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Unit 1Inside ViewConversation 1Janet: Hi, it’s me again, Janet Li. I’m still a student at the University of Oxford in England. But I’m not in Oxford right now. And I haven’t gone back home to China either. It’s the long vacation now, and believe it or not, it’s the middle of summer. I’m spending my summer in one of the world’s greatest cities. I’m in London, home to the Houses of Parliament, Big Ben, Tower Bridge…and the double-decker bus. I want to find out what it’s like to live in this busy, lively city. So I’m working for London Time Off, a website about what’s on in London. This is Joe…, he’s my boss, and this is Andy, who is a reporter. And what’s my job? Well, I don’t know yet, because it’s my first day. But I’m meant to be shadowing Andy, oh, what I mean is, I’m going to be helping him. So can you tell me something about London, Andy?Andy: It’s the greatest city in the world. .Joe: Except for New York!Andy: New York? Don’t make me laugh!Joe: And your point is…?Andy: Look, if you want my opinion, London is greater than New York…Joe: No, I don’t want your opinion, thank you very much. It’s a fact.Andy: A fact! Are you serious?\Janet: And here we are in London, probably the greatest city in the world.Andy: What? Probably? Excuse me, I prefer to deal with this myself…Joe: Ah, dream on, Andy………珍妮特：嗨，又是我，珍妮特.李。
新标准⼤学英语（第⼆版）视听说3听⼒原⽂及选择题整理⼤学英语三视听说3第⼆版听⼒材料以及选择排序题整理U1Outside view1-2原⽂Presenter: Happiness is not what most students have in mind when they think of school. Yet a school in Germany has developed a novel way to raise the morale of its students, by teaching happiness in classes. Students at Heidelberg’s Willy Hellpach School of Economics are learning how to achieve happiness as an official subject, alongside mathematics and languages. This is the first school in Germany to develop a happiness course, intended for 17- to 19-year-olds preparing for university entrance exams. Ernst Fritz-Sch ubert, the school’s principal, is on a mission to change things.Ernst: It was my idea –I’ve been at this school for 31 years, and I feel that school and happiness have to be reunited. These are two terms which are not considered together, because one does not connect school with happiness. In some cases school comes behind the dentist on the popularity scale and we should try to push schools’ popularity a bit. It has been proved by science that a happy student can learn more than an unhappy one. Unhappy students can concentrate for a while but do not use all their potential. The happiness classes are intended to help students fulfill their potential. They will help the students live happy and prosperous lives.Presenter: The classes aim to help students in achieving a positive state of mind, by using all their own resources and boosting their self-esteem. In addition, they hope classes will increase self-awareness and physical comfort. Happiness classes are also intended to make students more aware about their environment and society as a whole. During classes students are encouraged to express themselves and observe their peers’ behaviour. The classes are taught by Bjoern Bonn, an actor and visiting lecturer.Outside view 3-4原⽂Bjoern: One of the exercises I do is to have one of the students walk across the classroom, with the others copying his walk. Through this exercise, I hope they learn something about themselves. Why do I move like this? How do others see my way of walking? I hope that with a higher body awareness they ideally – of course it will take time – achieve a higher self-consciousness which could lead to happiness. Wolfgang: We give these classes to students to help them find happiness. Now the question is: How do I define happiness? Happiness is for example a strengthening of the personality. We are providing helpful suggestions to make stronger people. People that ask "Who am I as a person? Am I really happy?" Pascal: It takes time and everybody has to find happiness for themselves. You cannot go into a coaching lesson and say, “Teach me happiness.” One can only get indications from teachers or the visiting lecturers. There are also happiness scientists, if we could talk to one of those I’m sure he would have some hints.Yosma: You would think that the teachers are writing definitions on the board. Not true. Those who want happiness have to find it for themselves, you cannot really learn that.Presenter: So what does it take to be happy, and can you learn it at school?News report 原⽂1、Recent statistics show that young people are heading abroad in ever-increasing numbers – at least temporarily. Experts say spending time overseas can give students an advantage when looking for a job after they graduate. Employers are attracted to candidates with international experience and global skills.Audrey Morgan, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, was inspired to learn Spanish. She decided to spend a semester studying in Spain during her junior year. That experience led to the job she has today, as an engineer for a technology company with offices all over the world.Her current work project involves working closely with an organization in Spain, and her fluent Spanishmeans she is able to translate documents from Spanish to English and communicate with her Spanish co-workers. She hopes to work in one of her company’s international offices within a few years.It’s up to students to decide how long they want to spend studying overseas. They may go for a year, a semester or a summer. However long or short the time, they are sure to have a rewarding experience. Q1: How does studying abroad give students an advantage in the job hunt?A. Employers are looking for candidates who have global skills.Q2: How much time should students spend overseas?D. Any amount.2、Potential college students are once again facing the annual ordeal of college admissions. Each year many university-bound students in the US fear writing the required college application essay. However, it is a chance for students to show admission officers who they really are beyond grades and test scores.A strong, well-written essay can make a difference when universities are choosing between talented applicants.Each university has its own set of essay prompts and questions that students can answer. They want students to reveal their best qualities and interests, show their creativity, as well as their writing skills. One university’s sample prompt is: “Describe the world you come from –for example, your family, community or school –and tell u s how your world has shaped your dreams and aspirations.” Or a question simply asking “What makes you happy?”Some students find that the essay is one of the most challenging things they’ve written. They have to think about issues that really matter to them, what their values are and what their experiences mean to them. Usually, by the end of the process, students will have discovered a lot about themselves that they didn’t know before.Q1: What do we learn about the college application essay from the news report?D. Students are required to submit an essay to universities.Q2: How do students feel about writing the college application essay?B. Students are afraid of writing the essay.Inside view1、Interviewer: Can you tell me … how do you think you have changed as you have matured? What things have had a major influence on you?Speaker 1: Well, let me think ... I suppose going to university had a big impact on my life. It made me much more open-minded. I met so many different types of people there with weird and wonderful ideas and it changed the way I see the world. I’m much more tolerant now ... It made me a more rounded person.Interviewer: Great ... And has any particular person had a central role in forming your character? Speaker 1:I guess that’d ha ve to be my grandfather. I was very close to him and he taught me to stand up for my beliefs. He was always telling me about his ...Interviewer: So what people or events have had an impact on your life?Speaker 2: I think that travelling in my gap year made me grow up and see both the beauty of the world and, well ... just the generosity of ordinary people. I travelled a lot around Asia and you know, I found that in some of the poorest countries, like Cambodia and Laos, people share whatever little they have, and they possess a real joy for life. It’s probably made me a less selfish person.Interviewer: Interesting. ... So you would recommend that young people take a gap year to discover themselves and the world?Speaker 2: Definitely. It gives you an opportunity to learn about the world beyond the one you grew up in and I found it really …Interviewer: Could you tell me what things in your life have had the greatest influence in forming your personality?Speaker 3: Well ... a couple of years ago I was on a reality TV show where a group of young people all lived in a house together. Each week someone was voted off by the audience. I got down to the final three! I suppose being on the show and seeing how the other contestants behaved made me realize howselfis h and spiteful some people can be just to get what they want. I also realized it’s best to just be yourself in life. If you pretend to be someone different people will eventually see through the lies. Interviewer: Right ... And how did you feel when you were eventually voted off?Speaker 3: Relieved, to be honest with you. But you know … a slight regret that I didn’t win because I kind of ...Interviewer: So can you tell me, what one thing do you think has had the biggest impact on your life? Speaker 4: Hmm, that’s a difficult question. But I think helping victims of the tsunami in 2004 had a very great impact on me. I’m half Thai and I’d just arrived in Thailand for a family Christmas holiday. When I heard the news I knew I had to help –you couldn’t not. I ended up acting as an interpreter for a group of volunteer doctors. It was an incredibly difficult time but you know, even in the middle of such a horrific tragedy there is still a huge amount of genuine human kindness.Interviewer: That’s amazing! And ha s it changed the way you view your future ...1. How did going to university change Speaker 1?C. It made him more open-minded.2. How did travelling change Speaker 2?rD. It made her grow up.3. How did being on a reality TV show change Speaker 3?A. It m ade him realize it’s important to be yourself.4. What did volunteering help Speaker 4 see?B. Genuine human kindness.2、Tony: Talking to us today in our Life Choices series is Joan Robinson, an academic counsellor at Manchester University. She gives advice to school students on choosing the right subject to study at university. Joan, welcome to the show. Joan: Thanks Tony.Tony: So Joan, what do our listeners need to think about when choosing a course? It’s a huge, potentially life-changing decision, isn’t it?Joan: Yes. I generally give students advice in two areas. Firstly, know yourself, and secondly, think to the future.Tony:When you say “know yourself” what do you mean?Joan: Basically, I mean evaluate your own personal strengths and weaknesses, your personality traits and the things you like.Tony: I see ... So how can our listeners do this?Joan:Well, start by asking yourself questions to help reflect on your life so far. For example, what subjects are you good at? Are you an organized and self-disciplined person? Are you confident and outgoing? Do you like working with others in a team or do you prefer working alone? These kinds of questions will help you discover more about yourself.Tony: Sounds like good advice. How about your second point regarding the future?Joan: Well, your choice of major subject is likely to have a significant impact on your future career so it’s important to look into this carefully. I recommend you check not only which academic subjects will help you get into a particular area of work, but also look carefully at what universities offer. Each university has its strengths so try to choose one that is the best in your chosen field. Find out what links the department has to related industries and leading companies in it.Tony: Good point. Now I’d like to take some calls from our listeners. First up we have James on the line. Hi James! How can we help?James: Hi. I’m interested in a career in IT and I’d like to ask Joan whether she thinks it’s better to go to a highly respected university, like Oxford, or to study somewhere that has more of a vocational focus? Joan: Well, James, you know it really depends on what you expect to get out of a university and how you see your future. Basically a handful of the brightest graduates are picked from the top universities around the world to join the leading IT companies. So I’d say if you’re a high-flyer then this is the route that might be for you. But if you are looking for a more mainstream career then you should consider a course that helps you acquire practical, transferable skills that you can use in the workplace ... and lookat which universities have the best levels of graduate recruitment for the kind of job you are aiming for. James: I see! Thanks a lot. That really helps me out …UNIT2Outside view1、Presenter: Around the world many children are living in poverty. Many children live in countries where there is war. Many children do not get enough to eat. Some of these children are suffering from malnutrition. Many children in the world cannot go to school. One agency that is helping these children is UNICEF. UNICEF means the United Nations Children’s Fund. UNICEF has more than 7,000 people working in 157 countries around the world to help children. One country where they are doing a great deal of work is Afghanistan. A whole generation of children in Afghanistan has never known peace, until recently. Now, UNICEF is bringing food for malnourished children. They are bringing medicine. Here a medical team travels on horseback to bring medicine to a remote mountain village. And UNICEF is helping the children get an education. DrLaroche: During the time of Taliban we have made a survey among 40,000 kids. And, uh, and they all say that the first thing they want is peace. And the second thing that they want is, was education. Presenter: The Taliban destroyed almost 2,000 schools. Under the Taliban, girls were not allowed to attend school at all.Moyeen: Well, over 50 per cent of the school has been destroyed completely. In the rest of the 50 per cent schools which, eh, eh, needs repair, we are trying to accommodate all the children in the schools. Presenter:Some of the schools are in people’s homes. This is a home school in Kabul. The teacher, HabibaKilwati, has been running the school for 12 years. She supervises 26 other schools like it.2、Student 1: We want to learn, so we can become teachers, doctors, or engineers and be like normal students.Presenter: It was dangerous for children to go to school. Under the Taliban, police punished families whose children went to school. Today, children are happy to be in school.Student 2: This morning I had some tea and an egg and came to school. I have notebooks, pencils, erasers, and friends and fun here.Presenter: UNICEF is helping rebuild the educational system in Afghanistan in many ways. UNICEF is helping to train teachers. They are rebuilding schools. They are printing textbooks, and delivering books and other supplies to schools. This girls school was closed under the Taliban. Now it is opening again. It has room for 960 students. These girls are happy to be back in school.Student 3: I am very disappointed and sad that I wasted six years. There was no education then. I tried to study then with my parents, but it’s not the same. It wasn’t so b ad, but now I am much happier because the schools are reopening.Maliha: We plan to open the schools and get these children enrolled and back in school. And to give them back their education, so they can read and write.Afghan man: When the Taliban came to power and closed the schools, girls stayed at home. Now there is an opportunity for them to continue their education. We are very happy about this. We can be proud of our girls, our young people. They can go back to school.Presenter: UNICEF is working on its mission to bring food, medicine, and education to the children of Afghanistan. In the process, they are also bringing hope.1.What happened when children went to school under the Taliban?D. The police punished their families.2.How is UNICEF helping to rebuild the educational system?A. They are printing textbooks and delivering books to schools.3.How many girls does the girls school have room for?B. 960.4.What did Student 3 try to do in the past six years?B. To study with her parents.5.Why does the Afghan man feel happy and proud?A. Because girls can continue with their education.News report > 1For those of you who were thinking the selfie was the final development in photography, there’s something new – a growing trend for people to recreate their childhood photos as adults. Some people recreate the photos as an amusing gift for their family, and others do it to relive their happy memories. Some of the photos have spread quickly across social media after being shared online.The Dobbie sisters’ family photos are the latest to go viral. The four sisters from Australia decided to create one last memory with their pet dog just before his death. They’d had Tigger since they were all children, but after 16 years together, they made the difficult decision to put him to rest. They decided to recreate a photo they found showing the girls when they were younger, sitting under a tree holding their beloved dog. The result is a heartwarming image that shows how much they have all grown and how the sisters’ love for Tigger has never changed.Q1: Why do people recreate their childhood photos according to the news report?They recreate photos to relive their happy memories.Q2: Why did the Dobbie sisters recreate the photo?C. Because the sisters wanted to create one last memory with their dog.News report > 2A rare Star Wars figurine was sold for 2,7000 US dollars. Experts say nostalgia is driving prices higher. For many adults, childhood memories revolve around the toys that they played with when they were younger. Seeing or holding an old toy from their past can transport them back to the time when they first laid eyes on it at the toy store, and the excitement they felt about taking it home to play. Toys from thepast were much simpler compared to the high-tech toys of today. Some may even argue that toys from the past encouraged children to use their creativity and imagination. In order to recapture their happy childhood memories, people collect old toys they had as children.There are many serious collectors who are willing to pay top prices to bring back memories. For example, Cabbage Patch Kids were dolls that were very popular in the 1980s. While toy stores still sell them, collectors want the original dolls and the rare collectibles are listed on eBay for up to $2,500. Other popular collectible toys are action figures such as G. I. Joes, Star Wars figures, My Little Ponies, and Barbie dolls.Q1: What is the difference between toys from the past and toys of today?D. Toys from the past encouraged more creativity and imagination than toys of today.Q2: What do we learn about old toys from the news report?B. Old toys can bring back happy memories for many people.Insideview1、One of the strangest