Statistical Re-examination of Reported Emission Lines in the X-ray Afterglow of GRB 011211

Unit1Safety Management Systems1. Accident Causation ModelsThe most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena，and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century，it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things ：The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environmentPetersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions，and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the organizational management system. Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the organization’soperation. The errors done by a single person can be intentional or unintentional. Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors. Nowadays，this model is one of the standard methods in the examination of human errors at work.Accident-proneness models suggest that some people are more likely to suffer anaccident than others. The first model was created in 1919，based on statistical examinations in a mumilions factory. This model dominated the safety thinking and research for almost 50 years, and it is still used in some organizations. As a result of this thinking, accident was blamed solely on employees rather than the work process or poor management practices. Since investigations to discover the underlying causal factors were felt unnecessary and/or too costly, a little attention was paid to how accidents actually happened. Employees* attitudes towards risks and risk taking have been studied, e. g. by Sulzer-Azaroff. According to her, employees often behave unsafely, even when they are fully aware of the risks involved. Many research results also show that the traditional promotion methods like campaigns, posters and safety slogans have seldom increased the use of safe work practices. When backed up by other activities such as training, these measures have been somewhat more effective. Experiences on some successful methods to change employee behavior and attitudes have been reported. One well-known method is a small-group process used forimproving housekeeping in industrial workplaces. A comprehensive model of accident causation has been presented by Reason who introduced the concept of organizational error. He stated that corporate culture is the starting-point of the accident sequence. Local conditions and human behavior are only contributing factors in the build-up of the undesired event. The latent organizational failures lead to accidents and incidents when penetrating system’s defenses and barriers. Gmoeneweg has developed Reason’s model by classifying the typical latent error types. His TRIPOD mode! calls the different errors as General Failure Types ( CFTs). The concept of organizational error is in conjunction with the fact that some organizations behave more safely than others. It is often said that these organizations have good safety culture. After the Chernobyl accident，this term became well-known also to the public.Loss prevention is a concept that is often used in the context of hazard control in process industry. Lees has pointed out that loss prevention differs from traditional safety approach in several ways. For example, there is more emphasis on foreseeing hazards and taking actions before accidents occur. Also, there is more emphasis on a systematic rather than a trial and error approach. This is also natural, since accidents in process industry can have catastrophic consequences. Besides the injuries to people, I he damage to plant and loss of profit are major concerns in loss prevention. The future research on the ultimate causes of accidents seems to focus onthe functioning and management of the organization. The strategic management, leadership, motivation, and the personnel's visible and hidden values are some issues that are now under intensive study.2. Safety Management as an Organizational ActivitySafety management is one of the management activities of a company. Different companies have different management practices，and also different ways to control health and safety hazards. Organizational culture is a major component affecting organizational performance and behavior. One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said that organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions—invented，discovered, or developed by a given group as it leans to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration—that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems". The concept of safety culture is today under intensive study in industrialized countries. Booth & Lee have stated that an organization's safety culture is a subset of the overall organizational culture. This argument, in fact, suggests that a company’s organizational culture also determines the maximum level of safety the company can reach. The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style andproficiency of, an organization’s health and saf ety management. Furthermore, organizations with a positive safety culture are characterized by communications founded on mutual trust, by shared perceptions of the importance of safety, and by confidence in the efficacy of preventive measures. There have been many attempts to develop methods for measuring safety culture. Williamson el al. have summarized some of the factors that the various studies have shown to influence organization's safety culture. These include ：organizational responsibility for safety, management attitudes towards safety, management activity in responding to health and safety problems, safety training and promotion，level of risk at the workplace，workers' involvement in safety，and status of the safety officer and the safety committee.Organizations behave differently in the different parts of the world. This causes visible differences also in safety activities, both in employee level and in the management level. Reasons for these differences are discussed in the following. The studies of Wobbe reveal that shop-floor workers in the USA are, in general, less trained and less adaptable than those in Germany or Japan. Wobbe claims that one reason for this is that, in the USA, companies providing further training for their staff can expect to lose these people to the competitors. This is not so common in Europe or in Japan. Furthermore ，for unionized companies in the USA，seniority is valued very highly，while training or individual’s skills andqualifications do not effect job security，employment, and wage levels very much. Oxenburgh has studied the total costs of absence from work, and found that local culture and legislation has a strong effect on absenteeism rates. For example, the national systems for paying and receiving compensation explain the differences to some extent. Oxenburgh mentions Sweden as a high absenteeism country, and Australia as a low absenteeism country. In Sweden injuries and illnesses are paid by the state social security system, while in Australia, the employer pays all these costs, including illnesses not related to work. Comparison of accident statistics reveals that there are great national differences in accident frequencies and in the accident related absenteeism from work. Some of the differences can be explained by the different accident reporting systems. For example, in some countries only absenteeism lasting more than three working days is included in the statistics. The frequency of minor accidents varies a lot according to the possibility to arrange substitutive work to the injured worker. Placing the injured worker to another job or to training is a common practice for example in the USA and in the UK, while in the Scandinavian countries this is a rarely used procedureSome organizations are more aware of the importance of health and safety at work than others. Clear development stages can be found in the process of improving the management of safety. Waring has divided organizations to three classes according to their maturity and ability to create aneffective safety management system. Waring calls the three organizational models as the mechanical model, the socio-technical model, and the human activity system approach. In the mechanical model, the structures and processes of an organization are well-defined and logical, but people as individuals, groups, and the whole organizations are not considered. The socio-technical model is an approach to work design which recognizes the interaction of technology' and people，and which produces work systems that are technically effective and have characters that lead to high job satisfaction. A positive dimension in this model is that human factors are seen important, for example, in communication, training and emergency responses. The last model, the human activity system approach focuses on people, and points out the complexity of organizations. The strength of this approach is that both formal (or technical) paradigms and human aspects like motivation, learning, culture, and power relations are considered. Waring points out that although the human activity approach does not automatically guarantee success, it has proven to be beneficial to organizations in the long run.3. Safety Policy and PlanningA status review is the basis for a safety policy and the planning of safety activities. According to BS 8800 a status review should compare the company’s existing arrangements with the applicable legal requirements, organization's current safety guidelines, best practices in theindustry’s branch，and the existing resources directed to safety activities. A thorough review ensures that the safety policy and the activities are developed specifically according to the needs of the company.A safety policy is the management’s expression of the direction to be followed in the organization. According to Petersen, a safety policy should commit the management at all levels and it should indicate which tasks, responsibilities and decisions are left to lower-level management. Booth and Lee have stated that a safety policy should also include safety goals as well as quantified objectives and priorities. The standard BS 8800 suggests that in the safety policy，management should show commitment to the following subjects ：Health and safety are recognized as an integral part of business performance ；A high level of health and safety performance is a goal which is achieved by using the legal requirements as the minimum, and where the continual cost- effective improvement of performance is the way to do things；Adequate and appropriate resources are provided to implement the safety policy；The health and safety objectives are set and published at least by internal notification ；The management of health and safety is a prime responsibility of the management ，from the most senior executive to the supervisory level ；The policy is understood, implemented, and maintained at all levels in the organization ；Employees are involved and consulted in order to gain commitment to the policy and its implementation;The policy and the management system are reviewed periodically, and the compliance of the policy is audited on a regular basis;It is ensured that employees receive appropriate training，and are competent to carry out their duties and responsibilities.Some companies have developed so-called “safety principles’which cover the key areas of the company’s safety policy. These principles are utilized as safety guidelines hat are easy to remember, and which are often placed on wall-boards and other public areas in the company. As an example, the DuPont company's safety principles are the following：All injuries and occupational illnesses can be prevented. Management is responsible for safely. Safety is an individual’s responsibility and a condition of employment. Training is an essential element for safe workplaces. Audits must be conducted. All deficiencies must be corrected promptly.It is essential to investigate all injuries and incidents with injury potential. Off-the-job safety is an important part of the safety effort. It is good business to prevent injuries and illnesses.People are the most important element of the safety and occupational health program.The safety policy should be put into practice through careful planning ofthe safety activities. Planning means determination of the safety objectives and priorities, and preparation of the working program to achieve the goals. A company can have different objectives and priorities according to the nature of the typical hazards, and the current status of hazard control. However, some common elements to a safety activity planning can be found. According to BS 8800，the plan should include ：appropriate and adequately resourced arrangements, competent personnel who have defined responsibilities, and effective channels of communication；procedures to set objectives, device and implement plans to meet the objectives ,and to monitor both the implementation and effectiveness of the plans;description of the hazard identification and assessment activities; methods and techniques for measuring safety performance, and in such way that absence of hazardous events is not seen as evidence that all is well. In the Member States of the European Union, the “framework” Directive 89/391 / EEC obligates the employer to prepare a safety program that defines how the effects of technology, work methods, working conditions, social relationships and work environment are controlled. According lo Walters, this directive was originally passed to harmonize the overall safety strategies within the Member States, and to establish a common approach to the management and organization of safety at work. Planning of the safety activities is often done within the framework of quality and environmentalmanagement systems.一单元安全管理体系1、事故致因模型安全管理的最重要的目的是维护和促进工人的健康和安全工作。

