广西民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版)
JOURNAL O F GUANG XI UNIVERS ITY FOR NAT IONALITIES (Ph ilosophy an d S ocial S cien ce Edition)
2007年12月
哲学社会科学专辑
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语言学
何
福盛大学英语阅读材料与学生阅读兴趣的关系
大学英语阅读材料与学生
阅读兴趣的关系
何福盛
[摘 要] 阅读能力的提高跟阅读兴趣有很大的联系,阅读兴趣的培养又跟阅读材料有很大的联系。因此,通过调查研究,找出目前阅读教学材料中存在的问题,提出一些选择阅读材料的原则,培养学生的阅读兴趣,从而提高学生英语阅读能力。
[关键词] 大学英语;阅读材料;阅读兴趣;选材
[中图分类号] H15 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-8179(2007)ZJ02-0136-03
一、引言
作
为语言学习的主要输入方式,阅读在听说读写四项
技能中占有很重要的地位,它是人们获取信息、进行学习或娱乐的最基本途径(程树棠,郑敏2002)。
英语阅读水平的高低在很大程度上反映了学生的英语基本水平。英语阅读教学是英语教学中的一个重要方面,能否搞好英语阅读教学,是关系到学生听、说、读、写四项基本技能能否得到提高的问题。而阅读能力与阅读兴趣有关,学生阅读兴趣越高,动机愈强,越有利于广泛阅读,提高技能,培养和改善阅读习惯(朱纯,1994:287)。爱因斯坦说过:
兴趣是最好的老师 。孔子也说过: 知之者不如好之者,好之者不如乐之者。 兴趣是阅读爱好者的内在动因,所以,培养阅读兴趣是搞好阅读的关键。
索里和特尔福德(Sawrey &Telford)认为兴趣的定义是增加快感。实际上,兴趣是指特定的个人或一群人所爱好或厌恶的东西而言(转引于李洪玉,何一粟1998:152)。赫尔巴特(H erbart)则认为兴趣在某种意义上可包含注意,并在内涵上更为丰富的概念,指的是学生心理、观念的积极广泛的活动,及其对于所学事物所产生的有高度吸引力和高度注意力的内部心理活动(转引于李洪玉,何一粟1998:152)。而李洪玉,何一粟则认为,兴趣是一种带有情绪色彩的认识倾向,它以认识和探索某种事物的需要为基础,是推动人去认识事物、探求真理的一种重要动机,是学生学习动机中最活跃的因素(李洪玉,何一粟1998:156)。兴趣的培养实际是对某种事物的喜好或关切情绪的培养。在本文中,学生英语阅读兴趣的培养也就是说在一定条件下,通过选择恰当的英语阅读材料,使学生对英语阅读产生喜好或关切的情绪,并使这种情绪不断的发展,进而使学习者得到成长。这种情绪的产生和发展通常就是指兴趣的激发和维持。从心理学角度而言,兴趣是人们从事某项活动的重要原动力,它的有无在很大程度上决定着人们的行动是积极
主动的,还是消极被动的。对学生来说,对他们感兴趣的学习内容,他们就会深入地、兴致勃勃地去掌握;而没有兴趣,就没有内驱力,学习也就没有效果。
二、阅读材料与阅读兴趣的关系
朱纯(1994)认为兴趣并非与生俱来,而需经过后天培养发展。所以在培养学生的阅读兴趣时,应该考虑阅读材料这个重要因素。选择难度适当、合乎学生兴趣的阅读材料最为有效。大量的教育实践证明,学生对学习本身,对学习内容有兴趣就可以激发他们的积极性,推动他们在学习中取得好成绩。阅读材料的内容能唤起学生阅读兴趣的话就有助于进行阅读教学。一旦培养起学生的阅读外文的兴趣,学生的阅读将会迅速提高(朱纯,1994)。
