中文摘要
电影是一门艺术，同时也是一种商品。随着中国市场的开放，越来越多的英语电影走进中国的电影院。在欣赏这些英语电影之前，中国观众首先需要理解电影片名，电影片名将把电影情节传递给观众，从而吸引观众，这要求英语电影名称的翻译既要做到翻译上的准确，也要突出电影作为商品的商业价值。在分析了电影名称的特征、功能后，笔者探讨了翻译英文电影片名的技巧，并通过对误译的剖析总结出电影片名翻译的原则。
关键词:英语电影片名，翻译，原则，方法
毕业论文外文摘要
Title
Translation Skills and Principles of English Movie Titles
Abstract
Movie is an art and a commodity as well. With the opening of the Chinese market, we
have more and more English movies. The Chinese audiences need to understand the
movie titles before they enjoy the movies. Movie titles convey the story to the audience
to attract them. This requires the translation of movie titles to be accurate and embody
the commercial values. After the analysis of the characteristics and functions of movie
titles, the author of the present study discussed the skills of the English movie title
translation and summarized the translation principles.
Keywords English movie titles, translation, principles, skills
Contents
1 Introduction (1)
2 Charac teristics of English movie titles (2)
2.1 Brief and concentrated (2)
2.2 Heroes’or heroines’names as titles (2)
2.3 Settings as titles (3)
2.4 Attractive (3)
3 Functions of English movie titles (3)
3.1 Informative function (4)
3.2 V ocative function (4)
3.3 Aesthetic function (4)
4 Ski lls of English movie title translation (5)
4.1 Transliteration (5)
4.2 Literal translation (5)
4.3 Free translation (6)
5 Mistranslation (9)
5.2 Misunderstanding of cultural information (10)
5.3 Infuence of commercial profits (11)
6 Principles of English movie title translation (12)
6.1 Faithfulness (12)
6.2 Cultural a wareness (12)
6.3 Combination of commercial and aesthetic effects (13)
6.4 Aristic quality (14)
Conclusion (14)
Acknowledgements (15)
References (16)
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1 Introduction
Movie is a kind of art which suits both refined and popular tastes and is loved by the
old and the young. The reason why a great movie can attract thousands of audience includes the exquisite acting of actors and actresses, philosophic conversation and gorgeous tableau. What is more, movie titles which contain profound moral play a very important role. The title is the brand trademark of the movie and condenses the pith of the story. The titles are always in the eye-catching position of the playbill.
In recent years, movie has gradually become an industry. In the western world, a blockbuster may hit a box office record over 100 million or even more. With the cultural exchange between China and western countries, more and more western movies have come into Chinese market. The movie title is the first thing through which the audience can know about the movie, so the translation of western movie titles is pretty important. A good translation of the title can convey the information of the movie and attract the audience’s desire of going to the movie.
As a branch of non-literary translation, the translation of English movie titles, like
many other forms of non-literary translation, has not yet received due attention despite their importance. Some mistranslation will give false information and affect audience to enjoy movies, so using proper translation skills is very necessary.
This paper, based on an analysis of the characteristics and functions of English movie titles, will introduce principles and skills of English movie title translation.
2 Characteristics of English movie titles
2.1 Brief and concentrated
English movie titles usually contain only one or two key words. Most of the titles are
brief and concise. Generally speaking, the titles are made up of nouns and noun phrases, such as Titanic, Speed, Dorothy Dandridge, and Sound of Music. Only a few titles have some short sentences: While You’re Sleeping, Catch Me If You Can, and Saving Private Ryan.
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Though the titles are brief and concise, they are to the point. The titles summarize the main story of the movie and the audience can easily get the idea of the story. Gladiator tells a story of a Roman general who was forced to be a gladiator and fight for his freedom and faith. Return to Me, a love story, tells about misunderstanding between a couple and finally
their reunion and reconciliation.
2.2 Heroes’ or heroines’ names as titles
A great part of the western movies choose the heroes’ or the heroines’ names as the
title though sometimes the hero or the heroine is just an ordinary person or sometimes even the hero or the heroine is a negative character. Forrest Gump, JFK, Aladdin, Shreck, Lolita, and the terrible bastard Ha nnibal are all of this kind. Using the heroes’ or the heroines’names as the title has two advantages. On one hand, like JFK, Aladdin, and Lolita, these names are famous in the western history, fairy tales and literature works, so the audience are familiar with them and easily get through the main story of the movie, on the other hand, if the name of the hero or the heroine is strange to the audience, the audience will know that the movie is about an ordinary person and there must be some special story about him or her. So the audience will be attracted and eagle to go.