feelings I’ve ever had was when I returned by chance to a place where I’d been happy as a child. My husband and I were visiting some friends for the weekend – they lived about 200 kilometres away. We were driving along when I suddenly saw a church in the distance that I recognized. My favourite aunt had lived very near it on a farm that my brother and I used to visit once a year with our parents.We were city kids, brought up in the middle of London, and this was a working farm – the real thing – with cows in cowsheds, fields with ponds and a muddy yard full of smelly pigs, and – we had the run of the whole place – it was just paradise for us. And then – there was the food – oh, home-made jam and bread and cakes, milk fresh from the cow. And my aunt Lottie –a farmer’s wife – and her husband, Uncle George and their kids, Katie and Ben, our two cousins who my brother and I really got on with. It was heaven that week we used to spend there. They moved from the farm when I was … how old? –about 14. So I’d never been back or seen it again.An yway, there we were, and I’d just seen the church –so we turned off and drove down this really narrow lane. And before I knew it we were in front of Aunt Lottie’s farm! The extraordinary thing was that it hadn’t changed – not one tiny bit.It was a lovely old place with a typical country cottage garden, full of flowers. There were lots of barns and sheds – they were next to –next to the farm. And you know, I can’t even begin to describe the feeling I had standing there. It was –oh, what was it? –an incredibly powerful feeling of longing –nostalgia for the past –for times when I’d been very, very happy. But it was the past. I hadn’t been there for 20 years and I couldn’t go back, so I also had a feeling of huge sadness, that I couldn’t havethose times again. And – at the same time – great sweetness, because those times had been so happy, so innocent –because I was a child! So there was this extraordinary mix –of longing, sadness and sweetness, all at the same time. It was the strangest feeling I’ve ev er had.1. Why were the speaker and her husband near the farm?C. Because they were visiting friends.2. Where had the speaker been brought up?B. In the middle of London.3. Why does the speaker describe the farm as “just paradise”?A. Because it was a real farm and she and her brother could run around.4. What food does the speaker mention?C. Jam, bread, cakes and milk.5. What do we learn about the farm?D. The garden was full of flowers.6. What feelings does the speaker mention?A. A longing for the past, sadness and sweetness.2、Interviewer:So what’s your first memory of school, Kevin?Kevin:I was really looking forward to school, I remember that, I just couldn’t wait. Yeah, Johnny, my brother, was a year older than me and he seemed so grown-up, with his red blazer and smart shoes.And I wanted to go to school and be grown-up too. I don’t remember much of the first day actually, apart from this little boy lying on the floor and screaming and screaming and me thinking what a baby he was. Interviewer: Right! What about you, Eva?Eva: I just have this one memory of this coat rack with all our coats. And I was looking for my peg which had a little picture of an elephant next to it. I remember I was crying because I wanted to go home and I coul dn’t get my coat on. I was crying so much and then the teacher came and helped me. Interviewer: OK, so what about your first best friend at school?Kevin:Oh, yeah, well, Steve, I remember him? because he’s still my best friend!Interviewer: Still your best friend!Eva:That’s so great!Kevin:Yeah, we didn’t know each other before we started school but we became really good friends and so did our mums. Our families ended up going on holiday together and that kind of thing. But we used to fight a lot, Steve and I, and the teachers used to get very cross with us. But we were just having fun. Interviewer: Cool! And what about you, Eva?Eva: My best friend was a girl called Robina. She had short blond hair, I remember I thought she looks (looked) like an angel. We sat next to each other and held hands and played fairies in the playground. She left in Year 3 and I cried for days. Interviewer: Oh, how sad! So what about the day you left school? How was that?Eva: I had a lot of mixed feelings, I remember walking home with this amazing feeling of freedom, you know, no more rules, no more bossy teachers. But I also felt pretty sad, because I’d had some good times. I was in a group of girls who were so supportive of each other.Kevin:I couldn’t wait to leave, I was counting the days. I just wanted to get a job, get a life, earn some cash. The day I left, I went out to celebrate with a couple of my mates and – had a very good time!UNIT3Outside view1、Part 1Voice-over: The Mona Lisa, the most famous painting in the world, was truly revolutionary even in its time. While he was painting the Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci broke all the rules, even his own. In spite of the fact that Leonardo and other artists believed that women should only be portrayed with eyes gazing slightly down, Leonardo painted the Mona Lisa looking directly at the viewer. The position of her body is another innovation. While her face looks straight ahead her body is slightly turned, a pose that creates a sense of movement and tension. In another break from tradition, the Mona Lisa is not wearing any jewellery or adornments. Finally, backgrounds in portraits usually indicated a real place but the landscape in Leonardo’s portrait seems almost i maginary.Anne: One of the things I like to do is, um, think about her face and why, what is she trying, why, what is she trying to say with her face, and I used to think that her face told more than one story. For instance, if I covered up one side of her face, it seemed like she might be a little sad or reserved, almost secretive. Scott:Her eyes are, they’re kind of looking at us or around us, through us perhaps. I think with that painting she’s the viewer and we’re the subject in a way. And she has this look that she knows something that we don’t know.Anne: And then when I covered up that side and looked at the other side, she seemed happier, um, more satisfied. And together it created sort of the mystery about her that, um, made interpreting her face very enigmatic.Scott:There’s speculation that the Mona Lisa is a self-portrait of Leonardo and I, I believe that it is, there, there, the features do line up between the Mona Lisa and sketches of Leonardo.Voice-over:2、Part 2Anne: When I was young, um, I was always interested in, um, reading books about people and, and the dynamics, different kinds of relationships they had and so when I became a painter it was natural for me to be interested in painting people and looking for similar kinds of stories to tell about them, that you might read about in a book.Scott: Uh, most of my work consists of photographic self-portraiture. Um, I’m interested in using myself as the subject, um, not only as the creator of the image but as the, the character, or the performer of, of the images.Anne:So in my portraits I’m trying to capture, um, a deeper essence of a person, um, more or less. Scott: This work here is done with a pinhole camera, which requires a very long exposure so, with a portrait you can get this feelin g of time passed. It’s not a, it’s not an instant, per se, it could be five minutes of exposure.Anne:So this is another project I’m working on. I’m almost finished with it but I still need to work on the reflections in the water, um, and the face of the boy before it’s finished.Scott: I often work with multiples and, you know, using a mirror or the same image twice and what I wanted to do was link the two portraits together with the string. It’s kind of the string of thought or this idea of remembering or the resilience of memory.Anne:I don’t just paint from photographs. I try to make a work of art. Um, I try to make a painting that goes beyond a mere photographic image. I try to capture something about the soul of the, or the essence of this person.Scott:This piece here is, uh, it’s called The Measure of Decay and behind the piece there are portraits, again, of me. I have this clay covering on that has cracked and so it’s, it’s kind of like the process of decay. So as each portrait goes around you can, you can see the image in a different focus.Anne:I love painting portraits. I love painting but portraits are very special because they’re about people. Scott:I’m fascinated by portraiture in general, and the human body and how that image lives over ti me. Anne: I like to capture what is unique and special about an individual in paint.News report>1Israeli artist EyalGever is working on a project that will be the first artwork created in space. It will be a 3D sculpture made inside the International Space Station. He will create his artwork using a zero-gravity 3D printer. Once it is finished, the sculpture will be released into the universe.Working with NASA, Gever’s space project is named “Laugh”. The 3D printer will produce a physical representatio n of a person’s laugh. Sound cannot travel in space, but this sculpture can show what laughter looks like.Gever is asking people around the world to participate in his project. There is a social media campaign called “LaughInSpace”, where people are invit ed to record and submit their laughter online. When the audio samples have been collected, people will be invited to vote on which clip should be represented in the sculpture. Then Gever will use the sounds of the winner’s laughter to create the space scul pture.。
Unit 1Inside ViewConversation 1Janet: Hi, it’s me again, Janet Li. I’m still a student at the University of Oxford in England. But I’m not in Oxford right now. And I haven’t gone back home to China either. It’s the long vacation now, and believe it or not, it’s the middle of summer. I’m spending my summer in one of the world’s greatest cities. I’m in London, home to the Houses of Parliament, Big Ben, Tower Bridge…and the double-decker bus. I want to find out what it’s like to live in this busy, lively city. So I’m working for London Time Off, a website about what’s on in London. This is Joe…, he’s my boss, and this is Andy, who is a reporter. And what’s my job? Well, I don’t know yet, because it’s my first day. But I’m meant to be shadowing Andy, oh, what I mean is, I’m going to be helping him. So can you tell me something about London, Andy? Andy: It’s the greatest city in the world. .Joe: Except for New York!Andy: New York? Don’t make me laugh!Joe: And your point is…?Andy: Look, if you want my opinion, London is greater than New York…Joe: No, I don’t want your opinion, thank you very much. It’s a fact.Andy: A fact! Are you serious?\Janet: And here we are in London, probably the greatest city in the world. Andy: What? Probably? Excuse me, I prefer to deal with this myself…Joe: Ah, dream on, Andy………珍妮特：嗨，又是我，珍妮特.李。
Unit 3 New orleans is sinkingFor 300 years，the sea has been closing in on New Orleans. As the coastal erosion continues，it is estimated the city will be off shore in 90 years. Even in good weather，New Orleans is sinking。
As the city begins what is likely to be the biggest demolition project in U。
S. history，the question is, can we or should we put New Orleans back together again?Life has been returning to high and dry land on Bourbon Street, but to find the monumental challenge facing the city you have to visit neighborhoods you have never heard of。
On Lizardi Street，60 Minutes took a walk with the men in charge of finishing what Katrina started.Correspondent Scott Pelley reports。
Before Katrina，”There would be noise and activity and families and people，and children, and，you know, I haven’t seen a child in a month here,” says Greg Meffert, a city official who, with his colleague Mike Centineo，is trying to figure out how much of the city will have to be demolished。
3-1 Passage oneInterviewer: Can you tell me…how do you think you have changed as you have matured?What things have had a major influence on you?Speaker 1 : Well, let me think…I suppose going to university had a big impact on my life. It made me much more open-minded. I met so many different types of people there with weird and wonderful ideas and it changed the way I see the world. I‘m much more tolerant now… It made me a more rounded pe rson.Interviewer: Great, and had any particular person had a central role in forming your character?Speaker 1: I guess that‘d have to be my grandfather. I was very close to him, and he taught me to stand up for my beliefs. He was always telling me about this…Interviewer: So what people or events have had an impact on your life?Speaker 2: I think that traveling my gap year made me grow up and see both the beauty of the world and, well…just the generosity of ordinary people. I traveled a lot around Asia a nd you know, I found that in some of the poorest countries, like Cambodia and Laos, people share whatever little they have, and they possess a real joy for life. It‘s probably made me a less selfish person.Interviewer: Interesting…so you would recommend t hat young people take a gap year to discover themselves and the world?Speaker 2: Definitely. It gives you an opportunity o learn about the world beyond the one you grew up in and I found it really…Interviewer: Could you tell me what things in your life have had the greatest influence in forming your personality?Speaker 3: Well…a couple of years ago I was on a reality TV show where a group of young people all lived in a house together. Each week some one was voted off by the audience. I got down to the final three! I suppose being on the show and seeing how the other contestants behaved made me realize how selfish and spiteful some people can be just to get what they want. I also realized it‘s best to just be yourself in life. If you pretend to be someone different people will eventually see through the lies.Interviewer: Right…And how did you feel when you were eventually voted off?Speaker 3: Relieved, to be honest with you. But you know, a slight regret that I didn‘t win because I kind of…Interviewer: So you can tell me, what one thing do you think that has had the biggest impact on your life?Speaker 4: Hmm, that‘s a difficult question. But I think helping victims of the tsunami in 2004 had a very great impact on me. I‘m half Thai and I‘d just arrived in Thailand for a family Christmas holiday. When I heard the news I knew I had to help-you couldn‘t not. I ended up acting as an interpreter for a group of volunteer doctors. It was an incredibly difficult time but you know, even in the middle of such a horrific tragedy there is still a huge amount of genuine human kindness.Interviewer: That‘s amazing! And has it changed the way you view your future…采访者你能不能告诉我…你认为在你渐渐成熟的过程中产生了怎样的变化呢？什么事情对你产生了主要的影响？发言人1 嗯，让我想想… 我认为上大学对我的生活产生了重大的影响。
高级英语视听说听记教程3听力原文English:Listening Comprehension Tutorial 3: Passage.Passage:The twentieth century was a century of unprecedented technological advancement. From the invention of the airplane to the advent of the computer, technology has transformed the way we live our lives. While some may argue that technology has had a negative impact on society, it is undeniable that it has played a vital role in improving our quality of life.Technology has made it possible for us to communicate with people all over the world instantaneously. Theinternet has revolutionized the way we access information, and social media has allowed us to stay connected with friends and family who live far away. Technology has alsomade it possible for us to learn new things and acquire new skills. Online education has become increasingly popular, and there are now countless resources available to help us learn anything we want.Technology has also improved our health and well-being. Medical advancements have led to the development of new treatments for diseases, and technology has made it possible for us to monitor our health more closely. We can now use fitness trackers to track our activity levels, and there are apps that can help us manage our diet and sleep patterns.Technology has undoubtedly made our lives easier and more convenient. We can now order groceries online, pay our bills with a few clicks, and bank from the comfort of our own homes. Technology has also made it possible for us to work from anywhere in the world, and it has given us more flexibility in our schedules.However, it is important to remember that technology is a tool, and like any tool, it can be used for good or forevil. It is up to us to use technology in a way that benefits society and makes the world a better place.Questions:1. What is the main idea of the passage?2. What are some of the benefits of technology?3. What are some of the potential drawbacks of technology?4. How can we use technology for good?Answers:1. The main idea of the passage is that technology has had a profound impact on our lives, both positive and negative.2. Some of the benefits of technology include theability to communicate instantaneously with people all overthe world, access information quickly and easily, learn new things, improve our health and well-being, and make ourlives easier and more convenient.3. Some of the potential drawbacks of technologyinclude the potential for it to be used for evil, the possibility of it leading to social isolation, and the potential for it to be addictive.4. We can use technology for good by using it toconnect with others, to learn new things, to improve our health and well-being, and to make the world a better place.中文回答：段落：二十世纪是技术飞速发展的世纪。
新标准大学英语第二版视听说教程3(听力原文及翻译)Unit 1: Making RequestsSection A: Listening MaterialPart I: Extract OneStudent A:Excuse me, do you have a minute? I’m having some trouble understanding this assignment.Student B: Sure, what part are you having difficulty with?Student A:I’m not sure what the professor expects us to do for the research section. Can you help clarify?Student B: Of course! The professor wants us to review three different sources and analyze their perspectives on the topic.Student A: That sounds simple enough. So, we just need to find three sources and compare them?Student B: Exactly, but make sure to also include your own evaluation of each source and explain how they relate to one another.Student A: Thanks for explaining. I think I have a better grasp of it now.Student B: No problem, always happy to help!Student A: I appreciate it. Thanks again!Part I: Translation学生A：打扰一下，你有时间吗？我对这个作业有些困惑。