胡春洞和戴忠信(1998)就特别指出英语阅读是提高英语学习兴趣,增长知识的重要手段。他们认为随着阅读能力的不断提高,语言知识的不断增加,外语学习者的阅读量也会不断增大,外语学习者的阅读兴趣就从纯语言学习性阅读逐渐发展到语言应用性阅读。学生的一部分注意力转移到阅读材料的内容上,对题材内容发生了兴趣。英语学习者在英语阅读上感到了英语学习的进步与成就,这反过来又进一步激发了他的英语学习兴趣。这从一个侧面反映出阅读材料的内容可以影响学生的学习兴趣。应惠兰、徐慧芳(2001)针对大学生做了关于 以学习者为中心的阅读材料的选择 的调查研究。她们的调查报告显示: 58.4%的学生认为最能影响阅读的因素是阅读材料本身。在诸如教材、教学法、教师素质、教学环境等有关阅读课的方方面面中,82.3%的学生认为最不堪忍受的是阅读材料的枯燥乏味。 由此可见,阅读材料与学生的阅读或学习兴趣有内在联系。因此,怎样选择学生感兴趣的阅读材料就显得更重要了。
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三、调查研究
为了进一步了解目前大学英语阅读教学的情况以及大学生对英语阅读教学和阅读材料的看法,作者对在校大学生做了一次问卷调查。调查问卷采用选择题的形式。调查对象为大学一二年级的54个学生,他们分别来自不同的院系。调查结果表明:有相当一部分学生(38.9%)表示对目前的阅读教学一般满意;几乎全部学生表示目前他们使用的阅读材料都是阅读教材里的材料;大约有一半(48.1%)学生认为阅读材料难易适中,27.8%的学生(主要是美音体专业)认为比较难;37%的学生对教材内容的编排表示一般满意;对于阅读材料的体裁,超过一半(53.7%)学生喜欢记叙文;对于阅读材料的题材,大部分(72.2%)学生喜欢阅读与自己专业有关的文章;超半数(51.8%)的学生认为最能影响他们阅读兴趣的因素是阅读材料,这与应惠兰、徐慧芳她们的调查结果比较接近。
根据调查结果显示,目前的大学英语阅读教学不尽人意,很多阅读材料都很难起到激发学生兴趣的作用。总结起来,目前大学阅读教学材料主要存在的问题是:
1 阅读材料的陈旧。在现行的许多阅读教材中,有些内容是比较陈旧了的,与现实脱节,大学生对这些陈旧的内容没有太大的兴趣。有些虽然经过重新修订,但是里面的内容都没有作多大的改动,跟不上社会经济文化等各方面发展的步伐,这样就很难迎合大学生追求新鲜事物的心理,从而也很难引起学生的阅读兴趣。
2 阅读材料的编排不合理。目前有些英语阅读教材在编排上没有考虑到时令变化、节假日等方面的因素,常常出现圣诞节过后才读有关圣诞节方面的文章这种情况,这样就不能很好地将阅读内容跟实际结合起来。比如如果在圣诞前阅读有关圣诞节的文章的话,就会激发学生的浓厚兴趣,因为他们想在期盼已久的圣诞节到来之前多了解有关圣诞节的方方面面。因此,教师应根据时令的变化和具体的节假日安排对应的阅读材料。人类的认知过程一般是从易到难、从简单到复杂。但是有些阅读教材没有遵循人们的这种认知规律,这样学生一开始阅读就碰到比较难的文章的话就会削弱他们阅读的兴趣。因此在阅读材料的安排上,遵循由浅入深、循序渐进的原则,这不仅符合语言学习的基本规律,而且还符合人类的心理特征。
3 阅读材料不能激发学生的个人兴趣。现在使用的有些阅读材料过于注重教授语言知识,而忽视了材料本身的实用性和趣味性,没有迎合大多数学生的兴趣。
四、阅读教学材料的选择
针对以上谈及的阅读材料存在的问题以及学生对阅读材料的需求,为了改善目前大学英语阅读教学,我们有必要重新对阅读教学材料进行重新编排或者选择,迎合大学生对阅读材料的需求,提高他们的阅读兴趣。在重新编排或者选择阅读材料的过程中,我们应该遵循一定的原则:
1 真实性原则。真实性是指未经过为语言学习而改
写的、写给母语读者阅读或以提供信息为目的的资料。材料的真实性非常重要,好材料的基本要素之一是具有真实性。而目前使用的很多阅读材料都是经过改写了的,在一定程度上改变了原著原汁原味的味道。陈琳(1996)提出了真实材料自读法SARP(Self -ac cess Authentic Reading for Pleasure Approac h),认为应该让学生以个人兴趣为导向,自己选择适合的真实材料,以便享受到阅读的乐趣。因此,在英语阅读教学中,如果教师不放心让学生自己选择真实的材料,那么教师自己应该从外国杂志、报纸等资源中选择适合学生实际需求的真实阅读材料作为阅读教材的补充,以此来提高学生的阅读兴趣和阅读外语真实材料的能力。