2.3 Settings as titles
There are also lots of titles using the settings of the story, such as Titanic, Pearl
Harbor, Chicago, Casablanca, and Gosford Park. These settings are usually famous places and have close connection with the theme of the story.
The O.C. (橘子郡男孩) ,short for the Orange County in south California, describing
the lives of the people who live in the Orange County. The Orange County is a rich community and people lived here are all rich people. Ryan, a teenager from chino, was adopted by lawye r Sandy and began his new life in the Orange County. After Ryan’s arrival, changes took place in the community and everyone’s life. The director chose The O.C. as the title because this county witnessed the changes and really meant a lot to the people who lived here.
2.4 Attractive
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Movie is commodity. The title of the movie has to attract the audience and then make
a lot of money. So the titles should give the audience suspension, reverie and aesthetic feeling in order to arouse the audience desire of going to movies. When the audience see
the title I Know What You Did Last Summer(我知道你去年夏天做了什么), they are curious to know what they did last summer and who knows. The movie got overwhelming success and the title made great contribution.
Some movie titles pay attention to the spelling in order to be special and attractive, to some extent, they’re queer. Se7en, Thir13en Ghosts, Swimf@n give the audience unforgettable first expression and be memorized.
3 Functions of English movie titles
According to the British translator Peter Newmark, language has six functions: expressive function、informative function、vocative function、aesthetic function、phatic function、and metalingual function.(Peter Newmark. 1982). As a proper noun, the movie title is a result of the play writer’s painstaking conception which can highly summarize the theme of t he movie and intensely stimulate the audience’s desire of going to movies. So movie titles contain the following three functions: informative function、vocative function、
and aesthetic function.
3.1 Informative function.
The informative function means movie titles convey the information about the idea of
the movie to the audience and make them understand the idea and the story better. The title Forrest Gump will tell the audience that the story is about a person named Forrest Gump and Pearl Harbor will remind the people of the history and the audience will know the story takes place in Pearl Harbor and has connection with World WarⅡ. The informative function is the basic function of movie titles and the most important function.
3.2 V ocative function
According to the philosophy: “everyone has curiosity”, we will feel excited when we
see something fresh and strange and we take delight in learning and easily be influenced.
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The vocative function is just to influence the audience’s sentiments and arouse their interests. Fahrenheit9.11, the best-selling documentary film, strongly criticized the Bush government. The director chose the 9.11 event as part of the title in his movie to attract audience and also convey the main idea of the movie.
3.3 Aesthetic function
Aesthetic function is to bring audience enjoyment from the title. The aesthetic feeling
is a main factor that causes audience to make the decision whether they will go to a movie or not. The aesthetic function is most obviously felt on the romantic movies. Some titles of the classical movies have become the synonym of romantic, such as Casablanca, Sleepless in Seattle.
4 Skills of English movie title translation
Movie is a synthetical art and the translation of English movie titles is a branch of
non-literary translation. These two factors demand translators to follow some certain translation principles and skills and possess rich cultural knowledge and solid language foundations. English movie title translation is not to translate simply and mechanically but to be based on the story and consider the similarities and differences between eastern and western culture as well as the acceptance of translation. We should use different translation skills to translate different movie titles.
4.1 Transliteration
As we have mentioned above, a lot of western movie titles are the heroes’or heroines’names and the settings. If the heroes’ or heroines’ names and the settings are familiar to the Chinese audience, transliteration is the best skill for these movies because transliteration will convey the most exact information. JFK(肯尼迪),Gandhi(甘地),Aladdin(阿拉
丁),Ali(阿里) are well-known around the world, so the Chinese audience can easily understand the main idea of the story. Titanic(泰坦尼克号), the greatest ship at that time, sank in her first sail. Also, the Chinese audience know Casablanca is a city in Morocco and Chicago is a city in east America. Through transliteration, the sound effects, i.e. the rhythm
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of the SL, can be preserved, which will entertain audience with a strong exotic flavor. However, if the heroes’ or heroines’ names and the settings are not famous, transliteration should not be used. For example, if the movie Selma and Louise is translated into 塞尔玛和路易斯, audience will just know it is a story about two women named Selma and Louise. But what happened and why they are special? The audience can not figure it out. In this case, we have to give up transliteration and use other skills which will be introduced later.
4.2 Literal translation
The aim of English movie title translation is to display the pith of the movie. If the
title matches the story perfectly, literal translation is basically the most suitable skill to employ. Most of the English movie titles are made up of some nouns or verb phrases and summarize the main story of the movie, in this situation, literal translation is preferred because literal translation can preserve both the content of the title and the language structure of the original title. Literal translation directly converts the SL grammatical constructions to their nearest TL equivalents. Generally speaking, the translated Chinese titles should not be sounding awkward or unnatural and are capable of describing the story as well as the original English titles. These titles are easily accepted and memorized by Chinese audience. For example, the Human Stain(人性污点), Wild Orchid(野兰花), Brave Heart(勇敢的心), Saving Private Ryan(拯救大兵瑞恩),Roman Holiday(罗马假日)and Dancing with Wolves(与狼共舞).
