定语从句的译法
1. 译成前置定语
一般说来，限定性的定语从句可提前译成定语。还有一些定语从句，虽然并不明显地带有限定
性质，但本身较短，和被修饰语关系紧密，也可译为前置定语。如：
例1. To be sure, a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them.
诚然，一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会。
例2. There is no royal road to science, and only those who don not dread the fatiguing climb of the steep paths have a chance of gaining its luminous summits.
在科学上没有平坦大道，只有不畏劳苦，沿着陡峭的山路攀登的人，才有希望到达光辉的顶点。
例3. In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems.
可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是问题成堆的地方。
例4. The moon is a world that is completely still and where utter silence prevails.
月亮是一个声断音绝的世界，是一个万籁俱寂的世界。
例5. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting
all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而是所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想
法和想象。
例6. But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for
what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观察到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
如以上例句所示，这种译法最适于翻译较短的限定性定语从句。有时较长的限定性定语从句也
可采用这种译法，以使修饰关系清晰，句子结构紧凑。如：
例7.This practice book is intended for foreign engineers or students to engineering who have already mastered the elements of English, and who now want to use their knowledge of the language to read books on their subjects.
这本练习是给那些已经掌握了英语基础知识而现在要利用学到的语言知识来阅读专业书籍的外
国工程师或学习工程学的学生用的。
例8. To write a genuine familiar or truly English style is to write as any one who would speak in common conversation, who had a thorough command and choice of words, or who could discourse with ease, force and perspicuity.
用真正的普通文体即纯正的英语文体写作就像那些谙熟词汇而又善于选择词汇，能高谈阔论且
言词流畅，说话有力而明确的人的日常交谈一般。
例8中的who had a thorough command and choice of words, or who could discourse with ease, force and perspicuity本应紧接先行词any one，但由于太长而后移，而who would speak in common conversation则修饰上述两个定语从句及其先行词。
有些起附加说明作用的非限定性定语从句，对先行词也有程度不同的修饰、限制意义，有时也
可译成前置定语。如：
例9. He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant.
他喜欢热情活泼的妹妹，而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。
2. 译成后置的并列分句
A. 一些结构较复杂，或者意思上有较强的独立性的限定性定语从句，通常可译为后置的并列分句。
采取这种译法往往要重复关系代词所代替的词，有时可在这些词之前加指示词“这”、“这些”等，以使译文明确。如：
例1. But world attention also is focusing on another step, which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit.
同时，人们也正把注意力集中在另一项措施上，这项措施将使吸烟者越来越意识到自己的不良
习惯并为之感到不安。
例2. In 1883 an American physician, A, King, listed twenty observations, which pointed to mosquitoes as a factor in malaria.
1883年，美国医生 A.金列举了二十个观察报告，这些报告表明蚊子是引起疟疾的一个因素。
例3. This volume is prepared as examples for writing compositions which, as it were, has been taken as a difficult task.
本书旨在为写作提供范例，可以说写作是一个难题。
例4. I was endeavoring to put off one sort of life for another sort of life, which was not better than the life I had known.
我一直在竭力摆脱一种生活，改换另一种生活，但是我所改换的生活并不见得比我原先的生活
好。
例5. Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms.
物质是由分子组成的，而分子又是由原子组成的。
在例4中，从句在语意上与主句相矛盾；在例5中，从句在语意上与主句相承。在译文中除重
复关联代词所代替的词外，加上了连词“但是”、“而”，是译文语气连贯。
有些定语从句汉译时可不必重复关系代词所代替的词，而将其译成人称代词“他”、“他们”等，使句子简明扼要。如：
例1. Honeycutt was 40, an affable man who had to leave his family in Raleigh, North Carolina, when he ‘d gone north to work.
亨尼卡行年40，和蔼可亲，他去北方工作时不得不把家室留在北卡罗来纳州罗利市。
例2. Above the English lettering the words are repeated in the Chinese calligraphy of Premier Zhou, who wrote the brief text.
在这些英文字的上方，是周总理亲笔书写的同样内容的汉字，他拟定了这简短的铭文。
B. 非限定性定语从句与先行词的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词加以说明，描述或解释，或对整个
语句所陈述的事实或现象加以总结概括，补充说明，其前都用逗号分开。在汉译时，一般译为后置
的并列分句。如：
例1. In English, attributive clauses are used extensively, some of which are very long and complicated in structure.