2 趣味性原则。所谓趣味性是指所选的材料必须有较强的吸引力,能激发学生浓厚的兴趣。趣味性是选择阅读材料的最重要的因素(裴克山,1997)。束定芳和庄智象(1996)提出阅读材料的选择首先要考虑到阅读者本身的兴趣。从学生兴趣、爱好,认知及情感需求出发选用恰当的阅读材料,培养学生的英语阅读兴趣。学生对阅读材料是否感兴趣,将直接影响到学生的阅读效果。趣味性强的材料有利于激发学生的阅读欲望,有利于调动学生的各个器官协调动作,帮助学生快速地进入最佳阅读状态。因此,在具体的选材过程中,教师应该考虑阅读材料的趣味性,挑选学生感兴趣的话题,让学生喜欢的阅读材料为他们的阅读创造一个轻松愉快、自由自在的学习气氛,尽可能激发学生阅读的兴趣,充分调动学生自身的一切潜在的、积极的因素,使学生处于最佳的阅读状态。
3 可读性原则。可读性指阅读材料不应太难也不应太容易。Krashen 的输入假设理论认为,语言习得的一个(但非全部)必要条件是习得者(通过听或谈)理解稍高于他(她)现有语言能力水平时输入语言之结构,根据自然顺序的观点,也可以说如果习得者处于i 级水平,其所理解的输入应是i+1级水平。因此,选择的阅读材料不能太难,也不应该太容易。如果选择的材料难度过大,生词量过多,这就会在一定程度上造成学生自信心不足,阅读兴趣下降。如果选择的材料太简单,学生觉得没有挑战性,从而会感到枯燥乏味,学习积极性调动不起来。这就要求教师在选择阅读材料之前首先要了解学生当前的实际英语水平。一般来说,一篇可读文章中约95%的词汇应在读者的掌握范围,也就是说其生词量最好限制在全文字数的5%左右(Schmitt &Carter 2000,转引于应惠兰,徐慧芳2001)。
4 相关性原则。阅读材料的相关性在本文中指阅读材料的内容与学生的专业相关。根据作者的调查,大部分(72.2%)学生都对与自己专业相关的阅读材料感兴趣。因为学生本身对自己专业的相关知识已经有所了解,有了一定的背景知识,阅读这样的文章就得容易多了。同时,阅读与学生专业相关的文章既有利于学生提高学生的专业知识,又有利于提高学生的英语阅读水平,为今后学生更好地阅读自己专业的英语文献打下了基础。这样的阅读材料很
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好地将学习语言的目的和学习专业的目的结合起来。比
如,对于体育专业的学生,就多选择与体育运动相关的阅读材料;对于法律专业的学生,就多选择与法律相关的文章。这样,学生就会觉得阅读这样的文章很实用,从而大大提高他们英语阅读的兴趣。
四、结论
总之,在英语阅读教学中,阅读材料的选择是激发学生阅读兴趣,提高阅读能力的关键,我们应该给予足够的重视。教师应该根据学生的实际兴趣需求情况对教材中的材料进行适当的取舍或者调整。除此之外,教师应根据上面提到的英语阅读材料选择原则,针对学生的阅读需求选择适当的材料,作为阅读教材的补充。只要能满足学生的阅读需求和迎合学生的兴趣,就能激发和维持学生的英语阅读兴趣,从而提高学生的英语阅读能力和英语总体能力。
[参 考 文 献]
[1]程树棠,郑敏.英语学习策略[M ] 北京:外语教学与研究出版
社,2002.
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1996,(3).
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(社会科学版),1997,(2).
[4]胡春洞,戴忠信.英语阅读论[M ] 南宁:广西教育出版社,1998.[5]贾冠杰.外语教育心理学[M ] 南宁:广西教育出版社,1996.[6]李洪玉,何一粟.学习动力[M ] 武汉:湖北教育出版社,1998.[7]束定芳,庄智象.现代外语教学 理沦、实践与方法[M ] 上海:
上海外语教育出版社,1996.
