First LED Summary
LED (Light Emitting Diode), light-emitting diode, is a solid state semiconductor devices, which can be directly converted into electricity to light. LED is the heart of a semiconductor chip, the chip is attached to one end of a stent, is the negative side, the other end of the power of the cathode, the entire chip package to be epoxy resin. Semiconductor chip is composed of two parts, part of the P-type semiconductor, it inside the hole-dominated, the other side is the N-type semiconductor, here is mainly electronic. But linking the two semiconductors, among them the formation of a "PN junction." When the current through the wires role in this chip, will be pushing e-P, P zone in the hole with electronic composite, and then to be issued in the form of photon energy, and this is the principle of LED luminescence. The wavelength of light that is the color of light, is formed by the PN junction of the decisions of the material.
Second LED history and development
50 years ago, people have to understand semiconductor materials can produce light of the basic knowledge, the first commercial diodes in 1960. English is the LED light emitting diode (LED) acronym, and its basic structure is an electroluminescent semiconductor materials, placed in a wire rack, then sealed with epoxy resin around, that is, solid package, Therefore, the protection of the internal batteries can play the role of line, so the seismic performance LED good.
LED is the core of the P-type semiconductor and components of the N-type semiconductor chips, the P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor between a transition layer, called the PN junction. In some semiconductor materials in the PN junction, the injection of a small number of carrier-carrier and the majority of the extra time will be in the form of light energy to release, thus the power to direct conversion of solar energy. PN junction on reverse voltage, a few hard-carrier injection, it is not luminous. This use of injection electroluminescent diodes is produced by the principle of light-emitting diodes, commonly known as LED. When it in a positive state of the work (that is, at both ends with forward voltage), the current flows from the LED anode, cathode, semiconductor crystals on the issue from the ultraviolet to infrared light of different colors, light and the strength of the currents.
Instruments used for the first LED light source instructions, but all kinds of light colored LED lights in traffic and large screen has been widely applied, have a very good economic and social benefits. The 12-inch red traffic lights as an example, is used in the United States have long life, low-efficiency 140 watt incandescent lamp as a light source, it produced 2,000 lumens of white light. The red filter, the loss-90 percent, only 200 lumens of red light. In the light of the new design, Lumileds companies have 18 red LED light source, including the loss of circuit, a
total power consumption of 14 watts to generate the same optical effect. Automotive LED lights is also the source of important areas.
For general lighting, people need more white light sources. The 1998 white LED successful development. This is the GaN LED chip and Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) package together cause. GaN chip of the Blu-ray (λ p = 465nm, Wd = 30nm), made of high-temperature sintering of the Ce3 + YAG phosphors excited by this Blu-ray after irradiating a yellow, the peak 550 nm. Blue-chip installed in the LED-based Wanxing reflection in the cavity, covered with a resin mixed with YAG thin layer, about 200-500 nm. LED-based tablets issued by the Blu-ray absorption part of the phosphor, the phosphor another part of the Blu-ray and a yellow light mixed, can be a white. Now, the InGaN / YAG white LED, YAG phosphor by changing the chemical composition of the phosphor layer and adjust the thickness of the
3500-10000 K color temperature can be colored white. This blue LED through the method by white, constructed simple, low-cost, high technology is mature, so use the most.
The development of LED display can be divided into the following phases: first phase 1990 to 1995, mainly monochrome and 16 color graphics screen. Used to display text and simple images, mainly used in railway stations, financial securities, banks, post offices and other public places, as public information display tools. The second stage is from 1995 to 1999, there have been 64, 256 level gray-scale two-color video screen. Video control technology, image processing, optical fiber communication technology applications will enhance the LED display to a new level. LED display control LSI chips special at this time developed by domestic companies, and can be applied. The third stage, from 1999, red, pure green, blue LED in bulk into China, while domestic enterprises in-depth research and development work, using red, green, and blue LED production of full-color display has been widely used , poured into sports stadiums, convention centers, squares and other public places, which will bring the domestic large-screen full-color era. With the rapid development of LED materials market, surface mount device is available from 2001, mainly used in indoor full color, and its high brightness, colorful, low temperature characteristics, the point spacing can be adjusted by different price Requirements were accepted, in just two years time, product sales have more than 300 million yuan, surface mount full-color LED display application market entered the new century. To meet the 2008 Olympic Games, "downsizing" plan, Liard developed a surface mount dual color displays, a lot of time for the training center and game scoring. Full color in Olympic venues, in order to tighten investment, full color way is mostly detachable, live during the Olympic Games as a tool can be used for rental after the event, as the performance of national policies such as public places, tools released by In this way cost recovery as soon as possible. On the market, China's accession to WTO, Beijing's successful Olympic bid and so on, into the development of LED display industry, a new opportunity. Domestic LED display market continues to grow, currently in the domestic market, domestic LED display market share of nearly 95%. LED display the
international market capacity is expected to 30% a year growth rate. Currently, LED display manufacturers concentrated primarily in Japan, North America, China LED manufacturers in which the insignificant share of exports. According to incomplete statistics, the world, there are at least 150 manufacturers full color, in which products are complete, the larger company has some 30 or so.