UINT 1 SECTION CHave you wished you were better at making a conversation? A great conversationalist is someone who connects with people and makes them feel important. When they talk to you, they make you feel like you're the only person in the room.Becoming a good conversationalist requires knowing three things: first, how to start a conversation; second, how to keep it going; and third, how to end it.Starting a conversation usually means coming up with an opening line or ice breaker. The best kind of ice breaker is one that's positive. A compliment is always a good ice breaker and will usually be appreciated. Any news event is a good ice breaker. The fact is, any opening line will do, as long as it's not negative, and as long as it's not a lie. The best way to entice a person to have a conversation with you is by being sincere and respectful, and letting them know that you are interested in talking to them.Once you've got a conversation going, the best way to keep it going is by asking the other person questions that don't require just a yes or no answer. Ask questions similar to those a reporter might ask to draw a person out; who, what, when, where, why and how questions. You keep asking questions based on the last thing a person says. This is called the "elaboration technique". Once you hit on something you find interesting, keep asking questions in order to get the person to elaborate about the topic as much as possible. A good conversationalist elaborates on the experiences they've had. Instead of saying the party was fun, tell why it was fun. Describe why you had a good time—who was there, what happened, where it was, and how peoplearranged the party. Go into detail. Description is the best form of communication because it keeps people's interest up and stimulates them.If you started a conversation with another person, and you're having difficulty ending it, there are several signals you can send to the other person that will bring the conversation to its close without hurting anyone's feelings.Breaking eye contact is a discreet signal that the conversation is about to end.Another way to signal is to use transition words like well, or at any rate. You may want to recap all that was said. Whatever you do, don't lie to the other person. If you're not interested in talking to them again, don't mention the possibility of a future meeting just to be polite. That's hypocritical. Instead, you may want to say, "Nice meeting you."And then, leave.Finally, be sure to give the other person a good, firm handshake. The final impression you make can be just as important as the initial one you made.UINT 3 SECTION BFirst StoryMy husband and I met in high school. During our senior year, we studies biology together. We talked and laughed a lot during class. One Friday, we Joked that we should go on a date that night. At first, I didn't know if he was serious. He didn't know if I was joking. That night I put on a new dress and waited. He had a more difficult time. He had to knock on the door without knowing if I would be ready or not. But he knocked, and I was ready! That was our first date. This year, we celebrated our fortieth wedding anniversary'Second StoryMy husband and I met one day at an airport. It was Christmas day. I was picking up my friend Bernd. He was coming from Germany to spend the holidays with my family. While we were waiting for his luggage, I heard a man speaking in Italian. I decided to say something to him because I speak Italian. I said, "Buon Natale" which means, "Merry Christmas!" When I spoke in Italian, he said, "Mama mia! Why do you speak Italian? Who are you?" He asked me for my phone number. He called me the next day, and we dated for a year. Then we got married. So be careful who you talk to in the airport!Third StoryMy wife and I met through our parents. Our parents arranged our marriage. Before we got married, my wife and I wanted to meet. Our parents arranged our first meeting in a restaurant. That night, we talked about ourselves and what we wanted in our lives. We talked for hours. We shared our hopes and dreams. After a while, we decided that our parents were right! And we got married.Fourth StoryMy wife and 1 met through a matchmaker. I'm an engineer, and in my field, most people are men.I couldn't meet any women at work. So one day I saw an advertisement for a matchmaking service, and I decided to call. The matchmaker introduced me to many nice women. I enjoyed meeting them, but I didn't meet anyone I wanted to marry. Finally, she introduced me to my wife. I decided not to date any other women because I liked her very much. We enjoyed the same things, and we laughed a lot together. We also had the same goals and values in life. My wife and I were married six years ago, and now we have two children. I'm glad I picked up the phone and called that matchmaker!UINT 3 SECTION CAmong married couples in the U.S., one finds a wide range of living patterns. Some older couples still have traditional marriages, with the man as breadwinner and the woman as homemaker. But most younger women today are not content to be full-time homemakers. The women's liberation movement, which swept the country in the 1960s, changed attitudes and behavior forever. Today's young American woman wants marriage, but she also wants her own identity. She wants what men have always had—a marriage that is important but still allows time to pursue individual goals. The maJority of American wives, even those with children, work outside the home- As a result, the older idea that housework, cooking, and child care are "women's work" is being discarded. In the contemporary American marriage, the husband and wife share both financial and domestic responsibilities.Sharing money-making and housekeeping responsibilities provides a better life for the family. Of course, problems can develop in the two-income family if the husband expects his working wife to be the perfect homemaker that his stay-at-home mother was- Also, there may be arguments if the wife expects her husband to help with household chores, but he is unwilling to do so. In most families, the working wife probably still handles the largest share of the housework, cooking, and child care. but she gets some help from her husband.The contemporary American marriage is also characterized by a relationship of equality and shared decision making. Most American women today will not tolerate a husband who considers himself the boss. The American girl is given freedom and education equal to a boy's. After completing her education, she is able to get a job and support herself. She does not need to marry for financial security. She is self-sufficient and will not accept a submissive role in marriage. When husband and wife are able to share decision making and respect each other's viewpoints, their marriage is probably closer than those of past generations. When they battle for dominance, they're likely to end up in divorce court.UINT 4 SECTION B“Ring out the old, ring in the new,”wrote Alfred, Lord Tennyson, the nineteenth-century English poet. And that's exactly what Americans do every December 31. New Year's Eve is a time for noise and fun- At home or in restaurants, most Americans drink and dine with friends- At midnight on New Year's Eve, bells ring, horns blow, and friends toast each other with champagne. It's also customary to exchange kisses. New Year's Eve festivities often continue until two or three o'clock in the morning. Many people travel from one party to another to celebrate with several different groups of friendsThe country's most crowded New Year's Eve celebration takes place in New York City's Times Square. Since 1907, the famous ball-lowering ceremony has been a holiday highlight. To celebrate the arrival of the year 2000, an estimated 2 million people crowded into Times Square, and hundreds of million viewed the scene on TV The huge, 1,070-pound lighted crystal ball began its descent from a 77-foot flagpole at 11:59 p.m. and reached the bottom at exactly midnight. Simultaneously, confetti, balloons, and fireworks brightened the night sky. It was the biggest public event ever held in the city.What do Americans do on New Year's Day? Many sleep late because they stayed up all night long. Many watch TV which offers spectacular parades and football games between champion college teams. From ancient times to the present. New Year's customs have been connected with saying good-bye to the past and looking forward to a better future. Therefore, New Year's Day often inspires people to start new programs and give up bad habits. Some people make New Year's resolutions. People talk about "turning over a new leaf", referring to a clean, blank page or a fresh start. Typical New Year's resolutions are to spend less money, give up smoking, begin a diet, or be nicer to others. It's safe to assume that about half of them are forgotten by January 31'UINT 4 SECTION CIt was a cool autumn evening. Mrs. Brown was sitting in her living room, reading. Suddenly, there was a loud knock on her door, then two or three more knocks. Mrs. Brown put the safety chain on her door. Then she opened the door a little and looked out. There stood three children wearing masks and costumes. When they saw her, they all shouted, "Trick or treat! Money or eats!"Mrs, Brown dropped a candy bar into each child's bag."Thanks for the candy," shouted the children as they ran off to ring another doorbell-"You're welcome," said Mrs. Brown. "Have fun, and don't play any pranks."Every year on October 31. Halloween scenes like this occur throughout the USA. American children love to dress up in costumes and go trick-or-treating. If an adult refuses to supply a treat—candy, cookies, fruit, or money— the children may play a trick. Typical Halloween pranks are soaping windows, writing on doors with crayons, overturning garbage cans, sticking pins into doorbells to keep them ringing, throwing raw eggs, and spraying shaving cream on cars and friends.Halloween is celebrated by nearly all American children, and over 70% of adults also participate in some Halloween activity. College students and other young adults may attend masquerade parties or Halloween parades. Many families carve pumpkins and decorate the outside of their homes with the traditional Halloween symbols. Businesses get into the act, too. Store windows display jack-o'-lanterns, scarecrows, and witches. Servers in restaurants and salespeople in supermarkets and bookstores are often in costume. Many nightclubs and bars encourage customers to come in costume by offering prizes for the best disguisesUINT 4 PART 31. W: Some people say that many TV programs are silly, meaningless, or a waste of time. What doyou think of them, Jim?M: It seems to me that some important social issues—like drugs, divorce and so on—are dealt with fairly realistically and a lot of honest talks can be heard in these programs.Q: What does the man think of the TV programs?2. W: How was the lecture yesterday?M: Well... It was a complete drag.W: How come? Many students seem to be interested inJohnson's lecture.M: But the one yesterday was the pits. It bored me to tears.Q: How does the man think about the lecture yesterday?3. W: Frank, what do you think about your college life?M: Generally speaking, my college years are exciting and rewarding, but they are certainly not easy or carefree. Just about all college students face the pressure of making important careerdecisions and some anxiety about examinations and grades.Q: What does the man think about his college life?4. W: Wow! This is a marvelous room! Whose idea was it to decorate the room like this?M: It was Jane's.W: I never knew she was good at this. She must be very art-conscious.Q: What does the woman think about Jane now?5. W: I've been reading a lot lately about the issue of women's rights, and I find that is a very hottopic now.M: It depends on which magazine or paper you read. If it's a women's magazine, just about every article has that as a topic in one way or another.Q: What is the man's response to the woman's saying?6. M: Ann, it's good to see you back. Do you remember when we were kids, we used to go swimmingtogether?W: Yeah. I sure do. I really love this town and I have a lot of good memories from here.M: I want to tell you that we take a lot of pride in the gold medal you won and we are behind you one hundred percent.Q: What does the man think of the woman?7. W: How are you doing since you retired four months ago?M; I thought it would be wonderful to be retired. I have looked forward to this day for thirty years, but now I'm considering volunteering.Q: What does the man feel about his retired days?8. W: Well, it seems that Frank has become quite a famous painter.M: Has he? You know I'm a professional artist myself and I question how much talent Frank has. Q: What conclusion can be drawn from the man's comments?UINT 14 SECTION A1、Miyoko: Hi, Wendy!Wendy: Hello.Miyoko: What's wrong? Are you sick?Wendy: Yeah. I have a really bad headache.Miyoko: Oh. I'm sorry- You want some aspirin?Wendy: No thanks. I'm just gonna go to bed and rest.2、Lisa: Hey girl. What's up?Leslie: Not much. What about you?Lisa: Nuthin' special. Hey, are you okay?Leslie: Yeah. I guess I'm Just really sore from going to the climbing gym yesterday.Lisa: Me, too' 1 guess we overdid it. My back is sore, and 1 have a stiff neck.Leslie: Next time, we'd better stretch after we exercise!Lisa: Yes! Good idea.3、Professor Chavez: Hi, Tony. How are you?Tony: Not so good, Professor Chavez. I think I'm coming down with a bad cold.Professor Chavez: Really? What's wrong?Tony: Well, I have a stuffy nose and a cough.Professor Chavez: Do you have a fever? You look a little warm.Tony: Maybe. I feel kinda hot.Professor Chavez: Tony, you should go home and go to bed- You might have the flu that's been going around.Tony: OK. That sounds like a good idea.Professor Chavez: Remember to drink lots of juice and get lots of rest. I hope you feel better soon!4、Stephanie: Hello?Mom: Stephanie, it's Mom.Stephanie: Hi, Mom.Mom: I just called to. see how you were feeling.Stephanie: Thanks, Mom. Actually, I still have a fever.Mom: Did you take some medicine?Stephanie: Yeah. It's helping.Mom: What about your stomach? Is it still bothering you?Stephanie: Yeah-1 still feel sick to my stomach.Mom; Oh honey, I'm sorry. Is there anything I can do?Stephanie: No thanks, Mom. I feel better just talking to you.5、Brian: Erica, I found that report we were looking for.Erica: Great! Let's take a look at it. Brian: Achoooo!Erica: Oh, Brian, are you still not feeling well?Brian: Yeah. This morning I felt better, but now my head hurts.Erica: Are you getting enough sleep?Brian: 1 slept a lot last night, but I still feel tired.Erica: Listen,Brian. I can handle things here today. Why don't you go home and rest? We can finish this project tomorrow. There's no hurry.Brian: Thanks, Erica. I might just do that.6、Doug; Jenny, wait up!Jenny: Doug! I'm glad to see you. 1 wanted to tell you how much fun I had last weekend.Doug: Yeah. We enjoyed it too. We always enjoy hiking in the mountains. Unfortunately, Mary and I are both scratching like crazy.Jenny; Oh no. Poison oak?Doug: I'm afraid so. We both have a rash on our legs.Jenny: Oh, Doug. That's too bad. Doug: Yeah. We feel really itchy.Jenny: Oh no. we had such a nice day together'Doug: Yeah. We had a good time, too. Next time we'll be more carefulUINT 14 SECTION B1、Doctor: Hello, MicheUe. I'm Dr. Benson.MicheUe: Hi.Doctor: How are you feeling today?Michelle: Not so good.Doctor: Well, what seems to be the problem?Michelle; I have a bad cold.Doctor: I can hear that. How long have you had it?Michelle: About three weeks- Every time I think it's going away, I get sick again.Doctor: OK, Michelle. I'm going to examine you now.2、Doctor: Michelle, we didn't find an infection. That's good. That means that you only have abad cold. That means that you don't need to take any medicine. But I know that you don't feel very well. I want to ask you some questions, all right?MicheUe: OK.Doctor: Has school been very difficult lately?Michelle: Well . . . not really. I've been drinking a lot of coffee to stay up late to study.Doctor: What about exercise? Have you been able to get any exercise during midterm exam?Michelle: No. I've been studying so much I haven't had time.Doctor: Well, Michelte. It sounds to me as though you've been studying so much that you haven't given your body a chance to get better. When you're sick, you need to pay attention to your body. I'm going to give some advice. If you follow my advice, you'll start to feel better soon. OK?Michelle; OK.Doctor: Well, first, you must sleep more. You need to get at least seven or eight hours of sleep every night. You cannot study well if you don't get enough sleep –Michelle: I know.Doctor: Next, you have to eat better. Your body cannot work well if you don't give it good food. Try to eat more vegetables and fruits. And limit your coffee to two cups a day. Michelle: OK.Doctor: Finally, you should exercise more. Try to exercise at least three times per week. It doesn't have to be running or aerobics. Walking is an excellent exercise and is easy to do. Michelle: All right.Doctor: Any questions?Michelle: So you think I should sleep more, eat better, and exercise more. If I do those things, I'll feel better?Doctor: And you won't get sick as often, Michelle.Michelle: Thanks a lot. Doctor.Doctor: You're very welcome, Michelle. Take care.UINT 14 SECTION CMost people know that exercise is important. But many people don't exercise. In this announcement you will hear the five most common reasons why people don't exercise. You will also hear some easy solutions.The first problem? No time. "I don't have any time to exercise. I'm too busy." But you don't need a lot of time to exercise. Short periods of exercise are just as good as long periods of exercise. The solution? You should take two or three short walks every day. For example, ten minutes in the morning, ten minutes at lunch, and ten minutes after dinner.Next, money. "I don't have money to go to a gym. 1 don't have money to buy expensive shoes." No problem. You don't have to spend money to exercise. All you need is a street and comfortable clothes. Our solution? Walk. Don't drive. For instance, walk to the store, to the library, to the bank. Walking is free and easy.The third most common reason is bad weather. "It's raining. It's too hot. It's snowing." Here's a solution. Exercise inside. For example, turn on some music. Dance. Or clean the house. You can go to the shopping mall and walk fast.Fourth, people say they're tired. "I'm too tired to exercise. I'll exercise when I have more energy." But exercise gives you energy. Most people feel too tired because they don't exercise. The solution? Exercise every day. Take a walk. Go for a bike ride. Run around the block. You'll feel great! And you won't feel tired.Finally, some people feel embarrassed. "I feel silly exercising. I don't have a great body." Listen to this solution: Don't feel bad; you should feel great! You're taking care of your body. Little by little, you will feel better. Just do it!You have heard the five reasons why people don't exercise. More importantly, you have heard five solutions to overcome these problems. Now that you have heard this message, go out and exercise! Good luck.。