[8]王才仁.英语教学交际沦[M ] 南宁:广西教育出版社,1996.[9]应惠兰,徐慧芳.以学习者为中心的阅读材料的选择[J] 外语教
学与研究,2001,(3).
[10]张大均.教育心理学[M ] 北京:人民教育出版社,1999.[11]朱纯.外语教学心理学[M ] 上海:上海教育出版社,1994.
收稿日期 2007-06-26[责任编辑 廖智宏][责任校对 秦红增]
[作者简介] 何福盛(1982~),男,广西桂平人,广西师范大学外国语学院硕士研究生,研究方向:英语教学论。广西桂林,邮编:541004。
(上接第132页)
这些习语直译后虽不产生文化冲突,却会造成语用失误,意译则体现出原文风格和韵味。一般来说不宜用含有中国地名或人名的汉语习语去套译英语习语,也应尽量避
免让西方的地名或人名出现在汉语习语中。应对习语中专有各词作相应变通,以利于读者对习语的理解和接受。有时当无法保留原文习语中的比喻形象时,需转换为读者所熟悉的形象进行翻译。尽管套译中形象各异,但喻义相似或相应,也能保持习语的鲜明性与主动性。
(1)Fools rush in w here angels fear t o t read 初生牛犊不怕虎
(2)Every pott er praises his ow n pot 王婆卖瓜,自卖自夸
(3)Wall have ears 隔墙有耳
(4)to add fuel to the flame 火上烧油(三)还原法
指在常规翻译无效时使用的一种特殊翻译方法。英语中许多含有独特形象的比喻、历史典故、结构性修辞习语都宜采用 还原法 进行翻译。汉语中大量习语在翻译过程中也需要采用这一方法。相对而言,我们对西方文化的理解要比西方人对东方文化的理解要熟悉得多。
(1)to have an ax to grind 不是有一把斧子要磨,而指 心怀叵测,别有用心 的意思
(2)with the tail betw een the legs 夹着尾巴(3)war-monger 战争贩子
上面提到的几种习语翻译法是很常见的。在一些著作中,作者还注明习语的意义。有些习语只能在历史背景和典籍出处说明后才能充分表明其意思,要熟悉中西方文化,不能断章取义,也不能望文生义。
[参 考 文 献]
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2000.
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学报,2003,(2):90-99.
[4]郭建中 当代美国翻译理论[M ] 武汉:湖北教育出版社,2000.[5]T ran slation S tu dies [M ].L on don :M eth uen,Bas snett-M cguire,
Su san ,1991.
[6]陈光祥.可译性与可译度[J].外语研究,2003,(1):57-60.[7]Nida En https://www.doczj.com/doc/8d12331843.html,nguage,Culture and T ranslation[M ].上海:上海
外语教育出版社,1993.
收稿日期 2007-08-15[责任编辑 黄世杰][责任校对 韦光化]
[作者简介] 许美珍(1967~),福建福清人,福州大学外国语学院讲师。福建福州,邮编:350002。
Passage 1 There are some very good things about open education. This way of teaching allows the students to grow as people develop their own interests in many subjects. Open education allows students to be responsible for their own education, as they are responsible for what they do in life. Some students do badly in a traditional classroom. The open classroom may allow them to enjoy learning. Some students will be happier in an open education school. They will not have to worry about grades or rules. For students who worry about these things a lot, it is a good idea to be in an open classroom. But many students will not do well in an open classroom. For some students, there are too few rules. These students will do little in school. They will not make good use of open education. Because open education is so different from traditional education, these students may have a problem getting used to making so many choices. For many students it is important to have some rules in the classroom. They worry about the rules even when there are no rules. Even a few rules will help this kind of student. The last point about open education is that some traditional teachers do not like it. Many teachers do not believe in open education. Teachers who want to have an open classroom may have many problems at their schools. You now know what open education is. Some of its good points and bad points have been explained. You may have your own opinion about open education. The writer thinks that open education is a good idea, but only in theory. In actual fact, it may not work very well in a real class or school. The writer believes that most students, but of course not all students, want some structure in their classes. They want to have rules. In some cases, they must be made to study some subjects. Many students are pleased to find subjects they have to study interesting. They would not study those subjects if they did not have to. 1.Open education allows the students to ____. A.grow as the educated B.be responsible for their future C.develop their own interests D.discover subjects outside class 2. Open education may be a good idea for the students who ____. A.enjoy learning B.worry about grades C.do well in a traditional classroom D.are responsible for what they do in life 3. Some students will do little in an open classroom because ____. A.there are too few rules B.they hate activities C.open education is similar to the traditional education D.they worry about the rules 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?____ A.Some traditional teachers do not like it.