Third LED advantages
Conductor light-emitting diode (LED) as a third-generation semiconductor lighting source. This fantastic product has a lot of advantages: (1) efficient light: spectra of almost all concentrated in the visible light frequency, the efficiency can reach 80% -90%. The luminous efficiency of incandescent visible light efficiency of almost 10% -20% only. (2) high quality of light: not as a result of spectrum UV and infrared, there is no heat, no radiation, is typically a green light illumination. (3) energy consumption of the small: single power generally 0.05-1w, through the cluster can be tailored to meet different needs, and waste very little. As a light source, under the brightness in the same power consumption of only ordinary incandescent 1/8-10.
(4) long life: flux attenuation to 70% of the standard life expectancy is 100,000 hours.
A semiconductor light can be used under normal circumstances 50 years, even if the long life of the people, life will be used up to two lights. (5) durable and reliable: No tungsten wire, glass and other easily damaged components, non-normal retirement rate is very small, very low maintenance costs. (6) the application of flexibility: small size, can flat pack, easy to develop into a short thin products, make point, line, face various forms of specific applications. (7) Security: working voltage 1.5-5v or less in between the current 20-70mA in between. (8) green: recyclable waste, no pollution, unlike fluorescent lamps containing mercury as ingredients. (9) response time is short: to adapt to frequent and high-frequency switching operation of occasions.
Fourth Classification of LED display
1, color by color can be divided into
Single-color display: Single color (red or green).
Two-color display: red and green dual-color, 256 gray scale levels, can display 65,536 colors.
Full-color screen: red, green, blue color, 256 grayscale full color display can display more than 16 million kinds of colors.
2, according to display device classification
LED Digital Display: 7 segment display devices for the digital control code, suitable for production of the clock screen, the interest rate screens, showing the number of electronic display.
LED dot-matrix graphic display: display device is arranged by a number of uniform composition of the dot-matrix LED display modules, suitable for broadcast text, image information.
LED video display: display devices are formed by a number of light-emitting diodes that can display video, animation and other video files.
3, by using the occasion categories
Indoor Display: LED spots smaller, general Φ3mm - Φ8mm, shows the general area of a few to more than ten square meters.
Outdoor Display: dozens of square meters in size to several hundred square meters, high brightness, can work in the sun, with wind, rain, water resistant.
4, classified according to light spot diameter
Indoor screen: Φ3mm, Φ3.75mm, Φ5mm,
Room external screen: Φ10mm, Φ12mm, Φ16mm, Φ19mm, Φ20mm, Φ21mm, Φ22mm, Φ26mm
Room external screen as the basic unit of light emitting tube, LED tube principle is a set of red, green, and blue light-emitting diode sealed in a plastic barrel and jointly develop
5, Display a static, horizontal scroll, vertical scroll and flip display. One block module control drive 12 (up to control 24) 8X8 Dot Matrix, a total of 16X48 dot matrix (or 32X48 dot matrix), is a single block of MAX7219 (or PS7219, HD7279, ZLG7289 and 8279, and the like LED display driver module) 12 times (or 24 times)! Can use "cascade" approach the composition of any large dot matrix display. Effects, good power consumption, and the MAX7219 circuit than the use of lower cost.
Fifth LED applications
It is a semiconductor light-emitting diode by controlling the display, which probably look like that from lots of small red lights are usually formed by the bright lights off to show character. Used to display text, graphics, images, animations, quotes, video, video signals and other information on the display screen.
Graphic display and LED display into the video display by the LED matrix blocks. Graphic displays can be synchronized with the computer display Chinese characters, English text and graphics; video display using micro-computer control, graphics, images, and Mao, real-time, synchronization, clear message to the broadcast of a variety of information dissemination, but also shows two dimensional, three-dimensional animation, video, TV, VCD programs and live on. LED display shows the screen brightly colored, three-dimensional sense of strong, static, such as painting, moving as the film is widely used in finance, tax, business, telecommunications, sports, advertising, industrial enterprises, transport, education systems, stations, docks, airports, shopping malls, hospitals, hotels, banks, securities markets, construction market, auction houses, industrial enterprises in management and other public places.
LED display can show changes in the numbers, text, graphics and video; not only can be used in the indoor environment can also be used for outdoor environment, with a projector, TV wall, LCD screen can not match advantage.
Sixth LED screen test method
A look at Screen size, appearance, smoothness, with the screen connection and so on
Second look after the dead pixel screen light up, not in not within the scope of (in general the screen is basically gone now)
Color consistency, display text is normal, display pictures, play full screen full color to white, red, green, and blue.