异方差回归模型的经验似然拟合优度检验唐明田;王允艳【摘要】Since conditional heteroscedasticity is often used in modelling and understanding the variability of statistical data, the conditional variance function in heteroscedastic regression models is taken into consideration, and a nonparametric test is constructed in the article to test the conditional variance function variance function being a known parametric form indexed by a vector of unknown parameters. The empirical likelihood technique is used to construct test procedure for a goodness-of-fit of a heteroscedastic regression model because the empirical likelihood method has two attractive features. One is its automatic consideration of the variation associated with the nonparametric fit due to the empirical likelihood's ability. The other one is that the asymptotic distributions of the test statistic are free of unknown parameters which avoid secondary plug-in estimation. The asymptotic null distribution of the proposed test statistic is established.%由于条件方差函数常常被用来建模和解释统计数据的多变性,文中考虑了异方差回归模型中的条件方差函数,构造了一个非参数检验程序来检验条件方差函数是否为参数形式.因为经验似然方法具有两个非常吸引人的性质,一个是该方法的学生化能力使得其能够自动考虑非参数拟合的变化,另一个是由该方法得到的检验统计量的渐近分布与未知参数无关,避免了二次嵌入估计,因此在检验过程中文中使用经验似然检验技术来构造拟合优度检验的程序,得到了经验似然检验统计量的渐近零分布.【期刊名称】《江西理工大学学报》【年(卷),期】2012(033)005【总页数】4页(P74-77)【关键词】条件异方差函数;经验似然;拟合优度;Nadaraya-Watson估计量【作者】唐明田;王允艳【作者单位】江西理工大学理学院,江西赣州341000;江西理工大学理学院,江西赣州341000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O211.4设{（Yi，Xi）}为严平稳过程,令m（x）=E（Y=x）和σ2（x）=Var（Y=x）分别为条件均值函数和条件方差函数.文中考虑如下的非参数异方差回归模型：其中时,模型（1）可以构造为自回归条件异方差时间序列模型[1]和具有自回归条件异方差误差的自回归模型[2-4].另外,连续适应的扩散过程常常通过Euler方法离散化并用模型（1）来逼近,读者可参考文献[5-7].由于非参数异方差回归模型（1）能够允许非线性和条件异方差出现,因此其在金融经济领域是非常重要的.许多文献都考虑了条件均值函数m（x）,例如文献[8]以及其中的参考文献等.文中感兴趣的是条件方差函数σ2（x）的非参数检验问题.文中将利用经验似然方法来建立检验程序,经验似然方法是一种计算机密集型的非参数方法,与自助法(bootstrap)相比,经验似然方法有类似于自助法的抽样特性,但是相比之下也有其自身的优越性,如所构造的置信区间的形状由数据自行决定、域保持性、变换不变性等.正因为拥有这些优点,经验似然方法自提出后已被应用到统计的诸多领域.文献[9]给出了该方法的详细的全面的介绍.经验似然已被证明和参数似然具有某些相同的性质,例如,Wilks＇定理和Bartlett的可修正性原则,详细介绍读者可参考文献[10].正是因为经验似然方法的诸多优点,使得其在很多领域都得到了广泛的应用并且被不断改进.文中的目的是检验条件方差函数σ2（x）是否是参数形式,即考虑如下的原假设: 和备择假设:其中,θ∈Θ为未知参数,Cn为当n→∞时趋向于零的非负序列,Δn（x）为有界函数序列.令f（x）为X的密度函数,对某个β〉0，I={x∈R（x）≥β}为紧集.为了不失一般性,文中假设I=[0，1].文中的检验统计量建立在如下的条件方差函数σ2（x）的非参数估计量上:其中,Kh（·）=K（·/h）/h，K（·）为核函数,h 为带宽,并且其中,Wh1（·）=W（·/h1）/h1，W（·）为核函数，h1为带宽.以下设ˆ为θ在原假设下的相合估计量,并令：为条件方差函数σ2（x）的参数估计量（x）的核平滑形式.下面引入经验似然思想来建立检验统计量.令pi（x）为（Xi，Yi）的非负权重,则（x）的经验似然为:通过引入Lagrange乘子,得最优权重为：其中λ满因为相应于σ2（x）的非参数估计量的最大经验似然在ωi（x）=n-1处达到,因此（x）的对数经验似然比为:为了将经验似然比统计量推广成为拟合优度的一个全局的度量,文中考虑如下的能够全局度量拟合优度的经验似然基础上的统计量:文中的理论结果建立在如下的条件之上.A1：核函数K（·）和W（·）是正的、连续、可微、对称的密度函数,具有紧支撑[-1，1],并且K（·）是Lipschitz连续的,A2：当n→∞时，h→0，h1→0，nh→∞，nh1→∞，并且h=O（n-1/5）.A3：函数f（·），m（·）和σ2（·）在区间I上具有连续的二阶导数,且f（·）和σ2（·）在区间I上有界.A4：设为参数模型中的参数θ的估计量,并且假A5：Δn（x）关于x和n是一致有界的,并且原假设H0和备择假设H1之间的差异的阶数Cn=n-1/2h-1/4.A6：令ηi=ri-σ2（Xi），对某个a0〉0,假设有且对某个k〉1有<∞.另外，中Ωi-1为由生成的σ-域.A7：给定Y的X的条件密度，fX|Y<∞.对任意l〉1,给定（Y1，Yl）的（X1，Xl）联合条件密度是有界的,并且对t〉s〉1,（X1，Y1，Xs，Ys，Xt，Yt，）是连续有界的.A8：过程{Xi，Yi}是严平稳和α混合的，并且对某个α〉0和ρ∈（0，1）,混合系数满足α（k）≤aρk.显然,V（x，h）/nh为n→∞渐近方差.文中的主要结果如下:定理1假设条件A1～A8成立,中,N为[0,1]上的高斯过程,且有均值E[N（s）]=h1/4Δn（s）/V-1/2（s）和协方差这里,K（2）为K的卷积.推论1假设条件A1～A8成立,则当n→∞时,有引理1假设条件A1～A8成立,则证明：根据文献[11],要证此引理,需要证明上述式（2）～式（4）的证明与文献[12]中引理1的证明类似,此处略.定理1的证明：设γ（x）为定义在[0，1]上的随机过程，δn为一序列,文中用γ（x）=p（δn）和γ（x）=（δn）分别表示=op（δn）.所以由引理1可得现在来证有相同的正态分布.后者的渐近正态性在文献[12]中已有证明,因此此处只需证渐近正态的.利用文献[13]中的定理A的注渐近正态性和文献[12]中的定理1类似.此处略.证毕.推论1的证明:由定理1的证明可得.文中考虑了异方差回归模型中条件方差函数的经验似然基础上的拟合优度检验问题,在构造经验似然统计量时,条件异方差函数σ2（x）的非参数估计量使用的是Nadaraya-Watson估计量,即局部常数估计量.但众所周知,Nadaraya-Watson估计量会产生较大的边界偏差,而具有如下形式的局部线性估计量能解决边界偏差较大问题:其中,x），j=1，2.因此文中条件异方差函数σ2（x）的非参数估计量可用局部线性估计量替换,只是类似引理1的结果的证明会更加繁琐.有关局部线性估计量的详细介绍可参考文献[14-15].【相关文献】[1]Robert F Engle.Autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity with estimatesofthevarianceofUnitedKingdominflation[J].Econometrica,1982,50(4):987-1008. [2]MilanBorkovec.Asymptoticbehaviorofthesampleauto covariance and auto correlation function of the AR(1)process with ARCH(1)[J].Bernoulli,2001,7(6):847-872.[3]Borkovec M,Klüppelberg C.The tail of the stationary distribution ofanautoregressiveprocesswithARCH(1)errors[J].AnnalsofAppliedProbability,2001,11(4):1220-1241.[4]唐明田,王允艳.随机环境下非线性时间序列模型的渐近行为[J].江西理工大学学报,2011,32（1）:78-80.[5]Federico M Bandi,Peter C B Phillips.Fully nonparametric estimation of scalar diffusion models[J].Econometrica,2003,71（1）:241-283.[6]Bernt Фksendal.Stochastic differential equations:An introduction w ithapplications[M].New York:Springer,2005.[7]Wang Y Y,Zhang L X.Tang M T.Re-weighted functional estimation of second-orderdiffusion processes[J].Metrika,2011,75（8）：1129-1151.[8]Dag Tjφtheim.Nonlinear time series:a selective revie w[J].Scandinvian Journ al of Statistics,1994,21（2）：97-130.[9]Owen A B.Empirical likelihood[M].London:Chapman&Hall,2001.[10]Qin J,LawlessJ.Empirical likelihood and general estimation equations[J].The Annals ofStatistics,1994,22(1):300-325.[11]Art Owen.Empirical likelihood ratio confidence regions[J].The Annals of Statistics,1990,18(1):90-120.[12]Chen S X,H?rdle W,Li M.An empirical likelihood goodness-offit test for timeseries[J].Journal of the Royal Statistical Society:Series B,2003,65(3):663-678.[13]Hjellvik V,Yao Q W,Tjφs theim D.Linearity testing using local polynomial approximation[J].Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference,1998,68（2）:295-321. [14]Fan J,Gijbels I.Local polynomial modeling and itsapplications[M].London:Chapman&Hall,1996.[15]Fan J,Zhang C.A re-examination of diffusion estimations with applications to financial model validation[J].Journal of the American Statistical Association,2003,98：118-134.。

