语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第一章)
Chapter I Introduction
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.
3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.
4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language
facts and checked against the observed facts.
5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.
6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies
the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in
any linguistic study. 7.
7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the
combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.
8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful
sentences.
9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is
called morphology.
10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the
morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into
sentences.
11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.
12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.
13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not
in isolation, but in context.
14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.
15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.
16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.
17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.
18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in
time.
19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written
language.
20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F.de
Saussure.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter
given:
21. Chomsky defines “competence”as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules
of his language.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8c745149.html,ngue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members
of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and
application of the rules.
23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the
pheno广告网址n that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless
individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.
25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.
26. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.
27. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.
29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.
30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best
complete the statement.
31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it
is said to be ______________.
A. prescriptive
B. analytic
C. descriptive
D. linguistic
32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness
B. Displacement
C. Duality
D. Meaningfulness
33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.
A. primary
B. correct
C. secondary
D. stable
34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because
___________. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information
conveyed. C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his
mother tongue
D. All of the above
35. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. prescriptive
D. comparative
36.Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.
A. sociological…psychological
B. psychological…sociological
C. applied…pragmatic
D.semantic and linguistic
37. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
A. parole
B. performance
C. langue
D. Language
38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between
_________ and meanings.
A. sense
B. sounds
C. objects
D. ideas
39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,
A. displacement
B. duality
C. flexibility
D. cultural transmission
40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through ____ , rather than by instinct.
A. learning
B. teaching
C. books
D. both A and B
IV. Define the following terms:
41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics 46. Language 47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49.Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics 52.Arbitrariness 53 Productivity 54. Displacement 55.Duality 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58 Performance 59. Langue 60 Parole
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:
61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.
62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.
63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?
64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?
65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary,
not the written?
66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?
67. How do you understand competence and performance ?
68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?
69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
l.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.T 12.T 13.T 14.T 15. T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.F 20.F
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the le tter given: 21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 2
6.genetic 2
7. Parole 2
8. applied 2
9. productive 30. scientific (or systemati
c)
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.
B 39.A 40.D
IV. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined
as the scientific study of language. 42. Phonology: The study of how sounds
are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called
syntax. 44.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called
pragmatics. 45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to
the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is
called phonetics. 48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes
are arranged to form words is called morphology. 49. Semantics: The
study of meaning in language is called semantics. 50. Sociolinguistics:
The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.
51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the
application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning,
especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers
to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as
the recovery of speech ability. 52. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design
features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between
meanings and sounds 53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in
that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its
users. 54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used
to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the
past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used
to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker
55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which
consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of
meanings. 56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining
properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of
communication 57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal
user's knowledge of the rules of his language, 58. Performance: performance is
the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication.
59. langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rule s which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of lang ue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the appli cation of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation t o situation.
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give exam ples for illustration if necessary:
61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols use
d for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, languag
e is a sys tem, because elements o
f language are combined accordin
g to rules. Secondl y, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different language s have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good i llustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated wit
h object s, actions, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed t heir writing systems are. The term "human" in the definition indicates that l anguage is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the c ommunication systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" m eans that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and f
ulfill their communicative needs.
62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with ex amples. 1) Arbitrariness As mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of langu age means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer t o the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirelyarbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sound s by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound word s are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. 2) Productivity Language is prod uctive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation
of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand a n infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have ne ver said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ev er sent before. Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal comm unication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. 3) Duality The du ality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meaning s. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk abou t anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duali ty or even comes near to possessing it. 4) Displacement Displacement mea ns that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not pre
sent, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away p laces. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed fro m the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. 5) Cultural transmission Huma n beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of an y language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmi tted.
63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Traditiona
l gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) writte n language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It collects authentic, and mai nly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in a n objective and scientific way.
64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and
a diachronic study? The description of a language at some point in time
is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes throu gh time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes
a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic st
udy of language is the study of the historical development of language o ver a period of time.
65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as pri
mary, not the written? First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten for m and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of langua ge. Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purp oses Finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire o ur mother tongue.
66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole? The distincti
on between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinan
d d
e Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic
system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole ref ers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conve ntions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is t he concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Lang ue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is c oncrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is rel atively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from per son to person, and from situation to situation.
67. How do you understand competence and performance? American lingui
st N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between comp etence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules e nables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large n umber of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization o
f this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s kno
wledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mista kes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarras sment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the co mpetence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphaz ard.
68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chom
sky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you thi nk are their major differences? Although Saussure’s distinction and Cho msky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a soci ological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social c onventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point o
f vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individu
al.
69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why? Language is
arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can b
e logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia,
words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds s uch as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two el ements “photo”and “copy”in “photocopy”are non-motivated, but t he compound is not arbitrary.
语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第二章)
Chapter 2：Phonology
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both C
hinese and English.
2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments a
nd they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary di
stribution.
3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.
4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.
5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.
6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing i
n terms of the amount of information conveyed.
7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the
stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine
called spectrograph.
8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three i
mportant areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.
9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds cal
led voicing.
10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation
and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.
11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which
the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alv eolar.
12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the positi
on of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.
13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into clos
e vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.
14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.
15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.
16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into di
fferent categories.
17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if su
bstituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.
18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one so
und segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.
19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specifi
c.
20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a
sequence of two or more phonemic segments.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with t he letter given:
21. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of spee
ch sounds.
22. A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produ
ce the speech sounds and how they differ.
23. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, th
ey are all b_______ sounds.
24. Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is respo
nsible for varieties of articulation than any other.
25. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulatio
n or in terms of p____ of articulation.
26. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or comple
te, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released a nd the air passing out again is called a s________.
27. S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the l
evel of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.
28. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular langu
age are called s ____ rules.
29. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called
broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.
30. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather t
han the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.
31. P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a parti
cular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units t o effect linguistic communication.
32. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three im
portant cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the na sal cavity.
33. T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of
vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just li ke phonemes.
34. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two
kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress
III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark t he choice that can best complete the statement.
35. Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible. A. mo
uth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords
36. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ soun
ds. A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal
37. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.
A. /z/
B. /d/
C. /k/
D./b/
38. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”
a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____
________. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar
39. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environm
ents and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _________ __.
A. in phonemic contrast
B. in complementary distribution
C. the allophones
D. minimal pair
40. The sound /f/ is _________________. A. voiced palatal affricate
B. voiced alveolar stop
C. voiceless velar fricative
D. voiceless labiodental fricative
41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongu
e maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. fron
t D. middle
42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or
more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above th
e level o
f the segments are called ____________. A. phonetic compone
nts B. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D. se mantic features
43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract
unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. so und C. allophone D. phoneme
44. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phon
etic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme. A. phone
s B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones
IV. Define the terms below:
45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone 48. international phonet
ic alphabet 49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics
52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. ton
e 56. minimal pair
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:
57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more bas
ic than writing?