一 LED概述
LED（Light Emitting Diode），发光二极管，是一种固态的半导体器件，它可以直接把电转化为光。LED的心脏是一个半导体的晶片，晶片的一端附在一个支架上，一端是负极，另一端连接电源的正极，使整个晶片被环氧树脂封装起来。半导体晶片由两部分组成，一部分是P型半导体，在它里面空穴占主导地位，另一端是N型半导体，在这边主要是电子。但这两种半导体连接起来的时候，它们之间就形成一个“P-N结”。当电流通过导线作用于这个晶片的时候，电子就会被推向P区，在P区里电子跟空穴复合，然后就会以光子的形式发出能量，这就是LED发光的原理。而光的波长也就是光的颜色，是由形成P-N结的材料决定的。
二 LED历史及发展现状
50年前人们已经了解半导体材料可产生光线的基本知识，第一个商用二极管产生于1960年。LED是英文light emitting diode（发光二极管）的缩写，它的基本结构是一块电致发光的半导体材料，置于一个有引线的架子上，然后四周用环氧树脂密封，即固体封装，所以能起到保护内部芯线的作用，所以LED
的抗震性能好。
发光二极管的核心部分是由P型半导体和N型半导体组成的晶片，在P型半导体和N型半导体之间有一个过渡层，称为P-N结。在某些半导体材料的PN结中，注入的少数载流子与多数载流子复合时会把多余的能量以光的形式释放出来，从而把电能直接转换为光能。PN结施加反向电压时，少数载流子难以注入，故不发光。这种利用注入式电致发光原理制作的二极管叫发光二极管，通称LED。当它处于正向工作状态时（即两端加上正向电压），电流从LED阳极流向阴极时，半导体晶体就发出从紫外到红外不同颜色的光线，光的强弱与电流有关。
最初LED用作仪器仪表的指示光源，后来各种光色的LED在交通信号灯和大面积显示屏中得到了广泛应用，产生了很好的经济效益和社会效益。以12英寸的红色交通信号灯为例，在美国本来是采用长寿命、低光效的140瓦白炽灯作为光源，它产生2000流明的白光。经红色滤光片后，光损失90%，只剩下200流
明的红光。而在新设计的灯中，Lumileds公司采用了18个红色LED光源，包括电路损失在内，共耗电14瓦，即可产生同样的光效。汽车信号灯也是LED光源应用的重要领域。
对于一般照明而言，人们更需要白色的光源。1998年白光的LED开发成功。这种LED是将GaN芯片和钇铝石榴石（YAG）封装在一起做成。GaN芯片发蓝光（λp=465nm，Wd=30nm），高温烧结制成的含Ce3+的YAG荧光粉受此蓝光激发后发出黄色光射，峰值550nm。蓝光LED基片安装在碗形反射腔中，覆盖以混有YAG的树脂薄层，约200-500nm。 LED基片发出的蓝光部分被荧光粉吸收，另一部分蓝光与荧光粉发出的黄光混合，可以得到得白光。现在，对于InGaN/YAG
白色LED，通过改变YAG荧光粉的化学组成和调节荧光粉层的厚度，可以获得色温3500-10000K的各色白光。这种通过蓝光LED得到白光的方法，构造简单、成本低廉、技术成熟度高，因此运用最多。
LED显示屏的发展可分为以下几个阶段：第一阶段为1990年到1995年，主要是单色和16级双色图文屏。用于显示文字和简单图片，主要用在车站、金融证券、银行、邮局等公共场所，作为公共信息显示工具。
第二阶段是1995年到1999年，出现了64级、256级灰度的双基色视频屏。视频控制技术、图像处理技术、光纤通信技术等的应用将LED显示屏提升到了一个新的台阶。LED显示屏控制专用大规模集成电路芯片也在此时由国内企业开发出来并得以应用。
第三阶段从1999年开始，红、纯绿、纯蓝LED管大量涌入中国，同时国内企业进行了深入的研发工作，使用红、绿、蓝三原色LED生产的全彩色显示屏被广泛应用，大量进入体育场馆、会展中心、广场等公共场所，从而将国内的大屏幕带入全彩时代。
随着LED原材料市场的迅猛发展，表面贴装器件从2001年面世，主要用在室内全彩屏，并且以其亮度高、色彩鲜艳、温度低的特性，可随意调整的点间距，被不同价位需求者所接受，在短短两年多时间内，产品销售额已超过3亿元，表面贴装全彩色LED显示屏应用市场进入新世纪。为了适应2008年奥运会的“瘦身”计划，利亚德开发了表面贴装双基色显示屏，大量用于训练馆和比赛计时计分系统。在奥运场馆全彩屏方面，为紧缩投资，全彩屏大部分采用可拆卸方式，奥运期间可作为实况转播工具，赛事结束后可用于租赁，作为演出、国家政策发布等公共场合应用工具，通过这种方式可尽快收回成本。
就市场而言，中国加入WTO、北京申奥成功等，成为LED显示屏产业发展的新契机。国内LED显示屏市场保持持续增长，目前在国内市场上，国产LED显示屏的市场占有率近95%。国际上LED显示屏的市场容量预计以每年30%的速度在增长。
目前，LED显示屏的主要制造厂商集中在日本、北美等地，我国LED制造厂商出口的份额在其中微不足道。据不完全统计，世界上目前至少有150家厂商生产全彩屏，其中产品齐全，规模较大的公司约有30家左右。
三 LED优点
导体发光二极管(LED)作为第三代半导体照明光源。这种产品具有很多梦幻般优点：(1)光效率高：光谱几乎全部集中于可见光频率，效率可以达到80%-90%。而光效差不多的白炽灯可见光效率仅为10%-20%。(2)光线质量高：由于光谱中没有紫外线和红外线，故没有热量，没有辐射，属于典型的绿色照明光源。(3)能耗小：单体功率一般在0.05-1w，通过集群方式可以量体裁衣地满足不同的需要，浪费很少。以其作为光源，在同样亮度下耗电量仅为普通白炽灯的1/8-10。
(4)寿命长：光通量衰减到70%的标准寿命是10万小时。一个半导体灯正常情况下可以使用50年，即使长命百岁的人，一生最多也就用2只灯。(5)可靠耐用：没有钨丝、玻壳等容易损坏的部件，非正常报废率很小，维护费用极为低廉。(6)应用灵活：体积小，可以平面封装，易开发成轻薄短小的产品，做成点、线、面各种形式的具体应用产品。(7)安全：单位工作电压大致在1.5-5v之间，工作电流在20-70mA之间。(8)绿色环保：废弃物可回收，没有污染，不像荧光灯一样含有汞成分。(9)响应时间短：适应频繁开关以及高频运作的场合
四 LED显示屏的分类
1、按颜色基色可以分为
单基色显示屏:单一颜色（红色或绿色）。
双基色显示屏：红和绿双基色，256级灰度、可以显示65536种颜色。
全彩色显示屏：红、绿、蓝三基色，256级灰度的全彩色显示屏可以显示一
千六百多万种颜色。
2、按显示器件分类
LED数码显示屏：显示器件为7段码数码管，适于制作时钟屏、利率屏等，显示数字的电子显示屏。
LED点阵图文显示屏：显示器件是由许多均匀排列的发光二极管组成的点阵显示模块，适于播放文字、图像信息。
LED视频显示屏：显示器件是由许多发光二极管组成，可以显示视频、动画等各种视频文件。
3、按使用场合分类
室内显示屏：发光点较小，一般Φ3mm--Φ8mm，显示面积一般几至十几平方米。