阅读理解 B 42、Martin Luther King was a black minister, who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. King was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. When he was young, he was strongly influenced by Thoreau and Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi's idea of non-violent resistance. Having received a Ph. D (Doctor of Philosophy) from Boston University, he became a political and religious leader of the non-violent civil relights movement in 1955. On August 28, 1963, he led over 250,000 Americans on a march in Washington D.C. to fight for the Civil Rights Law to guarantee equality for all people, and delivered his best known speech "I Have a Dream" before the Lincoln Memorial. The "dream" is a dream of brotherly love and equality for the Black and White. Thus, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964, but he was murdered four years later. Though he died, he was greatly respected and loved by the Americans, both the white and the black. By vote of Congress in 1968, the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in Luther King's honor. He lives in people's hearts forever. (1)、Martin Luther King was murdered when he was 39 years old. A：T B：F 答案：A (2)、Martin Luther King was a black minister only. A：T B：F 答案：B (3)、Martin Luther King's Day has been a federal holiday for more than 40 years. A：T B：F 答案：A (4)、The underlined word "delivered" in the second paragraph could be replaced by "gave". A：T B：F 答案：A (5)、The best title for this passage is "Civil Rights Law". A：T B：F 答案：B 43、A public house which was recently bought by Mr. James is up for sale. He is going to sell it because it is haunted (闹鬼的). He told me that he could not go to sleep one night because he heard a strange noise coming from the bar. The next morning, he found that the doors had been blocked by chairs and the furniture had been moved. Though Mr. James had turned the lights off before he went to bed, they were on in the morning. He also said that he had found five empty whisky bottles which the ghost (鬼) must have drunk the night before. When I suggested that some villagers must have come in for a free drink, he shook his head. The villagers have told him that they will not accept it even if he gives it away. (1)、Mr. James was the owner of the public house. A：T B：F 答案：A (2)、Mr. James had not turned off the lights that night. A：T B：F 答案：B (3)、Mr. James built the house. A：T B：F 答案：B (4)、Mr. James found sixty empty bottles. A：T B：F 答案：B (5)、The writer of the passage believes Mr. James' story. A：T B：F 答案：B 44、Great changes have been made in family life because of science and industry. In the past, when more Americans lived on farms, the typical family had many children. In a farm family, parents and their children often lived with grandparents. Often, too, uncles and aunts lived nearby. But when industry became more important than agriculture in American life, families became smaller because industry requires workers who are ready and able to move off the land and to move again whenever necessary. And large families can not be moved from place to place as smaller families can. So, at present people tend to have smaller families. In the future, because of industrialization, a typical family will be required to move even more often than now, so families will be even smaller. The typical family may remain childless and consists only of a man and a woman. A small number of families may take child raising as their chief work. At the same time they may also raise other people's children, leaving those families free to move from job to job. (1)、The passage discusses influence of science and industry on American families. A：T B：F 答案：A (2)、Families of the past, the present and the future are described in the passage. A：T B：F 答案：A (3)、People no longer want to have children. A：T B：F 答案：B (4)、Grandparents will take the chief responsibility of raising children in the future. A：T B：F 答案：B (5)、Large families cannot fit in with a highly industrialized society. A：T B：F 答案：A 45、My husband had just bought a new washing machine for me. I decided to use it and I washed a lot of things. Everything worked well, but I found one of my husband's socks missing. I looked everywhere for it, but I couldn't find it anywhere. The next morning, I got ready for school as usual. When the bell rang, the students came in. I greeted them first and then told them what we were going to do that day. When I turned around to write on the blackboard, the class broke out a roar! They laughed and laughed. They laughed so much, in fact, that I was afraid the headmaster would be into seeing all this. I asked the class to stop, but the more I talked, the more they laughed. I decided to pay no attention to them and I continued to write on the blackboard. When I did this, they roared even more. Finally, the teacher who had the room next to mine came in to see what all the laughter was about. When he came in, he started laughing, too!