58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?
59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?
60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect mea
ning.
61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or no
t?
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or Fal
se:
l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.F 12.T 13.F 14.
F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. T
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begin s with the letter given:
21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place 26. st
op 27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation 31. P honology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentence
III. There are four choices following each of the statements below.
Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D 44.D
IV. Define the terms below:
45.phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular lan guage; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patter ns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic com munication.
46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit
of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phonem
e is not a sound; it is a collection o
f distinctive phonetic features.
47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in dif
ferent phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phonem
e.
48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally
accepted system of phonetic transcription.
49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sente
nce rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i ntonation.
50.
51. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium o
f language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worl
d' s languages
52. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's p
oint of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er. 53. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the s
ound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds a re transmitted through the air from one person to another.
54. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use
when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.
55. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between t
wo phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment a nd distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.
56. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rat
es of vibration of the vocal cords.
57. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way exc
ept for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stri ngs, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:
58. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basi
c than writing? 1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.
2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writin
g in terms of the amount of information conveyed. 3) Speech is alway
s the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.
59. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?
1) Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the p
osition of the tongue in the mouth. 2) According to how wide our mouth i s opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-clo se vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels. 3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowel s. 4) The English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels according to the length of the sound.
60. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?
They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general
nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human lan
guages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what
phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonolog
y, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a partic
ular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language f orm patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in li nguistic communication.
61. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meani
ng. 1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such
as `import and import. The similar alternation of stress also occurs be tween a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same element
s. A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stress
of the word always falls on the first element and the second element
receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind
of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird tha t is black. 2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectiv
es , adverbs,etc are pronounced with greater force and made more pr
ominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in s entence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve differen
t effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” for example. To e mphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but
mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed. 3) English has four basic type s of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different to nes, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Gener ally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a questi on of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.
62. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?
A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if s
ubstituting one sound for other results in a change of meaning. If it d oes, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.
语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第三章)
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules
by which words are formed.
2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.
3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, s
o is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.
4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by them
selves are free morphemes.
5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.
6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or
grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.
7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is c
alled a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a
derived form itself.
8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, n
ot the meaning of it.
9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type
of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.
10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first el
ement, while the second element receives secondary stress.
II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the lette r given:
11. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
12. The affix “-ish”in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning.
13. B______ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently
but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or b ound, to form a word.
14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d____ affixes.
15. D______ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.
16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of
the original word and it may case change its part of speech.
17. C______ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two w
ords to create new words.
18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of st
em to form a new word are called m____ rules.
19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d____ can be viewed as the addit
ion of affixes to stems to form new words.
20. A s____ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived for
m itself to which a derivational affix can be added.III. There are fo ur choices following each statement.
Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
21. The morpheme “vision”in the common word “television”is a(n)
______. A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflection al morpheme D. free morpheme
22. The compound word “bookstore”is the place where books are s
old. This indicates that the meaning of a compound ______.
A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of mor
phemes
C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.
D. None of the above.
23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by t
he part of speech of _______. A. the first element B. the s econd element C. either the first or the second elementD. both th
e first and the second elements.
24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to
be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to for m a word. A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemes C. Bo und words D. Words
25. _____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structur
e o
f words and the rules by which words are formed.
A. Syntax
B.Grammar
C. Morphology
D. Morph
eme
26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______. A.
lexical B. morphemic C. grammatical D. semantic 27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________. A. have to be us
ed independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemes
C. can either be free or bound
D. have to be combined with other
morphemes.
28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change t
he part of speech of the original word. A. Prefixes B. Suffixe
s C. Roots D. Affixes
29. _____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of la
nguage by the linguists. A. Words B. Morphemes C. Phonem
es D. Sentences
30. “-s”in the word “books”is _______. A. a derivative affix B.
a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root
IV. Define the following terms:
31. morphology 32. inflectional morphology 33. derivational morp
hology
34. morpheme 35. free morpheme 36. bound morpheme 37. r
oot 38. affix 39. prefix 40. suffix 41. derivation 42. Co
mpounding V. Answer the following questions:43. What are the ma
in features of the English compounds? 44. Discuss the types of
morphemes with examples.
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
l.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T
II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given: 11. Morpheme 12. grammatical 13. Bound 14. derivative 15.Derivative 16. suf fix 17. Compounding 18. morphological 19. derivation 20. stem
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 2l.D 22.D 23.B 24.B 25.C 26. C 27. D 28.
A 29.