4.3 Free translation
Free translation is a flexible measure when literal translation is not available. As we mentioned, English movie titles are mostly made up of one or two key words and highly concentrated, literally translated titles sometimes cannot make the Chinese audience understood. And there are some titles that contain lots of culture which is only well-known by westerners; Chinese audience will be confused if we translate these titles through literal translation. However, when we use free translation, the version won’t totally conform to the original title.
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Though most translators treat literal translation as their first choice and say “Translate literally, if possible, or appeal to free translation.”(范仲英，1994), in the field of English movie title translation, free translation is used more.
Free translation can bring the connotation into play and elaborate the pith of the title. Since grammatical structure and content of the English titles are not concerned so much, we usually use the following three skills while employing free translation.
4.3.1 Definition
When we use literal translation to translate some brief and concise English movie
titles, the translated titles cannot describe the story clearly and neatly and thus fail to provide information and attract audience; more details have to be added to make them more
definite. Instead of being chosen randomly, these details should be based on the story and able to help consummate the titles.
Sample 1) Shreck
The literal translation of Shreck is 史瑞克, but the audience will not figure out who Shreck is and what happened. Based on the story, 怪物史瑞克conveys the accurate information and the audience will know Shreck is a lovely green monster.
Sample 2) Speed
This movie was released in 1994 and is considered as one of the best movies in the
year. Compared with 速度, the widely popular translation 生死时速is much better. 生死brings great tension to the audience and explains that the story is tight and exciting. The title 生死时速does not only make it more explicit but also attracts the audience much more.
Sample 3) Ghost
If audience see the title 鬼魂, they will think it is a horrible movie. However, this
movie is a romantic love story and it is very moving. The man was killed by his friends and his ghost came to his girlfriend, helped her and told her the truth. The story focuses on the touching ever-lasting love between the ghost and his girlfriend, so 人鬼情未了is a perfect translation. The added 情未了reflects the quintessence of the story.
4.3.2 Borrowing and transformation
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Culture is an important factor we should pay attention to in translation. Some English movie titles contain certain culture which will make Chinese audience totally confused, some English movie titles use English proverbs or idioms and sometimes there is no equivalent word to the English titles, or on some other occasions, the idioms in English movie titles might find their Chinese idiom equivalence. We translator can build a bridge between them and give audience a better title. We can borrow and transform from the ancient Chinese culture. The poems, some famous sentences, and great novels are all we can use.
Sample 1) Wizard of Oz
Oz means illusory and inconceivable wonderland. The translator chose 绿野仙踪
which is the name of a book written by Li Baichuan in Qing Dynasty. The full-length novel 《绿野仙踪》describes the life of the celestial beings and human morals in ancient China which is so proper and life-like to the movie.
Sample 2) Bathing beauty
出水芙蓉, the Chinese title of this movie is very famous and known to every household. If we translate it into 洗澡的美人, we will think it is ridiculous and hard to understand. 出水芙蓉conforms most to Chinese’s thinking habit and it possesses the special lasting culture appeal of the Chinese language. In the movie, several girls dance in the water to the powerful music. Suddenly the music turns soft and the girls disperse, a beautiful nova rises gradually from the water with glittering and translucent water drops on her. Instantly, the audience understand the whole meaning of 出水芙蓉.
Sample 3) Forrest Gump
This movie was not translated into 福里斯特-甘普but 阿甘正传instead. The
translator borrowed form the famous novel 《阿Q 正传》of Mr.LuXun. 阿Q is a freak in other’s eyes so Mr. Lu Xun created the word “正传” which derived from “闲话少说，言归
正传”. And also Gump is a strange man just like 阿Q. Therefore, Chinese audience will be reminded of 《阿Q 正传》when they see the translated title 阿甘正传and get the main idea of the story.
4.3.3 Creating a new title
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Language in English movie titles is creatively used and there are some titles that are
not suitable to be translated with the skills mentioned above. As a result, the translator sometimes has to create a new title or choose a best title which can detailedly describe the story and convey the most information to the audience. Besides, there are some cultural divergences that may cause the confusion and misunderstanding of the audience if we translated directly according to the original English titles themselves instead of the story of
the movies. So the translator should be aware of these differences and try to give a new title according to the story and his or her understanding of the western culture and history.