Passage 1 Many people who work in London prefer to live outside it, and to go in to their offices or schools every day by train, car or bus, even though this means they have to get up early in the morning and reach home late in the evening. One advantage of living outside London is that houses are cheaper. Even a small flat in London without a garden costs quite a lot to rent. With the same money, one can get a little house in the country with a garden of one’s own. Then, in the country one can really get away from the noise and hurry of busy working lives. Even though one has to get up earlier and spend more time in trains or buses, one can sleep better at night and during weekends and on summer evenings, one can enjoy the fresh, clean air of the countr y. If one likes garden, one can spend one’s free time digging, planting, watering and doing the hundred and one other jobs which are needed in a garden. Then, when the flowers and vegetables come up, one has got the reward together with those who have shared the secret of Nature. Some people, however, take no interest in country things: for them, happiness lies in the town, with its cinemas and theatres, beautiful shops and busy streets, dance-halls and restaurants. Such people would feel that their life was not worth living if they had to live it outside London. An occasional walk in one of the parks and a fortnight’s (two weeks) visit to the sea every summer is all the country they want: the rest they are quite prepared to leave to those who are glad to get away from London every night. 1. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. People who love Nature prefer to live outside the city. B. All the people who work in London prefer to live in the country. C. Some people enjoying city life prefer to work and live inside London. D. Many nature lovers, though working in London, prefer to live outside. 2. With the same money needed for ________, one can buy a little house with a garden in the country. A. getting a small flat with a garden B. having a small flat with a garden C. renting a small flat without a garden D. buying a small flat without a garden 3. When the garden is in blossom, the one ________ has been rewarded. A. living in the country B. having spent time working in the garden. C. having a garden of his own. D. having been digging, planting and watering 4. People who think happiness lies in the city life would feel that ________ if they had to live outside London. A. their life was meaningless B. their life was invaluable C. they didn’t deserve a happy life D. they were not worthy of their happy life 5. The underlined phrase “get away from” in the 3rd paragraph refers to ________. A. deal with B. do away with C. escape from D. prevent from 很多在伦敦工作的人喜欢住在伦敦郊外，然后每天乘火车、汽车和公交车去上班或上学。这也就意味着他们不得不早出晚归。
Passage 1 My room This is my room. It’s small, but it’s nice. Near the window there is a desk. I often do my homework at it. You can see some books, some flowers, a ruler and a pen on the desk. On the wall near the desk there is a picture of Liu Xiang. I usually put my football under my bed. Of course there is a chair in front of the desk. I sit there and I cansee the trees and roads outside. 译文: 我的房间 这是我的房间。它很小，但是很漂亮。在窗户附近有一张桌子。我经常在上面做作业。在桌子上，你能看到一些书，一些花，一把尺子和一支钢笔。在桌子附近的墙上有一幅刘翔的图画。我经常把足球放在桌子下面。在桌子前面当然有一把椅子。我坐在那儿可以看到外面的树和公路。 ①near〔ni?〕prep.在……附近②of course 当然③road [ro?d] n.路，公路④in front of在……前面⑤outside [a?t?sa?d] adv.在外面 一、根据阅读材料，判断正误，用“T”或“F”表示。 ( ) 1. My room is big and nice. ( ) 2. You can see some books, some flowers, a ruler and a pen on the desk. ( ) 3. There is a picture of Yao Ming on the wall. ( ) 4. There is a football on the bed. ( ) 5. I can see some trees and roads outside. 二、根据阅读材料，选择最佳答案。 ( ) 1. I can on the desk. A. see the trees B. do my homework C. put my football ( ) 2. There is near the window. A. a desk B. a chair C. a pen ( ) 3. There is a picture of on the wall. A. Yao Ming B. Li Na C. Liu Xiang ( ) 4. I usually put the football .