B 30. C
语言学概论试题（一） 一、填空（每空1分，共15分） 1.语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。 2.语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助交际工具。 ?3.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。 4.英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。 ?5.语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理角度分析它的表现形式传递过程，从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。 6.是否能够独立运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。 ?7.现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。 ?8.具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。 ?9.语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。 ?10.我国宪法 1982年第19条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。 二、选择题（每题1分，共10分）?????? 1. 中国的传统语文学研究的薄弱环节是（ D ） ??Ａ.文字学Ｂ.语音学? ?Ｃ.词汇学Ｄ.语法学 ?2. 汉语属于（ B ） ?Ａ.屈折语Ｂ.孤立语 ?Ｃ.多式综合语Ｄ.粘着语 ?3. 一种语言中数量最少的是（ B ） ??Ａ.音素Ｂ.音位 ??Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音节 ?4. 文字的前身是（ C ） ??Ａ.结绳记事Ｂ.手势 ??Ｃ.图画记事Ｄ.实物记事 ?5. 派生词中包含（ B ） ??Ａ.词尾Ｂ.词根 ??Ｃ.虚词Ｄ.根词 ?6. 语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是（ C ） ??Ａ.音素Ｂ.义素 ??Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音位 7. 汉语单词“忽然”出现的位置是（ C ） ??Ａ.主语位置Ｂ.谓语位置 ??Ｃ.状语位置Ｄ.定语位置 8. 以下各种语言变体中，属于社会方言的是（ D ） ???Ａ.土话Ｂ.客家话 ???Ｃ.客套话Ｄ.黑话 9. 下列语素中属于自由语素的是（ C ） ???Ａ.初Ｂ.视 ???Ｃ.人Ｄ.民 10. 在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，?具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫（ D ） ??Ａ.转换关系Ｂ.组合关系 ??Ｃ.层级关系Ｄ.聚合关系 三、名词解释（每题4分，共20分） ?1.专语语言学以具体语言作为研究对象的语言学。 2.组合关系指两个以上相连续的语言符号组合而成的线性关系。 3.语流音变语流中的某些音由于相互影响而发生临时性的变化，这种变化就叫语流音变。 4.语义场由具有某些共同义素的一群词类聚而成的场。 5.语法范畴把同一性质的语法意义综合和概括所形成的语法意义的类别。 四、试以国际音标标出下列各词的读音（每题2分，共10分） 1.优秀 2.维持 3.宏观 4.精神 5.离开 五、用义素分析法分析下列各组词（每题3分，共9分） ?1.瞻仰 [+用眼 +往一定方向 +崇敬地]
一、填空题:（每空1 分，本大题共10 分） 1. （）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学 走上独立发展道路的标志。 2. 人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制（ 掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 3. 进入20世纪以后，语言研究的主流由历史比较语言学转为 （）。 4. 俄语属于印欧语系的（ 5. 一个音位包含的不同音素或者具体表现出来的音素叫做 （）。 6. 语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是（ 7. 现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于（）字 母。 8. 言外之意之所以能够被理解是因为（）起了补充说明的 作用。 9. 方言在社会完全分化的情况下，有可能发展成（? ）?； 在社会高度统一的情况下，会逐渐被共同语消磨直到同化。 10. 南京方言的“兰”、“南”不分，从音位变体的角度来说，[n ]和[l]是 属于（）变体。 二、单项选择题: 码填在题干上的括号内。（每小题1 分，本大题共15 分）
1. 在二十世纪，对哲学、人类学、心理学、社会学等学科产生重大影响 的语言学流派是（） A.历史比较语言学 B.心理语言学 C.结构主义语言学 D.社会语言学 2. “人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于（） A.语言 B.言语 C.言语行为 D.言语作品 3. “我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”（） A.是聚合关系。 B.是组合关系。 C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 4. 一种语言中数量最少的是 A.音素 B.音位 C.语素 D.音节 5. 英语的man—→men采用的语法手段是 A. 屈折变化 B.变换重音的位置 C. 变化中缀 D.异根 6. 在汉语普通话中没有意义区别功能的声学特征是（） A.音高 B.音强 C.音长 D.音质 7. [ε]的发音特征是 A.舌面前高不圆唇 B.舌面后高不圆唇 C.舌面前半高不圆唇 D.舌面前半低不圆唇 8. 构成“语言、身体”这两个词的语素的类型（） A.都是成词语素 B.都是不成词语素 C.“语”和“言”是成词语素，“身”和“体”是不成词语素 D.“语”和“言”是不成词语素，“身”和“体” 9. 广义地说，汉语动词词尾“着”、“了”、“过”属于语法范畴中的 （）
绪论、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释 1．语言学 2．语言 5．文言文 6．符号 7．符号形式 8．符号的任意性 9．语言符号 10．组合关系 11．聚合关系 二、填空 1．__________、________ 、________________ 具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。 2．__________ 是我国古代的书面语，用它写成的文章称为__________。 3．__________ 、__________ 、__________ 是我国传统的语文学。 4．研究语言的结构，主要是研究 __________、____________ 、__________ 三个部分。 5．运用语言传递信息的过程，可以分为________、________ 、_________ 、__________ 、__________ 五个阶段。 6．语言是人类社会的______________，而且也是思维的______________。 7．在一定条件下，身体姿势等伴随动作还可以离开语言独立完成交际任务。例如汉民族点头表示____________，摇头表示____________，送别时挥手表示 ______________，____________表示欢迎，咬牙切齿表示_____________，手舞足蹈表示____________。 8．人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性____________。 9．汉语的“哥哥”、“弟弟”，英语用________________表示，汉语的“舅舅、姨父、姑父、叔叔、伯伯”，英语用______________表示。 10．英语可以直接用数词修饰名词，汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个 _____。 11．儿童最早的智力活动就是学习_________。 12．任何符号，都是由和两个方面构成的。 13．一个符号，如果没有_______，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有_______，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。 14．语言符号是_________和_________的统一体，声音是语言符号的______。
语言学概论试题及答案 分享 首次分享者：◇﹎ゞ丫丫℡已被分享11次评论(0)复制链接分享转载举报语言学概论形成性考核作业及参考答案 语言学概论作业1 导言、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释 1、历时语言学——就各种语言的历史事实用比较的方法去研究它的“亲属”关系和历史发展的，叫历时语言学。 2、语言——语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具。就语言本身的结构来说，语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统。 3、符号——符号是用来代表事物的一种形式，词这样的符号是声音和意义相结合的统一体。任何符号都是由声音和意义两方面构成的。 4、语言的二层性——语言是一种分层装置，其底层是一套音位；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是由语素构成的词，第三级是由词构成的句子。 5、社会现象——语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系。所谓“社会”，就是指生活在一个共同的地域中，说同一种语言，有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体。语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的、共同的；另一方面，语言在人们的使用中可以有不同的变异、不同的风格。 二、填空 1、结构主义语言学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学三个学派。 2、历史比较语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。 3、人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 4、一个符号，如果没有意义，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有声音，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。 5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成。 6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点。 7、语言的底层是一套音位，上层是符号和符号的序列，可以分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是词，第三级是句子。 8、语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合。 9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，聚合是指符号在性质上的归类。 三、判断正误（正确的打钩，错误的打叉） 1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具。（×） 2、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言是有阶级性的。（×） 3、在现代社会，文字比语言更加重要。（×）
试卷代号：1093 语言学概论(本) 模拟试题 一、举例解释下列名词(每词5分，共10分) 1. 音位变体 2．借词 二、单项选择(每小题2分。共10分) 3．下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A．语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字也是人类最重要的交际工具 B．不同的阶级使用语言具有不同的特点，说明语言具有阶级性 C．人类多种多样的语言说明语言具有任意性特点 D．语言是一种纯自然的现象 4. 下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A．语法的组合规则是潜在的 B．语法的聚合规则是潜在的 C．语法的组合规则存在于书面语言中 D.语法的聚合规则存在于口头语言中 5．单纯词就是由一个( )构成的词。 A．词根 B．词干 C．词缀 D．词尾6．下列各种说法只有( )是正确的。 A．词义的模糊性说明词义是不可捉摸的 B．多义词使用不当会产生歧义，如“门没有锁” C．“glass”的本义是玻璃，派生义指玻璃杯，这是隐喻 D．同义词在修辞上具有对比作用，可以利用来突出对立面 7．下列说法只有( )是错误的。 A．语法的规则可以类推，但也有例外，如“wife”的复数不是“wifes” B．}昆合语又叫克里奥尔语，它可以被孩子们作为母语来学习 C．混合语只限于某社会集团使用，缺乏广泛性 D．“墨水”原指黑墨水，现指各种颜色的墨水，这种变化是词义的扩大
三、综合分析题(共40分) 8．描写下列音素的发音特点。（8分） ① [u]： ② Ea]： ③ [m]： ④ [x]： 9．分析下面词语中各个构词语素的类别，是词根、词缀还是词尾。（12分） ① going ②老乡 ⑧绿化 10．指出下列词组的结构类型。(10分) ①学生和老师 ②空气新鲜 ③热烈欢呼 ④摆放整齐 ⑤阅读报纸 11．指出下列句子中画线词语的词尾所表示的语法意义和语法范畴。(10分) He buys many books． 四、问答题(每小题10分，共40分) 12．为什么说语言是一种特殊的社会现象? 13．语言符号是一种分层装置，这种分层的核。g,是ffA?其上层由哪些要素构成? 各要素在数量上有何特点? 14．举例说明基本词汇的特点，并简要说明这些特点之间的相互影响。 15．什么是双语现象?双语现象随着社会的发展会出现怎样的结果?