核算检验报告英文翻译Title: Comparative Analysis and Verification Report Introduction:This report presents a comparative analysis and verification of the data and findings from various sources. The aim of this analysis is to validate the accuracy and reliability of the reported information. Methodology:To conduct this verification, a detailed review of the original documents was performed. This included examining the data collection methods, sample sizes, and statistical analysis techniques used. Additionally, cross-referencing the information with other reliable sources was also carried out to ensure consistency and credibility.Findings:The following are the key findings from the comparative analysis: 1. Data Collection Methods:The data collection methods used by different sources were found to vary. While some utilized structured surveys and interviews, others relied on secondary data sources. Overall, it was observed that the reliability of the data was higher when primary data collection methods were used.2. Sample Sizes:The sample sizes used in the different studies ranged from small to large. It was noted that studies with larger sample sizes tended to provide more reliable findings due to better representation of thepopulation under investigation.3. Statistical Analysis:The statistical analysis techniques employed varied across the different sources. While some utilized basic descriptive statistics, others employed advanced regression models. It was found that studies with robust statistical analysis techniques tended to yield more accurate results.4. Cross-referencing:The cross-referencing of data from multiple sources revealed varying degrees of consistency and agreement. In some cases, there were discrepancies and contradictions, suggesting the need for further investigation.Conclusion:Based on the comparative analysis and verification conducted, it can be concluded that while there are differences in the data and findings reported across various sources, a consistent and reliable picture can be obtained by critically examining the methodologies employed. Furthermore, it is important to consider the limitations and potential biases associated with each source. Future research should focus on addressing these discrepancies and conducting independent verification studies to enhance the overall validity of the reported information.。