室外显示屏：面积一般几十平方米至几百平方米，亮度高，可在阳光下工作，具有防风、防雨、防水功能。
4、按发光点直径分类
室内屏：Φ3mm、Φ3.75mm、Φ5mm、
室外屏：Φ10mm、Φ12mm、Φ16mm、Φ19mm、Φ20mm、Φ21mm、Φ22mm、Φ26mm 室外屏发光的基本单元为发光筒，发光筒的原理是将一组红、绿、蓝发光二极管封在一个塑料筒内共同发
5、显示方式有静态、横向滚动、垂直滚动和翻页显示等。单块模块控制驱动12块（最多可控制24块）8X8点阵，共16X48点阵（或32X48点阵），是单块MAX7219（或PS7219、HD7279、ZLG7289及8279等类似LED显示驱动模块）的12倍（或24倍）！可采用“级联”的方式组成任意点阵大显示屏。显示效果好，功耗小，且比采用MAX7219电路的成本更低。
五 LED 应用范围
LED是一种通过控制半导体发光二极管的显示方式，其大概的样子就是由很多个通常是红色的小灯组成，靠灯的亮灭来显示字符。用来显示文字、图形、图像、动画、行情、视频、录像信号等各种信息的显示屏幕。
LED显示屏分为图文显示屏和视频显示屏，均由LED矩阵块组成。图文显示屏可与计算机同步显示汉字、英文文本和图形；视频显示屏采用微型计算机进行控制，图文、图像并茂，以实时、同步、清晰的信息传播方式播放各种信息，还可显示二维、三维动画、录像、电视、VCD节目以及现场实况。LED显示屏显示
画面色彩鲜艳，立体感强，静如油画，动如电影，广泛应用于金融、税务、工商、邮电、体育、广告、厂矿企业、交通运输、教育系统、车站、码头、机场、商场、医院、宾馆、银行、证券市场、建筑市场、拍卖行、工业企业管理和其它公共场所。
LED显示屏可以显示变化的数字、文字、图形图像；不仅可以用于室内环境还可以用于室外环境，具有投影仪、电视墙、液晶显示屏无法比拟的优点。
六 LED 显示屏检验方法
一看屏体规格，外观，平整度，屏内的连线等
二看屏点亮后坏点，在不在不范围之内，（一般来说现在的屏基本上没有了）色差一致性，显示文字是否正常，显示屏图片等，全彩的要全屏打白色，红，绿，蓝。
技术优势评述
翻译的形式和类型（同声传译篇） 翻译包括口译(interpretation) 和笔译(translation) ，是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动，并且决不能脱离原文内涵而进行硬译、死译，必须要做到译文的忠实、通顺。翻译要做到“ 译成之文，适如其所译” ，并要尽可能地达到“ 信、达、雅” 的境界。除了人可以从事翻译活动外，人还可操纵机器从事翻译活动。不过目前看来，机器翻译还不尽人意。 口译的形式和类型：交替传译(consecutive interpreting) 、咬耳朵(whispering) 和同声传译(simultaneous interpreting) 。 同声传译（simultaneous interpreting ），又称同步翻译、同声翻译、会议翻译，简称同传；交替传译（consecutive interpreting ），又称连续翻译，简称交传。 同声传译 同传，顾名思义，即基本同步地实现对讲话者发言的口译，多用于国际会议、专业研讨会等场合。同传的形式：译员通过专用的传译设备提供即时口头翻译，即译员通过话筒讲话，听众通过耳机接收，这种翻译形式可同时有几种语言，如联合国大会就有六种语言的同声传译。鉴于同传有一定的技巧性要求，专门的培训和大量的练习都不可或缺。 同声传译最早始于1919 年的巴黎和会。在巴黎和会上开始借助英、法两种语言的翻译进行谈判，其中一部分谈判采用了同声传译，这也意味着同声传译作为一种专业开始形成。后来，二战后的纽伦堡军事审判法庭（1945-1946 ），同声传译第一次得到相当大规模的采用来审判纳粹战犯，效果不错。于是在1946 年的联合国会议上开始正式采用同传，结果使会议的时间缩短了一大半，经费也相应的减少了许多。中国是在1952 年在北京召开的亚洲地区和平会议上首次使用，时至今日也不过是40 年的发展历程。 同声传译时间效率高，有利于听众对发言全文的理解。因为听众不必像听交传那样，思绪不时被翻译的介入而打乱，时间也会节省近一半。
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.doczj.com/doc/8516249186.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材
5栋 Building No.5 ----------- 请看相关资料 翻译原则:先小后大。 中国人喜欢先说小的后说大的,如 **区 **路 **号 而外国人喜欢先说大的后说小的,如 **号 **路 **区,因此您在翻译时就应该先写小的后写大的 . 中文地址的排列顺序是由大到小, 如:X 国 X 省 X 市 X 区 X 路 X 号, 而英文地址则刚好相反, 是由小到大。如上例写成英文就是:X 号, X 路, X 区, X 市, X 省, X 国。掌握了这个原则,翻译起来就容易多了! X 室 Room X X 号 No. X X 单元 Unit X X 号楼 Building No. X X 街 X Street X 路 X Road X 区 X District X 县 X County X 镇 X Town
X 市 X City X 省 X Province 请注意:翻译人名、路名、街道名等,最好用拼音。 中文地址翻译范例: 宝山区示范新村 37号 403室 Room 403, No. 37, SiFang Residential Quarter, BaoShan District 虹口区西康南路 125弄 34号 201室 Room 201, No. 34, Lane 125, XiKang Road(South, HongKou District 473004河南省南阳市中州路 42号李有财 Li Youcai Room 42 Zhongzhou Road, Nanyang City Henan Prov. China 473004 434000湖北省荆州市红苑大酒店李有财 Li Youcai Hongyuan Hotel Jingzhou city Hubei Prov. China 434000 473000河南南阳市八一路 272号特钢公司李有财