最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.doczj.com/doc/8d12331843.html,/wenkxd.htm（报名网址）Passage 14 Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do-especially in a tight job market. Bob Crossley, a human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that come cross his desk every day. “It’s amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves,”he says. “Resumes arrive with stains. Some candidates don’t bother to spell the company’s name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate, ”Crossley concludes. If they cannot take of these details. “Why should we trust them with a job?” Can we pay too much attention to detail? Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. “To keep from losing the forest for the trees,”says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco, “we must constantly ask ourselves how the details we’re working on fit into the larger picture they don’t, we should drop them and move to something else.” Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. “The Apollo II moon launch was slightly off-course 90 percent of the time,”says Garfield. “But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments as necessary.”Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake. Too often we believe what accounts for other’s success is some special secret or a lucky break. But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow. 66. According to the passage, some job applicants were rejected________ A) because of their carelessness as shown in their failure to present a clean copy of a resume B) because of their inadequate education as shown in their poor spelling in writing a resume C) because they failed to give a detailed description of their background in their applications D) because they eliminated their names from the applicants list themselves 67. The word “perfectionists”(Line 1, Para 3)refers to those who________ A) demand others to get everything absolutely right B) know how to adjust their goals according to the circumstances C) pay too much attention to details only to lose their major objectives D) are capable of achieving perfect results in whatever they do 68. Which of the following is the author’s advice to the reader? A) Although too much attention to details may be costly, they should not be overlooked B) Don’t forget details when drawing pictures
新视野大学英语4 综合训练 阅读理解的翻译 Unit1 Passage1 随着人们一般用“荣誉”他们不考虑道德美德的情况下这样做的。因此，他们经常混淆的荣誉与名声。 才德的人是可敬的人，一个人谁应该由他或她所居住的社区兑现。但是，有德之人不求荣誉，是在他或她自己的自尊的安全。缺乏荣誉不会从道德美德的功效减损作为手术因素对幸福的追求，作为一种手段来领导一个良好的人生。 有德者可被视为幸运的，如果他们的美德是公认和公开鼓掌。 缺乏美德的人能达到的成名作是很容易，或者比更容易，那些谁拥有美德的高度。名人堂属于伟大的，优秀的，和特殊的，不考虑自己的美德或缺乏。 骂名是名气，没有比人气少。伟大的歹徒可以像著名的大英雄。可以有著名的小人，以及著名的圣人。存在于人有口碑，无论他或她的成就，名望并没有玷污荣誉确实当它是无功受禄。我们通常希望我们的人类同胞的尊重，而不是这个心愿他人的自尊为名利而不是荣誉的渴望？才德的人不会寻求功名或不高兴的缺乏。对于名利可以通过坏男人和女人，以及良好的享受。当它被有德者没有受到追捧他们喜欢，它是不是从荣誉区分，因为那时它是当之无愧的。 Unit1 Passage2 成名早的国家概念，从他们已故的二十和早期二十一世纪的等价物有很大的不同。虽然今天的名气比建议恶名多一点，在早期国家时期，它包含一个完整的职业道德。 成名的概念有早期国家的政治精英们特别的权力，但其根源达到回西方文明的起源;生活中的贵族希腊人和罗马人，由普鲁塔克的，是文字指南收集的名气，描述和排名一系列谁取得了不朽的英雄成名，最高的目标。在美国早期的共和国，年轻的绅士教育的找到普鲁塔克等经典文本的个人行为模式收到这个想法从青年时代。正如亚历山大·汉密尔顿把它放在联邦党人，“成名的爱”是“最崇高的思想统治的激情”。所建议的伟人普鲁塔克的形象，一个人赚了名声做伟大事迹的状态。培根映射出的这种行为在他广泛阅读Essayes一个层次，分配名气谁统治公正“自己国家的父亲”;谁捍卫或扩大领土“帝国卫士”;谁应对国家危机“帝国的救星”;立法者谁通过法律管辖的后裔;和高的清一色“的状态和政体的创始人”的。对于从事创作一个新的国家的早期国家领导人，这种感性的注入与崇高的使命感，以及深刻的个人意义的政治努力。成名求职者想要创造历史，并留下了自己的世界标志。美国建国一代认为，他们这样做。“我们生活在一个时代的重要，并在一个新的国家，”本杰明·拉什在1788年观察到的“很多好可能由个人来完成，而且也在很短的时间。”成名被认为是一个崇高的激情，因为它转化野心和自我利益为实现这一有利公益伟大的进球欲望。即使名气和刺激激发了男人的野心，它勒住他们;人们只可以通过公共服务实现永恒的名声。从本质上说，成名是个自私的美德，使领导者是同时利己和公众意识;在某种意义上，它人性化看似崇高和不可到达社区意识共和美德理想。
小学英语阅读练习和答案 1、My name is Jim. My favorite day is October l8th, because it's my birthday. I am very happy on that day. I eat eggs for breakfast. Then my friends come to my home and play with me. We sing and dance. Someone plays the piano and someone plays the guitar. Lunch is very nice. After lunch, my parents take me to see a movie. My favorite movies are comedies and action movies. After supper, my parents, my sister and I watch TV. Then I go to bed at ten thirty. I don't do my homework on that day. I am very tired but happy on my birthday. ( 1. Jim's birthday is . A. October 8 B. October 18 C. December 8th D. December 18th ( 2. Jim's favorite movies are . A. comedies B. action movies C. thrillers D. A and B ( 3. Jim goes to bed at . A. 10:30 B. 10:13