In some English titles, the heroes’ or the heroines’ names are very unfamiliar to
Chinese audience because sometimes the heroes or the heroines are ordinary people. Transliteration cannot tell the audience more than a name. However, if we create a new title mainly connected with the story, the audience will get it through.
Sample 1) Dorothy Dandridge (红颜血泪)
Transliteration gives audience the version 多萝茜-丹德里齐, but who is 多萝茜-丹
德里齐? How old is she? What does she do? The audience get nothing from this kind of translation. As a matter of fact, Dorothy Dandridge is the first black actress who gets the nominee of the Academic Awards. She lived in the 1920s when black women were badly treated and had no rights and social status. On her way to her success, she made so many efforts and endured all the unequal treatment. 红颜血泪exactly described her lifetime--A black beauty who fought against the discrimination and paid her tears and even blood to get
her success and gained people’s recognition.
Sample 2) Billy Elliot (舞出我天地)
A British boy named Billy Elliot becomes crazy about Ballet and wants to attend the
school to learn ballet. His father, a miner, cannot believe his son who wants to learn ballet which is thought to be a girl’s consideration. He denies Billy’s request and is very angry.
Billy’s teacher finds that Billy is so talented and he may be the best ballet dancer in the future. Though Billy cannot attend the school, he dances everyday in his bedroom, in the
yard of his house, even on the way back home. Gradually, his father realizes how deeply
Billy loves ballet and he sends Billy to the school. Years later, Billy becomes the most
famous dancer in the country and gets great success. The version 比利-艾略特just tells the
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audience nothing more than the name of the hero of the movie, however, the version舞出我天地shows the inner thoughts of the hero and the main outline of the story.
Sample 3) The Professional(这个杀手不太冷)
The title refers to the hero of the movie, Leon, a killer, very skillful and cool. One of
its version is 杀手莱昂. Appropriate to the identity of our hero as it is, it does not reveal another important side of Leon, which the version 这个杀手不太冷vividly carries---his tenderness and affection towards our heroine, a little orphan girl.
5 Mistranslation
Mistranslation of movie titles is mainly caused by the following factors:
5.1 Lacking a comprehensive understanding of the story
As for a movie title, it is best left untranslated until the translator goes to the movie
and fully understands the story. Only with a comprehensive understanding of the story, can he make a right and the best choice among many possible versions.
But in many cases, the translator, probably without going to the movie before
translating the title, has to come up with a version simply from the original English title and a synopsis of the movie.
Sample 1) Rain Man (雨人/手足情未了)
The widely-used version is 雨人, which makes no sense to the Chinese audience, for
in Chinese there is no such thing as 雨人. The movie is so named because one of our heroes in the movie, the older brother Raymond Babbitt, an autistic, always fails to pronounce his own name Raymond right, but makes a sound of Rain Man. His younger brother wants to abandon him but finally he realizes that they are brothers and they should love each other. The version 手足情未了is more suitable to the story.
Sample 2) Bad Company(坏蛋公司/最差搭档)
The translation 坏蛋公司sounds not bad, but it is completely irrelevant to the story.
It is about a man who has to “play” his twin brother, an agent having died in his unfinished mission. He makes a lot of troubles to his (his dead brother’s) partner but finally he finishes the mission and plays his twin brother perfectly. Another version 最差搭档or 临时特工
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may be better for the story. The word “company” in th e title means partner.
5.2 Misunderstanding of cultural information
Culture is the way of life and its manifestations are peculiar to a community that uses
a particular language as its means of expression. There is usually cultural information in movie titles. If the translator is not aware of it or misunderstands it, he is likely to mistranslate the title. Sometimes, English words with cultural background do not have a corresponding word in Chinese. E.g. “American dream” means the national spirit in US A and refers to the equal freedom and equal opportunities of everyone. However, we do not have a word in Chinese with the same meaning. When we translate the titles, we have to pay attention to these words and expressions.
Sample American Beauty(美国美人/美国丽人)
The mainland and the HK versions both have made a mistake in taking the literal meaning of Beauty. According to the American Heritage Dictionary, “American Beauty” is a type of rose bearing large, long-stemmed purplish-red flowers. And the rose is a profound image in the Oscar winner of the Best Picture in 2001, so the Taiwan version 美国心，玫瑰情seems more to the point.