《语言学概论》考核题型与分章模拟题 一、填空题(每小题2分,计30分) 二、选择题(每小题1分,计10分) 三、名词解释(每小题2分,计10分) 四、分析说明题(每小题5分,计20分) 五、论述题(每小题10分,计30分) 第一章语言的功能 一、填空(15分) 1、语言的功能包括( 社会)功能与( 思维)功能。 2、语言的社会功能包括(信息传递)功能与(人际互动)功能。 3、人的大脑分左右两个半球,语言功能及计数、推理能力等由(左 )半球掌管,音乐感知、立体图形识别等能力由(右 )半球制约。 二、判断正误(15分) ( 错 )1、书刊上的话语不具有人际互动功能。 ( 错 )2、聋哑人不会说话,所以不具有抽象思维的能力。 ( 对 )3、不同语言结构的差异体现出思维方式的不同。 三.思考题(70分) 1、语言的人际互动功能表现在哪些方面？ 说话者在传递客观经验信息的同时,也在表达着主观的情感、态度与意图,寻求听话者的反馈。而受话者在接收说话者传递的客观经验信息的同时,也了解了说话者的主观情感态度,从而做出回应。这样语言就成为说话者与听话者间交际互动的工具。例如: 张三与李四同时在教室瞧书,张三坐在窗子边的位置,李四坐在中间位置。 A、李四说:“今天气温很低。” B、张三说:“我马上关上。”
A、B的对话表达了一种委婉的请求。李四说“今天气温很低”的目的并不就是反映今天的天气,而就是向坐在窗户边的张三请求将窗户关上。 2、不同语言思维方式的特殊性体现在哪些方面？ 思维能力就是全人类普遍的,但使用不同语言的民族在思维方式上会有所不同。 每一种语言都包含着一个民族认识客观世界的特殊方式,我们学会一种语言也就学会了该民族的独特的思维方式。不同语言背景的人进行思维时常常呈现出不同的特点: A 不同民族的不同语言对事物的分类可能不同。 英文中的“uncle”,与汉语中伯父、叔父、姑父;堂伯、堂叔、堂姑父、姨父、舅父、表姑父、表叔……等词对应。 B 相同语素构成的词,可能表示不同的概念。 手+纸汉:手纸日:信 汽+车汉:汽车日:火车 第二章语言就是符号系统 一、填空(20分) 1、说出的话语句子就是无限的,但无限多的句子都就是由有限的(词 )与( 规则 )组装起来的。 2、我们就是通过( 听话)认识到“孔子就是中国古代的思想家”这个( 心理现实 )的。 3、心理现实就是存在于( 客观现实 )与(语言符号 )之间的人脑中的信息存在状态。 4、语言符号的( 任意性 )与( 线条性),就是语言符号的基本性质。 5、( 组合关系 )与( 聚合关系 )就是语言系统中的两种根本关系。 二、判断正误(20分) ( 错 )1、音位与音位组合构成语素。 ( 错 )2、语言就是一种社会规约,所以每个人说话就是不自由的。 ( 错 )3、句子就是比词组高一层级的符号单位,所以句子的长度一定大于词组。
语言学概论试题及答案 语言学概论作业1 导言、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释 1、历时语言学——就各种语言的历史事实用比较的方法去研究它的“亲属”关系和历史发展的，叫历时语言学。 2、语言——语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具。就语言本身的结构来说，语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统。 3、符号——符号是用来代表事物的一种形式，词这样的符号是声音和意义相结合的统一体。任何符号都是由声音和意义两方面构成的。 4、语言的二层性——语言是一种分层装置，其底层是一套音位；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是由语素构成的词，第三级是由词构成的句子。 5、社会现象——语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系。所谓“社会”，就是指生活在一个共同的地域中，说同一种语言，有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体。语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的、共同的；另一方面，语言在人们的使用中可以有不同的变异、不同的风格。 二、填空 1、结构主义语言学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学三个学派。 2、历史比较语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。 3、人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 4、一个符号，如果没有意义，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有声音，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。 5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成。 6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点。 7、语言的底层是一套音位，上层是符号和符号的序列，可以分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是词，第三级是句子。 8、语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合。 9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，聚合是指符号在性质上的归类。 三、判断正误（正确的打钩，错误的打叉） 1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具。（×） 2、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言是有阶级性的。（×） 3、在现代社会，文字比语言更加重要。（×） 4、现代社会，沟通的方式很多，语言的重要性日渐削弱。（×） 5、语言是思维的工具，没有语言，人类就无法思维。（√） 6、语言和思维互相依存，共同发展。（√） 7、任何一种符号，都是由内容和意义两个方面构成的。（×） 8、从本质上看，语言其实是一种符号系统。（√）