第30卷　第4期陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版)Vol.30　No.4　2002年12月Journal of Shaanxi No rmal U niversity(Natural Science Edition)Dec.2002　文章编号:1001-3857(2002)04-0116-06中草药有效成分定量分析方法研究新进展陈战国,　吕九如(陕西师范大学化学与材料科学学院,陕西西安710062)摘　要:综述了近10年来中草药有效成分定量分析方法研究的新进展,包括我国中草药定量分析方法研究的回顾、国内中草药定量分析方法研究的现状、中草药有效成分定量分析方法研究的新动向等.结果表明,除了HPLC方法广泛应用于中草药有效成分定量分析以外,毛细管电泳法(CE),高效毛细管电泳法(HPCE),毛细管电色谱法(Capillary Electrochromatography,CEC),薄层扫描法,流动注射化学发光法,电化学法和质谱法等已成为研究中草药有效成分的重要手段.关键词:中草药;有效成分;定量分析方法;研究进展中图分类号:R917　文献标识码:A药物分析作为一门学科诞生于19世纪末20世纪初,它包括合成药、药用植物、药用动物和药用矿物四大类有效成分的定性定量分析.药用植物有效成分分析,在我国称中草药有效成分分析.中草药是我国的国宝,其历史源远流长,中药的研究发展有赖于对中草药化学成分的认识(包括定性认识和定量认识).我国中草药资源丰富,共约有12000种(尽管药典和部颁标准只收载中药材种类约500种),截至目前为止,我国先后对400余种中药材做了深入研究(定性研究),筛选出800余种生物活性成分.但是由于中草药成分的复杂性和受研究手段(方法和仪器)的限制,中草药有效成分定量分析方法的研究滞后[1],严重影响着我国中药事业的向前发展.中草药有效化学成分的定量分析研究可分为单味药和复方药两种.单味药有效成分定量分析的意义在于:(1)对单味药的质量进行定量评价,以质量指标为依据对不同生长地域的同种药材进行质量比较,为优化栽培条件提供依据;(2)单味药有效化学成分的定量分析有可能以此组建复方天然组合化学库,使传统的配伍理论与现代分析结果相结合,使传统的配伍理论更趋于完善;(3)建立单味药定量分析方法体系和质量指标体系有利于对传统的复方中药进行拆方研究,促进新药的开发.对复方制剂的有效化学成分进行定量分析,可促进以药效为标准追踪活性部位与有效成分的关系.根据临床疗效,建立与某一病症相对应的药理模型,确定一种或多种有药效作用的观测与评判指标,然后对复方及其各种提取分离部位进行活性追踪.探讨复方制剂产生某种药理作用的有效部位、有效组分或有效化学成分,并分析其质和量的变化与药效的关系,在一定程度上阐明复方组方的配伍规则及治病作用机制.此项工作难度较大,涉及面广,目前尚处起步和探索阶段[2].虽然如此,国内已对某些复方中药进行了成功的收稿日期:2002-03-15作者简介:陈战国(1960—),男,陕西武功人,陕西师范大学高级工程师,硕士研究,取得了满意的结果.1　中草药定量分析方法研究进展我国药物分析方法的研究进展是一个历史过程,从历版中国药典分析方法的统计与研究中,可以了解近50年我国药物定量分析的发展趋势.表1　历版药典含量测定方法的统计比较Tab .1　Co mparison and statistical of Quantity determination metho d in every Chinese pharmacopoeia分析方法出现次数/次百分率/%195319631977198519901995195319631977198519901995容量分析法23237542939447973068.861.861.857.852.151.8重量分析法65622718212019.311.33.92.62.31.4紫外分析法03815519124240806.922.328.026.329.0荧光分析法00005300000.540.2旋光测定法2468740.60.70.81.20.80.3HP LC 法0008561130001.26.18.0G C 法0002480000.30.40.6其他方法3871776110512411.31311.1911.48.8总计3375506946829191401100100100100100100 由表1可知,从1953年到1995年间我国六次出版的药典中可以看出,容量分析法的应用一直占主导地位,但稍有下降的趋势.而重量分析法的应用有明显的下降趋势(1965年占19.3%,1995年占1.4%).紫外分析法的应用较早,1965年版药典中就出现了38次,尔后的10余年间得到了迅速发展,但20世纪70年代后期到1995年间,紫外分析法的应用次数在整个分析方法中占的百分数基本变化不大.荧光分析法的应用相对较晚,进入20世纪90年代,荧光分析法在药物定量分析中进入药典才开始出现,1990年到1995年荧光分析法在药典中的应用进展不大.旋光度法应用较早,它是一种较经典的方法,但应用面相对较窄.1985年,HPLC 法已进入中国药典,尔后的10年间发展非常迅速,并有占有主导地位的发展势头.从我国的药典对各种分析方法的应用统计来看,20世纪70年代以前,我国在药物分析方面与国外的进展差别不大.20世纪70年代后期,特别是20世纪80年代以后,我国在药物分析方面与国外的差距有所加大,但总的趋势是光谱法和色谱法特别是HPLC 法已广泛应用在中草药有效成分定量分析的领域之中.2　中草药定量分析方法研究的现状虽然新技术在药用植物有效成分分析方面显示出了极大优势,但就国内目前药物分析方法的现状来看,由于起步较晚,再加上仪器还不能完全国产化,使得新技术的应用受到了限制.因此,国内目前中草药有效成分定量分析,在方法上是以HPLC 法为主.从1998年和2000年药物分析杂志发表的研究论文情况可以看出,HPLC 法已占有相当大的比重. 第4期陈战国等:中草药有效成分定量分析方法研究新进展117表2　1998年和2000年药物分析杂志发表定量测定论文统计表Tab .2　Statistics of quantity determination m ethod of reported on the C hinese journal of pharmaceutical analysis in 1998and 2000研究方法篇数合成类药中草药所占百分数/%19982000199820001998200019982000HP LC 511002*********.153.2UV 8363207.51.6GC 9843558.34.3CEC +CE 8674127.56.4其他32711649162228.635.5合计108188621204668100100 从表2可以看出,1998年全年发表定量测定论文篇数108篇,HPLC 法论文篇数为51篇,占总数的48.1%,接近1/2.2000年全年发表定量测定论文篇数188篇,HPLC 法论文篇数为100篇,占总数的53.2%,超过1/2.1998年CEC 法与UV 法可和GC 法并驾齐驱,但到2000年UV 法和CEC 法比GC 法的篇数却明显减少,通过上述统计可以反映出国内目前药物分析方法的动向是H PLC 法占主导地位.从表2还可以看出,在1998年全年发表药物分析论文108篇中,中草药有效成分定量分析论文数(46篇)略小于合成药论文数(62篇),2000年中草药有效成分定量分析论文数增加到68篇.由此可见,我国中草药有效成分定量分析已有较大发展,色谱法仍然为主要的分析方法,而且有可能成为21世纪药物分析的热点.3　中草药有效成分定量分析方法研究的新动向随着高科技潮流的出现,特别是进入20世纪90年代以来,新技术在药物分析方面的应用层出不穷,促进了中草药有效成分定量分析研究的发展.除了应用较为广泛的紫外光谱法、HPLC 法、GC 法、TLC 法和荧光光谱法外,还相继出现了毛细管电泳法(CE )、高效毛细管电泳法(HPCE )、毛细管电色谱法(Capillary Electrochromatography ,CEC )、薄层扫描法、流动注射化学发光法、电化学法和质谱法等.毛细管电泳法及其派生出的其他新技术,不但使其在定量测定的方法上容易操作,测定的准确度高、灵敏以外,同时以进样量少、污染小为分析工作者所青睐,在药物分析中的应用也得到了长足的发展,现在已成为药物分析方法研究的热点.毛细管电泳法是从传统的电泳发展而来的,它以高压(可达30kV )下产生的强电场为驱动力,以小内径的石英毛细管(常用直径为20～70μm ,有效长度为50～75cm )为分离通道,依据各组分之间电泳淌度或分配系数的差异实现分离,借助荧光、化学发光、电化学和质谱等高灵敏度检测方法使CE 的在柱检测灵敏度提高到10-8mol /L[3].在实际工作中,结合传统电泳的工作方式与色谱技术的特点形成了以下几种分离模式:毛细管区带电泳(Capillary Zone Electrophoresis ,CZE ),胶束动电毛细管色谱(M icellarElectrokinetic Capillary Chrom atog raphy ,M ECC ),毛细管等速电泳(Capillary Iso tachphoresis ,C ITP ),毛细管凝胶电泳(Capillary Gel Electrophoresis ,CGE ),毛细管等电聚焦电泳(Capillary Isoelectric Focusing ,CIEF )及毛细管电色谱(Capillary Electrochromatog raphy ,118　陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版)第30卷CEC ).这些方法在药物分析中发挥着巨大的作用,特别是在中草药的有效成分分析中,取得了可喜的成绩.例如生物碱[4～13],黄酮类[14～22],蒽醌类[23～25],香豆素类[26～27],酚酸类[28～32],甙类[33～36],氨基酸类[37～39]等都能在较短的时间内进行有效的分离,以较高的灵敏度和准确度进行定量测定.毛细管电色谱(CEC )是近10年来综合现代分析技术HPLC 和毛细管电泳(CE )的优势而发展起来的高效电分离微柱液相色谱技术,它在药物分析方面的一大特点就是手性分离.CEC 进行手性药物对映体拆分主要有3种方式:(1)非手性固定相结合手性添加剂流动相,手性选择作用依靠流动相中添加手性选择剂产生;(2)手性固定相上键合手性选择剂,如环糊精,蛋白质等;(3)手性分子烙印固定相,进行记忆性,专一性手性分离.例如,M ayer 等[40]在50μm 开管柱内壁涂布键合了γ-CD 或β-CD 的二甲基聚硅氧,在中性条件下,较好地分离了NSAIDs (布洛芬,氟联苯丙酸,芴丙酸,乙哚乙酸)和1-苯乙醇的对映体.Lelieve 等用填充法分别制备3μmODS 普通电色谱柱和5μm 键合HP -β-CD 的硅胶颗粒手性电色谱柱,进行了手性固定相手性分离的比较,在拆分氯噻酮时,手性固定相方式显示出分离时间短,选择性高和分辨率高的优势.Li 等[41]用β-CD 手性固定相拆分了环己巴比妥、安基香、脱氧核糖蛋白(DNP )-蛋氨酸、DNP -乙硫氨酸和DNP -正亮氨酸的对映体.这些方法借助适当的检测器已运用于中草药中特定成分的定量分析之中.4　结　语综上所述,中草药有效成分定量分析研究正在深入,从方法上看,毛细管电泳法(CE ),高效毛细管电泳法(HPCE ),毛细管电色谱法(Capillary Electrochrom atog raphy ,CEC ),薄层扫描法,流动注射化学发光法,电化学法和质谱法等已成为研究中草药有效成分的重要手段.深入开展这方面的研究工作,有望对中草药中共同存在的某种特定有效成分(如有机酸、皂甙类、黄酮类等)建立一个较为完善的系统分析方法体系,对某些复方制剂有效成分的定量分析研究,可为完善和建立其质量标准提供可靠依据.参考文献:[1]肖小间,贺承山.21世纪我国生药学研究的机遇与挑战[J ].中国药学杂志,1999,34(7):438.[2]文志明,徐礼焱木.中药复方化学成分的研究进展[J ].中草药,1999,30(6):468.[3]林金明.毛细管电泳在药物分析中应用[J ].药学学报,1999,34(9):716.[4]Liu Y M ,Sheu S J .Determination of ephedrine alkaloids by capillary electrophoresis [J ].J Chromatog r ,1992,600:370.[5]朱萱萱,王延琮.毛细管电泳法测定麻黄碱中生物碱的含量[J ].中国中药杂志,1996,21(10):587.[6]Liu Y M ,Sheu S J ,Chio S H ,et al .A comparative study using capillary electrophoresis in combination w ithelectrospray mass spectrometry [J ].J Chromatogr A ,1995,707:327.[7]王桂芳,张守尧,郭正国,等.高效毛细管电泳法测定苦参药材及其制剂夜安洗液中3种生物碱的含量[J ].药物分析杂志,2000,20(5):331.[8]李琴韵,洪筱坤,王智华,等.高效毛细管电泳法测定茱萸碱的含量[J ].药物分析杂志,2000,20(6):370.[9]张国华,王延琮,张永友,等.高效毛细管电泳测定黄连及成药中小檗碱型生物碱的含量[J ].色谱,1995,13(4):247.[10]林梅,张正行,安登魁,等.莨菪类生物碱毛细管电泳分析[J ].分析化学,1998,26(4):457. 第4期陈战国等:中草药有效成分定量分析方法研究新进展119[11]Zong Y Y ,Che C T .Determination of strychnine and brucine by capillary zone electro pho resis [J ].PlantaM ed ,1995,61:456.[12]王实强,首弟武.高效毛细管电泳法测定罂粟壳中生物碱的含量[J ].