在英语中，定语从句的运用极为广泛，有的从句很长而且结构复杂。
例2. These books, which are only a small part of my collection, were picked up in America.
这些书是我在美国买的，它们在我的藏书中只占一小部分。
例3. Bertrand Russell, whose philosophical writings made a profound impact on philosophers all over the world, died in 1970.
伯特兰德.罗素于1970年逝世，他的哲学著作对全世界哲学家都有深刻的影响。
例4. He gave in his resignation, which was the best thing he could do in the circumstance.
他提出了辞职，这在当时的情况下是最好的办法。
例5. He blamed me for everything, which I thought very unfair.
他把一切错误都归罪于我，我认为这很不公平。
例6. John Fetzer, career consultant and chemist, first suggested this trait, which has already been written about a great deal.
职业顾问和化学家约翰.费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。例7. The Queen will visit the town in May, when she will open the new hospital.
女王将于5月访问该城。届时，她将主持那家新医院的开业仪式。
例8. After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.
饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。
3. 溶合法
溶合法是指把主句与定语从句合起来译，使之溶合成一个独立的句子。如：
例1. You are the only person who could do it.
只有你才能做这件事。
例2. This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss.
这是我第一次和老板发生严重纠葛。
例3. Our team, who are in good form, will do well in the coming matches.
我队竞技状态良好，将在未来的比赛中取得好成绩。
例4. He has a son of twenty who is now at the high school.
他有一个二十岁的儿子现在正上中学。
例5. On the platform I could see a black slave who was working the pump.
我看见台上有个黑奴在压水泵。
英语中含有定语从句“there be…”结构汉译时常常使用溶合译法。
例6. There was no one who did not praise them for their great accomplishments.
没有人不称赞他们所取得的巨大成就。
例7. There is nothing that does not contain contradiction.
没有什么事物是不包含矛盾的。
例8. There was little that the doctor could do for the patient.
医生对这个病人无能为力。
例9. There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.
楼下有人要见你。
例10. In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention.
在我们工厂里，许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。
4. 译成状语
英语中有些定语从句在内容上含有时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等状语意思，翻译时
往往可以加上相应的词语，以表达出其相应的状语意义。
A. 表示原因
例1. We engage professor Wu, who understands English.
我们聘请吴教授，因为他懂英语。
例2. Many of our Welsh people are going to settle in North Carolina, where land is cheap.
我们威尔士人有许多去北卡罗来纳定居，因为那里土地便宜。
B. 表示时间
例1. You, who are in the prime of your life, come forth with greater contributions for the benefit of the people!
趁你年富力强的时候，为人民做出更多的贡献吧！
例2. A sailor who was fixing a rope lost balance and tumbled overboard.
一个水手正在系绳子的时候，失去了平衡，掉到水里去了。
C. 表示目的
例1. He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument.
他正在收集确凿的材料以证明他的论点。
例2. Steel parts are usually covered with grease, with which they may not rust.