VLS B3 Uint 3II. Basic Listening Practice1.ScriptW: Chinese students are too shy to say anything in class.M: I think they don’t speak because their culture values modesty, and they don’t want to appear to be showing off. Goes back to Confucius.Q: Why d on’t Chinese students say anything in classroom according to the man?2.ScriptW: The government is doing something at last about sex discrimination in the workplace. Women deserve the same pay as men for the same work.M:Yeah. In the United States, women e arn only 70 percent of what men do for the same job. It’s a situation that has to be changed.Q: What does the man say about women?3. ScriptW: I admire Michael Dell. He had a dream to be the world’s largest manufacturer of personal computers, and he has realized that dream.M: And he dropped out of university to become a success. I wonder if there is a lesson in that.Q: What do we learn about Dell from the conversation?4. ScriptM: Successful entrepreneurs are often self-made people who have a vision and know where they are going.W: But do they enjoy life like you and me, or is money their only concern?Q: What are the two speakers’ attitudes toward successful entrepreneurs?5. ScriptW: Do you agree that equal opportunity for all in an educational system is important?M: Yes, but we have to recognize that all of us are not of equal ability.Q: What does the man imply?Keys: 1.C 2.A 3. D 4.B 5.AIII. Listening InTask 1: Competition in AmericaScriptAlan: What are you reading, Eliza?Eliza: An article on American competition.Alan: Competition is everywhere and constant. Why so much fuss about it, Miss Knowledge?Eliza:Don’t make fun of me. According to the author, competition is especially important in American life. They’re taught to compete from early childhood. When children play games, they learn how to beat others.Alan: And many girls want to look more attractive than the girls sitting next to them in class. Do you think that way?Eliza:Don’t be silly. Let’s get back to the point. When children are growing up, they compete with one another in their studies.Alan: Isn’t that also true of students in other nations? As we all know, many Asian students kill for a high test score and grab every opportunity to sharpen their competitive edge over others.Eliza: American boys find great pleasure in competing with each other in sports, according to the author. Alan: I do like sports. When our football team beats the other team, I feel great. Makes me want to shout out loud. But isn’t that normal t hroughout the world?Eliza: American people also compete with each other at work and at climbing the social ladder.Alan: But there’s competition in other countries as well.Eliza: You’re right in a sense, but the author says the idea of competing is more deeply rooted in the minds of Americans. They’re even taught that if you lose and don’t feel hurt, there must be something wrong with you.Alan: I hear that some Asians put emphasis on cooperation. Which approach do you think makes more sense?Eliza: It’s hard to say. Anyway, there’s no accounting for different cultures.1.What is the dialog mainly about?2.What is the woman doing?3.What do children learn from playing games according to the woman?4.What does the man say about students’ studies?5.What does the woman say when asked which makes more sense, competition or cooperation? Keys: 1.C 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.DTask 2: Americans’ Work EthicScriptF or four hundred years or more, one thing has been a characteristic of Americans. It is called their “work ethic”. Its (S1) roots were in the teaching of the Christian Puritans who first settled in (S2) what is now the northeastern state of Massachusetts. They believed that it was their (S3) moral duty to work at every task to please God by their (S4) diligence, honesty, attention to details, skill, and attitude. To these Puritans, it was a (S5) sin to be lazy or to do less than your best in any task. They and later Americans tried to follow the Bible’s (S6) teachings, “If a man will not work, he shall not eat.”Therefore, Americans have for (S7) centuries believed that they were guilty of sin if they did not work as carefully and hard as they could when they did anything. God would punish those who were careless or lazy in their work. (S8) Even as children they were ta ught, “If it’s worth doing at all, it’s worth doing well.”But some people have gone beyond the usual sense of diligence. They are especially attracted to the notion of “climbing the ladder” so as to increase their status, financial position, and sense of self-worth. (S9) In English a new word has been created to describe people who work compulsivelly. The word “workaholic” describes an individual who is as addicted to work as an alcoholic is to alcohol.There are conflicting points of view about workaholics. Those concerned with problems of mental stress believe workaholics abuse themselves physically and mentally. (S10) Others hold that workaholics are valuable members of society because they are extremely productive. The American culture values achievement, efficiency, and production, and a workaholic upholds these values.Task 3: Cross-cultural tips on doing businessScriptCountries from around the globe, such as Germany, the U.S., the U.K., and Russia, conduct a lot of business in China-the biggest market in the world. Here are some tips to help you deal more successfully with people from those nations.Firstly, you must be punctual with the Germans. Being even five minutes late makes a poor impression. Being punctual is also very important with the Americans and the British. But while it's important to be on time for business meetings, nobody expects you to be punctual for a social event. Half past seven really means a quarter to eight, or even eight o'clock! With Russians, always be on time, but don't be surprised if your Russian contract is very late! It is not unusual for them to be one or even two hours late!In the business environments of those four countries, it is best to wear formal clothes of dark colors. In Russia, designer clothes are rather common. However, don't be surprised if you go to an office in the U.K. on a Friday and find everyone wearing jeans. Many companies in the U.K. have "dress down Fridays", when people wear casual attire.In conversation, the British and the Americans love humor and talking about sports. The weather is also a good topic of conversation with the British, but you should avoid political talk. With the Russians, say positive things about their country, and avoid making complaints. The Germans, however, prefer to get straight down to business!Remember that with the Germans, once a deal has been agreed upon, you can't change it! With the Americans money is more important than relationships, whereas with the Russians it's important to get to know your contacts well. Also, don't be surprised if a British meeting seems like chaos, with everyone participating and giving opinions!Remember these tips and you will be on your way to a successful international business career!key1 What is true of the Americans and the British in terms of punctuality?D) They are punctual for business meetings, but less so for social events.2. In which country do people have “dress down Fridays"?A) The U.K.3. What can you infer about the Russians from their conversation?D) They are patriotic.4. How can you do business well with the Russians?A) You should know your contacts well.5. What is the speaker's attitude toward the four nationalities?C) He is neutral to all of them.IV. Speaking OutMODEL 1Americans glorify individualism.Susan: John, I was looking for you. Where have you been hiding all morning?John: Well, I caught Professor Brown’s lecture on American individualism.Susan:Oh, how did you find it?John:Enlightening. Americans glorify individualism. They believe individual interests rank above everything else.Susan:Sounds intersting. It’s a sharp contrast to the oriental collectivism Professor Wang talked about last semester.John:But you should know that the individualism in the United States is not necesssarily an equivalent for selfishness.Susan: Then what does it mean in the States?John: They believe all values, rights, and duties originate in individuals, so they emphasize individual initiative and independence.Susan:There could be something in that. Of course in oriental countries the interests of the group are more important than anything else.John: I So, it’s all the more necessary for foreigners to understand American culture, or they can’t hope to understand the importance of privacy in the West..Susan:Maybe that’s the reason nuclear families outnumber extended families in the United States. John: Right on! You’re catching on fast!Susan: Now let me ask you a question.John: Shoot. Go ahead.Susan: Why do Americans cherish individualism more than oriental people?John: I don’t know. Anyway, Professor Brown didn’t say.Susan: One reason might be that American children stop sleeping with their parents at an early age.They learn independence early, so it’s deeply rooted.John: Wow, that’s an intelligent guess!MODEL2What do you think are the reasons for that difference? ScriptSusan: Do you find that people in America often walk faster than people in China? Americans always seem to be in a hurry.John: It’s hard to come to a definite conclusion. Some Americans walk in a leisurely way, and some Chinese hurry all the time. But on the whole, I think you’re right.Susan:What do you think are the reasons for that difference?John:Americans treasure time. For them, time is tangible. It’s a thing. “Time is money.” You can “spend time”, “waste time”, “save time”. You can even “kill time”!Susan:Does this strong sense of time affect their lifestyle?John:Sure. If you’re 20 minutes late for a business appointment, the other person or persons will beannoyed. They may not trust you anymore.Susan: But as far as I know, English-speaking people may be 15-30 minutes late for a dinner party. John: That’s true. For an informal occasion like that, punctuality is not so important. Also, a boss may keep his employees waiting for a long time.Susan:But if his secretary is late, she’s in trouble. She will probably receive a reprimand.John: How true!Susan:The American workship of time probably led them to create fast foods.John: I agree. And globalization shrinks the differences between cultures. Now people everywhere are rushing, and anywhere you go, you find Kentucky Fried Chicken.Susan: But plenty of Chinese are still making appointments saying, “If I am late, wait for me.”John: But with more intercultural communication, I think the gap will eventually be bridged, and Chinese will be hurrying everywhere.MODEL3That’s the secret of their success.ScriptChris: Hey Sue, how’s the math class going? Are you head of the class?Susan:Are you kidding? There’s a bunch of foreign students in the class---from China somewhere---and they are on top.Chris: Why do you think so many Chinese students excel in math? It’s been my observation that the Chinese students are usually the best.Susan:In class they don’t say much, but they definitely get the best marks.Chris: I think part of it is their work ethic. They never skip class, and they pay attention.Susan:One Chinese student in my class did homework each night until the early hours. He never tooka break, watched TV, or went out for a beer.Chris:That’s the secret of their success: hard work and diligence.Susan:It’s so unfair. I could probably do better if I worked harder, but that’s no fun. I think learning should be more fun.Chris:Someone with a knowledge of chess would find a chess tournament fascinating. But if you don’t have the knowledge, then you won’t understand the significance of the moves, and you’ll be bored.Susan:So what you’re saying i s knowledge requires hard work, and knowledge makes things interesting. I am not against knowledge; I just want to learn it in an interesting way. What’s more, “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.”Now Your T urnTask 1:SAMPLE DIALOGTom: They say Americans cherish individualism, but I don’t quite understand it.Susan: In their culture, individual interests rank above everything else. But individualism is not necessarily an equivalent for selfishness.Tom: It's a sharp contrast to our oriental collectivism.Susan: Yeah, we put the collective interests above individuals' interests.Tom: Why do Americans place individual interests above anything else?Susan: They believe all values, rights and duties originate in individuals. If individuals are so important, there is no need for a large family, and nuclear families outnumber extended families.Tom: I see your point. I have another question. Why do Americans always seem to be in a hurry? Does their strong sense of time affect their lifestyle?Susan: Certainly. But I think globalization is shrinking the differences between cultures, and Chinese young people are hurrying now.Tom: That's interesting. Here's r:ny final question. Why are some Chinese students on top in American universities?Susan: They definitely get the best marks. You know, they never skip class. They study late into night.That's the secret of their success.Tom: Yes, there is a wide gap between different cultures, so it's all the more necessary for us to understand each other.Susan: Owing to the globalization trend, I think the cultural gap will eventually be bridged.V. Let’s TalkScriptThe International Slavery Museum has opened at Albert Dock, in Liverpool. Many people traveled from all over the world to celebrate the opening on 23rd of August.The museum is a place of reflection, contemplation and education.It tells the story of the cruel acts of the transatlantic slave trade, the stories of the lives of the millions of African people, who were forced from their homelands onto ships that sailed to unknown lands where they were made to work on farms and in mines in harsh conditions without dignity or payment.Liverpool is one of the many British seaports that became very rich from money made transporting goods such as cotton and sugar, produced by African slaves.One of the most important parts of the museum's exhibits are the stories of the lives of people who live all over the world today, whose family history can be traced to the Africans whose lives were changed forever by the transatlantic slave trade.It has taken four years of hard work and planning to organise the creation of the museum, and its opening year is a very significant date because in 2007 we commemorate the 200th anniversary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act.This was a law made in 1807; it banned all British people from taking part in the slave trade. Later in 1833 all people who had been forced into slavery to work for British companies were freed.Keyl. It tells the story of the cruel acts of the (l)transatlantic slave trade, the stories of the lives of the millions of African people, who were forced from their homelands onto ships that sailed to (2)unknown lands where they were made to work on farms and in mines in harsh conditions without (3)dignity or payment.2. Liverpool is one of the many British seaports that became very (l)rich from money made transporting goods such as (2)cotton and sugar, produced by African slaves.3. One of the most important parts of the museum's exhibits are the stories of the lives of people who live (l)all over the world today, whose (2)family history can be traced to the Africans whose lives were (3) changed forever by the transatlantic slave trade.4. Because 2007 marks the 200th anniversary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act.5. A law was made in 1807; it (l)banned all British people from (2)taking part in the slave trade. In 1833 all people who had been forced into (3)slavery to work for British companies were (4)freed.VI.Further Listening and SpeakingTask 1: PunctualityScriptT o Americans, punctuality is a way of showing respect for other people’s time. Being more than 10 minutes late to an appointment usually calls for an apology, and maybe an explanation. People who are running late often call ahead to let others know of the delay. Of course, the less formal the situation, the less important it is to be exactly on tome. At informal get-togethers, for example, people often arrive as much as 30 minu tes past the appointed time. But they usually don’t try that at work.American lifestyles show how much people respect the time of others. When people plan an event, they often set the time days or weeks in advance. Once the time is fixed, it takes almost an emergency to chance it. If people want to come to your house for a friendly visit, they will usually call first to make sure it is convenient. Only very close friends will just “drop in” unannounced. Also, people hesitate to call others late at night for fear they might be in bed. The time may vary, but most folks think twice about calling after 10:00 p.m.To outsiders, Americans seem tied to the clock. People in some Eastern cultures value relationships more than schedules. In these societies, people do n’t try to control time, but to experience it. Many Eastern cultures, for example, view time as a cycle. The rhythm of nature---from the passing of seasons to the monthly cycle of the moon---shapes their view of events. If they have wasted some time or let an opportunity pass by, they are not very worried, knowing that more time and opportunities will come in the next cycle. But Americans often want to jump at the first opportunity. They are unwilling to stand by idly and give up the opportunity.The early American hero Benjamin Franklin expressed that view of time like this: “Do you love life? Then do now waste time, for that is the stuff life is made of.”1.According to the passage, when people are late in America, what do they do?2.According to the passage, what do Americans do after the time for an appointment is fixed?3.How do people in some Eastern countries view relationships and schedules?4.According to the passage, why aren’t some Eastern people worried if they let an opportunity pass by?5. What was Be njamin Franklin’s view of time?Keys: 1.C 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.DTask 2: Our Personal SpacesScriptOur personal space, that piece of the universe we occupy and call our own, is contained within an invisible boundary surrounding our body. As the owners of this area, we usually decide who may enter and who may not. When our space is invaded, we react in a variety of ways. We back up and retreat, stand our ground as our hands become moist from nervousness, or sometimes even react violently. Our response shows not only our unique personality, but also our cultural background.For example, cultures that stress individualism such as England, the United States, Germany, and Australia generally demand more space than collective cultures do, and tend to become aggressive whentheir space is invaded. This idea of space is quite different from the one found in the Mexican and Arab cultures. In Mexico, the physical distance between people when engaged in conversation is closer than what is usual north of the border. And for middle easterner, typical Arab conversations are at close range. Closeness cannot be avoided.As is the case with most of our behavior, our use of space is directly linked to the value system of our culture. In some Asian cultures, for example, employees do not stand near their bosses; the extended distance demonstrates respect. Extra interpersonal distance is also part of the cultural experience of the people of Scotland and Sweden, for whom it reflects privacy. And in Germany, private space is sacred. Keys: 1.T 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.FTask 3: We don’t know what to do with them.ScriptA Russian, a Cuban, an American businessman, and an American lawyer were passengers on a fast train speeding across the French countryside. As time wore on, the men gradually became friendly with one another, introducing themselves and shaking hands. Eventually, the Russian took out a large bottle of vodka and poured each of his traveling companions a drink. Just as the American businessman was sipping the vodka and praising its fine quality, the Russian hurled the half-full bottle out of the open window.“What did you do that for?” asked the startled American businessman.“V odka is plentiful in my country,” said the Russian, “In fact, we have thousands and thousands of liters of it---far more than we need.”The American businessman shook his head and leaned back in his seat, obviously baffled by the Russian’s reasoning.A little later, the young Cuban passed around a box of fine Havana cigars. The men enjoyed this treat and made admiring remarks about the pleasures of smoking good Havana cigars. At that very moment the Cuban took a couple of puffs of his cigar and then tossed it out of the open window.“I thought the Cuban economy was not good this year,” the American businessman said. “Yet you threw that perfectly good cigar away. I find your actions quite puzzling.”“Cigars,” the Cuban replied, “are a dime a dozen in Cuba. We have more of them than we know what to do with.”The American businessman sat in silence for a moment. Then he got up, grbbed the lawyer, and threw him out of the window.Key:1.The Russian hurled the half-full bottle of vodka out of the open window.2.He answered, "V odka is plentiful in my country. In fact, we have thousands and thousands of liters ofit-far more than we need."3.The businessman said, "I thought the Cuban economy was not good this year. Yet you threw thatperfectly good cigar away. I find your actions quite puzzling."4.He replied, "Cigars are a dime a dozen in Cuba. We have more of them than we know what to dowith."5.The American businessman sat in silence for a moment. Then he got up, grabbed the lawyer, andthrew him out of the window. He did that probably because he thought there were too many lawyers in the United States.Viewing and SpeakingKey1)disappearing 2) kicking 3) tea shop 4) image crisis5) update 6)compete 7)fast 8)product designers 9) contacts 10)similar 11)want 12)challenge13) consumer 14) traditional。