色谱,1997,15(5):438.[13]陈蕾,李永庆,吴卫中,等.高效毛细管电泳法测定吴萸碱的含量[J ].药物分析杂志,2000,20(6):343.[14]A ramendia M A ,G arcia I ,Lafont F ,et al .Determination o f isoflavo nesgly cosides differing in their flavo noidaglycone [J ].J Chromatogr ,1993,628:153.[15]Shihabi Z K ,K ute T ,G arcia L L ,et al .A naly sis of iso flavo nes by capillary electrophoresis [J ].J Chro ma tog rA ,1994,680:181.[16]Liu Y M ,Sheu S J .Determination of the six major flavo noids in scutellariae radix by micellar electrokineticcapillary electrophoresis [J ].A nal Chim A cta ,1994,288:221.[17]Mo rin P ,V illard F ,Dreux M .Borate complexatio n of flavonoid -O -g lycosides in capillary electropho resis ⅠSeparation of flavonoid -O -on commercial samples of ephedrae herba [J ].Planta M ad ,1993,59:376.[18]M orin P ,Villard F ,D reux M ,et al .Broate complexa tio n of flavonoid -O -g lycosides in capillary electrophoresisⅡ,Separation of flavo noid -3-O -g lycosides differing in their sugar moiety [J ].J Chromatog r ,1993,628:161.[19]Pietta P ,M auri P L ,Rav a A ,et al .Application of micellar electokinetic capillary chroma tog raphy to thedeterminatio n of flavonoid drugs [J ].J Chromatogr ,1991,549:367.[20]Pietta P ,Bruno A ,M auri P ,et al .Separation of flavonol -2-O -g lycosides from calendula officinalis andsambucus nig ra by high -performance liquid and micellar electrokie tic capillary chromatography [J ].J Chromatogr ,1992,593:165.[21]Pietta P ,Garadana C ,M auri P .A pplication of HP LC and M ECC for the determination of flavo nol agly conesin plant extracts [J ].J High Resol Chromatog r ,1992,15:136.[22]定天明,田颂九,张正行,等.胶束动毛细管色谱法测定水飞蓟素及其制剂中主要有效成分含量[J ].药学学报,2000,35(10):778.[23]宗玉英,余满堂.胶束电动毛细管色谱法分离和测定几种大黄含量[J ].药学学报,1995,30(8):594.[24]Zong Y Y ,Che C T .A nalysis of rhubarb by micellar electro kinetic capillary chromatography [J ].J N atProducts ,1995,58(4):577.[25]Stuppner H ,Sturm S .LC -M S and CZ E of dianthrones from cassia angustifolia and acuifolia [J ].Chromatographia ,1996,42(11):697.[26]O chocka R J ,Rajzer D ,Kow alski P ,et al .Determination of coumarins fro m chrysanthemum segetum L .bycapillary electrophoresis [J ].J Chromatogr A ,1995,709:197.[27]Chen C T ,Sheu S J .Separation of coumarins by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography [J ].JChromatogr A ,1995,710:323.[28]Jen J F ,Hsu Y H ,L ee M R .Separation of plant phenolic compounds by capillary zone electrophoresis [J ].JChromatogr A ,1996,734:375.[29]Chou C Y C ,T sai T H ,Lin M F ,et al .Simultaneous determinatio n of honokiol and magnolol in magnoliaofficinalis by capillary zone electrophoresis [J ].J Liq Chrom and Rel T echnol ,1996,19(12):1909.[30]K enndler E ,Schwer C ,F ritsche B ,et al .De termination o f arbutin in uvae -ursi fo lium (bearber ry leaves )by capillary zone electrophoresis [J ].J Chro ma tog r ,1990,514:383.[31]张凤云,毛富春,Siren H ,等.毛细管区带电泳法筛选提取杜仲叶中氯原酸的方法[J ].西北药学杂志,1996,11(2):66.[32]W ojciechowski H ,Gumbinger H G ,V ahlensieck U ,et al .Analysis of the components of Ly copus europaeusL .in body fluids during metabolism studies compariso n of capillary electrophoresis and high -performance liquid120　陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版)第30卷chromatography [J ].J Chromatogr A ,1995,717:261.[33]Honda S ,Suzuki K ,K ataoka M ,et al .A nalysis of the co mponents of Paeoniae radix .by capillary zo neelectrophoresis [J ].J Chro ma tog r ,1990,515:653.[34]Wu H K ,Sheu S J .Capillary electrophoretic determination of the constituents of paeoniae radix .[J ].JChromatogr A ,1996,753:139.[35]Gaus H J ,Treumann A ,K reis W ,et al .Separation of cardiac glycosides by micellar electrokinetic capillarchromatography [J ].J Chromatogr ,1993,635:319.[36]Stuppner H ,Egger R .Application o f capillary zone electrophoresis to the analysis of be talains from Betsvulgaris [J ].J Chromatogr A ,1996,17:367.[37]Chen Z L ,Lin J M ,U chiyama K ,et al .Simultaneous separation of O -fluoro -DL -phenylalanine ,M -fluo ro -DL -phenylalanine ,P -fluo ro -phenylalanine and O -DL -ty rosine ,M -DL -ty rosine ,P -DL -ty ro sine by ligand -exchange micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography [J ],J Chromatogr A ,1998,813(2):369～378.[38]Lin J M ,Nakag ama T ,U chiy ama K ,et al .M olecularly imprinted polymer as chiral selector fo renantioseparation of amino -acids by capillary Gel -electopho resis [J ].J Pharm Biomed Anal ,1996,43:585～591.[39]W atzig H ,Degenhardt M .Characterization of buserelin acetate by capillary electropho resis [J ],J Chromatag rA ,1998,817(1-2);239～252.[40]M ayer S ,Schuring V .Enantiomer separation by electrochromatography in open tubular columns coated w ithchirasil -dex [J ].J Liquid Chromatogr ,1993,16:915.[41]Li S ,Lo lyd D K ,et al .Direct chiral separation by capillary electrophoresis using capillaries packed with analpha (1)-acid glycoprotein chiral stationary phase [J ].Anal Chem ,1993,65(24):3684～3690.〔责任编辑　王　勇〕A new advance of method of effective constituent quantitative analysis for Chinese traditional and herbal drugsCHEN Zhan -guo ,　LU Jiu -ru (College of Chemistry and Material Science ,Shaanxi No rmal University ,710062Xi ′an ,Shaanxi ,China )A bstract :This paper repo rts a new researching and advance of method of effective constituentquantitative analysis for the Chinese traditional and herbal drug s over the last ten years .It includes the review ing of the research and advanc e of method of effective constituent quantitative analy sis for the Chinese traditional and herbal drugs in China ,its situation in present China and its new tendency overseas accordance with related literature .Conclusion :Besides HPLC method w hich has been applied on the quantitative analysis of effective constituents fo r the Chinese traditional and herbal drugs ,the CE ,HPCE ,CEC ,TLCS ,FICL ,EC and MS have become as important researching approach of effective constituents quantitative analysis of Chinese traditional and herbal drugs .Key words :Chinese traditional and herbal drugs ;effective constituent ;quantitative analysis method ;research advance 第4期陈战国等:中草药有效成分定量分析方法研究新进展121。

