示词Presupposition预设Speech acts言语行为Discourse analysis话语分析Contetualism语境论Phatic communion寒暄交谈Metalanguage原语言Applied linguistics应用语言学Nominalism唯名学派Psychosomatics身学第二章trachea/windpipe气管tip舌尖blade舌叶/舌面front舌前部center舌中部top舌顶back舌后部dorsum舌背root舌跟pharynx喉/咽腔laryngeals喉音laryngealization喉化音vocal cords声带vocal tract声腔initiator启动部分pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流机制glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流机制velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机制Adam’s apple喉结Voiceless sound清音Voiceless consonant请辅音Voiced sound浊音Voiced consonant浊辅音Glottal stop喉塞音Breath state呼吸状态Voice state带音状态Whisper state耳语状态Closed state封闭状态Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨Dorsum舌背Ejective呼气音Glottalised stop喉塞音Impossive内爆破音Click/ingressive吸气音Segmental phonology音段音系学Segmental phonemes音段音位Suprasegmental超音段Non-segmental非音段Plurisegmental复音段Synthetic language综合型语言Diacritic mark附加符号Broad transcription宽式标音Narrow transcription窄式标音Orthoepy正音法Orthography正字法Etymology词源Active articulator积极发音器官Movable speech organ能动发音器官Passive articulator消极发音器官Immovable speech organ不能动发音器官Lateral边音Approximant [j,w]无摩擦延续音Resonant共鸣音Central approximant中央无摩擦延续音Lateral approximant边无摩擦延续音Unilateral consonant单边辅音Bilateral consonant双边辅音Non-lateral非边音Trill [r]颤音 trilled consonant颤辅音rolled consonant滚辅音Labal-velar唇化软腭音Interdental齿间音Post-dental后齿音Apico-alveolar舌尖齿龈音Dorso-alveolar舌背齿龈音Palato-alveolar后齿龈音Palato-alveolar腭齿龈音Dorso-palatal舌背腭音Pre-palatal前腭音Post-palatal后腭音Velarization软腭音化Voicing浊音化Devoicing清音化Pure vowel纯元音Diphthong二合元音Triphthong三合元音Diphthongization二合元音化Monophthongization单元音化Centring diphthong央二合元音Closing diphthong闭二合元音Narrow diphthong窄二合元音Wide diphthong宽二合元音Phonetic similarity语音相似性Free variant自由变体Free variation自由变异Contiguous assimilation临近同化Juxtapostional assimilation邻接同化Regressive assimilation逆同化Anticipatory assimilation先行同化Progressive assimilation顺同化Reciprocal assimilation互相同化Coalescent assimilation融合同化Partial assimilation部分同化Epenthesis插音Primary stress主重音Secondary stress次重音Weak stress弱重音Stress group重音群Sentence stress句子重音Contrastive stress对比重音Lexical stress词汇重音Word stress词重音Lexical tone词汇声调Nuclear tone核心声调Tonetics声调学Intonation contour语调升降曲线Tone units声调单位Intonology语调学Multilevel phonology多层次音系学Monosyllabic word多音节词Polysyllabic word单音节次Maximal onset principle最大节首辅音原则第三章词汇liaison连音contracted form缩写形式frequency count词频统计a unit of vocabulary词汇单位a lexical item词条a lexeme词位hierarchy层次性lexicogrammar词汇语法morpheme语素nonomorphemic words单语素词polymorphemic words多语素词relative uninterruptibility相对连续性a minimum free form最小自由形式the maximum free form最大自由形式variable words 可变词invariable words不变词paradigm聚合体grammatical words(function words)语法词/功能词lexical words(content words)词汇词/实义词closed-class words封闭类词opened-class words开放类词word class词类particles小品词pro-form代词形式pro-adjective(so)代形容词pro-verb(do/did)代副词pro-adverb(so)代动词pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词determiners限定词predeterminers前置限定词central determiners中置限定词post determiners后置限定词ordinal number序数词cardinal number基数词morpheme词素morphology形态学free morpheme自由词素bound morpheme黏着词素root词根affix词缀stem词干root morpheme词根语素prefix前缀infix中缀suffix后缀bound root morpheme黏着词根词素inflectional affix屈折词缀derivational affix派生词缀inflectional morphemes屈折语素derivational morphemes派生语素word-formation构词compound复合词endocentric compound向心复合词exocentric compound离心复合词nominal endocentric compound名词性向心复合词adjective endocentric compound形容词性向心复合词verbal compound动词性复合词synthetic compound综合性复合词derivation派生词morpheme语素phoneme音位morphonology形态语音学morphophomemics形态音位学morphemic structure语素结构phonological structure音素结构monosyllabic单音节polysyllabic多音节phonological conditioned音位的限制morphological conditioned形态的限制coinage/invention新创词语blending混成法abbreviation缩写法acronym首字母缩写法back-formation逆序造次/逆构词法analogical creation类比构词法borrowing借词法loanword借词loanblend混合借词loanshift转移借词loan translation翻译借词loss脱落addition添加metathesis换位assimilation同化contact assimilation接触性同化contiguous assimilation临近性同化theory of least effort省力理论non- contiguous assimilation非临近性同化distant assimilation远距离同化morpho-syntactic change形态-句法变化morphological change形态变化syntactical change句法变化finite element有定成分semantic change语义变化multisemous多种意义broadening词义扩大narrowing词义缩小meaning shift词义转移class shift词性变换folk etymology俗词源orthographic change拼写的变化conversion变换/变码domain范围/领域meaning shift意义转移split infinitives分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes)calque仿造词语clipping截断法metanalysis再分化finiteness定式proximate(this)近指代词obviative(that)远指代词non-productivity/unproductive非多产性semiotics符号学paradigmatic relations聚合关系associative relations联想关系syntagmatic relations组合关系sequential relations序列关系logogram语标register语域passive vocabulary消极词汇lexis/vocabulary词汇表第四章句法number数gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative兵格genitive属格dative与格ablative离格tense 时aspect体perfective完成体imperfective未完成体concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government支配关系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指syntagmatic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词the two axes两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure线性结构hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体constituent成分substituability替换性labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现the declarative陈述句the interrogative疑问句dative movement与格移位morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化object-deletion宾语删除subject-deletion主语删除categories语类lexicon词库temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory标准理论trace theory语迹理论the same index带同标志government管辖binding约束a rule system规则系统a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command for short)成分统制plain English普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal指代语r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语local domain局部语域binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角CS(computational system)计算系统Merger合并move移动theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主语objective order客观顺序subjective order主观顺序actual sentence division实义句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子观communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表达功能expressive function表情功能appellative/vocative function称呼功能conative function意欲功能poetic function诗学功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇功能transitivity及物性actor动作者mood system语气系统the finite verbal operator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陈语气imperative祈使语气mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程（感觉过程）relational process(a process of being)关系过程（属性过程）verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程（讲话过程）existential process生存过程第四章句法number数gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative兵格genitive属格dative与格ablative离格tense 时aspect体perfective完成体imperfective未完成体concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government支配关系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指syntagmatic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词the two axes两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure线性结构hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体constituent成分substituability替换性labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现the declarative陈述句the interrogative疑问句dative movement与格移位morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化object-deletion宾语删除subject-deletion主语删除categories语类lexicon词库temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory标准理论trace theory语迹理论the same index带同标志government管辖binding约束a rule system规则系统a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command for short)成分统制plain English普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal指代语r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语local domain局部语域binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角CS(computational system)计算系统=derivational procedure推导系统Merger合并move移动theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主语objective order客观顺序subjective order主观顺序actual sentence division实义句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子观communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表达功能expressive function表情功能。