国际交流英语视听说3听力原文英文回答：This is an excellent question, as it demonstrates a strong interest in the complexities of international communication and the role that English plays in it. As such, I will do my best to provide a comprehensive response that delves into the various aspects of this topic.First and foremost, it is important to recognize that English has become the global lingua franca, meaning that it is the language that is most widely used for communication between people from different countries. This is due to a number of factors, including the historical spread of the British Empire, the rise of the United States as a global superpower, and the increasing interconnectedness of the world through trade and technology. As a result, English is now used in a wide variety of contexts, from business and diplomacy to education and entertainment.However, it is important to note that English is notthe only language that is used for international communication. In fact, there are many other languages that are also widely spoken around the world, such as Spanish, Mandarin, Arabic, and French. These languages are oftenused in specific regions or for specific purposes, and they can play an important role in facilitating communication between people from different cultures.In order to be effective in international communication, it is important to be able to speak and understand at least one other language in addition to English. This will allow you to communicate with a wider range of people and to participate more fully in the global community. There are many different ways to learn a new language, and there are many resources available to help you get started.In addition to language skills, there are a number of other factors that can contribute to effectiveinternational communication. These include cultural awareness, sensitivity, and empathy. It is important to beaware of the different cultural norms and values that exist around the world, and to be respectful of the ways in which other people communicate. It is also important to be sensitive to the different ways in which people may express themselves, and to be empathetic to the challenges thatthey may face.By developing your language skills, cultural awareness, and empathy, you can become more effective in communicating with people from different cultures. This will not onlyhelp you to build relationships and bridge cultural divides, but it will also help you to succeed in the global marketplace.中文回答：英语是国际交流的通用语言，在世界各地被广泛使用。
Unit2Human MigrationBook 3A |Professor: OK, could someone please turn off the lights? Good, thanks. Now, can everyone see the slide? Good. Now, we’ve been talking about emigration from one country to another. But emigration isn’t always from a country. In this first slide, you see a map of the state of North Dakota—in the U.S. We’re going to focus on this part of the state—western North Dakota. One hundred years ago, North Dakota had something that many immigrants were looking for. What do you think it was?To be continued >>>Listening 1Student: Was it farmland?Professor: That’s right. North Dakota had land, and that land attracted many immigrants from Europe— especially from Norway andGermany. They left their native countries and moved abroad. In North Dakota, they planted wheat, and they built houses and new towns. Nowadays, however, more and more people are leaving North Dakota —especially the rural areas—and moving to other states in the U.S. But before we get to that, let’s look more closely at the reasons immigrants left their original countries and went to North Dakota in the first place.To be continued >>>Listening 1B | &C |Professor: OK, could someone please turn off the lights? Good, thanks. Now, can everyone see the slide? Good. Now, we’ve been talking about emigration from one country to another. Butemigration isn’t always from a country. In this first slide, you see a map of the state of North Dakota—in the U.S. We’re going to focus on this part of the state—western North Dakota. One hundred years ago, North Dakota had something that many immigrants were looking for. What do you think it was? Student: Was it farmland?To be continued >>>Listening 1Professor: That’s right. North Dakota had land, and that land attracted many immigrants from Europe— especially from Norway andGermany. They left their native countries and moved abroad. In North Dakota, they planted wheat, and they built houses and new towns. Nowadays, however, more and more people are leaving North Dakota —especially the rural areas—and moving to other states in the U.S. But before we get to that, let’s look more closely at the reasons immigrants left their original countries and went to North Dakota in the first place.Listening 1To be continued >>>Professor: This second slide shows one important reason—trains. By the early part of the 20th century, trains had arrived in this part of the country, so travel was easier. And when the railroad companiesfinished building, they sold their extra land—and they sold it cheap. The U.S. government was also selling land at low prices, and there were even ways to get land for free! You just had to live on the land for five years, plant some trees, and do a little farming—easy, right? Well, as you’ll see in this next slide, life wasn’t easy. The family that used to live in this house left a long time ago. That’s because after the 1920s, North Dakota had several years of very dry, very windy weather. The economic crisis of the 1930s made things even more difficult, so many farmers had to sell their land and leave.To be continued >>>Listening 1Professor: This next slide is a picture of Corinth in the middle of winter—a town that once had 75 people living in it. One of the six people who still live in Corinth today is a farmer named Melvin Wisdahl. Melvin is 83 years old. And though his two sons are still farmers, Melvin’s grandchildren will probably emigrate. That’s the trend in North Dakota. There aren’t many jobs, and there aren’t many people.But that’s not the whole story. This picture was taken at the North Dakota State University in Fargo. And it looks like a nice place, doesn’t it? In fact, some people are moving to North Dakota, but they’re moving to the larger cities, not to the small towns.To be continued >>>Professor: So, what is happening in the small towns? Well, some people are trying to fight the emigration trend and preserve the old communities. Here, you see the Mystic Theatre in Marmarth, North Dakota. Every year, they invite poets to come here for the Cowboy Poets Weekend. That’s right—a whole weekend of poetry from writers in the Western states—and it’s a big event! Sadly, though, experts think the changes in North Dakota aren’t just temporary, they are permanent. They don’t think these small towns will grow again. Are there any questions?Professor Garcia: All right! Now we’re going to take our discussion of immigration and emigration to a more personal level. I’m going to have you divide into groups of four. Then I want you to tell your group about someone you know who has emigrated—gone to live in another country — temporarily, or permanently. Does everyone have the chart? In the boxes across the top of the chart, you can write the names of the people in your group … OK … here on the left is the information you’re going to need. First, you’re going to write down who emigrated—their name, or their relationship to your classmate. Next, where did they come from? And where did they go to? Then … why did they emigrate? And finally, you’re going to take notes about whether they assimilated … or not!Listening 2B | &C |Emily: OK, let’s get started … Are we all here? Sunisa, Josh, Nasir… Sunisa: And what’s your name?Emily: Sorry! I’m Emily … So, Josh, has your family always livedhere in Chicago? Josh: Well, always since, oh, the 1930s. My grandparents came herefrom Poland, my dad’s parents. Nasir: Really? Why’d they leave?To be continued >>>Listening 2Josh: Have you forgotten your history? Poland was a dangerousplace then. Everyone knew a war was coming, and mygrandparents were lucky enough to get out. They had relatives in Chicago, so they settled in a Polish neighborhood there. Polish church, Polish grocery store, Polish everything. My grandma never really learned English. Emily: So, they didn’t want to assimilate.Josh: Not really. But then the next generation wasn’t interested inPolish customs or anything. My dad and my uncle were crazy about baseball. That’s all they cared about. And mygrandparents were so unhappy when they didn’t marry nice Polish girls!To be continued >>>Listening 2Nasir: What about you? Are you interested in Polish culture? Josh: Well, maybe a little … It would be fun to travel there. But likeProfessor Garcia said, my family is pretty well assimilated. We’re just regular Americans. Though we retain some Polish customs, for example we always eat Polish food on certain holidays …. Sunisa: And, Nasir, you’re from Pakistan, right? Nasir: Yeah, from Karachi. Sunisa: Did you always live there?Listening 2To be continued >>>Nasir: Yeah … but when I was younger, my dad worked in SaudiArabia. He was a water engineer, out in the desert there. It was a really good job, and he could come home for a month every year. Josh: Do you mind if I ask … did he earn a lot of money there? Nasir: Yes, he did. But it was really hard for my mother. Most of theyear she was the head of the family, but when he was home, everything changed. And my little sister was born while my father was working in Saudi. She cried every time he came back because she didn’t remember him. Sunisa: That sounds really tough …To be continued >>>Nasir: It was. But he earned enough to send all of us to goodschools. And then he started his own engineering firm in Karachi. So in the end, it was a positive thing. Emily: Do you think it changed your father, … living overseas likethat? Nasir: Yeah … I think it made him even more Pakistani! After that,he only wore traditional Pakistani clothes, and he never wanted to eat foreign food! Nasir: So, … what about your family, Emily?Emily: Huh! None of them ever did anything interesting … well,except for my Uncle Jack. He emigrated from England to Australia back in the 1950s.To be continued >>>Josh: Cool! You can go see your relatives in Australia!Emily: Mmm, not exactly … Back then, Australia was really tryingto increase its population. If you wanted to settle there, they gave you a very cheap ticket and promised you a job. Uncle Jack was 26, and he couldn’t find a girlfriend. Australia sounded sooo much better than England, so off he went. Josh: And how’d he like it?Emily: Actually … he hated it! It’s so funny. He didn’t like England,but then when he got to Australia, he thought the sun was too hot, and the land was too empty, and the girls were unfriendly … and on and on …Listening 2To be continued >>>Emily: He worked for a mining company for five years, and ofcourse there were no women there. So one day he just got on a ship and came back. He never got married, and his attitude about Australia hasn’t changed. He’s beencomplaining about it ever since. I don’t think he had one positive experience there. Nasir: Well, we read that a high proportion of emigrants actually doreturn home … what did the professor say? Emily: More than half, I think … Sunisa, what about you? Hasanyone in your family emigrated from Thailand?Listening 2To be continued >>>Sunisa: No … actually, my ancestors emigrated to Thailand, fromChina. But that was so long ago that no one reallyremembers, maybe a hundred or two hundred years ago. A lot of Chinese moved to Thailand then. Nasir: Interesting! Do you know why?Sunisa: I’m not sure. I think they probably moved because therewere too many people in China, in that region … I guess there was just no place for them, and they thought life would be better in Thailand. Emily: I hope this isn’t too personal … but is there discriminationagainst Chinese people in Thailand now?Listening 2To be continued >>>Sunisa: Not really. We’re not exactly a separate ethnic group. Somany Chinese married Thais, we’re all mixed together. It’s not like we’re a minority there … Ultimately, we all just became typical Thais, except sometimes our names are a little different.Josh: So, do the people in your family speak Chinese?Sunisa: No! Well, actually, my grandma knows a little bit, but shelearned it from her friend. I think the Chinese in my country assimilated really well. Usually people don’t even know who’s Chinese …Professor Garcia: OK,… everyone, almost finished? Next, I want youto discuss these questions that I’m writing on the board …Listening 2Narrator: It has the look and the sound of Istanbul. But this Turkish community is in Germany. In a country learning how to prosper with a diversity it didn’t want. After the devastation of World War II, Germany needed help to rebuild and so invited Turkish guest workers. Both Germans and Turks believed the arrangement was temporary.Ozcan Mutlu, Member of Parliament, Berlin: But that was a lie. It was a life lie, I say. Because no one returned.To be continued >>>Narrator: Turks like to say that the Germans sent for workers, but got human beings. And the human beings became a vibrantcommunity. Two hundred thousand in Berlin, two million in all of Germany. A third generation of German Turks is now being born, but many Germans still think of them as foreigners.Ozcan Mutlu: This is one reason why these people kept their ties to the home country, and why they still identify themselves as Turks. Narrator: Turkish fears grew when the Berlin Wall fell and the government focused on reunification rather than the needs of minorities.Ozcan Mutlu: Turks say the wall came down, but it came down on the heads of the Turks.To be continued >>>Narrator: There is a rich Turkish cultural tradition in Germany. But though the cultural border between peoples here has grown more distinct, both Germans and Turks are trying to bridge it.This is a pioneering public school called Rixdorfer. Students from both cultures are taught side by side in both languages. The costs are higher than average, but so is the success.Marion Berning, Rixdorfer Elementary School, Berli n: If you put money in the small kids, in the younger kids, you don’t have much problems when they are older.To be continued >>>Narrator: Marion Berning hopes that what she sees here is the shape of the future.Marion Berning : They don’t see the difference between the Turkish and the German. And so they have no problems with foreigners. They are not foreigners. They are kids.Two young women go for a Sunday afternoon walk in the small town of Budesti, Romania—but their clothes say a lot about an important world trend. Along with their traditional Romanian Sunday dresses, the women are wearing fashionable foreign jackets and shoes. People in the women’s families went to live abroad to work, and then came back to their hometown, bringing money and foreign products—like these clothes.More than 2.5 million Romanians have emigrated and are now living in countries such as Spain and Italy. For most of these people, the move is only temporary. They plan to work in a store or factory for several years and then return to Romania. They send money toTo be continued >>>Listening 1their families and keep in contact with them by phone. Often, they live together in a Romanian community with other people who speak their native language.Other Romanians have made a permanent move to Canada or Australia and they will never go back to live in their original country. These immigrants often face difficulties in their new country with language, culture, and negative feelings from the local people. But their children usually learn to speak two languages and become comfortable in two cultures.Listening 1Hmong AmericansThe Hmong are an ethnic minority from Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. In the 1970s, after the war between the U.S. and Vietnam, many Hmong were forced to leave their homes, and a large number of them emigrated to the U.S. to settlepermanently. The Hmong were mostly uneducated farmers in their native countries. When they emigrated to the U.S., manyof them settled together in small towns and started vegetable farms. They retained many of their native customs and did notlearn much English. The Hmong people mainly kept tothemselves, but many of the local people did not like having them in their communities. Today, most young Hmong-Americans are bilingual and well educated, but their parents make sure the family retains the traditional culture and customs.Listening 2To be continued >>>Japanese BraziliansThe first Japanese immigrants came to Brazil in 1908, and today Brazil has the largest Japanese community outside of Japan. Japanese immigrants came to work on coffee farms acrossBrazil. They planned to stay only a few years, make money, and then go home. However, very few returned to Japan. During the 1940s, there were many laws that restricted theactivities and freedom of Japanese Brazilians. Life improved for the Japanese Brazilians in the 1970s. They moved into newfields of business and became very successful. Today, only the oldest people in the community still speak Japanese, and the majority of the youngest generation are of mixed-race.Listening 2During World War II, many Germans emigrated from their country. Then after the war, when the country was rebuilding and the economy was growing, there was a shortage of workers. SoGermany made agreements with several countries to allow workers, mostly men, to live in the country for two years and work atindustrial jobs. After two years, the men were expected to return to their home countries, which included Italy, Spain, Greece, and Turkey. The guest worker program began in 1955 and ended in 1973, when Germany’s economic growth slowed. In contrast to the economy, the number of foreigners in Germany continued to grow as family members joined the workers. A new agreement among European Union countries also allowed Italians to enter Germany without any special permission. In addition, a second generation had been born, and those babies were still foreigners according to German law.Listening 3。