Passage 1 Exchange a glance with someone, then look away. Do you realize that you have made a statement? This type of stare often produces hostile feelings. 1. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that___. A) every glance has its significance 2. If you want to be left alone on an elevator, the best thing to do is___. B) to avoid eye contact with other passengers 3. By "a dimming of the lights" (Line 13,Para.1 )Erving Goffman means___. C) ceasing to glance at others 4. If one is looked at by a stranger for too long, he tends to feel___. B) uneasy 5. The passage mainly discusses___. D) the role of eye contact in interpersonal communication. Passage 2 Geraldo Rivera is well known for his compassionate investigative reports on WABC-TV Eyewitness News. But I’m not just in the business of making people cry. I’m in the business of chang e.” 6. Geraldo Rivera is working as a(n)______. B. investigative reporter for a special TV program 7. How many awards did Rivera receive for his work? D. Five 8. Rivera’s inves tigation and expose on the conditions at WillowbrookStateSchool led to _____. D. all of the above
大学英语一阅读理解 一、阅读理解（共505题,共101分） 1. Few laws are so effective that you can see results just days after they take effect. But in the nine days since the federal cigarette tax more than doubled—to $1. 01 per pack—smokers have jammed telephone “quit lines” acro ss the country seeking to kick the habit. This is not a surprise to public health advocates. They’ve studied the effect of state tax increases for years, finding that smokers, especially teens, are price sensitive. Nor is it a shock to the industry, which fiercely fights every tax increase. The only wonder is that so many states insist on closing their ears to the message. Tobacco taxes improve public health, health, they raise money and most particularly, they deter people from taking up the habit as teens, which is when nearly all smokers are addicted. Yet the rate of taxation varies widely. In Manhattan, for instance, which has the highest tax in the nation, a pack of Marlboro Light Kings cost ＄10.06 at one drugstore Wednesday. Charleston, S, C., where the 7-cent-a-pack tax is the lowest in the nation. The price was $4. 78. The influence is obvious. In New York, high school smoking hit a new low in the latest surveys—13.8%, far below the national average. By comparison, 26% of high school students smoke in Kentucky, Other low-tax states have similarly depressing teen-smoking records. Hal Rogers, Representative from Kentucky, like those who are against high tobacco taxes, argues that the burden of the tax falls on low-income Americans “who choose to smoke.” That’s true, But there is more reason in keeping future generations of low-income workers from getting hooked in the first place, As for today’s adults, if the new tax drives them to quit, they will have more to spend on their families, cut their risk of cancer and heart disease and feel better. （1分） (1) The text is mainly about___________. （0.2分） A.the price of cigarettes B.the rate of teen smoking C.the effect of tobacco tax increase D.the differences in tobacco tax rate 标准答案：C (2) What does the author think is a surprise? （0.2分） A.Teen smokers are price sensitive. B.Some states still keep the tobacco tax low. C.Tobacco taxes improve public health. D.Tobacco industry fiercely fights the tax rise. 标准答案：B (3) The underlined word "deter” in Paragr aph 3 most probably means . （0.2分） A.discarding B.remove C.benefit D.free 标准答案：A (4) Rogers’ attitude towards the low-income smokers might be that of . （0.2分） A.tolerance B.unconcern C.doubt D.sympathy 标准答案：D (5) What can we learn from the last paragraph? （0.2分） A.The new tax will be beneficial in the long run. B.Low-income Americans are more likely to fall ill.