5.3 Influence of commercial profits
As we mentioned above, movie itself is a sort of commodity and the movie titles are attractive to draw the audience’s attention and then film producers are able to make a lot of money. The translators are also inevitably influenced in this aspect. As a result, we always see a lot of exciting, passionate, mysterious or thrilling words in the titles though some of these titles actually reflect nothing of the original or the story. Here are some examples: Original Sin-------------激情叛侣(原罪)
Body Guard ------------终极保镖(保镖)
Charlie’s Angels
-------------霹雳娇娃(查理的天使)
All the President’s Men -------------惊天大阴谋(总统班底)
Platoon
-------------杀戮战场(野战排)
Extreme words that can arouse people strong emotion, such as 激情，终极，霹雳，
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惊天and 杀戮, are used in the translated titles. The reason why these words are used is just to make the titles sound exciting and attractive in order to hit a great box office.
Another situation of commercial profits is movie star effect. To some extent, a movie
star is a guarantee of the box office. So sometimes the translator will translate the titles to remind the audience of the star’s other wonderful movies paying no heed to the irrelevance. Julia Roberts, one of the most famous actresses, has a successful movie Runaway Bride (落跑新娘) and greatly impressed the audience. Another romantic comedy of hers My best friend’s wedding (我最好朋友的婚礼)has another version 新娘不是我. This title is quite OK and has an connection with Runaway Bride (落跑新娘). But it is not suitable to translate her Notting Hill (诺丁山)into 新娘百分百. The movie tells nothing about a bride but a story between a movie star and a bookstore owner. The version gives strained interpretation. Maybe the translator think that Julia’s movies always tell a bide story. However, some translators seem to be fond of this kind of trilogy. Enemy of the
state(全民公敌) brings Will Smith great success and also gives the translators great inspiration to translate Smith’s other movies. I Robot becomes 机械公敌and a romantic comedy Hitch is translated into 全民情敌which makes no sense at all.
6 Principles of English movie title translation
With the analysis of the characteristics and functions of English movie titles, the translation skills and causes of mistranslations, we can summarize the principles of English movie title translation in order to achieve an equivalent effect.
6.1 Faithfulness
The most desired effect gained in the title translation relies on the equivalence of language, culture information and function between the original title and the translated one. It requires the translator to put in time and energy on the conciseness of the script and try to display the connotation of the movie. That is faithfulness.
For example: Roman Holidays(罗马假日)、America’s Sweethearts(美国甜心)、Six
Days Seven Nights(六天七夜)、Scent of Women(女人香)、Love Story(爱情故事)、Water World( 水世界) 、Air Force One( 空军一号) 、Sense and Sensibility( 理智与情
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感),Gladiator(角斗士),God Father(教父) and so on.
Faithfulness has two meanings: faithful to the original title and faithful to the story.
Of course, it is perfect to be faithful to both. But if it cannot be achieved at once, faithful to the original title then has to give way to being faithful to the story. The informative function of the movie titles demands translators to give the audience more about what is going on in the movie.
6.2 Cultural awareness
Some English movie titles will inevitably contain something peculiar to its own
culture. As analyzed above, some mistranslations are caused by misunderstanding of cultural information in original titles. Therefore, the translator should be aware of such cultural information, fully understand it, and properly translate it to the understanding of the target audience
“For the real successful translation, the translator’s bicultural grounding is even
more important than his bilingualism grounding.”(Eugene A. Nida, 1993)
Sample Scarlet letter 红色禁恋
This movie is adapted from the famous novel and keeps the title. A widely-used translation of the novel is 红字. But for the movie, the audience may not understand it. They do not know what the scarlet letter means and what the story goes on. The translator should know about the literature work and make sure that the scarlet letter is A. The A originally refers to adultery, a forbidden love between a married woman and another man. But scholars explain the A means more: able, angel and admirable. So the translation 红色禁恋gives more exact information.
Besides the western culture, the translator has to know well about the Chinese culture.
We Chinese prefer to use some four-character expressions which are compendious and suitable for reading and reflect the traditional Chinese cultural appeal. So we should try to translate the English movie titles to some four-character Chinese titles. E.g.: The Age of Innocence(纯真年代), Moon Light(披星戴月), Shane(原野奇侠), The Great Gatsby(大亨小传), Old Wives for New(旧宠新欢), Love Me Tenderly(铁汉柔肠). These translations are terse and smooth and appeal to all.
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6.3 Combination of commercial and aesthetic effects
The movie titles translation should also try to achieve both commercial and aesthetic effects. The more attractive the title is, the more audience the movie may have and the more profits it will make. But on the other hand, the title should not go too far to the point of fanciness and vulgarity to draw audience’s attention; instead, it should offer an aesthetic feeling within the understanding of most ordinary people. A well-translated title should be a perfect combination of attractiveness and quaintness, and capable of achieving both commercial and aesthetic effects.