2016年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 语言学概论试卷(课程代码 00541) 第一部分选择题 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题l分，共20分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题卡” 的相应代码涂黑。未涂、错涂或多涂均无分。 1.下面各项中，属于汉语北方方言的是 A.广州话 B.福州话 C.重庆话 D.上海话 2.汉语拼音字母b、p、m都是 A.舌尖音 B.唇齿音 C.正齿音 D.双唇音 3.下面各项属于自源文字的是 A.英文字母 B.甲骨文 C.腓尼基字母 D.希腊字母 4.儿童“以词代句语言”出现在 A.单词句阶段 B.语法句阶段 C.简单句阶段 D.复杂句阶段 5.“叶子岀水很高，像亭亭的舞女的裙”一句采用的修辞手法是 A.比拟 B.仿写 C.夸张 D.比喻 6.下面各项中含有轻声音节的是 A.渐渐 B.妈妈 C.声声 D.人人 7.“在家休息”是一个 A.动宾词组 B.主谓词组 C.偏正词组 D.兼语词组 8.不同行业有自己的“行话“行话”属于 A.地域方言 B.社会方言 C.亲属语言 D.混合语言 9.“半两棉花——免弹（谈)”采用的方法是 A.转移欢关 B.语义汉关 C.语音双关 D.替代双关 10.下面各项属于语言符号特点的是 A.约定性 B.自然性 C.固定性 D.想象性 11.一种语言的共同语是在某一个方言的基础上形成的，这种方言叫 A.母方言 B.底层方言 C.基础方言 D.原始方言
12.谈话体属于 A.书面语体 B.宣传语体 C.文学语体 D.口语语体 13.唐太宗名李世民，唐代人便把“世”改为“代'把“民”改成“人”，这是为了 A.避讳 B.图吉利 C.讨口彩 D.自谦 14.中国历史上推行“书同文”措施的是 A.齐桓公 B.秦始皇 C.汉武帝 D.唐玄宗 15.汉语中“罗汉、菩萨、塔、阎罗”等词的出现，是因为 A.儒家学说的兴盛 B.道教的兴起 C.名教的影响 D.佛教的传入 16.“弟弟吃苹果”不能说成“苹果弟弟吃'这是受制于语言符号的 A.组合关系 B.聚合关系C联想关系 D.分类关系 17.音高取决于声波的 A.振幅 B.数量 C.长短 D.频率 18.“这是革命的春天，这是人民的春天，这是科学的春天”，这个句子是 A.反复句 B.顶真句 C.对偶句 D.回环句 19.中国叫“绥远、定远”之类名字的地方，往往当年 A.水草丰美 B.山川秀丽 C.曾发生战乱后被抚平 D.人口特别多 20.—个民族的全体或部分成员放弃使用本民族语言转而使用另一民族语言的现象叫 A.语言混合 B.语言转用 C.克里奥尔 D.双语现象 二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分) 在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。未涂、错涂、多涂或少涂均无分。 21.下面关于语言和民族、国家关系的说法中，正确的有 A.—个民族只能说一种语言 B.—个民族可以说多种语言 C.一个国家只有一种语言 D.—个国家可以有多种语言 E.不同民族可以说同一种语言 22.下面各项中，属于元音的有 A.[a] B.[f] C. [l] D.[o] E.[p] 23.下面各项中属于发散思维的表现形式的有 A.音乐 B.舞蹈 C.绘画 D.推理 E.文学 24.下面各项中彼此有亲属关系的语言有 A.日语 B.葡萄牙语 C.老挝语 D.朝鲜语 E.英语 25.下面各项中，属于借词的有
《语言学概论》期末试卷 1.( 单选题 ) 下列关于“语言”的说法 ,不正确的一项是 (D )(本题 2.0 分) A、语言系统是由多个子系统组合而成的 B、语言是一个符号系统 C、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特征 D、 语言符号的音义关系可以任意改变 2.( 单选题 ) 下列元音音素都是后元音的一组是 ( B)(本题 2.0 分) A、[u, ε] B、[α, Λ] C、[α,y] D、[o, a] 3.( 单选题 ) 下列辅音音素都是塞音的一组是 ( B)(本题 2.0 分) A、[k, 1] B、[p, k] C、[p, n] D、[t, v] 4.( 单选题 ) 从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是
( A)(本题 2.0 分) A、音位 B、音素 C、音节 D、音渡 5.( 单选题 ) 汉语普通话中的“我”和助词“的”单念时发音分别为[uo]和[te],而在实际语流中 ,“我的”发音是 [uo de],这是语流音变中的( A)(本题 2.0 分) A、顺同化现象 B、逆同化现象 C、弱化现象 D、异化现象 6.( 单选题 ) 语音的本质属性是 (C )(本题 2.0 分) A、物理属性 B、生理属性 C、社会属性 D、心理属性 7. ( 单选题) 英语“ students”中的“ -s”是 ( C)(本题 2.0 分)
A、虚词语素 B、词根语素 C、构形语素 D、构词语素 8. ( 单选题) 从词的构造方式看, 下列各项中属于复合词的是( D)(本题 2.0 分) A、木头 B、念头 C、苦头 D、山头 9.( 单选题 ) 划分词类的最本质的标准是 (A )(本题 2.0 分) A、分布标准 B、意义标准 C、形态标准 D、逻辑标准 10.( 单选题 ) 下面词组中 ,结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是( D)(本题 2.0 分) A、年轻漂亮/朴素大方 B、我们大家/首都北京
【练习与思考】 一、填空题 1、语音的发音、传递、感知三个环节，分别对应于语音的（)( ）( ）三个方面的属性。 2、语音同其它声音一样,也具有（）( )( ）( ）四个要素。 ３、人类的发音器官可分为( ）( ）（)三大部分。 4、在发音器官中,唇、舌头、软腭、小舌、声带等是能够活动的,叫做（）发音器官；上齿、齿龈、硬腭等是不能活动的，叫做( ）发音器官。 5、口腔中最为灵活的发音器官是（) ６、从自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位是( )。 7、根据发音特点,音素可以分为( ）和( ）两类。 ８、每个元音的音质是由（)( ）( )三个方面的因素决定的。 9、辅音的发音特点是主要由( )和（)两个方面决定的。 10、[t]—[ｄ]的区别性特征表现为（)对立。 １１、汉语拼音方案是以()字母为基础制订的。 12、语音中具有辨义作用的最小单位是（）。 1３、一个音位通常是归纳几个音素的结果,那么，属于同一音位的几个音素叫（)。14、一般把具有辨义作用的音高、音强、音长形成的音位分别叫做()( ）（）。１５、( )是听觉上能够自然辨别出来的最小语音单位，它也是语音中最小的（）单位。 1６、汉语的音节通常可以分为( )、（）和（）三部分,其中韵母又分（)、( )、( )三部分,声母和韵母是由(）音位构成的，声调由超音质音位的( )构成的。1７、常见的语流音变主要有（)( )（）（）四种。 1８、我们在念“老虎”时，通常要把“老”念成类似阳平,这种变化叫做( )。 2、指出下列各组音素的区别特征。 [p‘]－[p] [f]－[ｖ] ［ts]-[t§] [n]－［ｌ］ [y]－[i] [ｙ]－[u] 三、名词解释 1、语音 2、音质 3、音素 4、音标 5、半元音 6、音位 ７、音位变体 8、条件变体 ９、自由变体 １０、典型变体 11、超音质音位