【英语】英语翻译试题类型及其解题技巧 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．她五年前开始拉小提琴。(play) 2．由于天气恶劣，航班延误了好几个小时。(owing) 3．每位设计师都希望自己的作品能经受时间的考验。(stand) 4．能否抵御网络游戏的诱惑是摆在中学生面前的一道难题。(It) 5．在展览会上，公司销售经理展示了孩子们翘首以盼的新型电子玩具。(demonstrate) 【答案】 1．She began to play the violin five years ago. 2．Owing to bad weather, the flight was delayed for a couple of hours. 3．Every designer hopes that his work can stand the test of time. 4．It is a difficult problem for high school students whether they can resist the temptation of online games. 5．At the exhibition, the company’s sales manager demonstrated the new type of electronic toys (which/that) children were looking forward to. 【解析】 1．根据“五年前”确实时态，可知用一般过去时，注意短语play the violin。 【考点定位】考查动词时态、习语及表达能力。 2．根据提示词可知，由于译为：owing to ，此处to是介词。注意用被动语态，因为航班被推迟。 【考点定位】考查介词短语及被动语态。 3．此句希望（hope）是谓语动词，后接宾语从句。时态用一般现在时。 【考点定位】考查宾语从句及时态。 4．此句it是形式主语，whether引导主语从句，时态一般现在时。短语：抵御诱惑resist the temptation。 【考点定位】考查主语从句及形式主语it的用法。 5．注意句子结构的安排，“孩子们翘首以盼的”应译为定语从句。时态用一般过去时。 【考点定位】考查定语从句及相关短语的表达。 2．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 96．今年除夕你计划在哪里过？(plan) 97．下雨天上海的道路总是比平时更拥堵。(than) 98．是一个外国人不顾自己的安危救了那个轻生的男子。(It) 99．那天傍晚我一走出校门就遇到了一个多年不见的小学同班同学。(No sooner) 100．无论谁想要成功必先明白这个道理“成功来自艰苦的付出和坚持不懈”。(Whoever)
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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唯美的中文翻译成英文 Abandon 放弃 Disguise 伪装 Abiding 持久的，不变的~friendship Indifferent 无所谓 Forever 最爱 I know what you want 我知道你想要什么 See you forget the breathe 看见你忘了呼吸 Destiny takes a hand.命中注定 anyway 不管怎样 sunflower high-profile向日葵，高姿态。 look like love 看起来像爱 Holding my hand, eyes closed you would not get lost 牵着我的手，闭着眼睛走你也不会迷路 If one day the world betrayed you, at least I betray the world for you! 假如有一天世界背叛了你，至少还有我为你背叛这个世界! This was spoiled child, do not know the heart hurts, naive cruel. 这样被宠惯了的小孩子，不知道人心是会伤的，天真的残忍。
How I want to see you, have a look you changed recently, no longer said once, just greetings, said one to you, just say the word, long time no see. 我多么想和你见一面，看看你最近的改变，不再去说从前，只是寒暄，对你说一句，只说这一句，好久不见。 In fact, not wine, but when the thought of drinking the unbearable past. 其实酒不醉人，只是在喝的时候想起了那不堪的过去。 The wind does not know clouds drift, day not know rain down, eyes do not understand the tears of weakness, so you don't know me 风不懂云的漂泊，天不懂雨的落魄，眼不懂泪的懦弱，所以你不懂我 Some people a lifetime to deceive people, but some people a lifetime to cheat a person 有些人一辈子都在骗人，而有些人用一辈子去骗一个人 Alone and lonely, is always better than sad together 独自寂寞，总好过一起悲伤 You are my one city, one day, you go, my city, also fell 你是我的一座城，有一天，你离开了，我的城，也就倒了。
韶关学院 期末考核报告 科目：专业英语 学生姓名： 学号： 同组人： 院系： 专业班级： 考核时间：2012年10月9日—2012年11月1 日评阅教师： 评分：
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 (1) 第2章中文摘要翻译英文 (3) 第3章中文简历和英文简历 (4) 第4章课程学习体会和建议 (6) 参考文献 (7)