Sample 1) You’ve got a mail 网络奇缘
Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan become a couple of lovers again after the great Sleepless
in Seattle 缘分的天空/西雅图不眠夜. The translator did not translated it into 你有新邮件, or it will be a disaster. 网络奇缘is a free translation and gives the audience a image of a romantic love story between the sweet Meg Ryan and charming Tom Hanks. And 奇缘calls the audience’s attention to find out what happened on the two people.
6.4 Artistic quality
Translation can be considered as an art and the movie itself is an art. A good
translation must be a good artistic work.
Sample The Bridge of Madison County 廊桥遗梦
This translation is believed to be one of the best translated titles. Firstly, it is a
four-character expression which appeals to Chinese audience. Secondly, the characters in the title contain great meanings. “廊”embodies the art of landscaping and aesthetics of structure. “ 遗”infers time and space, yearning between lovers and introspection.
“梦”indicates the sincerely desire of the love and the romantic emotional appeal which is imbued with Platonic intention and affords for thought.
There are some other good versions with high artistic quality: Ghost(人鬼情未
了),The Legend of the Fall(燃情岁月), A River That Runs Through(大河恋).
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Conclusion
Movie pl ays an important role both in people’s daily lives and international economy.
As a commodity and an art, movie will still enjoy a great popularity among people. With the opening of the movie market, we will have more and more opportunities to see English movies. Movie title is the first thing that audience can get the main story through and it has four main characteristics: brief and concentrated, heroes’ or heroines’ names as titles, settings as titles and attractive and three functions: informative, vocative and aesthetic. Different types of movie titles determine different translation skills. After analyzing the characteristics, functions of movie titles and the causes of mistranslations, translators can employ transliteration, literal translation, free translation to give audience the best version. During the translation of English movie titles, in order to achieve an equivalent effect, the translator should always bear in mind principles of faithfulness, cultural awareness, combination of commercial and aesthetic effects, and artistic quality, using proper
translation skills to make appropriate versions to give the audience most exact information and help them enjoy the movies.
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Acknowledgements
I am grateful to the teachers for their patient help and warm encouragement.
I would like, first of all, to show my sincere gratitude to Mr Pan Qijun, my supervisor,
for his valuable guidance and generous support. Through the work, he gave me great encouragement, which gave me the confidence and strength to complete this dissertation successfully.
Also, I would like to take this opportunity to thank all my teachers who have taught
me in the past three years. It is because of their help and guidance that I can finish my university and my paper successfully.
淮阴工学院毕业论文
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References
[1] Eugene A. Nida. 1993. Language, Culture and Translating, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