钢零件通常用润滑油覆盖，免得生锈。
D. 表示结果
例1. He ate a fungus, which made him ill.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8d3407168.html,/ 考研学习群：432164727 1考研英语：几类长难句总结及介绍 考研英语中，有大量的长难句，让同学们感到十分头疼，在考研阅读里面，长难句更是一个命题点，很多同学都是对长难句望而却步，感觉自己无法逾越这个鸿沟，导致在考试中失分，其实如果考生研究一下长难句其实不难，大多数同学还是可以攻克长难句的。首先要了解考研英语长难句是如何构成的，命题人员在简单句基础上进行改造时，主要从结构上通过三种方式来使句子更加复杂。修饰成分复杂；大段的插入与或同位语;语序调整或倒装。这三种方式往往相互结合形成错综复杂的句子即混合型句子。目的是提高难度、增强干扰、打乱考生的思维从而达到检验考生阅读能力和的目标。下面分别对这三种方式进行解析。 第一类：修饰成分复杂 句子本不难，但是修饰成分多且长。从句(定语、状语、同位语从句等)修饰;介词短语修饰;不定式修饰。经常是在同一个句子里既有从句又有介词短语，且都不止一个。对于这种长难句，同学们一定要注意抓住句子主干，先把主干给梳理清楚了，在此基础上再进行添枝加叶，这样才能知道这句话在说什么内容。 例：As a discovery claim works its way through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery. 分析：主语是the interaction and confrontation，谓语是transforms，伴随状语为As a discovery claim works its way through the community,定语为between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved，修饰主语the interaction and confrontation 译文：随着发现声明通过科学界起作用，科学和技术涉及到的共有的互动和冲突把个人的发现声明转化为科学界可信的发现。 第二类：大段的插入与或同位语。 对于有很长插入语的句子，其实是假老虎，本质上是不难理解的，只不过学生很难把主谓的关系联系起来，在阅读的时候我们要先把句子主干找出来，先不用管插入语的，先从整体上去理解，然后在其基础上再把插入语给充实进去。 例：The Internet --and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it --is making access to scientific results a reality. 分析：在浏览该句时，发现句子中出现了双破折号，其中间的内容and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it 为插入语，浏览的时候先跳过。这样就可以看到把主干The Internet is making access to scientific results a reality 理解了。然后再把具体插入语给填充进去就可以了。
Passage 1 Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constit-utes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to prof-essionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amate-urs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together natio-nally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
考研英语长难句解析 长难句 The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Stre et Bank ruling. (2010 Text2) 难句分析 主句 The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order 主语谓语宾语 宾语从句1 that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges 从属连词主语谓语宾语 宾语从句2 that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its 从属连词主语定语从句系动词表语从句
本句为多重复合句，句子主干为The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order，stating that...and that...现在分词短语作宾语order的后置定语，说明order的内容。其中stating后面由and并列两个that引导的宾语从句，从句1中由并列连词rather than并列两个名词短语all 12 of th e court’s judges和a typical panel of three，作by的宾语。从句2中主语one issue后面是省略引导词that的定语从句，表语是whether引导的表语从句。
121. on the one hand, it is indisputable that boarding schools are exerting a growing important effect, especially in la st few years. 一方面，寄宿学校正在发挥越来越重要的作用，尤其是最近几年，这是无可争辨的。 122. students attend a boarding school would cultivate their independence as apart from their parents. 离开父母上寄宿学校的学生将会培养他们的独立性。 123. whats more, living in school can save them a great deal of time on the way between home and school everyday, so they would be able to concentrate more time and energy on th eir academic work. 而且，生活在学校里能节省大量每天往返于学校和家的路上的时间，这会使他们有更多的时间和精力放在学习上。 124. on the other hand, the contribution of day schools cant be ignored. 另一方面，日制学校的贡献是不能忽视的。 125. due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools. 因为较高的学费，大部分普通家庭支付不起他们的孩子上寄宿学校的费用。 126. since it is unnecessary to consider students routinelife, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria. 由于无需考虑学生的日常生活，日制学校可以将重点放在教学上而不是放在像宿舍和食堂管理这些方面。 127. furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character. 而且，学生生活在自己家中，有舒适的生活，并有更多机会和父母交流，这对他们个性的培养是有利的。 128. from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to tra in young students for our society. 通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论，寄宿学校和日制学校对我们社会培养年轻学生都是重要的。 129. there is much discussion over science and technology, one of the questions under debate is whether tradition al technology and methods are