・实验室质量管理-北京协和医院定量生化和免疫检验报告取消审核状况分析及改进策略李鹏昌】，程歆琦】，夏良裕】，刘文静】，王军2,张强兴】，鲁军】，邱玲1(中国医学科学院北京协和医院，1.检验科，2.信息中心，北京100730)摘要：目的分析检验报告取消审核的原因，探索实验室信息系统改进方法，降低检验报告不正确率.方法回顾分析2019年1月1日至12月31日北京协和医院检验科定量生化和免疫检验报告取消审核的标本信息，计算取消审核率，分析取消审核原因、取消审核的时间和不正确报告打印率等指标.结果定量生化和免疫检验标本总数为2134723份，取消审核标本数为1054份，总体取消审核率为万分之4.94.所有取消审核报告中，已打印率为15.4%.最常见的取消审核原因为标本复检、修改尿量、补录备注信息和样本需要稀释，占全部取消审核报告的比例分别为43.8%.2.6%、14.2%和6.1%.在信息系统中增加审核报告后延迟10、30、60、90min或120min发送结果，将分别使不正确报告率下降18.4%、27.5%、37.1%、43.0%和45.9%.结论需要定期汇总和分析检验结果取消审核率，优化实验室信息系统的功能可以有效降低检验报告不正确率.关键词：生化检验；免疫检验；取消审核；实验室信息系统；持续改进中图分类号：R446.1；R446.4文献标识码:AThe Canceling Report of Quantitative Biochemical and Immunological Tests in Peking Union Medical College Hospital：A StatusAnalysis and Corresponding Improvement Strategy LI Pengchang1,CHENG Xinqn1,XIA Liangyu1,LIU Wenjing1,WANG Jun2,ZHANG Qiangxing1,LU Jun1,QIU Ling1(1.Department of Clinical Laboratory.2.Department of Information Management•Peking Union Medical College Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.Beijing100730 .China)Abstract：Objective To reduce the rate of incorrect report,we analyzed the reasons of canceling reports through exploring the methods to improve the information system.Methods We collected the quantitative biochemical and immunological report information of Peking Union Medical College Hospital clinical laboratory from January1to December312019.A retrospective statistical analysis wasperformedforinvestigatingtheratesandpotentialreasonsofcancelingreports,aswe l asthe duration and printed rate of inaccuracy reports.Results A total of2134723reports were analyzed in the quantitative biochemical and immunological groups.The number of incorrect reports was10544. The overall rate of canceling reports was4.94per10000reports.The printed rate was15.4%in the cance l edreports．The most common reasons for cance l ation were reexamination ofspecimens, revisionofurinevolume,addingsupplementaryinformationanddilutionofsamples,accountingforDOI：10.11748/bjmy.issn.l006-1703.2021.03.030收稿日期：2021-02-16；修回日期：2021-02-22基金项目：北京市临床重点专科医学检验科卓越项目（编号:ZK201000.）通讯作者：程歆琦.43.8%,22.6%,14.2%and6.1%of all cancellation reports,respectively.10min,30min,60min, 90minor120mindelayontimepointsofsendingreportscouldreducetherateofincorrectreportby 18.4%,27.5%,37.1%,43%or45.9%,respectively.Conclusion The rate of incorrect report should be analyzed and summarized regularly.Optimizing the function of the laboratory information system canreducetherateofincorrectreporteffectively.Key words:B iochemical tests；Immunological tests；Cancel report；Clinical Laboratory InformationSystems；Continuousimprovement材料和方法基础医学与临床医学的飞速发展和日益紧密结合，促使很多新技术和新参数应用到临床诊疗中。