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金惠康, 2004,《跨文化交际翻译续编》[ M], 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司
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昌平二次降压变电所电气工程初步设计 中文摘要 电力系统专业的毕业设计是一次比较综合的训练，它是我们将在校期间所学的专业知识进行理论与实践的很好结合，运用理论知识和所学到的专业技能进行工程设计和科学研究，提高分析问题和解决问题的能力。在完成此设计过程中，我们可以学习电力工程设计、技术问题研究的程序和方法，获得搜集资料、查阅文献、调查研究、方案比较、设计制图等多方面训练，并进一步补充新知识和技能。本毕业设计论文是10KV二次降压变电所电气部分初步设计。为了保证供电的可靠性和一次性满足远期负荷的要求，按照远期负荷规划进行设计建设，从而保证变电所能够长期可靠供电。 根据毕业设计任务书的要求，综合所学专业知识及《变电所设计》等书籍的有关内容，设计过程中完成了主变选择、电气主接线的拟定、短路计算、电气设备选择、配电装置的规划、继电保护和自动装置的规划和防雷保护的规划等主要工作。在此期间，遇到的种种问题均通过反复比较、验算，并请教老师得以解决。毕业设计论文由设计说明书、设计计算书、一套图纸（电气主接线图、总平面布置图、配电装置断面图、防雷保护图）组成。内容较为详细，对今后扩建有一定的参考价值。 近年来，电力在世界各国能源和经济发展中的作用日益增长，它已成为现代社会实用最广、需要最快的能源。变电所的合理设计与建设是一个极其重要的组成部分。本次设计是根据毕业设计任务书的要求，综合所学专业知识及《变电所设计》等书籍的有关内容，在指导老师的帮助下，通过本人的精心设计论证完成的。整个设计过程中，全面细致的考虑工程设计的可靠性、经济性、灵活性等诸多因素，最终完成本设计方案。通过完成此毕业设计论文，进一步领会我国电力工业建设的政策观念和经济观点，培养对工程技术、经济进行较全面的综合分析能力。 由于时间紧张和能力有限，此论文中难免会出现遗漏和错误，希望老师给予指点和更正。 关键词：电力系统变电所短路计算电气设备
如何写摘要及关键词 HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】
如何写摘要及关键词 论文摘要的作用 论文摘要是为读者检索论文服务的。是便于读者用最短时间掌握信息，了解研究工作或文章的主要内容和结果，从而决定是否需要详读全文。对于摘要的其总体要求是：读者即使不着全文而只看摘要，也可以获得文档的信息以决定是否有必要花时问阅读全文。所以从摘要中应该很容易看出该研究作了哪些具体工作，有哪些具体成果及与以往同类研究的不同之处。摘要其实是一个非常重要的部分，因为它要用最少的语句表达最重要的信息。 概括成一句话：摘要是文章的高度浓缩。 论文摘要的内容 内容摘要是毕业论文（设计）的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，具有独立性和自含性。包括：课题来源，主要设计，实验方法，本人主要完成的成果。它应是约含200个字符的中文摘要。 论文摘要一般要包括以下内容：研究目的（简短说明要解决什么问题，该部分可以省略），研究方法和过程(对象、条件、原理、步骤等)，研究结果和结论。重点应突出作者研究的创新内容和结果。 摘要中容易出现的问题 问题一：摘要只写一大堆的研究背景和意义，只交代做了什幺，而没有写出具体的内容有什么，具体规律是什幺，具体关系是什么，具体结果有哪些等等。研究背景和研究意义的介绍应该属于引言的内容，将过多的介绍内容放入摘要会使内容空洞，缺乏给出足够的有用的信息。 问题二：应避免对题目的重复和一般性内容的叙速（如背景、意义、重要性)。不写无用的话，如“本文所谈的有关研究工作是对过去老方法的一个极大的改进”，“本工作首次实现…·”，“经检索尚未发现与本文类似的文献”等词句不要写入内容摘要。 摘要的结构 以结构式摘要为例, 结构式摘要需明确写出目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。 1.目的(Objective)：简明指出此项工作的目的，研究的范围。 2.方法(Methods)：简要说明研究课题的基本做法,包括研究对象、材料和方法。 3.结果(Results)：简要列出主要结果(需注明单位)、数据、统计学意义等,并说明其价值和局限性。 4.结论(Conclusion)：简要说明从该项研究结果取得的正确观点、理论意义或实用价值、推广前景。 摘要实例分析 题目：声带振动功能模式识别 摘要：应用小波变换估计传导语音的谐波噪声比（方法），研究了不同发声方式、发音及声带病变对传导语音谐波噪声比的影响，并与口腔语音的谐波噪声比进行了对比研究（对象），发现发不同元音时，传导语音谐波噪声比的变化范围是5bB，口腔语音谐波噪声比的变化范围为20dB；不同发声方式的传导语音谐波噪声比的变化范围可达18dB，口腔语音的变化范围为12dB（结果）。结果表明传导语音谐波噪声比能够更好地反映声带振动模式，是一种研究声带振动功能和模式及喉部疾病诊断的有效方法（结论）。 从上述的内容摘要中，我们可以很清晰地得到以下的内容：
毕业论文摘要的书写要求 一．学位论文的基本要求 硕士学位论文，要求对所研究的课题有新见解或新成果，并在理论上或实践上对社会主义现代化建设或本门学科发展具有一定的意义，表明作者在本门学科上掌握坚实的基础理论和系统的专门知识，具有从事科学研究工作或独立担负专门技术工作的能力，学位论文应在导师指导下，由硕士研究生本人独立完成。 学位论文必须是一篇(或由一组论文组成的一篇)系统的完整的学术论文。 不符合上述要求的，不得授予学位。 二．学位论文各部分书写的一般格式 1．硕士学位论文，一般应包括下述几部分： (1)题目：应能概括整个论文最重要的内容，简明、恰当、引人注目。题目应力求简短，一般不宜超过20个字。 (2)摘要：论文第一页为内容提要，300—400字，应说明本论文的目的、研究方法、成果和结论。要突出本论文的创造性成果或新见解。语言力求精炼、准确。在本页的最下方另起一行，注明本文的关键词(3—5个)。 (3)英文提要：论文第二页为英文提要，上方应有题目，内容与中文提要同。最下方一行为关键词(3—5个)。硕士学位论文可不写英文提要。 (4)目录：既是论文的提纲，也是论文组成部分的小标题。 (5)引言(或序言)：内容为：本研究领域的国内外现状，本论文所要解决的问题，该研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等某方面的实用价值与理论意义。 (6)正文：是学位论文的主体。(学科专业不同、论文的选题不同，可以有不同的写作方式。) (7)结论：论文结论要求明确、精炼、完整、准确，认真阐述自已创造性成果或新见解在本领域的意义。(应严格区分本人的研究成果与导师或其他人的科研成果的界限。) (8)参考文献：按学位论文中所引用文献的顺序，列于文末。 文献是期刊时，书写格式为：． [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码。 文献是图书时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。