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 Mechanization and Automation Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century. The current developments of automatic processes are, however, different from the old ones. The “automation” of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries inasmuch as mechanization was applied to individual operations, wherea s “automation” is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit. And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that whereas mechanization displaces muscle, “automation”displaces brain as well. The distinction between the mechanization of the past and what is happening now is, however, not a sharp one. At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control, while at the other end of the scale are “ transfer machines” , as they are now called, which may be as simple as a conveyor belt to another. An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulation; that is, it can regulate or control the system or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment. Now people often talk about “feedback” as begin an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is base an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired condition can be detected, measured, reported and corrected. when “feedback” is applied to the process by which a large digital computer runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums, constantly rejecting the answers until it finds one to fit a complex set of facts which have been put to it, it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines. But “feedback”, as such, is a familiar mechanical conception. The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted with a centrifugal governor, two balls on levers spinning round and round an upright shaft. If the steam pressure rose and the engine started to go too fast, the increased speed of the spinning governor caused it to rise up the vertical rod and shut down a valve. This cut off some of the steam and thus the engine brought itself back to its proper speed. The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. Only in a few instances were processes automatically linked together and was production organized as a continuous flow. In general, however, although modern industry has been highly mechanized ever since the 1920s, the mechanized parts have not as a rule been linked together. Electric-light bulbs, bottles and the components of innumerable mass-produced
[转] 英语中常见的123个中国成语写作就不用愁字数啦 1.爱屋及乌 Love me, love my dog. 2.百闻不如一见 Seeing is believing. 3.比上不足比下有余 worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst. 4.笨鸟先飞 A slow sparrow should make an early start. 5.不眠之夜 white night 6.不以物喜不以己悲 not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personnal losses 7.不遗余力 spare no effort; go all out; do one's best 8.不打不成交 No discord, no concord. 9.拆东墙补西墙 rob Peter to pay Paul 10.辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new 11.大事化小小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all 12.大开眼界 open one's eyes; broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener 13.国泰民安 The country flourishes and people live in peace 14.过犹不及 going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little 15.功夫不负有心人 Everything comes to him who waits. 16.好了伤疤忘了疼 once on shore, one prays no more 17.好事不出门恶事传千里 Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad
