Chapter 3 Morphology形态学 Nothing is more important to language than words. Words can carry meaning. Words are the fundamental building blocks of a language. So, is word the most basic or the minimal unit of meaning? If not, then what is? How words are formed?---morphology 3.1 what is morphology? Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 3.2 Open class and closed class (开放词类和封闭词类) Open class words----content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. Closed class words----grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns. New words can be added to open class words regularly with the development of human civilization. However, the number of closed class words is small and stable since few new words are added. 3.3Morphemes--the minimal units of meaning（词素，最小的意义单位） Word is the smallest free from found in language. Word can be further divided into smaller meaningful units---morphemes. So, morpheme is--- the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g. 1-morpheme boy, desire 2-morpheme boyish, desirable 3-morpheme boyishness, desirability 4-morpheme gentlemanliness, undesir(e)abl(e)ity 5-morpheme ungentlemanliness 6-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism Free morpheme & bound morpheme Free morpheme----is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc. Bound morpheme----is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by themselves, such as ―-s‖ in ―dogs‖, ―al‖ in ―national‖, ―dis-‖ in ―disclose‖, ―ed‖ in ―recorded‖, Allomorph
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1.Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. 3.Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology. 4.The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes. 5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes. 6.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. 7.The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself. 8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it. 9.There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words. 10.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. II.. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 1. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______. A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme 2. 2.The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates tha t the meaning of a compound __________. A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase. D. None of the above. 3.The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________. A. the first element B. the second element C. either the first or the second element D. both the first and the second elements. 4._______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemes C. Bound words D. Words 5._________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. A. Syntax B.Grammar C. Morphology D. Morpheme 6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______. A. lexical B. morphemic C. grammatical D. semantic 7. Bound morphemes are those that ___________. A. have to be used independently B. can not be combined with other morphemes C. can either be free or bound D. have to be combined with other morphemes. 8. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. A. Prefixes B. Suffixes C. Roots D. Affixes
Chapter 3 Lexicon Time periods: two classes Teaching contents: 3.1 definition of a word 3.2 The formation of words Teaching aims and requirements Learn by heart: 1. The classifications of morphemes, such as free morpheme and bound morpheme, stem, root, inflectional affix and derivational affix. 2. Two ways of word-formation such as inflections and derivations. Know: 1. The definition of morphemes, free morphemes, bound morphemes, stem, root, affix, inflection and derivation and so on. 2. Two different fields of morphology, including inflectional morphology and derivational morphology. Understand: 1. Definition of a word 2. The classifications of word according to different aspects 3. The formation of words Teaching focus and difficulties: Focus： 1. The definition of morphemes, free morphemes, bound morphemes, stem, root, affix, inflection and derivation and so on. 2. The classifications of morphemes, such as free morpheme and bound morpheme, stem, root, inflectional affix and derivational affix. 3. Two ways of word-formation such as inflections and derivations. Difficulty: 1. Classification of morphemes 2. Inflection and derivations. 1. Review what we have learned in last chapter, and ask some students to answer the following questions: (5m) 1) How are English consonants classified? 2) How are English V owels classified? 3) What are phonemes and allophones?
Chapter Three Morphology形态学 一、定义 1. Morphology形态学：t he study of the internal structure of words (内部研究), and the rules by which words are formed. 对单词的内部结构和单词构成规则的研究。 2. Morpheme 词素：The smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. 最小的语言单位,携带信息的意义或功能。 二、知识点 3.2 Distinctions between open and close classes word 1. Open class words开放性词类: In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs make up the largest part of vocabulary. They are content words of a language.，which are sometimes called open class words, since new words can be added to these classes regularly. 在英语中，名词、动词、 形容词和副词占词汇的绝大部分。他们是一门语言中的实义词，由于我们经常可以在这类词中加入新词，所以他们有时也称开放性词类。 2. Close classes word封闭性词类：Conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns is small and stable since few new words are added , therefore such words have been referred to as closed class words. 构成连词、介词、冠词和代词的词相对较少，通常不添加新词，所以被称为封闭性词类。
Chapter3 Morphology 3.1 Basic concepts of words, vocabulary and lexicology. 3.1.1 The definition of a word A minimal free form of a language A sound unity A unit of meaning A form that can function alone in a sentence 3.1.2 Words, Lexical Item and vocabulary 3.1.3 The definition of lexicology 3.1.4 The growth of present-day English vocabulary Neologism Marked progress of science and technology Social-economic, political and culture changes 3.2 Morphological structure 3.2.1 The definition of morpheme 3.2.2 The type of morpheme Free morphemes Bound morphemes: bound roots, affixes, inflectional affixes, derivational 3.2.3 Allomorphs Root&Stem 3.3 Words-Formation
3.3.1 General remark The three major processes: affixation or derivation, conservation, composition or compounding 3.3.2 Prefixation The definition The classification: negative reversative or privative pejorative prefixes of degree or size orientation or attitude locative prefixes of time and order number conservation miscellaneous 3.3.3 Suffixation The definition The classification of suffixes Noun Adjective Adverb
Chapter 5 Morphology Aims: To get a general idea of morphology and morphemes. To understand morphological description. 5.1 Morphology Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. For example, if we look at the following words: simplify, falsify, justify, diversify, identify, and beautify, we feel that they bear some similarity in their internal structure, i.e., they all end with –ify. A further look will reveal that these words are all verbs that are formed by adding –ify to either an adjective or a noun. This is a morphological rule that may function to account for the existence, or the formation, of a set of verbs ended with –ify. And these constitutive parts in each of these verbs are morphemes. Thus, to be exact, morphology is the study of morphemes and their different forms (allomorphs), and the way they combine in word formation. 5.2 Morpheme We can recognize that English word-forms such as talk, talker, talked and talking must consist of one element talk, and a number of other elements such as –s, -er, -ed, -ing. All these elements are described as morphemes. The definition of the morpheme is “a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function”. Let’s clarify this definition wit h some examples. The word reopened consists of three morphemes. One minimal unit of meaning is open, another minimal unit of meaning is –en(meaning “again”), and a minimal unit of grammatical function is –ed(indicating past tense). Can you identify the morphemes of word tourists? 5.3 Types of Morphemes 5.3.1 Free and Bound Morphemes From above two examples, we can make a broad distinction between two types of morphemes. There are free morphemes, that is, morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, e.g. open and tour. There are also bound morphemes, that is, those which cannot normally stand alone, but which are typically attached to another form, e.g. re-, -ist, -ed, -s. You can find that this last set as a group of what we have already described in Chapter 4 as affix. So all affixes in English are bound morphemes.
Chapter 4: Morphology Learning Objectives ?I. Definition of word and word classification ?II. Morphology & morpheme ?III. Word formation rules I. Words ?Lexicon: the mental dictionary ?Cf. Vocabulary ?How many words are there in English? ?In Webster’s Third International Dictionary of the English Language, more than 450,000 entries are listed. What is Word? ? A Vague definition: ? A unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. ?Three senses are involved in defining “word”, none of which is satisfactory. Three Senses of “Word” 1. A physical unit: ? a cluster of sound segments or letters between two pauses or blanks, e.g. ?Phonological: ?Orthographic: It is wonderful. ?Three words are recognized. ?However, in casual speech or writing, it often becomes: ?Phonological: ?Orthographic: It’s wonderful. ?Are they two words or three? 2. A Lexical item or a lexeme ? A lexical item is an entry in a dictionary. ?Problem: A lexeme WRITE includes all of its grammatical forms: ?write, writes, writing, wrote, written