Unit 1 Let’s Go Somewhere!ListeningAudio Track 3-1-1/Audio Track 3-1-2Leticia: Hello?Paula: Hi, Leticia. It’s Paula.Leticia: Hi, Paula. How are you? Have you finished packing yet?Paula: Almost.Leticia: You must be excited. When’s your flight?Paula: Tomorrow. At 9 a.m. Listen, Leticia, I need your help.Leticia: OK. What’s up?Paula: Well, as you know, I’m going on vacation — for two weeks. Do you think you could water my plants while I’m away?Leticia: Sure. No problem.Paula: Great. They need water twice a week. There’s one plant in the bedroom and one in the kitchen.Leticia: OK … say, how about your dog? Should I feed her, too?Paula: No, that’s OK. I’m putting her in a kennel.Leticia: All right, then, I’ll water your plants … and … oh, how about the mail? Should I pick it up for you?Paula: Actually, I’ve already asked the mailman to stop mail delivery. Thanks for asking, though. Leticia: Well, have a great trip!Paula: Thanks, Leticia. I really appreciate your help.Leticia: My pleasure. Wait a second. I don’t have any keys to your place.Paula: Oh, that’s right. Will you be home around 8 tonight?Leticia: Yeah, I think so.Paula: OK, I’ll drop by … I’ll give you the keys then.Leticia: OK! See you tonight. Bye!Paula: Bye! Thanks again!Audio Track 3-1-3/Audio Track 3-1-4/Audio Track 3-1-5Ashley: Wow, Jun, you look relaxed. Did you enjoy the long weekend?Jun: I sure did, Ashley. Actually, I took a big trip.Ashley: Over the weekend? We only had three days off!Jun: Yep, but I visited four countries in three days.Ashley: What?Jun: I love to fly. You might say I’m an “airplane freak.”Ashley: That’s interesting. … Where did you go?Jun: I visited Korea, Thailand, Singapore, and the Philippines.Ashley: Sounds like you were busy!Jun: I was. I had only four hours in Seoul, so I had to finish my shopping very quickly. Sometimes I had to run between connecting flights.Ashley: Wait a minute! What about your baggage? Didn’t you have to wait for it?Jun: No, I didn’t have much: only one carryon bag. I t just fits in the overhead compartment. Ashley: So let me get this straight … you spent your weekend in an airplane? Flying around? Jun: Basically, yes. I fly standby.Ashley: Standby?Jun: Yes. As a standby passenger, I don’t have a reservation. At the l ast minute they let me know if there is a seat available. They give me a boarding pass and I get on.Ashley: All this flying must be expensive!Jun: Well, I’m an airline employee. I’m a sales representative for Twin Star Airlines. So I know most of the flight attendants and I can almost fly for free.Ashley: Lucky you!Audio Track 3-1-6Matt: Have you done all the errands?Tina: No, I haven’t finished them yet.Matt: You don’t have to go to the post office. I’ve canceled the mail delivery.Tina: Well, I’ve picked up the plane tickets. But I haven’t taken the dog to the kennel. What about you? Have you washed the dishes?Matt: No, I haven’t cleaned the kitchen. But I watered the plants, and I’ve given our keys to Mrs. Smith.Tina: What about your suitcase? Have you packed it?Matt: Not yet … But don’t worry: there’s still lots of time!Audio Track 3-1-7Steve: Are you almost ready?Jenna: Yes, I think so, but we always forget so many things! Did you get the traveler’s checks at the bank yesterday?Steve: Yes, I did. And I paid the bills, too.Jenna: Well, I changed our voicemail message, and I confirmed all of our flights.Steve: Great! Let’s remember to give the house keys to Mr. Jacobsen so he can come in and water our plants.Jenna: This afternoon I have to stop the mail delivery at the post office.Steve: And could you please take the dog to the kennel?Jenna: Oh, I hate that! He always looks so scared.Steve: And this time, let’s remember to empty the trash before we leave.Jenna: And we’ll give away all th e fresh food. Last year, there were black tomatoes and green meat in the refrigerator after our vacation.Steve: I made a note to myself: unplug the computer!Jenna: And I promise to turn off all the lights. The electric bill was terrible last time.Steve: Maybe we should write a list. Then we can use it again on our next vacation.Audio Track 3-1-8/Audio Track 3-1-9Tips for better packingAre you planning to travel for a weekend or several months, around the country or overseas? Hereare some tips to help you pack your bags.1.Pre-trip planning: • Make a packing list to help you remember everything. Review it about a week before your trip. • Plan a time to go shopping for things you need for your trip. • Don’t pack the night before you travel. You will for get things when you’re in a hurry.2.Tagging luggage: • Before packing, put name tags on valuable items like cameras and cell phones. • Make sure that each piece of luggage, including carry-ons, has a luggage tag on it. • If you know your hotel’s address a nd phone number, put it on your luggage tags.3.Saving space: • Pack small items (socks, belts, etc.) inside your shoes. It uses the empty space and helps the shoes to hold their shape. • Pack your clothes in plastic bags. • If you are traveling with a friend, plan your packing together. Share your alarm clock, toothpaste, or first aid kit.4.Your carry-on bag: • The most important items for your trip (passport, plane tickets, traveler’s checks, credit cards, keys, etc.) should go in your carry-on bag. Alwa ys keep them with you. • Keep your carryon bag small and light. Put bulky, heavy items in your check-in luggage. • Use soft bags, such as backpacks or shoulder bags, for carry-ons. They fit easily under the airplane seat, or into small overhead compartments.5.Other ideas: • Bring an empty bag for souvenirs from the trip. • Remember to pack a few rubber bands, safety pins and plastic bags. They can be very useful. • Bring some snacks such as nuts, cookies or dried fruit. You can eat them if you don’t have t ime for a meal. Sharing food is a great way to meet other travelers.Audio Track 3-1-10/Audio Track 3-1-11/Audio Track 3-1-12Going solo is the way to go!How do you usually travel? Do you go with a close friend or a group of friends? Do you join a tour group? Do you travel with your family?Have you ever imagined “going solo”? In the mid 1990s, it was estimated that 9 million Americans were planning a summer vacation alone. Since then, the number of solo travelers has increased. You may think that traveling alone would be scary or boring. Well, according to people who do it, that’s not exactly true. Solo travelers often have positive experiences: they make new friends, get to know themselves better, and can make their own schedule.There are many different things you can do on a vacation alone. Some solo travelers use the time to learn or practice a sport such as golf, mountain climbing, or scuba diving. Others go and stay on a ranch and learn how to ride a horse. You can pretend to be a cowboy or a cowgirl for a day!You may not believe this, but some travelers like to study on their vacation. They even go to “vacation college” at a university or join a research team as a volunteer worker. It’s hard but satisfying work. You can “play scientist” for a week or two while you help someone with their project.For solo travelers of different ages and genders, there are many travel options. There are tours for women only and for people over the age of 60. And, of course, there are trips for singles who are looking for romance. One company offers trips that focus on fine dining —there is time for sightseeing during the day and for sharing a delicious meal with new friends at night.The next time you take a trip somewhere, why don’t you consider going solo?Bon voyage!Unit 2 Indoors and OutdoorsListeningAudio Track 3-2-1A: How many of the items above are in your home?B: In my home, we have the air conditioner, alarm clock, washing machine, remote control and frying pan.A: Where are they usually kept?B: Well, we keep the remote control in the living room because that’s where the TV is. The air conditioner is in the living room, too. You’ll find the frying pan and washing machine in the kitchen. The alarm clock is in my bedroom because I need it to help me to wake up in the morning.A: Which items are necessary?B: I think all the items I’ve mentioned are necessary.A: Which are luxury items?B: Well, I guess some people would say that the remote control and TV are luxury items, but actually they are becoming popular today.Audio Track 3-2-2/Audio Track 3-2-3Jenna: OK, I think we have two choices. The first place is a little house. It’s located in a fruit orchard.Carson: Really?Jenna: Yeah. And you can eat as much fruit as you want. When it’s in season, of course.Oh … but wait. It says there’s no air conditioner.Carson: That’s OK. It’s on the rainy side of the island. It’s cooler there. We can use a fan. Jenna: You’re probably right … Say. It looks pretty basic. No washing machine or dryer … not even a TV!Carson: Oh no! What are we going to do without a TV! That’s terrible!Jenna: Very funny. I’m just letting you know about the place.Carson: I know. What’s our second choice?Jenna: It’s on the opposite side — the sunny side — of the island. Very fancy place with a big swimming pool. It’s only three blocks from the ocean.Carson: Who needs a swimming pool? I mean, it’s only three blocks.Jenna: I see your point. Well, the pool area also has barbecue grills, beautiful gardens …Carson: You like the second place better. I can tell.Jenna: Well, it does have everything. Washing machine, dryer, TV, VCR, frying pan …Carson: All we need is a toothbrush and a swimsuit … Let’s go with the second choice.Jenna: OK. I’ll call them right now and reserve it. I can’t wait to g o!Audio Track 3-2-4/Audio Track 3-2-5Ashley: Excuse me. I’m trying to get to the City Zoo.José: Oh, let me think. … OK, um, how are you getting there?Ashley: I want to drive, if it’s convenient.José: Well, the directions are easy. See that road over there?Ashley: Yes.José: That’s Second Avenue. Just go straight down Second and turn left at the traffic light. Ashley: OK.José: You’ll be on Church Avenue and it goes straight to the zoo.Ashley: Oh, so it’s not too far.José: No, but the traffic is usua lly heavy. And I don’t think the zoo has many parking spaces available for cars.Ashley: Hmm …José: Maybe you should take the subway.Ashley: Where do I catch it?José: There’s a subway entrance right in front of the park. Take the red line three stops. G et off at the City Zoo stop. It’s pretty obvious.Ashley: Thanks a lot.José: No problem.Ashley: Oh, wait. One more thing. How much does the subway cost?José: Two dollars.Audio Track 3-2-6Realtor: Hello, Mrs. Willis. I think this house is perfect for you. I hope you like it.Mrs. Willis: It’s nice and roomy.Realtor: Yes, there’s a lot of room. It’s a four-bedroom house.Mrs. Willis: Great. I need a room for my home office because I work at home a lot. And I need two rooms for my kids.Realtor: And ther e’s also a big yard.Mrs. Willis: Great! I’d love to have a garden. My kids can play there.Realtor: Shall we go outside and have a look?Mrs. Willis: OK.Audio Track 3-2-7There are several ways to improve life in my city. Our biggest problem is transportation. We really need more ways to get around. I’d like to ride my bicycle to work, but there is too much traffic on the streets. We need safer places for bicycling and walking. Another problem is the parks. We have some nice parks, but we don’t take good care of them and they are often dirty. We need cleaner parks, where children can play and adults can relax. One more problem is nightlife. There’s nothing to do in the evening! We should build a big theater for plays and concerts.Audio Track 3-2-8/Audio Track 3-2-9Take back your street!Two neighbors meet on a city sidewalk. They talk about planting more flowers along their street, or asking the city council to add bike lanes to a busy road. In small but important ways, these people are changing the face of their cities.All around the world, people are speaking up and working hard to make their cities safer and more pleasant for pedestrians. Cities have painted crosswalks on their streets, made streets narrower, put in traffic lights and speed bumps, and made plans to help more kids walk or bike to school. Manypeople have learned from a man from Brisbane, Australia, named David Engwicht. His book Reclaiming Our Cities and Towns has a simple message. He says that in the past, streets belonged to everybody. Kids played there, and neighbors stopped there to talk.But now, streets are just for cars and trucks. People stay inside to get away from the noise and dangerous traffic, and we lose contact with our neighbors. Engwicht says that we should use streets for more than just transportation. People need to take back their streets.Engwicht travels around the world, helping people think differently about pedestrians, streets, and neighborhoods. Besides his books and articles, he gives many speeches. He has worked in neighborhoods from Honolulu to Scotland.While Engwicht was writing his book, he learned about how neighbors in the city Delft, in the Netherlands, stopped dangerous traffic on their street. They put old couches, tables, and planters in the streets. Cars could still pass, but they had to drive slowly. When the police arrived, they saw the value of these illegal actions to make the streets safer. Soon city officials started planning ways to make cars slow down, and “calm” the traffic.Engwicht says we s hould think about streets as our “outdoor living room.” Calming the traffic is just the beginning. In the future, streets will be safe places for children again, and our neighbors will become our friends.Audio Track 3-2-10Creating spacesJin Hee Park is a student at Stanford University in California. She studies hard. “Of course, I came here for the academics,” she says. “But it doesn’t hurt that the campus is so beautiful. I walk around sometimes just to relax.” Alejandro Vega, a banker in New York City, jogs almost every evening after work in Central Park. “I never get bored. The park is so big. I can always find a different path with a new view.”Niagara Falls was on Ross Howard’s list of places to visit in upstate New York. “The footpaths allow you to get a wonderful view. You can even feel the spray from the falls on your face.”What do these three places — Stanford University, Central Park, and Niagara Falls State Park —all have in common? They were all landscaped by Frederick Law Olmsted. Olmsted (1822–1903) has been called the “father of landscape architecture.”In the 1800s, more and more people were moving to the cities. Some community leaders became worried about the quality of life. They began a beautification campaign. In 1857, a design contest was held for a new park in New York City. Olmsted and his partner, Calvert Vaux, won the contest. Central Park was the finished product —the first landscaped public park in the United States. Today, no trip to New York is complete without a visit to this beautiful park.Later in his life, Olmsted designed landscapes for college campuses, including Stanford University. In the late 1860s, he joined the “Free Niagara” movement. Members of the movement wanted to preserve the beauty of Niagara Falls. Despite opposition and pressures from businesses to industrialize the area, Olmsted and others resisted. Olmsted designed footpaths to give visitors better views of the falls. In all his work, Olmsted preferred to preserve the natural beauty of an area.Today, there are pressures again to develop Niagara. On Goat Island, an island in Niagara Falls State Park, there are now souvenir shops. There may be signs that say “No Littering,” but there is still a lot of trash on the island. Most of the animals have disappeared. What would Frederick LawOlmsted say to all this?Audio Track 3-2-11Jin Hee Park is a student at Stanford University in California. She studies hard. “Of course, I came here for the academics,” she says. “But it doesn’t hurt that the campus is so beauti ful. I walk around sometimes just to relax.” Alejandro Vega, a banker in New York City, jogs almost every evening after work in Central Park. “I never get bored. The park is so big. I can always find a different path with a new view.”Niagara Falls was on Ross Howard’s list of places to visit in upstate New York. “The footpaths allow you to get a wonderful view. You can even feel the spray from the falls on your face.”What do these three places — Stanford University, Central Park, and Niagara Falls State Park —all have in common? They were all landscaped by Frederick Law Olmsted. Olmsted (1822–1903) has been called the “father of landscape architecture.”Audio Track 3-2-12In the 1800s, more and more people were moving to the cities. Some community leaders became worried about the quality of life. They began a beautification campaign. In 1857, a design contest was held for a new park in New York City. Olmsted and his partner, Calvert Vaux, won the contest. Central Park was the finished product —the first landscaped public park in the United States. Today, no trip to New York is complete without a visit to this beautiful park.Later in his life, Olmsted designed landscapes for college campuses, including Stanford University. In the late 1860s, he joined the “Free Niagara” movement. Members of the movement wanted to preserve the beauty of Niagara Falls. Despite opposition and pressures from businesses to industrialize the area, Olmsted and others resisted. Olmsted designed footpaths to give visitors better views of the falls. In all his work, Olmsted preferred to preserve the natural beauty of an area.Today, there are pressures again to develop Niagara. On Goat Island, an island in Niagara Falls State Park, there are now souvenir shops. There may be signs that say “No Littering,” but there is still a lot of trash on the island. Most of the animals have disappeared. What would Frederick Law Olmsted say to all this?Unit 3 Life Is All About ChangeListeningAudio Track 3-3-1/ Audio Track 3-3-2Lee: Hi, Ellie.Ellie: Hi, Lee. How are you?Lee: Good. Hey there, Brandon. He’s so cute. And you’re such a good mother.Ellie: Thanks. Everyone says, “It’s not always easy with your first child.” You know, I agree with them!Lee: How old is he now?Ellie: He just turned two a month ago.Lee: Oh, no. … “The terrible twos.” Right?Ellie: Yep. It’s so exhausting … for both of us!Lee: Does he throw things around? And cry a lot more?Ellie: Yes, exactly. Sometimes he hits me. I don’t know. He was so well-behaved before.Lee: It happens to most babies. They turn two and their personality changes.Ellie: It sounds like you have some experience with “the terrible twos.”Lee: I certainly do. My children are five and eleven now. But I still remember when they were young.Ellie: What can I do?Lee: Well, remember that it will pass. … It won’t last forever. Try to be patient.Audio Track 3-3-3/ Audio