考研英语长难句类型及例题详解 1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. (难度系数5，下同) 译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。 难句类型：倒装、省略 a本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored.但是因为主语That sex ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。 b在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individuall will have中，an individuall will have是修饰descendants的定语从句，但是，因为descendants在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词that可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。 意群训练：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 2. (This is)A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++) 难句类型：复杂+倒装+省略; (这是一种)照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。 解释：本句子的难度在一切GRE、GMA T包括LSAT考试中所出现的难句中堪称登峰造极，可以确定地讲，类似此句子的难度的语言，在计算机考试的现场绝无可能出现。如果对此句话不感兴趣，可以把其废掉不读。 A、这句话读起来别扭的第一个原因，是因为它根本就不是一个句子。句首省略了this is 。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现，只能出现在高级英语中，因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。 B、desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分，一个是to throw over reality a light，其中的a light 是被倒装到了over reality之后，正常应是throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与throw 距离不远，读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意：从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light的，而是修饰一开始的desire的。 C、第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装，由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前，引发
第五讲特殊句式及长难句解析 1．简单句、并列句、复合句 从句: 名词性：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句 形容词性：定语从句 副词性：状语从句--- 时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、方式 2．省略句、比较结构、倒装句、分割结构 英语中还有一些特殊句式，出现在阅读理解中，势必会成为我们理解文章的障碍。但是，特殊句式还是有语法规律的，因此，如果我们能熟练应用特殊句式的语法规律，在阅读中一眼就能识别并领会这些特殊语法现象，障碍就基本克服了。 1.省略句 资料47 To err is human; to forgive, divine. Brevity is the soul of wit. 文体畅晓，其智乃见。（省略是将句子中的赘述部分删去，避免重复，使句子更简洁，加强表达内容的连贯性和逻辑性。被省略的部分大多是主语、谓语或谓语中的助动词等。文章中的省略现象会使句子成分短缺，造成句子不完整，如果看不出句子中省略了什么成分，就容易造成对文章的理解困难。 省略句一般只有当各组成部分有共同的成分才可能出现省略。对于这类句式，其难点在于发现省略成分，一旦找出并补充完整，句意理解就会大大简化。 省略句如果出现在翻译中，在翻译的时候，一定要把省略的部分翻译出来，否则会扣分。A：and 连接的并列句的省略 材料48页：Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.（2002） 分析：很明显，and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem，是一个省略句，with 做状语一般表示伴随，这一个分句只有一个状语加一个名词结构，构不成一个完整的句子。实际上，与前句相同的成分才会被省略，前一句的谓语部分是：will continue to be rejected. 所以，后一分句补充完整就是：with the rejection of the technology of behavior, possibly the only way to solve our problem will continue to be rejected. 练习：1. The reasons for poverty are many, but for the most part center on illiteracy, the lack of opportunities and in some cases pure laziness. (主语the reasons) 2.He majors in English, and I, in French. (谓语major ) 3.Self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismay. (省略主谓) B：状语从句中的省略 规则：当主句的主语与从句主语一致时候，且从句的谓语动词是Be动词时候，从句可省略主谓。See 材料48页1. 让步状语从句2 时间状语从句 3．If handled properly and not misused, the clone technology will only bring more benefit than disaster to mankind. (条件状语从句) 4．Some people look as if afraid of nothing. (方式状语从句) 5．The computer is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary. （比较）真题例句1 Actually we know of no type of astronomical body in which the conditions can be favorable to life except planets like our own revolving round a sun. 这是复合句。in which引导定语从句，修饰astronomical body. 介词except引起的短语作