语言学概论试题 文学院新闻学14级4班陈秋霞2014033004 一、填空题（每空一分共10分） 1、语言是由人的发出的有的声音。 2、是否能够运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。 3 4 二、选择题（每题2分共20分） 1、一种语言中数量最少的是（） Ａ、音素Ｂ、音位Ｃ、语素Ｄ、音节 2、在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所系叫（）
Ａ、转换关系Ｂ、组合关系Ｃ、层级关系Ｄ、聚合关系 3、发音的时候。声带振动，发音部位之间形成的窄缝比较大，气流略有摩擦。这样发出的音叫（） Ａ、元音Ｂ、半元音Ｃ、浊擦音Ｄ、塞擦音 4、汉语的“我”，翻译成英语在不同的句子成分中，分别是“I ”、“me ”、“my ”、“mine ”，这里使用的语法手段是（） Ａ、重叠法Ｂ、重音移动法Ｃ、异根法Ｄ、外部附加法 5、能够充当句法结构的结构成分的语法单位是（） Ａ、语素Ｂ、词Ｃ、句子Ｄ、句群 6、现代汉语属于（） Ａ、比较语言学Ｂ、共时语言学Ｃ、历时语言学Ｄ、一般语言学 7、现代汉语属于（）
Ａ、比较语言学Ｂ、共时语言学Ｃ、历时语言学Ｄ、一般语言学 8、汉语“帽子”、“棋子”两个词（） Ａ、前者是复合词，后者是派生词Ｂ、都是复合词 Ｃ、前者是派生词，后者是复合词Ｄ、都是派生词 9、根据构成词的语素数量的多少，把词分为（） Ａ、单义词和多义词Ｂ、类义词和同义词 Ｃ、单纯词和合成词Ｄ、复合词和派生词 10、下列诸现象中属于构词现象的是（） Ａ、汉语的“桌”加“子”变成“桌子” Ｂ、汉语的“同学”加“们”变成“同学们” Ｃ、英语的“help ”（“帮助”，现在时）加“ed ”变成“helped ”（“帮
绪论及语言本质 1.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。 2.“语言学概论”课程容在语言学学科分类中，属于理论语言学。 3.狭义的应用语言学一般是指语言教学。 4.17世纪，法国波瓦雅的修道院里有两位学者阿尔诺.兰斯洛合编了一本普遍唯理语法。 5.历史比较语言学的出现，标志着语言学走出传统语文学，成为一门独立的科学。 6.传统语文学一般主要指古代印度、古代希腊和古代中国三个地方的语文学。中国传统的语文学通常叫小学。 7.语言系统的两种基本关系是组合关系和聚合关系。它们是打开语言的两把钥匙。 8.1786年，英国的威廉琼斯在皇家亚洲学会宣读的论文《三周年演说》中指出有共同的结构特点。为了纪念这一新发现，这一年被认为是历史比较语言学诞生的一年。 9.历史比较语言学的奠基人是丹麦的拉斯克、德国的葆朴和格里木。 10.语言的分类一般从两个方面进行：第一，按照语言的（结构/形态）特点分类；第二，按照语言的（亲属/来源）关系分类。 11.著名语言学家瑞士的索绪尔的著作《普通语言学教程》标志着结构主义语言学的诞生。 12.美国结构主义语言学的代表人物是布龙菲尔德，他的代表著作是《语言论》。 13.转换生成语言学的代表人物是乔姆斯基，他被称为“标准理论”的著作是《句法理论问题》。 14.根据语言的结构或者形态特点，一般把语言分为孤立语（词根语）、粘着语、屈折语和多式综合语（编插语）四种。 1.人类语言和动物的交际方式有着根本区别。 2.什么样的声音与什么样的意义相结合，取决于约定俗成的社会习惯。这里的“约定俗成”的容既有任意性，也有强制性。
A卷 一，简答 1,什么是辅音？辅音又叫“子音”，是发音时气流受到阻碍形成的音。 辅音的差异是由哪些因素决定的？辅音音色是由发音部位和发音方法决定的。 辅音（b）和辅音（P）的差异是什么？发音方法不同：他们都是塞、轻音，但由于克服阻碍及气流强弱的不同，故有送气和不送气之分。（b）呼出气流弱，因此是不送气，例如：包、斑、白、拔；（p）呼出气流强，因此是不送气，例如：爬、跑、拍。 2，从语言分化的角度谈谈社会方言，地域方言和亲属语言的联系与区别？（PPT上第七章最后一页） 社会方言、地域方言和亲属语言都是语言随社会分化而分化的结果。这三种语言现象之间既有联系又有区别。 1.社会方言和地域方言的区别：社会方言和地域方言虽然都是方言，但是它们之间有很大的不同。社会方言主要是由于职业、性别、年龄等方面因素而造成了某些词语的不一致，因此，社会方言的差别主要表现在词汇方面，而语音、语法方面的差别则比较小。而地域方言之间的差别除主要表现在语音上之外，但它在词汇、语法上也存在着一系列差别，所以地域方言之间的差别往往是系统的，因而在一定的社会历史条件下，地域方言就有可能分化为不同的语言，从一种语言的方言变成为一种独立的语言，和原来同一共同语下面的其它方言之间形成亲属语言的关系，而社会方言由于其差别主要是在词汇系统方面，所以无论如何也不会发展成为独立的语言。 2、方言和亲属语言的关系：方言和亲属语言都与单一社会在地域上的分化相关，都是由单一语言分化而来的后代。单一社会如果在地域上的分化是不完全的，其语言一般也是不完全分化的，同一语言在地域上的不完全分化而形成的语言分支，就是该语言的方言。如汉语在地域上的各个后代仍属汉语的分支，彼此是方言关系，就是由于中国在历史上虽有过分裂的历史，但统一却是主流，是长期的。而单一社会在地域上的分化如果进一步加剧最终形成完全的分化，则方言就进一步发展为亲属语言。如法语、西班牙语、意大利语等，原来都是拉丁语的方言，但后来随着罗马帝国的灭亡，各地不仅在经济上彼此隔离而且政治上形成了各自独立的国家，这样各地语言的分化就失去了共同的约束，最终形成了具有亲属语言关系的独立的语言。 3，什么是语言的谱系分类？世界上的语言可以分为哪些主要谱系？ 根据语言的历史来源或语言的亲属关系对世界上的语言进行分类,把有亲属关系的语言归在一起,把没有历史同源关系的语言互相分开,这种分类叫语言的“谱系分类”. 以母语使用人口排列： 1. 印欧语系 46%（欧洲、北美洲大部份地区、西南亚到南亚） 2. 汉藏语系 21%（东亚） 3. 尼日尔-刚果语系 6.4%（撒哈拉以南非洲） 4. 亚非语系 6.0%，旧称闪含语系（北非到非洲之角、西南亚） 5. 南岛语系 5.9%（大洋洲、马达加斯加、东南亚） 6. 达罗毗荼语系（南亚） 7. 阿尔泰语系（中亚，有争议，有说法为突厥语族和日本语系分别为第7和第8位）
语言学概论试题及答案（4篇） ：语言学概论万题库语言学概论试题及答案第一篇： （二）： 一、术语解释题 1、孤立语 孤立语：不经过词的形态变化来表现各结构意义，而是经过虚词和词序来表达语法意义。 【考点】语言和语言学――认识人类的语言 【下载自考万题库对答案看直播解析】 2、语言借用 语言借用：一种语言用了另一种的语言的成分，另一种语言又用了这种语言的成分。例如汉语中”沙发”从英语借入的借词。 【考点】语言的发展和演变――语言的接触和影响 【下载自考万题库对答案看直播解析】 3、正迁移 正迁移：如果母语的语言规则和第二语言规则是一致的，那么语言迁移会对第二语言迁移有进取的影响。 【考点】语言的获得和学习――语言学习的类型 【下载自考万题库对答案看直播解析】 4、串对 串对：对偶句的一种形式，前后两句意义相关联，又叫做”流水对”，如”野火烧不尽，春风吹又生”。 【考点】语言与文学写作 【下载自考万题库对答案看直播解析】 二、分析题： 1、”甲：今日午时去逛街吧。乙：今日晚上要英语考试。”违反了会话原则的哪些 【答案】 (1)该会话违反了合作原则中的相关准则，相关准则要求会话要说跟话题有关