2024-2025学年四川省成都市四川大学附属中学高二上学期期中考试英语试卷Missing Pieces Project: Add Your Pieces to the Big PictureAll over England are places with stories to tell: from buildings to battlefields, some on your doorstep, others just a day trip away. Their stories are still being written, and they won't be complete until you share your side.The Missing Pieces Project invites you to share your pictures and stories of the unique, significant and memorable places on the National Heritage List for England. The List is a register of all nationally protected his toric buildings and sites across England. Your view of a place is as unique as you are, so every snapshot and story you add is an important piece of the picture. And the more pieces of the picture we have, the better we can work together to protect what makes these places special. Whether you have a connection to a place already or you' re discovering it for the first time, your views add important new pieces to the picture.Images: from phone snaps to scans of old photos and architects' drawings, from wide angles to close-upsStories: from memories of holidays, school trips and family events to information about grand openings and transformationsPhotos must be ones you took yourself, from public land or rights of way, or with permission from the landowner. To add an historic image, you must have the rights to it. See the Missing Pieces Project terms and conditions for more information.Sign in and make a difference.1. What is the purpose of the Missing Pieces Project?A．To create fine art pieces. B．To preserve historic places.C．To promote a story contest. D．To teach photography skills.2. How can you contribute to the project?A．By scanning a portrait of a great architect.B．By taking a picture of a newly- built museum.C．By writing a special story of your trip to France.D．By sharing memories of a protected English site.3. What is required for a photo taken on a private land?A．Quality information. B．Public permission.C．The owner's support. D．A right background.In medical school and throughout his career as a neonatologist, William Cashore was often asked to read and correct others’ work. Little did they know that he was a spelling champion, with atrophy(奖品) at home to prove it. Cashore won the Scripps National Spelling Bee in 1954 at age 14. Now 84, he’s the oldest living champi on of the contest, wh ich dates back to 1925. As contestants from this year’s competition headed home, he reflected on his experience and the effect it had on him.Cashore credits his parents for helping him prepare for his trip to Washington, D. C. , for the spelling bee. His mother was an elementary school teacher and his father was a lab technician with a talent for taking words apart and putting them back together.When the field narrowed to two competitors, the other boy misspelled “uncinate”, which means bent like a hook. Cashore spelled it correctly, then clinched the title with the word “transept”, an architectural term for the transverse part of a cross- shaped church.Cashore, who was given $500 and an encyclopedia set, enjoyed a brief turn as a celebrity. He didn’t br ag about his accomplishment after returning to Pennsylvania, but the experience quietly shaped him in multiple ways. “It gave me much more s elf-confidence and also gave me a sense that it’s very important to try to get things as correct as possible,” he said. “I’ve always been that way, and I still feel that way. If people are careless about spelling and writing, you wonder if they’ re careles s about their thinking.”“Preparing for a spelling bee today requires more concentration and technique than it did decades ago,” Cashore said. “The vocabulary of the words are far, far more technical. The English language, in the meantime, has imported a great many words from foreign languages which were not part of the English language when I was in eighth grade,” he added.4. What can we learn about Cashore from the first two paragraphs?A．He is the best ever spelling champion. B．He prepared alone for the spelling bee.C．He used his spelling ability to help others. D．He preferred to show off his spelling talent.5. What does the word “clinched” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?A．Won. B．Declined. C．Removed. D．Gave. 6. How did the spelling bee competition affect Cashore?A．It helped him start his career. B．It strengthened his confidence.C．It limited his way of thinking. D．It brought him lasting popularity.7. What should we do to prepare for today’s spelling bee according to Cashore?A．Learn multiple languages. B．Go abroad for language study.C．Be a remarkable technician. D．Try to improve relevant skills.Social relationships are important to human happiness. But once relationships are formed, some will naturally wax and wane (兴衰), with many of us losing touch with friends and family that we were once close with.Across seven studies, the psychologists examined the attitudes of almost 2,500 participants to reconnecting with lost friendships, the barriers and reasons for doing so, and whether targeted interventions could encourage them to send that first message to an old friend.The psychologists set out-to measure this hesitance to reconnect by getting participants to rate their willingness to immediately carry out a range of activities, including calling or texting a friend they had lost touch with. They found that participants were as unwilling to reach out to an old fiend as they were to strike up a conversation with a stranger—or even to pickup rubbish.The top reported barriers included fears th at one’s old friend might not want to hear from them, that it would be too awkward after all this time, and feeling guilty. An excuse of being too busy—both the old friend and the participant—was the lowest cited reason for not reaching out.Notably, the psychologists found that participants believed there were only a few logical reasons to get in touch, with the fiend’s birthday reported as the most convincing. Reconnecting over the memory of a shared experience was the second most reported reason. Participants were least likely to consider getting in touch with an old friend to ask them a favour.As part of the research, the psychologists tested targeted interventions and they found that practising social connection with current networks by first sending a message to a warm friend was the most successful strategy, boosting reach out rates by over two thirds.But an expert explained: “Interestingly, despite people telling us that a key barrier to making contact with an old fiend was concerns over how the message might be received, the intervention that we designed to help overcome this anxiety had little effect.” The expert adds: “We know from decades of research that social relationships are a key source of happiness and meaning in our lives.”8. What is the primary focus of the psychologists research?A．The benefits of maintaining friendships.B．The process of forming new friendships.C．The attitudes towards reconnecting with old friends.D．The reasons for losing contact with long lost friends.9. What did the psychologist find regarding people’s willingness to reach out to old friends?A．Most participants were eager to reconnect.B．Participants hesitated to contact old friends.C．Participants preferred to reach out to ask for favors.D．Being too busy was the main reason for not reaching out.10. How does the expert think of the result of their intervention on social anxiety?A．Unsatisfactory. B．Unidentifiable. C．Predictable. D．Far-reaching.11. What’s the best title for the text?A．Gaining Happiness Through Social Ties B．The Pathways to Meaningful ConnectionD．Reviving Pre-existing Close Friendships C．To Strike up a Conversation with aStrangerCan artificial intelligence be made to tell the truth? Probably not, but the developers of large language model(LLM) chatbots should be legally required to reduce the risk of errors, says a team of ethicists (伦理学家). “What we’re just trying to do is to create a structure to get the companies to put a greater emphasis on truth or accuracy when they are creatin g the systems,” says Brent Mittelstadt at the University of Oxford.LLM chatbots, such as ChatGPT, generate human-like responses to users’ questions, based on statistical analysis of vast amounts of text. But although their answers usually appear convincing, they also tend to have “hallucination”. “We have these really, really impressive generative AI systems, but they get things wrong very frequently, and as far as we can understand the basic functioning of the systems, there’s no fundamental way to revamp that,” says Mittelstadt.This is a “very big problem” for LLM systems, given they are being rolled out to be used in a variety of contexts, such as government decisions, where it is important they produce factually correct, truthful answers, and are honest about the limitations of their knowledge, he says.To address the problem, Mittelstadt and his colleagues propose a range of measures. They say large language models should react in a similar way to how people would when asked factual questions. That mea ns being honest about what you do and don’t know. “It’s about doing the necessary steps to actually be careful in what you are claiming,” says Mittelstadt. This seems like a praiseworthy aim, but Eerke Boiten at De Montfort University, UK, questions whethe r the ethicists’ demand is technically practical. “I don’t understand how they expect legal requirements to mandate what I see as fundamentally technologically impossible,” he says.Mittelstadt and his colleagues do suggest some more straightforward steps that could make LLMs more truthful. The models should link to sources, he says — something that many of them now do to evidence their claims, while the wider use of a technique known as “retrieval enhanced generation” to come up with answers could limit th e likelihood of “hallucinations”.12. What is the main concern of the ethicists regarding LLM chatbots?A．The enormous development cost. B．The ethical decisions made by AI.C．Its inability to guarantee truthfulness. D．Its efficiency in processing texts.13. What does the underlined word “revamp” in paragraph 2 probably mean?A．Ignore. B．Fix. C．Discover. D．Escape.14. What is Eerke Boiten’s attitude towards the ethicists’ proposals for LMs?A．Tolerant. B．Conservative. C．Enthusiastic. D．Skeptical.15. Which of the following is suggested as a step to make LLMs more truthful?A．Linking to relevant sources. B．Using more complex data statistics.C．Encouraging user interaction. D．Reducing the size of the languagemodels.Travelling with friends can be an amazing experience where you could make lifelong memories or it could ruin your friendship. 16 Here are some rules you should follow to make sure your next trip with friends goes as smoothly as possible.17 Sure, you a nd your friends probably have some similar interests, but that’s not always the case. In an effort to keep everyone happy, go over travel plans and expectations ahead of time. Have each person categorize activities or sights into “must-see”, “want to see” and “would go if we have time”. Plan accordingly and make sure everyone can see some of their top attractions.Communicate and respect each other. Everyone has personal preferences when travelling— from getting the bed closest to the bathroom or sitting in the airplane’s window seat. But sometimes things don’t go as you like. In this case, share your requirements directly with your travel companions. 18 Have a conversation when problems arise, for communication is the key.Don’t disappear. When travelling with a group — or even just one other person — you may want some alone time. That’s completely fine, but make sure your friends know where you are and have a way of contacting you. 19Get off your phone. Of course, your friends will understand if you need to take a call from a family member, or in the event of a work emergency, but other than that, try to stay off your phone. 20 After all, the appeal of this type of trip is to spend time with friends. Just enjoy it!Lowe was facing a nightmare. His five-year-old son Tyler ________ from such a severe dental problem that he needed to have a(n)________ immediately. Lowe and his wife brought Tyler to Children’s Hospital Colorado in Denver.“As we sat in the waiting room, we felt ________. And the way in which my wife was clinging to he r son just made the ________ of the situation heavier. ”Lowe remembered.When a nurse called the family back, Lowe’s ________ only grew. A young doctor walked into the room and told them that he would be in ________ of the surgery. As the doctor began to explain how it would proceed, Lowe’s mind ________ the worst possible outcome.But then the doctor did something beyond ________. He looked at both Lowe and his wife in the eye, put a hand on each of their shoulders, and ________ them, “Today, your son is my son.” Lowe said he would never forget what the young doctor said, which was very helpful and meaningful. His ________ fear gave way to calm.After the surgery was over, the doctor came back out to the family. “He ________ us with a big smile on his fac e and said our son is just fine, and you can see him here in a few minutes.” Lowe________.After the surgery, Tyler made a quick ________ and led a normal life again. The Whole family felt so lucky to meet such a ________ doctor and Lowe explained that words ________ to express how grateful he and his wife both were for what the doctor said and did that day.21.A．survived B．escaped C．suffered D．arose22.A．operation B．look C．exam D．check23.A．relieved B．restless C．conscious D．attentive24.A．extent B．amount C．range D．gravity25.A．emotion B．relief C．terror D．joy26.A．charge B．progress C．possession D．place27.A．set off B．turned up C．took over D．went to28.A．decisions B．control C．expectations D．description 29.A．inspired B．comforted C．judged D．shocked30.A．slight B．precious C．groundless D．previous31.A．headed B．approached C．consulted D．appealed32.A．recalled B．reviewed C．reminded D．responded33.A．cure B．discovery C．treatment D．recovery34.A．open-minded B．short-sighted C．warm-hearted D．good-tempered 35.A．failed B．intended C．managed D．attempted阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