英语词汇学名词解释英语词汇学在英语学习和教学中，词汇是非常重要的一部分。

英语词汇学研究的是英语词汇的形成、分类、演变和使用等方面的知识。

下面是一些与英语词汇学相关的名词及其解释：1. 词汇（Vocabulary）•词汇是指某一语言系统中的全部词语的总称。

•例子：英语中的词汇包括单词（words），短语（phrases），习语（idioms）等。

2. 词义（Semantics）•词义是指词语所表示的意义或概念。

•例子：单词”apple”表示一种水果。

3. 词根（Root）•词根是构成单词的核心部分，具有词义的基本含义。

•例子：词根“tele-”表示“远程”，如单词”television”表示“远距离看”。

4. 词形（Morphology）•词形是指词语形态上的变化，包括词根的变化、词缀的添加和词语形式的变化等。

•例子：单词”run”经过词形变化可以有”running”（进行时态）和”ran”（过去时态）等形式。

5. 词汇量（Vocabulary Size）•词汇量是指一个人掌握或理解的词汇数量。

•例子：一般来说，英语水平高的人词汇量会相对较大。

6. 同义词（Synonym）•同义词是指语义相近的两个或多个词语。

•例子：“happy”和”glad”都是表示“高兴”的同义词。

7. 反义词（Antonym）•反义词是指意义相对立的两个词语。

•例子：“big”和”small”是表示“大”和“小”的反义词。

8. 多词性（Polysemy）•多词性是指一个词语具有多个不同但相关的词义。

•例子：单词”bank”可以表示“银行”或“河岸”。

9. 词汇补偿（Vocabulary Compensation）•词汇补偿是指在理解语言时，通过上下文和其他线索来推测未知词汇的意义。

•例子：如果不认识单词”obscure”，可以通过上下文来猜测它的意义是“不清楚的”。

这些名词和概念在英语词汇学中起着重要的作用，了解它们可以帮助我们更好地学习和使用英语词汇。