Track 3-3-4Mandy: My homework assignment is too hard.Mom: What is it?Mandy: I’m doing an oral report on an accomplished woman. I chose Sadako Ogata. I have to present it to the class tomorrow.Mom: Do you know the material?Mandy: I think so.Mom: OK, let’s practice. I’ll ask you some questions.Mandy: OK.Mom: All right then, just why is Sadako Ogata well known?Mandy: She worked for the United Nations as the High Commissioner on Refugees. She worked in that job for ten years and supervised 2,200 people.Mom: Hmmm … What are refugees? I don’t know that word.Mandy: Mom! Come on, you know that word!Mom: Honey, we’re practicing remember? You have to really know this material.Mandy: All right. Refugees are people who leave their countries to escape war or other problems. Mom: Is the refugee issue a big problem?Mandy: Yes. Worldwide there are now about 17 million refugees.Mom: Wow! Last question. Why did you choose Ms. Ogata for your report?Mandy: She’s an incredible woman. She moved to the United States and received a PhD from UC Berkeley. She also got married and had two children. She’s really intelligent and I respect her. Mom: I think you’re going to do a great job tomorrow. Good luck!Audio Track 3-3-5Next year, I’m going to study abroad. I want to study business economics. It will help me in my career. When I’m 23, I may come home to look for a job. Most probably in a bank or an accounting firm. After working for 4 to 5 years, I may have some savings to start a family. At the age of 30, I’d like to be a father. If everything goes smoothly, I’ll retire at the age of 50 and travel around the world.Audio Track 3-3-6Hi Jackie,I’m so e xcited about visiting you! Here are the details. My plane arrives on Friday at 2 p.m. When I get to the airport, I’ll take a taxi, so I’ll arrive at your house at about 3:00. That evening, Jeff and Carol are taking us out for dinner at a nice restaurant. I really want to spend Saturday at the beach. I’m bringing my swimsuit and beach clothes. I looked at the weather forecast on the Internet. The weather is going to be sunny and beautiful. I’ll see you soon!KaitlynAudio Track 3-3-7/ Audio Track 3-3-8Celebrating life changesIn Mexico and some other Latin American countries, girls mark their fifteenth birthday with a celebration called the Quinceanera. In the morning, the birthday girl goes to church with her family and her best friends. She wears a beautiful (and sometimes very expensive!) dress. Later in the day, there is a huge party, with a big cake that matches the girl’s dress, and a night filled with music and dancing.When older people in the United States retire, their friends and coworkers often give them a retirement party to celebrate this life change. On their last day of work, there is a big dinner, with entertainment afterward. People make speeches and tell jokes about the retiree. Guests like to give presents, such as an album of photos of the retiree’s coworkers, or a homemade video of the retiree’s friends.Becoming an adult is a very important life change, and Japan has a special holiday to celebrate this. The second Sunday in January is Coming-of-Age Day. On that day, everyone who had their twentieth birthday in the last year goes to their town’s City Hall for a special ceremony. Everyone dresses up, and many women wear beautiful kimonos. The mayor makes a speech and gives presents to all the new adults.Some kids are afraid to start school, but six-year-olds in Germany can’t wait. For them, Schulanfang is a big holiday. To celebrate a child’s first day of school, parents or friends give the child a Zuckertuete, a big colorful cardboard cone filled with candy and little presents. People take pictures of the kids holding their Zuckertuete, and there is a school party later for the parents, with cake and coffee.Audio Track 3-3-9Coping with life’s stressorsLet’s face it: Life is stressful. Stressful events in our lives are called “stressors.” Some of them are minor, such as uncomfortable air conditioning or a loudly ringing telephone. Others are more serious, such as the death of a spouse. That event tops the list as life’s most stressful event.You might be surprised to learn about the top 20 life stressors. Getting a divorce, for example, is number 2 on the list. And not all stressors are unhappy events. Pregnancy is a happy time for most families. It may also cause stress. Pregnancy is right below retirement on the list of life’s major stress ors. We can’t avoid stress, but we can do something about it. Listen to three people talking about their responses to stress in their lives.Tina Vega, 16Last year was horrible! My family moved to another town. I had to change schools and say good-bye to all my friends. It was really tough. I felt so lonely in my new school. But then one day I decided to enjoy my life: I smiled at everyone and I joined the soccer club at school. Now I havenew friends. I like my new school.Frederick Cho, 42Life is unpred ictable. Three weeks ago I lost my job. I was upset for the first week. I couldn’t do anything. Now I’m looking for a new job. It’s not good to sit around the house. I exercise every day and I’m healthier than I’ve been in years.Hazel Greene, 80My husband and I got married in 1950. He died five years ago. For the first two years I was depressed. I missed him so much because we did everything together. But now I’m feeling better. I think it’s important to stay active and positive. I read a lot and do volun teer work.Audio Track 3-3-10Coping with life’s stressorsLet’s face it: Life is stressful. Stressful events in our lives are called “stressors.” Some of them are minor, such as uncomfortable air conditioning or a loudly ringing telephone. Others are more serious, such as the death of a spouse. That event tops the list as life’s most stressful event.You might be surprised to learn about the top 20 life stressors. Getting a divorce, for example, is number 2 on the list. And not all stressors are unhappy events. Pregnancy is a happy time for most families. It may also cause stress. Pregnancy is right below retirement on the list of life’s major stressors. We can’t avoid stress, but we can do something about it. Listen to three people talking about their responses to stress in their lives.Audio Track 3-3-11Tina Vega, 16Last year was horrible! My family moved to another town. I had to change schools and say good-bye to all my friends. It was really tough. I felt so lonely in my new school. But then one day I decided to enjoy my life: I smiled at everyone and I joined the soccer club at school. Now I have new friends. I like my new school.Frederick Cho, 42Life is unpredictable. Three weeks ago I lost my job. I was upset for the first week. I couldn’t do anyt hing. Now I’m looking for a new job. It’s not good to sit around the house. I exercise every day and I’m healthier than I’ve been in years.Hazel Greene, 80My husband and I got married in 1950. He died five years ago. For the first two years I was depress ed. I missed him so much because we did everything together. But now I’m feeling better. I think it’s important to stay active and positive. I read a lot and do volunteer work.Unit 4 HealthListeningAudio Track 3-4-1A: Has anyone you know ever fainted?B: Oh, yes. He was one of my high school friends. One day he just fell on the floor and lost consciousness.A: What happened then?B: We felt very anxious. So one of us hurried to tell our teacher, and the rest of us waited beside him.A: Was it serious?B: Thankfully, it wasn’t. He recovered before our teacher arrived.A: How lucky!B: Yeah, he really was. He told us that he had been playing online games all night and he hadn’t eaten anything. That’s why he felt lightheaded and fainted.Audio Track 3-4-2/Audio Track 3-4-3/Audio Track 3-4-4Female newscaster (F), Male newscaster (M), Woman (W)F: Well, Jim, our next story is a strange one, isn’t it?M: Yes, Irene, it sure is. It surprised everyone. Almost 200 people on a two-week holiday trip to Saint Martin became sick. They’re calling it the “holiday cruise disease.”F: It sounds scary. What caused it?M: The doctors aren’t exactly sure, but they know it was something in the food the passengers ate.F: OK, give us the details.M: All right, here’s the story: On Friday night, the ship departed around 10 p.m. with 300 passengers on board. By Sunday morning, some people reported feeling lightheaded.They stayed in bed. By that afternoon, more than half of the passengers had severe indigestion. Some of them got very sick. We spoke to one woman about her experience.W: Everyone was complaining. My stomach hurt so much I couldn’t eat anything. It was really terrible!F: What’s the situation now?M: Well, the ship had to return home on Monday —after only two and a half days at sea —and most of the passengers went straight to the hospital then.F: How are they doing now?M: They’re exhausted —many haven’t slept for 48hours — but they’re doing fine.F: That’s good news. It’s too bad they couldn’t enjoy their vacation.M: Yes, it is. And that’s the next problem. The passengers are asking for their money back, but the company doesn’t want to refund the full amount.F: What’s going to happen then?M: Nobody knows. I’ll keep following the story,though, and I’ll have more details for you tomorrow.Audio Track 3-4-5/Audio Track 3-4-6/Audio Track 3-4-7Mom: Have you finished packing?Bill: Almost. I just have to check my tent one last time. I don’t want to forget any of the pieces. Mom: Is that your first aid kit?Bill: Yep.Mom: Well, I see bandages and some aspirin. Where’s everything else?Bill: Like what?Mom: Well, your toothbrush and toothpaste, for example.。
Unit 1 Gender and SocietyAnalytical listeningListening 1A LectureA | &B |OK, so today we’re going to continue on the topic of how children are socialized. We’ll be looking at gender socialization—in other words, how, how children learntheir gender roles. Gender is something that we learn— first from our parents, then from our peers, from school, and from the culture we live in. OK, let’s start withour parents. Generally, our gender roles are pretty clear to us by the time we’re around three years old. So how do we, how do we learn these roles so quickly?Well, one way is simply by what our parents say to us. Parents give female children a lot of compliments on how they look—on their appearance, right? We say things like, “What a pretty girl!” o r “That’s a nice dress you’re wearing.” Girls might get compliments on other things, too, but they, they soon learn that being feminine has something to do with being attractive or pretty, right? Boys, in contrast, are complimented on what they do. We say things like, “Look how fast little Timmy canrun! Good for you, Timmy!” So over time, boys learn that being, being masculine has something to do with their behaviour and with being active.Our peers, when we’re children—girls and boys around the same age as we are—also teach us about gender roles, and sometimes they’re not very nice about this either. They make fun of children who aren’t following the rules. Can you remember kids from your childhood who didn’t follow the gender rules? Schools continue, scho olscontinue the process of gender socialization. Some schools have separate classes for girls and boys, and, um, of course school uniforms are different— pants for boys,and skirts or dresses for girls. Finally, the culture we live in has a lot to teachus about gender roles.C |As you know, one of the first questions when a baby is born is, “Is it a boy or a girl?” We think it’s important to know this because when children grow up, theirrole in the world depends on their gender—at least to some degree. But nowadays, gender roles are changing, and besides, there have always been a few people who arenot average, who do not follow the usual gender pattern.One person from history who did not follow her usual gender role was Hatshepsut. Around 150 years before Tutankhamen ruled ancient Egypt as pharaoh, or king, Hatshepsut ruled for 21 years as the female king of Egypt. That’s right—female king, because there was no such thing as a queen as leader. A few women had filled the role of leader when their sons were too young to rule, but Hatshepsut stayed in power even after her stepson, Tutmose III, was old enough to rule. And she accomplished a lot while she was king! Up and down the Nile River we can still see the monuments and buildings that were constructed or repaired while Hatshepsut was king. It seems that she did not want to be forgotten.Besides the buildings and monuments, we have a lot of art from the time of Hatshepsut. And what’s interesting is that at first, Hatshepsut is shown with female characteristics—she was clearly a woman, but with the clothing and symbols of a king. For example, in one statue, she is seated and has the body of a woman but is wearing the headdress of a king. In later years, we see the reverse. All of the later artwork shows h er as a man, with male characteristics. We’re not sure why Hatshepsut had her artists do this, but it may have helped her to keep power. It might have been easier for Egyptians to accept a man as king—or at least someone who looked like a man.Listening 2A Conversation Between ClassmatesA |Mia: Hey, Dylan! Long time, no see!Dylan: Yeah, it’s been ages! I was gone all summer. I had a job working for my uncle, so I stayed with him in Toronto for two months. What about you, Mia? How’ve you been?Mia: Great! I just spent the time right here because I was taking a course in summer school. I want to graduate early.Dylan: Wow, you’re really working hard! So,... What do you think about this class we’re in?Mia: Oh, I think it’s going to be great! It’s such a n interesting topic—“Gender and Sociology”.Dylan: Hmmph. I suppose. I can see that Professor Henley is very knowledgeable on the subject. But I can also see that I disagree with her about a lot of things.Mia: Such as... ?B |Dylan: Well, I think some jobs just aren’t good for women like firefighters for instance.Mia: What? You think women aren’t brave enough or something?Dylan: Hey, I never said that! But, well, they aren’t as strong— physically, I mean. Do you think a woman could carry me out of a burning building? Come on, everyoneknows men are stronger than women.Mia: Ha! So, you think you’re stronger than the female athletes in the Olympics,just because you’re a man?Dylan: Well, no, of course not ...Mia: Then you can’t say that all men are s tronger than all women. Here, let me draw you a graph ...Dylan: What’s that?Mia: It’s from my summer school class. We had to do some research on gender differences, and similarities. OK ... now ... look at this ... This line here shows how it looks if you make a graph of how strong women are, by how much weight they can lift. Here. A small woman can’t lift more than 20 pounds. And a woman athlete canlift 200 pounds. Right?Dylan: I don’t know, I guess so.Mia: Now, what about men? Can all men lift 200 pounds?Dylan: Well, no, probably not.Mia: Can you lift 200 pounds? Hmmm?Dylan: (laughter)Mia: So, maybe a really small man can only lift, oh, 50 pounds. And a really big man can lift 200, so not all men are equal in terms of physical strength either ... There are different levels of strength within the genders, too ... So, the line for menlooks like this ... Do you see what I mean? In fact, it’s true that most men are stronger than most women ... so there is a gender gap when it comes to physicalstreng th. But you can’t conclude that all men are stronger than all women. And ifyou have to lift, say, 150 pounds to be a firefighter, then some women can do the job. Dylan: Well, I suppose so.Mia: Besides, most women are smaller than most men. So possibly they can go into smaller spaces to rescue people.C |Dylan: It sounds like you just want women to compete with men and take their jobs away.Mia: No, I don’t! There are lots of good jobs that only women used to do, and nowmen are hired for them, too.Dyl an: Hmm. I can’t think of any!Mia: Well, look at flight attendants. For a long time people thought that only women had the ability to be helpful on planes.Dylan: Yeah, back when they still used to call them stewardesses, right?Mia: Yeah! My aunt was a flight attendant— or stewardess—when she was young, andshe said it used to be just awful. They were required to be very thin, and they weren’t allowed to keep their jobs if they gained weight! Oh, and they wereforbidden to get married, and they had to stop working when they were 32—can you imagine? But now that’s all changed, fortunately, and the airlines encourage men to become flight attendants, too. There are lots of men who are flight attendants now.Dylan: It sounds like a great job to me—traveling every day and meeting so many people. I can’t imagine why the airlines didn’t want men.Mia: Well, they thought that all women were more helpful than all men!Dylan: Now, that’s a stupid idea. And hey, men can lift heavier bags for the passengers! Remember? “Most men are stronger than most women.”Mia: Dylan, you’re impossible!Viewing the WorldWodaabeNarrator: For 51 weeks of the year, the Wodaabe, a nomadic African tribe, eke out a living on a parched strip of land in West Africa.In the 52nd week, they dance. This is far more than an ordinary dance, though. Part beauty pageant and part mating ritual, this dance is part of a seven-day festivalthat gives the men in the tribe the opportunity to show off for the women. For Wodaabe men, this is the time to weave the web of enchantment. For psychologists, the Wodaabe festival provides insight into the impact of appearance on attraction and social behavior.All the Wodaabe—but especially the men—pride themselves on their physical beauty. Light skin, thin lips, a long nose and jawline. The Wodaabe consider these to be the ideal features, and they accentuate them with carefully applied makeup.Wodaabe Man: If a man puts black color on his lips, it makes his white teeth stand out, and this is very attractive to women. If a man puts yellow on his face, it brings out his charm and personality and makes him irresistible.Narrator: The first part of the dance, known as the yaake, begins in the late afternoon. The dancers face the setting sun so its golden rays will enhance their beauty.The object of the yaake is to make oneself as irresistible as possible to the group of eligible women who are monitoring every move and expression.Narrator: The three most beautiful women of the clan act as judges. They expresstheir approval of certain dancers by a tap on the chest without making eye contact.It is taboo for them to look directly at those they find attractive. The yaake ends just before sunset. Slowly the dancers disperse to prepare for the night’s festivities.After a rest period, preparations for the second part of the dance begin—the sacred dance of physical beauty called the geerewol. Unlike the yaake, in which the men are evaluated on charm and personality as well as looks, the geerewol dancers will be judged on the basis of beauty alone. Only the most handsome men dare to compete.Narrator: Normally the geerewol would be danced throughout the night, but a drought has shortened the supply of drinking water, so the Wodaabe elders call a halt to thedancing shortly before midnight. By then, many of the members have paired up. The women have chosen the men they find most attractive and appealing.Shortly after sunrise on the final night, the Wodaabe