考研英语长难句经典例子解析 来源：文都图书 考研英语的长难句在广大考生心中一直是一个超级大难点，数不清的生词，看不明白的句型和混乱的时态都让考生脑袋大了不止一圈儿，所以今天这篇文章就和大家分享一下攻克长难句的技巧。以《考研英语长难句解密》中的一句超长的长难句为例。 【经典长难句】 The increase in numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of house work and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire. 【词汇突破】 have to do with…与…有关 Economic necessity 经济需求 pool of single women workers 单身女工的资源 high marriage rates 高结婚率 【参考译文】20世纪，在家庭外被雇佣的女性人数增加了，这与其说是由于家务活的机器化和闲暇时间的增加，还不如说是由于女性自身的经济需求和由于高结婚率。正是高结婚率减少了单身女工劳动力资源的数量，而在这之前很多情况下，她们是雇主们会雇佣的唯一女性。 像书中的解句顺序一样，攻克长难句首先应该拿下句中的生词和短语，这是基础，是盖房所需的砖瓦，然后再攻克句法，拿下房屋结构，这样再对照参考译文，以前觉得很难的长难句就“柳暗花明又一村”了。希望大家首先消除内心对长难句的恐惧心理，静下心来好好分析，好好学习，争取早日拿下长难句，拿下考研英语！加油！
考研英语长难句翻译重要短语总结 一些常用的结构及其翻译 all but：几乎，差不多 as anything：非常地 anything but：根本不 apart from：除了 but for：要不是 by far：远不，……得多 by no means：根本不 by any means：无论如何 due to：由于 except for：除了 far from：远非 in contact with：与……联系 instead of：而不是 on account of：因为 on the basis of：根据 only to：结果是 第四期学习资料 11 might/may as well：还是……的好 not so much…as：与其说……不如说 not really：远不 not to mention：更不用说 let alone：更不用说 no more…than…：和……一样都不 no less than：简直是 nothing less than：完全是 cannot…too…：再……也不过分 rather than：而不是 owing to：由于 It is assumed that：人们认为 It is said that：据说 It is learned that：据闻 It is supposed that：据推测 It is considered that：据估计 It is believed that：人们认为 It is reported that：据报道 It is well-known that：众所周知 1
It is asserted that：有人断言 It is clear/obvious/evident that：很显然It cannot be denied that：不可否认 It must be admitted that：必须承认 It must be pointed that：必须指出 2
考研英语长难句突破讲义 适用对象：考研学子，四级，六级英语学习或相当者。 课程目的：打破英语阅读学习的幻觉，真正获得一扇通向别样美丽世界的窗户，人生从此再无长难句。为英语写作夯实基础。 课程安排：方法论讲解；难句解析；考试实战演练 第一部分方法论讲解 引子我们为什么要精读句子 1.精读能力的要求（消除障碍的阅读） 自由笔记区目标：准确【重要】精读 2．泛读能力的要求（广泛获取信息的阅读） 目标：快速 技能：高职 阅读的实际过程是什么知识：本科 Input（英文）-mind（句子层面）-output（中文）思维：研究生 思想：博士 阅读在句子层面的障碍 1．含义 2．语序 简单句的障碍来源 简单句：只有一套谓语的句子 基本句型包括：主+谓，主+谓+宾，主+谓+双宾，主+谓+宾+宾补，主+系+表 定语，状语，同位语，插入语 简单句的障碍识别及处理方法 定语：在句子中修饰名词的成分problem-定义-细化-solution（思维方式） 前置定语：adj+名词 后置定语： 形容词短语：形容词+介词+名词this is a book useful for your future Ving a woman walked on the road Ved a painting painted by Jane n. + to do a way to solve the problem 介词短语：介词+名词a bottle of water on the table 表语形容词：alive a cat alive 解决方案：前置P．S：I want to be part of something big. Something属于不定代词。 【不定代词定语置后】 定语从句（不属于简单句范畴） 关系代词：人称代词：who whom which that as +非完整句 引导词物主代词：whose +完整句
下载毙考题APP 免费领取考试干货资料，还有资料商城等你入驻 邀请码：8806 可获得更多福利 2018考研英语长难句解析：每日一句(100) 2011年真题Section ⅡReading Comprehension Part A Text 3 第2段第4句 We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. 译文：我们将这种售出媒介定义为访问量巨大、足以吸引其他机构把内容或电子商务引擎放在上面的自有媒介。 分析：本句的主干为We define such sold media…。宾语后面由as引导的所有内容都是宾语补足语，用于说明such sold media的性质和特征。whose引导的定语从句修饰先行词owned media。该定语从句中包含一个so…that…句型，that引导的从句是该定语从句的结果状语，其中主语为other organizations，谓语为place ，宾语为their content or e-commerce engines，后面还跟了一个地点状语within that environment。 词汇指南 traffic [ tr?fik](n.)交通,通行;交通量(中考词汇)(2011年-阅读3)(traf=drift-漂流,漂泊，fic-词根,做→ 最早的交通方式就是驾船在水上做漂流——即交通,通行，引申出交通量。) e-commerce [ i:k?m?:s](n.)电子商务(超纲词汇)(2011年-阅读3、2013年-阅读2)(e=electron-电子，commerce-贸易,商业→ 电子商务) engine[ end?in](n.)发动机,引擎;火车头(高考词汇)(2012年-阅读3、2011年-阅读3)(有学者认为，enɡine 一词具有拟声色彩，其发音似摩托车发动机高速运转时所发出的声音。) 1个派生词： ●enɡineer [,end?i ni?](n.)技师,工程师(vt.)建造，操纵;策划，设计(中考词汇)(2012年-阅读1)(enɡine-发动机，er-表人→ 能够熟练操作发动机的人——即技师,工程师。) 考点搭配：nuclear engineering 核技术，核工程(2007年-阅读1) 考试使用毙考题，不用再报培训班