2011年专业英语八级新词汇的特点及翻译 当今社会的飞速发展和科技进步, 不断孕育出一大批从前闻所未闻的新生词汇。如今当人们还在津津有味地谈论“信息时代”、“信息革命”时, “数字化教室”、“虚拟大学”已悄然而至;当“空姐”刚被摘掉“不规范”的帽子后被收入词典, “空嫂”、“呼嫂”、“报嫂”已铺天盖地而来;当“酒吧”尚在流行, “网吧”、“书吧”、“茶吧”已闪亮登场。所有这些新词新语新义(neologism), 使得我们的语言文化宝库得以不断地丰富。 英语的词汇跟任何现代语言的词汇一样, 在继续不断地发展。莎士比亚时代记录下来的英语词汇约有14万个词, 现在的英语词汇即使以50万词计算, 其中也有三分之二以上的词是在近三百年内创造出来的。人们遇到新事物、新经历, 发展新思想的时候, 总要有词语来描写它们。20世纪以来, 特别是近五十年以来, 英语中出现了大量新词新义, 许多旧词不断被淘汰。英语词汇就在这样的新陈代谢过程中不断向前发展。时代在前进, 科技在发展, 思维在进步, 作为反映现实的语言自然也要跟上社会进化的步伐, 适应社会进化的需要。语言中最为敏感的部分是它的词汇。 到现在为止, 如果不算专门术语, 英语的词汇也早已突破80万个单词。这里举几个例子。1995年12月14日, 欧盟各国领导人决定采用欧元(euro)作为2002年欧盟统一货币的名称, 从此, 英语中就又多了一个表示货币单位的新词。如今, 地区性经济合作正在向全球经济合作和自由贸易发展, “WTO”(世界贸易组织)不断壮大, 在国际社会发挥越来越重要的作用。这个组织的英文缩写已作为独立词汇用于书面和口头语言中。在廿世纪, 科技发展速度飞快, 自从人类开始成功地登上月球后, 英语中出现了moonwalk月球漫步, earthrise地出, soft landing软着陆,space- walk太空行走, space age太空时代, antimatter反物质antiproton反质子等大量新词汇。电子工业和通讯技术的惊人发展也是新词汇的重要源泉之一。如:internet 因特网(亦称互联网),guru电脑高手;电脑专家, AL (Artificial intelligence)人工智能, boot启动电脑, download下载, multimedia多媒体, E-text电子书籍, E-zine电子杂志, Ecommerce电子商务, E-cash电子现金等等不计其数的大量新词汇。那么,英语中的新词有哪些特点以及如何翻译呢? 英语中新词构成特点 当代英语词汇发展与过去一样, 通过运用各种构词法,吸收外来语和赋予旧词以新义等方式不断发展, 更具有时代特点。 运用构词法构成新词 1)词缀法。利用前缀或后缀构成新词。许多旧的词缀现在仍旧非常活跃。例如, Super- 在当代英语里是一个非常活跃的前缀, 加在形容词前面表示“the quality described is present in an unus ually large degree”, 加在名词前面表示“a bigger, more powerful, or more important version of a particular thing,”用汉语来表示, 也就是“超级”的意思。supermarket(超级市场),superpower(超级大国)等都是常用的词语。在上海译文出版社出版的《英汉大词典》中以super开始的词语达7页之多, 这里再补充几个该词典中没有收录的词语。例如, 在1996年出版的Collins Co- build Lea rner’ s Dictionary中就收录了supercomputer (超级计算机),super- model(超级模特)等词语, 其它新词还可举出super-barge(超级驳船),super- rich(超级富翁),super fresh(最新鲜的)等一大堆新词。另外, 在许多旧的词缀仍然非常活跃的同时, 也产
例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating（操纵） others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. 1.dedicate to 把时间，精力用于 2.pretence 虚伪，虚假 6 ．1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬 例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever（完全，全然）. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest. 孤独是很好的实验室，正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。如今我吃东西的举止十分粗野；这方面一放松就倒退了几百年，实在是一点礼貌也没有。我高兴就用手抓来吃，（eat out of a can）开个罐头端着吃，站着吃；反正怎么省事就怎么吃。 3.Whatsoever 完全，全然 1.Be conditioned by 受……制约 2.Atrocious 丑恶 6 ．2 结构松散，表达过于口语化 例3．有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。（庄绎传，英汉翻译教程，1999 ：练习 3 ） 译文1：Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no