的话，不说无关的话。 (2)”甲”说的是逛街，而”乙”回答的是考试，是与话题无关的话。 【考点】语用――会话准则和会话含义 【下载自考万题库对答案看直播解析】 2、说说下头这些字声符、意符、记号 箕汉鱼裁 【答案】 (1)箕：意符：其、 (2)汉：声符：氵;意符：又 (3)鱼：意符 (4)裁：声符： ;意符：衣 【考点】文字――文字的形式和类型 【下载自考万题库对答案看直播解析】 三、简答题： 1、多义词同音词的区别 【答案】 (1)现时意义有联系的是多义词，现时意义没有联系的是同音词。 (2)如”花钱”中”花”表示”耗费”，”花费”中”花”表示”可供观赏的植物”，意义之间没有任何联系，它们为同音词。”浓茶”中”浓”表示”含某种成分多”，”兴趣浓”中”浓”表示”程度深”，意义之间有联系，它们为多义词。 【考点】语义――词语的意义 【下载自考万题库对答案看直播解析】 2、语音的物理四要素 【答案】语音的物理四要素包括音高、音强、音长、音色。 (1)音高指声音的高低，取决于声波的频率 (2)音强指声音的强弱，取决于声波的振幅 (3)音长：声音的长短
2011年10月全国自考语言学概论模拟试题和答案 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分)在每小题列出的四个备选项目中只有一个是符号题目要求的,请将其代码填写的括号内.错选、多选或未选均无分。 1. ［y］是（） A. 前高不圆唇元音 B. 前高圆唇元音 C. 后高不圆唇元音 D. 后高圆唇元音 答案：B 2. 语言中的词类（词的语法分类）可以先分成两大类，即（） A. 基本词和非基本词 B. 名词和动词 C. 实词和虚词 D. 典型类的词和兼类的词 答案：C 4. “外语系一个来自外省的都没有。”这个句子可切分为（） A. 3个层次 B. 4个层次 C. 5个层次 D. 6个层次 答案：C 5. “主格”和“宾格”是某些语言中名词和代词所具有的（） A. 语法形式 B. 语法手段 C. 语性范畴 D. 语法意义 答案：D 6. 下列词组属于体词性词组的是（） A. 内科医生 B. 默默流泪 C. 唱山歌 D. 很亮堂 答案：A 8. 下列句法结构中，属于主语是一层套一层的主谓结构的是（） A. 这几道难题有些他已经问过老师了。 B. 你俩谁对谁错？ C. 前些天我出差你可能不知道。 D. 下雨天远处的物体不容易看得很清。 答案：C 9. 下列句子属于完全主谓句的是（） A. 下雨了！ B. 院子里有棵槐树。 C. 在外面呢！ D. 你的车呢？
答案：B 10. “导师布置给我们一大堆作业”中，谓词的变元有（） A. 一个 B. 两个 C. 三个 D. 四个 答案：C 11. 我们在念“老虎”时，通常要把“老”念成阳平，这种变化叫做（） A. 同化 B. 异化 C. 弱化 D. 脱落 答案：B 解析：异化指语流中两个相同或相近的音，其中一个因受另一个的影响而变得不相同或不相近。 12. 舌根清音有（） A. ［b］ B. ［g］ C. ［k］ D. ［i］ 答案：C 解析：A项为双唇音，B项为舌根浊音，D项为元音。 13. 下列词组中属于向心词组的是（） A. 他眼睛大 B. 木头房子 C. 吃的 D. 老王知道了 答案：B 解析：向心词组指整个词组的功能相当于词组的中心语功能的词组。 14. 下列词中其义项不含非理性意义的是（） A. 书包 B. 良药 C. 尾巴 D. 东风 答案：A 解析：非理性意义表现在感情色彩、语体色彩和形象色彩方面。BCD三项均含有非理性意义。 15. 汉语的词类划分比较适合用（） A. 形态标准 B. 意义标准 C. 分布标准 D. 形态和意义标准 答案：C 解析：词类划分的标准主要有三种：形态标准、意义标准和分布标准。前两条标准比较适用
语言学概论试题及答案语言学概论作业1 导言、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释 1、历时语言学——就各种语言的历史事实用比较的方法去研究它的“亲属”关系和历史发展的，叫历时语言学。 2、语言——语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具。就语言本身的结构来说，语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统。 3、符号——符号是用来代表事物的一种形式，词这样的符号是声音和意义相结合的统一体。任何符号都是由声音和意义两方面构成的。 4、语言的二层性——语言是一种分层装置，其底层是一套音位；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是由语素构成的词，第三级是由词构成的句子。 5、社会现象——语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系。所谓“社会”，就是指生活在一个共同的地域中，说同一种语言，有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体。语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的、共同的；另一方面，语言在人们的使用中可以有不同的变异、不同的风格。 二、填空
1、结构主义语言学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学三个学派。 2、历史比较语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。 3、人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 4、一个符号，如果没有意义，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有声音，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。 5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成。 6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点。 7、语言的底层是一套音位，上层是符号和符号的序列，可以分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是词，第三级是句子。 8、语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合。 9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，聚合是指符号在性质上的归类。 三、判断正误（正确的打钩，错误的打叉） 1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具。（×）