化繁为简—破解英语长难句 一长难句基本句型特征 考研英语长难句的是如何构成的？命题人员在英语原文基础上进行改造时，主要从结构上通过四种方式来使句子更加复杂： 1、复合从句 2、成分省略 3、使用插入成分 4、改变句序 这四种方式往往相互结合，形成错综复杂的句子，即混合型句子。目的是提高难度，增强干扰，打断和打乱考生的思维，从而达到检验考生阅读能力和的目标。下面分别对这四种方式进行解析。 我们要时刻牢记的一点是，考试中的长难句绝大多数为主谓宾或主系表结构，其它成分都是围绕这三个主要成分其中之一。这就是所有长难句的核心和本质。必须牢记。 最常见的是围绕主语和宾语（表语）我们要根据这些次要成分的位置和字面意义来推测它们和主干意群的逻辑关系。在切分意群时，意群的大小根据自己实际理解能力来分解。标准就是看一眼就能理解的信息（短语或者句子）。经过训练后，我们看一眼就能把握的意群会越来越多，从而完成从菜鸟到“大虾”的转变。 请看下面例句： , ’s , , Africa. (46 ) 我们需要做的就是把句子意群切开，化繁为简，分而治之。目前大多数同学会看到后面的信息就忘掉前面的信息，一句话反复读，但总理不清头绪，浪费大量时间。 通过训练，我们将学会如何快速解开错综复杂的意群，避免信息杂乱无章，清晰地把握句子的含义。 在这里强调，在初级阶段一定要动手做标记，不迈出这一步，我们会永远停留在看到长难句就头脑混乱直到短路的阶段。 整个处理过程是从点到线再到面的，也就是要求我们必须按照信息的复杂程度来处理。即单词→意群→句子。万万不能尝试一下子理解或者翻译全句。再次强调一下，理解句子不同于做翻译题。 一、复合从句 在考研中，复合从句中的从句最常见的是定语从句。此类句子就像一棵信息树，树上生枝，枝上生杈，杈上生叶。必须找出树的主干从哪里分出枝，枝上哪里分杈，依此类推。只要抓住句子的各个连接点，就能理出句子层次，才能完全把握整个句子。 遇到长难句时，需要根据题型来决定处理的深度。如果是阅读理解通读文章时，抓大放小，抓主放次。即抓住主谓宾或主系表。如果是阅读理解问题相关句，需要快速罗列理顺主次意群，如果是翻译，则需要进一步处理意群的顺序，润色汉语的选词。 如果从句长，可以借助汉语的代词来加快理解过程。尤其是连续出现的从句里套从句，可以反复利用这些汉语代词做节点，这样就能很快理清思路。后面会有详细讲解。 二、成分省略 句子成分省略是为了避免重复。考研中一般难度大的省略不是主语和谓语的语法省略，而是为了某种具体表达目的省略。在这里列出一些出现频率高的类型。要求我们必须根据上下文判断并补充省略的成分，否则理解句子时可能漏掉重要信息。
2001 Passage 2 6. A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor. 【译文】今天，所谓的数字差别，即把世界划分为信息富有地区和信息贫乏地区，非常引人瞩目。 【析句】本句的结构较简单，抓住attention is being paid to the digital divide就可以了，注意破折号后面的名词短语实际上是对digital divide一词的定义。遇到英语中的破折号时，如果翻成中文也可用破折号，也可以不用破折号。 注意要学会利用如破折号、括号、逗号等标点符号来定位一个词的补充说明成分。 【讲词】 so-called意为“所谓的,号称的”，常常带有一种贬义。The so called master of Kungfu turned out to be a cheat.（所谓的功夫大师结果是个骗子。）divide常以动词的形式出现，但它也可以是名词，表示“划分，区分；分水岭；差别”。例如，我们常说的城乡差别就可以说成the rural urban divide。 7. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized,it is in the interest of business to universalize access — after all,the more people online,the more potential customers there are. 【译文】随着互联网的日趋商业化，上网普及对商家是有利的——毕竟，上网人数越多，潜在的客户就越多。 【析句】 As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized是伴随状语，并非原因状语。As意为“随着”，而非“因为”或“由于”。主句是It is in the interest of business to universalize access。破折号后面的句子成分是进一步解释说明前面的主句。
考研英语长难句翻译技巧总结 词类转译： 在英译汉过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能逐词对译，只能将词类进行转译之后，方可使译文显得通顺、自然；对词类转译技巧的运用须从四个方面加以注意。 1、转译成动词。英语中的某些名词、介词、副词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。 The lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way. 植物没有专门的排泄系统，可用同样的方式加以说明。（名词转译） As he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋子。 2、转译成名词。英语中的某些动词、形容词，翻译时可转换成汉语中的名词。 The earth on which we live is shaped a ball. 我们居住的地球，形状像一个大球。（动词转译） The doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded. 医生尽了最大的努力来治疗病号和伤员。（形容词转换） 3、转译成形容词。英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词，以及某些形容词派生的名词，往往可转译成汉语中的形容词。另外，当英语动词转译成汉语名词时，原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词。 It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water. 使用雷达探测水下目标是没有用的。（作表语的名词转译） The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man. 太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响。