2006年全国硕士研究生考试英语试卷及答案(6)Part BOn the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville，Ind， home of David Willianis ，52，and of a riverboat casinola place where gambling games are played .During several years of gambling in that casino ，Williams a state auditor earning $35，000 a year ，last approximately $175，000 . He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino， lost the $20 and left .On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him， as a good customer， a"Fun Card"， which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks， and enables the casino to track the user's gambling activities. For Williams， these activities become what he calls"electronic heroin"。

（41），In 1997 he lost $21，000 to one slot machine in two days. In march 1997 he lost $72，186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time， all night，until the boat locked at 5 a.m ， then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m .Now he is suing the casino ，charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In march 1998，a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions， and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gamblers. The casinno included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers，and wrote to him a"cease admissions"letter noting the"medical /psychological"nature of problem gambling behaviors， the letter said that before being readmitted to the patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.（42）The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning，"enjoy the fun and always bet with your head ，not over it ."Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of MentalHealth .Nevertheless Williams's suit charged that the casino ，knowing he was"helplessly addicted to gambling"intentionally worked to"love"him to"engage in conduct against his will"well.（43）The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental Disorders says"pathological gambling"involves president，recurring and uncontrollable pursuit loss of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.（44）， .Pushed by science， or what claims to be science， society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders skin to physical disabilities（45）Forty-four states have lotteries， 29 have casinos， and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on__you might say addicted to__revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995，competition for gambler's dollars has become intense. The Oct.28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1，800 virtual cosines every week， with $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year， gambling has ，passed pornography as the web's webs most profitable business.（A）。

World Latest Medicine Information (Electronic Version) 2019 V o1.19 No.54162投稿邮箱：sjzxyx22@探讨气滞胃痛颗粒联合奥美拉唑、伊托必利治疗胃食管反流病的临床疗效范艳梅（曲周县中医院，河北 邯郸）摘要：目的 研讨胃食管反流病患者使用气滞胃痛颗粒、奥美拉唑与伊托必利治疗的临床价值。

方法 选择我院收治于2015年2月至2019年2月的400例胃食管反流病患者做研究分析，并按随机模式分两组，A 组（n=200）予以奥美拉唑与伊托必利治疗，B 组（n=200）在A 组用药下配合气滞胃痛颗粒口服，对比两组的临床用药情况。

结果 B 组用药后复查胃镜，提示有191例患者痊愈或好转，总有效率为95.5%，相比A 组的胃镜疗效显著提高，P<0.05，有统计学意义。

治疗前，两组在反酸、反流与烧心等症状积分上的对比，P>0.05，无统计学意义；治疗后，B 组在反酸、反流与烧心等症状积分上较A 组均显著降低，P<0.05，有统计学意义。

结论 对胃食管反流病患者使用气滞胃痛颗粒、奥美拉唑以及伊托必利三药治疗有显著的疗效，并可促进相关症状的缓解，值得推荐。

关键词：胃食管反流病；气滞胃痛颗粒；奥美拉唑；伊托必利中图分类号：R571 文献标识码：B DOI: 10.19613/ki.1671-3141.2019.54.103本文引用格式：范艳梅.探讨气滞胃痛颗粒联合奥美拉唑、伊托必利治疗胃食管反流病的临床疗效[J].世界最新医学信息文摘,2019,19(54):162-163.To Explore the Clinical Efficacy of Qizhi Weitong Granule Combined with Omeprazole and Itopride in the Treatmentof Gastroesophageal Reflux DiseaseFAN Yan-mei(Quzhou County Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Handan, Hebei, China )ABSTRACT: Objective To study the clinical value of Qizhi Weitong Granule, omeprazole and itopride in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Methods Four hundred patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease admitted to our hospital fromFebruary 2015 to February 2019 were selected for study and analysis. They were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (n=200) was treated with omeprazole and itopride. Group B (n=200) was treated with Qizhi Weitong Granule orally under group A. The clinical medication of the two groups was compared. Results Re-examination of gastroscopy in group B showed that 191 patients recovered or improved, the total effective rate was 95.5%. Compared with group A, the curative effect of gastroscopy was significantly improved, P<0.05, with statistical significance. Before treatment, the scores of acid reflux, heartburn and other symptoms in the two groups were compared, P>0.05, with no statistical significance; after treatment, the scores of acid reflux, heartburn and other symptoms in group B were significantly lower than those in group A, P<0.05, with statistical significance. Conclusion Qizhi Weitong Granule, omeprazole and itopride are effective in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, and can promote the relief of related symptoms, which is worthy of recommendation.KEY WORDS: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; Qizhi Weitong Granule; Omeprazole; Itopride0 引言胃食管反流病属于消化系统疾病中较常见的一类，按食管黏膜的糜烂与溃疡发生情况，一般可分为两种，即反流性食管炎与非糜烂性反流病[1]。

测量区间及可报告区间技术要求下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。

文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢！本店铺为大家提供各种类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注！Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you! In addition, this shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!在科学研究和工程设计中，测量区间及可报告区间的准确定义和正确确定是非常重要的。