语言学概论试题及答案 第一部分 选择题 一、单项选择题 1．关于“语言”的定义，下列说法不正确的一项是B A．语言是一种社会现象 B．语言就是人们说出来的话 C．语言的客观存在形式首先是有声的口头语言 D．语言是一个符号系统 2．关于“言语活动”、“语言”和“言语”三者之间的关系，下列说法不正确的一项是C A．“语言”等于“言语活动”减去“言语” B．“语言”是主要的，而“言语”是次要的 C．“言语”是“言语活动”中的社会部分 D．“语言”是从“言语活动”抽象出来的一个均质的系统 3．索绪尔创立的语言学可以称为C A．传统语言学 B．历史比较语言学 C．结构主义语言学 D．社会语言学 4．从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是B A．音渡 B．音素 C．音位 D．音节 5．[p‘]的发音特征是A A．双唇送气清塞音 B．双唇不送气清塞音 C．舌尖前送气清塞音 D．舌尖前不送气清塞音 6．下列各项中，都是不圆唇元音的一组是D A．[i，u] B．[e，o] C．[A，y] D．[?，a] 7．说话人根据表达需要有意识地加上去的句重音是D A．节律重音 B．语法重音 C．固定重音 D．强调重音 8．下列关于语汇的表述中，正确的一项是D A．语汇是有意义的能独立使用的语言单位 B．语汇是最小的有意义的语言单位 C．语汇是固定词组和熟语的总汇 D．语汇是一种语言中词和语的总和
9．从词的构造方式看，汉语“健儿”一词属于C A.单纯词 B．派生词 C．复合词 D．简缩词 10．下列各个汉语词语中的“子”是词根语素的是C A．笼子 B．鸽子 C．瓜子 D．日子 11．下列关于语法的表述中，不正确的一项是C A．语法是关于词的构成变化和词构成词组和句子的规则 B．语法是说本族语的人的直觉知识和约定习惯 C.语法是与语音、语汇等要素互不相关的规则 D．语法是与语音、语汇等相比变化较慢的现象 12．在“这些书我看过了”这个语言片段中，“这些书”和“我看过了”的性质是A．既是成分也是组合 B．是成分，不是组合 C．是组合，不是成分 D．不是成分也不是组合 13．下列关于词义模糊性的表述中，正确的一项是A A．词义所指范围边缘区域模糊，中心区域明确 B．词义所指范围边缘区域明确，中心区域模糊 C．词义所指范围边缘区域、中心区域都模糊 D．词义所指范围边缘区域可能模糊 14．“哈巴狗”和“狮子狗”指的是同一种狗，二者在词义上的主要差别是C A．理性意义不同 B．语体色彩不同 C．形象色彩不同 D．语气意义不同 15．下列各项中，含有降级述谓结构的是C A．他申请去北京进修 B．你去请他比较好 C．他取下了挂在墙上的地图 D．他害怕老师批评他 16．下列各项中，甲和乙之间是预设关系的是B A．(甲)他有一件西服——(乙)他有一件衣服 B．(甲)他的西服破了——(乙)他有一件西服 C．(甲)那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》——(乙)那个人借给他一本《红楼梦》D．(甲)那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》——(乙)那个学生借给他一本书17．1956年我国推行汉字简化方案，将繁体字改成简体字，这属于A A．正字法改革 B．字符类型改革 C．文字类型改革
语言学概论试题及答案下载 第一部分 选择题 一、单项选择题 1．关于“语言”的定义，下列说法不正确的一项是B A．语言是一种社会现象 B．语言就是人们说出来的话 C．语言的客观存在形式首先是有声的口头语言 D．语言是一个符号系统 2．关于“言语活动”、“语言”和“言语”三者之间的关系，下列说法不正确的一项是C A．“语言”等于“言语活动”减去“言语” B．“语言”是主要的，而“言语”是次要的 C．“言语”是“言语活动”中的社会部分 D．“语言”是从“言语活动”抽象出来的一个均质的系统 3．索绪尔创立的语言学可以称为C A．传统语言学 B．历史比较语言学 C．结构主义语言学 D．社会语言学 4．从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是B A．音渡 B．音素 C．音位 D．音节 5．[p…]的发音特征是A A．双唇送气清塞音 B．双唇不送气清塞音 C．舌尖前送气清塞音 D．舌尖前不送气清塞音 6．下列各项中，都是不圆唇元音的一组是D A．[i，u] B．[e，o] C．[A，y] D．[?，a] 7．说话人根据表达需要有意识地加上去的句重音是D A．节律重音 B．语法重音 C．固定重音 D．强调重音 8．下列关于语汇的表述中，正确的一项是D A．语汇是有意义的能独立使用的语言单位 B．语汇是最小的有意义的语言单位 C．语汇是固定词组和熟语的总汇
D．语汇是一种语言中词和语的总和 9．从词的构造方式看，汉语“健儿”一词属于C A.单纯词 B．派生词 C．复合词 D．简缩词 10．下列各个汉语词语中的“子”是词根语素的是C A．笼子 B．鸽子 C．瓜子 D．日子 11．下列关于语法的表述中，不正确的一项是C A．语法是关于词的构成变化和词构成词组和句子的规则 B．语法是说本族语的人的直觉知识和约定习惯 C.语法是与语音、语汇等要素互不相关的规则 D．语法是与语音、语汇等相比变化较慢的现象 12．在“这些书我看过了”这个语言片段中，“这些书”和“我看过了”的性质是A．既是成分也是组合 B．是成分，不是组合 C．是组合，不是成分 D．不是成分也不是组合 13．下列关于词义模糊性的表述中，正确的一项是A A．词义所指范围边缘区域模糊，中心区域明确 B．词义所指范围边缘区域明确，中心区域模糊 C．词义所指范围边缘区域、中心区域都模糊 D．词义所指范围边缘区域可能模糊 14．“哈巴狗”和“狮子狗”指的是同一种狗，二者在词义上的主要差别是C A．理性意义不同 B．语体色彩不同 C．形象色彩不同 D．语气意义不同 15．下列各项中，含有降级述谓结构的是C A．他申请去北京进修 B．你去请他比较好 C．他取下了挂在墙上的地图 D．他害怕老师批评他 16．下列各项中，甲和乙之间是预设关系的是B A．(甲)他有一件西服——(乙)他有一件衣服 B．(甲)他的西服破了——(乙)他有一件西服 C．(甲)那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》——(乙)那个人借给他一本《红楼梦》 D．(甲)那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》——(乙)那个学生借给他一本书17．1956年我国推行汉字简化方案，将繁体字改成简体字，这属于A A．正字法改革 B．字符类型改革