（副词转译） 4、转译成副词。英语中的某些名词、形容词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的副词。 When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor .只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些人争取过来。（名词转译） 词义选择和引申： 英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义；一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法；选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手： 1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。（形容词） He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。（动词） Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals.小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。（名词）
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8d3407168.html,/menu/201209/198057.shtml 2012 1. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that weaken the court's reputation for being independent and impartial. 【分析】复合句。主句主干为justices acted。in several instances 和in ways作状语，that 引导定语从句修饰ways。 【译文】然而，在一些情况下，法官的行为方式削弱了法院保持中立且公正的名声。 【临摹】不同于硅谷的那些企业，印度这些公司在思路上可能更有创意。 2. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be accepted as impartial judgements. 【分析】复合句，主句为That kind of activity makes it less likely, it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是that 引导的名词性从句。 【译文】这类行为使得法院的裁定被认为是公正判决的可能性有所下降。 【词法拓展】
it 作形式宾语放在动词与宾语补足语之间，指代不定式、动名词、从句等，此时，it 无实际意义。这种情况只能用于能以名词或形容词作宾语补足语的动词后面，如feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, suppose, think, deem, regard, count 等。3. At the very least, the court should make itself subject to the code of conduct that applies to the rest of the federal judiciary. 【分析】复合句。At the very least在句首作状语，that 引导定语从句修饰the code of conduct。 【译文】至少，法院应当服从适用于联邦司法系统其余部门的行为准则。 4. They gave justices permanent positions so they would be free to upset those in power and have no need to cultivate political support. 【分析】复合句。主句为They gave justices permanent positions, so 引导目的状语从句，从句主干为they would be free...and have no need...。 【译文】他们给予法官们终身任期，以便法官们能自由地推翻当权者，且无需拉拢政治支持。 5. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social concepts like liberty and property. 【分析】复合句。主句为Constitutional law is political。because 引导原因状语从句；其中分词短语rooted in... 作定语修饰choices, 介词短语like liberty and property 修饰concepts。
1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. 结构分析:句子的主干是This will be particularly true…。since引导原因状语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个由关系代词that引导的定语从句，修饰the high-energy American fashion。在定语从句中，that做主语，makes做谓语，it做形式宾语，不定式短语to combine few farmers with high yields则是真正的宾语（不定式短语内部to combine是主干，few farmers是宾语，with high yields 是状语），possible做宾语补足语。this指代前句中提到的这种困境。energy pinch译为“能源的匮乏”;in…fashion译为“用…方法、方式”。 译文：这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏，高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在农业中继续下去，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。 2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter，we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison. 结构分析:句子的主干是we must be sure…。since引导原因状语从句the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter。主句中又有that引导的宾语从句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison。此宾语从句中又套嵌一个由介词with+which引导的定语从句with which we are comparing our subjects 修饰先行词the scale。scale在此处意为“尺度、衡量标准”。 译文：既然对智力的评估相比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能够提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。 精品文档