第四部分翻译 Part Ⅰ英译汉 练习： Unit 1 1.年轻时，他对学业漫不经心，加之他一直不愿考虑运动员以外的职业，到这时候，这一切终于给他带来了不幸。 2.护士们对不得不日复一日地参与欺骗病人的做法也许深恶痛绝，但要抵制却感到无能为力。 3.我不会在初版的《失乐园》上乱写乱画，就像我不会把一幅伦勃朗的原作连同一套蜡笔交给我的婴儿任意涂抹一样。 4.只有假设地球表面呈曲线状，这一现象才能得到解释。 5.鹿减少生存所需的能耗以增加越冬生存的机会，从生物学的角度看是合情合理的。 6.不论好坏，不论是何结果，美国人不仅会一概接受，还要去铲除那些反对者，尽管对于成千上万的人来说，这决定与自己的意愿背道而驰。 7.你可曾为了接电话在洗澡时从浴室冲出来，或是嚼着饭从饭桌旁站起来，或是昏昏沉沉的从床上爬起来，而结果却是有人打错了。 8.实际上，大把花钱的满足感大于商品本身带给他们的乐趣。 9.但是蓝色也可以表示伤感（我很伤感），白色常代表纯洁，尽管在中国，人们在婚礼上穿白的，在葬礼上穿黑的。 10. 晚上十点到十二点，美国处在权力真空状态——除了纽约广播公司总部和两家大的新闻机构之外，全国范围内就再没有别的信息中心。 Unit 2 1) 1800年英国与法国之间将爆发一场持续15后的大战。 2) 我相信，到1816年，英国将在滑铁卢村附近赢得一场伟大战役的胜利。 3) 然而，到1870年，对于英国来说，德国将成为一个比法国更具危险性的国家。 4) 在20世纪初，俄国、美国和日本将成为大国，而英国将不再是世界上最强大的国家了。 5) 反过来，农民的业绩大小取决于农业的组织形式，经济环境，市场结构这些与之息息相关的因素。 6) 他被接回来时，不停地跟人讲，一些可怕的怪物瞪着眼睛盯着他，把他带到了一个宇宙飞船上。 7) 烫伤大多数发生在老人和孩子身上，往往是由于浴室里水温太高而造成的。 8) 尽量多地了解可能发生的事情，这样你可以提前做好准备。 9) 市场的变化迫使很多网站关闭，而其它网站也仅是勉强维持。 10）因为在农民生产率低下的国家，需要劳动人口中大多数人种粮食，因此就没有多少人从事投资货物的生产或进行经济增长所必须的其它活动。 Unit 3 1. 在牛顿之前，亚里士多德已经发现物体的自然状态是静止的，除非有力作用于物体。所以运动着的物体会停下来。 2．人们在家中或是类似家的地方感觉最为亲密——和一个或几个亲近的人呆在一起——也就是在私人交谈的时候。 3．当一个人长时间在干道或高速公路上驾车行驶，就会存在两个问题：一是如何保持稳定的车速；二是如何确保他不撞上前面的车。 4．这个系统尤其适用于汽车拥挤的情况，因为电脑不仅能够控制车速，与前面车子的距离，还能够控制方向。
中文地址翻译成英文地址的方法和技巧 中文地址的排列顺序是由大到小，如：Ｘ国Ｘ省Ｘ市Ｘ区Ｘ路Ｘ号，而英文地址则刚好相反，是由小到大。如上例写成英文就是：Ｘ号，Ｘ路，Ｘ区，Ｘ市，Ｘ省，Ｘ国。 1.各部分写法 ●Ｘ室：Room Ｘ ●Ｘ号：No. X ●Ｘ单元：Unit Ｘ ●X楼/层：X/F ●Ｘ号楼：Building No. Ｘ ●住宅区/小区：ResidentialQuater ●Ｘ街：ＸStreet ●Ｘ路：ＸRoad East/Central/West东路/ 中路/ 西路 芙蓉西二路/ West 2nd Furong Road Central Dalian Rd. /大连中路 芙蓉中路的“中”可以用Central，也有用Middle的，一般用Mid比较简洁。 ●Ｘ区：ＸDistrict ●Ｘ镇：ＸTown ●Ｘ县：ＸCounty ●Ｘ市：ＸCity ●Ｘ省：ＸProvince ●国家（State）中华人民共和国：The People’s Republic of China、P.R.China、P.R.C.、 China ●X信箱：M ailbox X 请注意：翻译人名、路名、街道名等，最好用拼音。 各地址单元间要加逗号隔开。
2.英文通信地址常用翻译 201室/房Room 201 二单元Unit 2 马塘村MatangVallage 一号楼/栋Building 1 华为科技公司Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
xx公司xx Corp. / xx Co., Ltd. 宿舍Dormitory 厂Factory 楼/层Floor 酒楼/酒店Hotel 住宅区/小区Residential Quater 县County 甲/乙/丙/丁A/B/C/D 镇Town 巷/弄Lane 市City 路Road（也简写作Rd.，注意后面的点不能省略）一环路1st Ring Road 省Province(也简写作Prov.） 花园Garden 院Yard 街Street/Avenue 大学College/University 信箱Mailbox 区District A座Suite A 广场Square 州State 大厦/写字楼Tower/Center/Plaza 胡同Alley（北京地名中的条即是胡同的意思） 中国部分行政区划对照 自治区Autonomous Region 直辖市Municipality 特别行政区Special Administration Region 简称SAR 自治州Autonomous Prefecture
Good morning. My name is xxx .It is really a great honor to have this opportunity to introduce myself，and I hope I can make a good performance today. 早上好。我的名字是某某某。非常荣幸能有这个机会来介绍我自己,我希望今天我能有个好的表现。 Now I will introduce myself briefly ,I am 23 years old，born in wenling, the capital of Zhejiang Province. I graduated from the The Chinese people's armed police force academy department of Frontier command in July, 2011. 现在我将简单介绍一下我自己,我今年23岁,出生在温岭市,是浙江省的省会。我毕业于中国人民武装警察部队学院前沿指挥部
门,2011年6月。 During the four years in university, I spend most of my time on study, I have passed CET4 and I have acquired basic knowledge of Frontier command. Besides, with my efforts and cheerful personality，I received a scholarship and outstanding student awarded. Generally speaking, I am a hard worker especially do the thing I am interested in. I like to chat with my classmates, almost talk everything ,my favorite pastime is Basketball, swimming or surf online.Through college life,I learn how to balance between study and entertainment. 在四年的大学,我把大部分时间花在学习上,我已经通过国家基本知识,我已经获得了国境的命令。同时,我的努力和性格开朗,我收