prepare to leave thecelebration site. After a week of dancing, they are once again nomads.Further ListeningListening 1Kabuki is a traditional form of singing and dancing theater that is still popular in Japan. One unusual characteristic of kabuki is that all the roles of women are played by male actors called onnagata. These actors spend many years studying women’s behavior and activities, such as sewing. Some people say that the actors are more feminine than real women are!There are many examples of male actors who play roles of the opposite gender, but the r everse doesn’t happen very often. The Year of Living Dangerously is a famous movie from the 1980s. It’s about an Australian journalist who meets a news photographer during a time of terrible violence.Many people didn’t notice that the star who played the role of Billy Kwan, the photographer, was actually a woman. Linda Hunt won an Academy Award for her acting in the movie. She gave Billy Kwan many characteristics that people think are masculine, especially courage.In the time of William Shakespeare, women were generally not allowed to appear on a theater stage. In Shakespeare’s plays, female characters like Juliet (in Romeo and Juliet) were played by young boys. Some of them became very famous, like Nathan Field. When their voices changed and they grew older, these actors had to start playing men’s roles.Listening 2Question: Timis County is located in the western part of which European Country?Eric Yang knew the answer. “Romania!” he said, and became the winner of theNational Geographic Bee. Every year, thousands of young people compete in this international contest of geographical knowledge. Three winners from each country go on to the world championship.For years, however, the contest’s organizers have wondered about a question of their own: An equal number of girls and boys enter the contest at the school and regional levels. Why are so many of the national winners boys? In the United States, Eric’s home country, only two girls have won the top prize since 1989.Gender may also be a factor in success at the world championships, too.When the National Geographic World Championship was held in Mexico City, a team of three boys from Canada beat 16 other national teams. The second prize went to three boys from the U.S.A., and the third prize to three boys from Poland.As in the past, most contestants were male, and two scientists investigated the reasons for this. They concluded that there is in fact a small gender gap in geography, but they couldn’t find the cause. Possibly, boys are taught to be more assertive than girls, or they might feel more pressure from their parents. Maybe boys have a better ability to use maps. Or maybe teachers encourage boys more in geography classes.Listening 3For most of the year, the Wodaabe are nomadic, moving from place to place to find grass for their cattle. For one week each year, however, it’s festival time for the Wodaabe. It’s called the geerewol, and it’s a chance for Wodaabe men to show offfor the women.The geerewol is a kind of beauty pageant, and the men who participate wear makeup to emphasize the features that are considered beautiful by the Wodaabe: long noses, strong white teeth, and large eyes, among other characteristics.The geerewol is all about attraction—both physical beauty and charm. While the men dance, the women watch and carefully evaluate the men’s appearance. When anavailable woman finds a man who is irresistible to her, she lets him know with small gestures. With many women watching, the pageant has many winners.Unit 2 Human MigrationAnalytical ListeningListening 1A PowerPoint LectureA |Professor: OK, could someone please turn off the lights? Good, thanks. Now, can everyone see the slide? Good. Now, we’ve been talking about emigration from one country to anot her. But emigration isn’t always from a country. In this first slide, you see a map of the state of North Dakota—in the U.S. We’re going to focus on this part of the state—western North Dakota. One hundred years ago, North Dakota had something that many immigrants were looking for. What do you think it was?Student: Was it farmland?Professor: That’s right. North Dakota had land, and that land attracted many immigrants from Europe— especially from Norway and Germany. They left their native countries and moved abroad. In North Dakota, they planted wheat, and they builthouses and new towns. Nowadays, however, more and more people are leaving North Dakota—especially the rural areas—and moving to other states in the U.S. But before we get to that, let’s look m ore closely at the reasons immigrants left theiroriginal countries and went to North Dakota in the first place.B | &C |Professor: OK, could someone please turn off the lights? Good, thanks. Now, can everyone see the slide? Good. Now, we’ve been talkin g about emigration from one country to another. But emigration isn’t always from a country. In this first slide, you see a map of the state of North Dakota—in the U.S. We’re going to focus on this part of the state—western North Dakota. One hundred years ago, North Dakota had something that many immigrants were looking for. What do you think it was?Student: Was it farmland?Professor: That’s right. North Dakota had land, and that land attracted many immigrants from Europe— especially from Norway and Germany. They left their native countries and moved abroad. In North Dakota, they planted wheat, and they builthouses and new towns. Nowadays, however, more and more people are leaving North Dakota—especially the rural areas—and moving to other states in the U.S. But before we get to that, let’s look more closely at the reasons immigrants left theiroriginal countries and went to North Dakota in the first place.Professor: That’s right. North Dakota had land, and that land attracted many immigrants from Europe— especially from Norway and Germany. They left their native countries and moved abroad. In North Dakota, they planted wheat, and they builthouses and new towns. Nowadays, however, more and more people are leaving North Dakota—especially the rural areas—and moving to other states in the U.S. But before we get to that, let’s look more closely at the reasons immigrants left theiroriginal countries and went to North Dakota in the first place.Professor: This second slide shows one important reason—trains. By the early part of the 20th century, trains had arrived in this part of the country, so travel was easier. And when the railroad companies finished building, they sold their extra land—and they sold it cheap. The U.S. government was also selling land at low prices, and there were even ways to get land for free! You just had to live on the land for five years, plant some trees, and do a little farming—easy, right? Well, as you’ll see in this next slide, life wasn’t easy. The family that used to live in this house left a long time ago. That’s because after the 1920s, North Dakota had several yearsof very dry, very windy weather. The economic crisis of the 1930s made things even more difficult, so many farmers had to sell their land and leave.Professor: This next slide is a picture of Corinth in the middle of winter—a town that once had 75 people living in it. One of the six people who still live in Corinth today is a farmer named Melvin Wisdahl. Melvin is 83 years old. And though his two sons are still farm ers, Melvin’s grandchildren will probably emigrate. That’s the trend in North Dakota. There aren’t many jobs, and there aren’t many people.But that’s not the whole story. This picture was taken at the North Dakota State University in Fargo. And it looks l ike a nice place, doesn’t it? In fact, some people are moving to North Dakota, but they’re moving to the larger cities, not to the small towns.Professor: So, what is happening in the small towns? Well, some people are trying to fight the emigration trend and preserve the old communities. Here, you see the Mystic Theatre in Marmarth, North Dakota. Every year, they invite poets to come here for the Cowboy Poets Weekend. That’s right—a whole weekend of poetry from writers in the Western states—and it’s a big event! Sadly, though, experts think the changes in North Dakota aren’t just temporary, they are permanent. They don’t think these small towns will grow again. Are there any questions?Listening 2A Small Group DiscussionA |Professor Garcia: All righ t! Now we’re going to take our discussion of immigration and emigration to a more personal level. I’m going to have you divide into groups of four. Then I want you to tell your group about someone you know who has emigrated—gone to live in another country— temporarily, or permanently. Does everyone have the chart? In the boxes across the top of the chart, you can write the names of the people in your group … OK … here on the left is the information you’re going to need. First, you’re going to write down who emigrated—their name, or their relationship to your classmate. Next, where did they come from? And where did they go to? Then … why did they emigrate? And finally, you’re going to take notes about whether they assimilated … or not!B | &C |Emily: OK, le t’s get started … Are we all here? Sunisa, Josh, Nasir …Sunisa: And what’s your name?Emily: Sorry! I’m Emily … So, Josh, has your family always lived here in Chicago?Josh: Well, always since, oh, the 1930s. My grandparents came here from Poland, my dad’s parents.Nasir: Really? Why’d they leave?Josh: Have you forgotten your history? Poland was a dangerous place then. Everyone knew a war was coming, and my grandparents were lucky enough to get out. They had relatives in Chicago, so they settled in a Polish neighborhood there. Polish church, Polish grocery store, Polish everything. My grandma never really learned English.Emily: So, they didn’t want to assimilate.Josh: Not really. But then the next generation wasn’t interested in Polish customs or anythi ng. My dad and my uncle were crazy about baseball. That’s all they cared about. And my grandparents were so unhappy when they didn’t marry nice Polish girls!Nasir: What about you? Are you interested in Polish culture?Josh: Well, maybe a little … It woul d be fun to travel there. But like Professor Garcia said, my family is pretty well assimilated. We’re just regular Americans. Though we retain some Polish customs, for example we always eat Polish food oncertain holidays ….Sunisa: And, Nasir, you’re from Pakistan, right?Nasir: Yeah, from Karachi.Sunisa: Did you always live there?Nasir: Yeah … but when I was younger, my dad worked in Saudi Arabia. He was a water engineer, out in the desert there. It was a really good job, and he could come home for a month every year.Josh: Do you mind if I ask … did he earn a lot of money there?Nasir: Yes, he did. But it was really hard for my mother. Most of the year she was the head of the family, but when he was home, everything changed. And my littlesister was born while my father was working in Saudi. She cried every time he came back because she didn’t remember him.Sunisa: That sounds really tough …Nasir: It was. But he earned enough to send all of us to good schools. And then he started his own engineering firm in Karachi. So in the end, it was a positive thing.Emily: Do you think it changed your father, … living overseas like that?Nasir: Yeah … I think it made him even more Pakistani! After that, he only wore traditional Pakistani clothes, and he never wanted to eat foreign food!Nasir: So, … what about your family, Emily?Emily: Huh! None of them ever did anything interesting … well, except for my Uncle Jack. He emigrated from England to Australia back in the 1950s.Josh: Cool! You can go see your relatives in Australia!Emily: Mmm, not exactly … Back then, Australia was really trying to increase its population. If you wanted to settle there, they gave you a very cheap ticket and promised you a job. Uncle Jack was 26, and he couldn’t find a girlfriend. Au stralia sounded sooo much better than England, so off he went.Josh: And how’d he like it?Emily: Actually … he hated it! It’s so funny. He didn’t like England, but then when he got to Australia, he thought the sun was too hot, and the land was too empty, and the girls were unfriendly … and on and on …Emily: He worked for a mining company for five years, and of course there were no women there. So one day he just got on a ship and came back. He never got married, and his attitude about Australia hasn’t changed. He’s been complaining about it ever since. I don’t think he had one positive experience there.Nasir: Well, we read that a high proportion of emigrants actually do return home … what did the professor say?Emily: More than half, I think … Sunisa, w hat about you? Has anyone in your family emigrated from Thailand?Sunisa: No … actually, my ancestors emigrated to Thailand, from China. But that was so long ago that no one really remembers, maybe a hundred or two hundred years ago. A lot of Chinese moved to Thailand then.Nasir: Interesting! Do you know why?Sunisa: I’m not sure. I think they probably moved because there were too many people in China, in that region … I guess there was just no place for them, and they thought life would be better in Thailand.Emily: I hope this isn’t too personal … but is there discrimination against Chinese people in Thailand now?Sunisa: Not really. We’re not exactly a separate ethnic group. So many Chinese married Thais, we’re all mixed together. It’s not like we’re a minority there … Ultimately, we all just became typical Thais, except sometimes our names are a little different.Josh: So, do the people in your family speak Chinese?Sunisa: No! Well, actually, my grandma knows a little bit, but she learned it from her friend. I think the Chinese in my country assimilated really well. Usually people don’t even know who’s Chinese …Professor Garcia: OK,… everyone, almost finished? Next, I want you to discuss these questions that I’m writing on the board …View the WorldTurkish GermanyNarrator: It has the look and the sound of Istanbul. But this Turkish community isin Germany. In a country learning how to prosper with a diversity it didn’t want. After the devastation of World War II, Germany needed help to rebuild and so invited Turkish guest workers. Both Germans and Turks believed the arrangement was temporary.Ozcan Mutlu, Member of Parliament, Berlin: But that was a lie. It was a life lie, I say. Because no one returned.Narrator: Turks like to say that the Germans sent for workers, but got human beings. And the human beings became a vibrant community. Two hundred thousand in Berlin, two million in all of Germany. A third generation of German Turks is now being born, but many Germans still think of them as foreigners.Ozcan Mutlu: This is one reason why these people kept their ties to the home country, and why they still identify themselves as Turks.Narrator: Turkish fears grew when the Berlin Wall fell and the government focused on reunification rather than the needs of minorities.Ozcan Mutlu: Turks say the wall came down, but it came down on the heads of the Turks.Narrator: There is a rich Turkish cultural tradition in Germany. But though thecultural border between peoples here has grown more distinct, both Germans and Turks are trying to bridge it.This is a pioneering public school called Rixdorfer. Students from both cultures are taught side by side in both languages. The costs are higher than average, but so isthe success.Marion Berning, Rixdorfer Elementary School, Berlin: If you put money in the small kids, in the younger kids, you don’t have much problems when they are older.Narrator: Marion Berning hopes that what she sees here is the shape of the future.Marion Berning: They don’t see the differenc e between the Turkish and the German.And so they have no problems with foreigners. They are not foreigners. They are kids.Further ListeningListening 1Two young women go for a Sunday afternoon walk in the small town of Budesti, Romania—but their clothes say a lot about an important world trend. Along with their traditional Romanian Sunday dresses, the women are wearing fashionable foreignjackets and shoes. People in the women’s families went to live abroad to work, and then came back to their hometown, bringing money and foreign products—like these clothes.More than 2.5 million Romanians have emigrated and are now living in countries suchas Spain and Italy. For most of these people, the move is only temporary. They planto work in a store or factory for several years and then return to Romania. They send money to their families and keep in contact with them by phone. Often, they live together in a Romanian community with other people who speak their native language.Other Romanians have made a permanent move to Canada or Australia and they will never go back to live in their original country. These immigrants often face difficultiesin their new country with language, culture, and negative feelings from the localpeople. But their children usually learn to speak two languages and becomecomfortable in two cultures.Listening 2Hmong AmericansThe Hmong are an ethnic minority from Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. In the 1970s,after the war between the U.S. and Vietnam, many Hmong were forced to leave their homes, and a large number of them emigrated to the U.S. to settle permanently. The Hmong were mostly uneducated farmers in their native countries. When they emigratedto the U.S., many of them settled together in small towns and started vegetable farms. They retained many of their native customs and did not learn much English. The Hmong people mainly kept to themselves, but many of the local people did not like having them in their communities. Today, most young Hmong- Americans are bilingual and well educated, but their parents make sure the family retains the traditional culture and customs.Japanese BraziliansThe first Japanese immigrants came to Brazil in 1908, and today Brazil has thelargest Japanese community outside of Japan. Japanese immigrants came to work oncoffee farms across Brazil. They planned to stay only a few years, make money, andthen go home. However, very few returned to Japan. During the 1940s, there were many laws that restricted the activities and freedom of Japanese Brazilians. Life improved for the Japanese Brazilians in the 1970s. They moved into new fields of business and became very successful. Today, only the oldest people in the community still speak Japanese, and the majority of the youngest generation are of mixed-race.Listening 3During World War II, many Germans emigrated from their country. Then after the war, when the country was rebuilding and the economy was growing, there was a shortage of workers. So Germany made agreements with several countries to allow workers, mostly men, to live in the country for two years and work at industrial jobs. After two years, the men were expected to return to their home countries, which included Italy, Spain, Greece, and Turkey.The guest worker program began in 1955 and ended in 1973, when Germany’s economic growth slowed. In contrast to the economy, the number of foreigners in Germany continued to grow as family members joined the workers. A new agreement among European Union countries also allowed Italians to enter Germany without any special permission. In addition, a second generation had been born, and those babies werestill foreigners according to German law.。