Abstract template for NSFC …… plays a crucial/key role in …... (背景) However, …… remains unclear (备选it is unclear that …… / …… is unclear) (科学问题) Our previous studies showed (备选indicated /proved /revealed /demonstrated) that ….... (前期基础) Therefore, we hypothesized that …… (备选Based on the findings, we hypothesized that ……) (假说) We will (备选plan to/intent to) study…… by …… method/technique and explore (备选investigate/examine/prove) the issue of …... (备选We will first, ……; second, ……; third, ……; finally, ……) (研究计划＆研究方法) Our study is of great significance on illustration (备选 elucidation/clarification) the mechanism of …… (备选Our study is of great significance on reveal/identity the regulation of ……). The study findings will help to understand (备选provide new ideas for )…... (研究意义)
玩具四驱车底座的成型工艺与模具设计 摘要：塑料工业是当今世界上增长最快的工业门类之一，而注塑模具是其中发展较快的种类，因此，研究注塑模具对了解塑料产品的生产过程和提高产品质量有很大意义。 本设计介绍了注射成型的基本原理，特别是单分型面注射模具的结构与工作原理，对注塑产品提出了基本的设计原则；详细介绍了冷流道注射模具浇注系统、温度调节系统和顶出系统的设计过程，并对模具强度要求做了说明； 通过本设计，可以对注塑模具有一个初步的认识，注意到设计中的某些细节问题，了解模具结构及工作原理；通过设计的学习，可以建立较简单零件的零件库，从而有效的提高工作效率。 关键词：塑料模具；参数化；镶件；分型面
The plastic injection Modle Design of Toys 4WD Abstract: plastic industry is in the world grows now one of quickest industry classes, but casts the mold is development quick type, therefore, the research casts the mold to understand the plastic product the production process and improves the product quality to have the very big significance. This design introduced the injection takes shape the basic principle, specially single is divided the profile to inject the mold the structure and the principle of work, to cast the product to propose the basic principle of design; Introduced in detail the cold flow channel injection evil spirit mold pours the system, the temperature control system and goes against the system the design process, and has given the explanation to the mold intensity request; Finally introduced now in the world the most popular three dimensional CAD/CAM system standard software PRO/ENGNEER's PROGRAM module, and led the wrap to the guide pillar to carry on the parametrization design. Through this design, may to cast the mold to have a preliminary understanding, notes in the design certain detail question, understands the mold structure and the principle of work; Through to the UGstudy, may establish the simple components the components storehouse, thus effective enhancement working efficiency. Key word: The plastic mold;the parametrization; inlays;divides the profile
图文摘要的要求及格式 本刊要求来稿提供英文图文摘要（除中英文摘要外），包括题名、作者姓名、图和简短的文字说明，以引导读者快速了解文章内容。插图应反映全文要点（如图式、反应式、线条图等），也可以没图。文字说明应以一两句话简洁点明主题，不必太详细，只叙述所做工作即可。 图文摘要示例： Thermal behavior and non-isothermal decomposition reaction kinetics of CL-20 with leads salts as catalyst XU Jin-Xiang Chinese Journal of Propellants and Explosives,2007, 30(5): 14-17. 050100150200250300350400 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 254.04 254.22 253.32 253.50 CL-20 CL-20/φ-Pb 10% CL-20/β-Pb 10% CL-20/PbCO3 10% H e a t F l o w / ( m W ) Temperature/℃ The thermal behavior and kinetic parameters of the exothermic decomposition reaction of Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane(CL-20), CL-20/ PbCO3, CL-20/φ-Pb and CL-20/β-Pb in a temperature-programmed mode have been investigated by means of DSC, TG-DTG.
本科生毕业论文 题目：主标题不得超过二十个字 如有副标题，不得超过三十个字 院系： 专业： 学生姓名： 学号： 指导教师： （职称） 二〇〇年月
摘要 中文摘要不少于三百字。 在摘要中简单地描述你所解决问题的背景，然后主要突出你自己的工作，最后介绍你的成果是否投入使用或试用，以及应用前景如何等。关键是让人能从摘要中看出你在论文阶段完成的主要工作。 摘要应具有独立性和自含性，即不阅读报告、论文的全文，就能获得必要的信息，摘要中有数据、有结论，是一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用，可以引用，可以用于推广。摘要的内容应包含与报告、论文同等量的主要信息，供读者确定有无必要阅读全文，也可供文摘等二次采用，摘要一般应说明研究工作的目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论等，而重点是结论和结果。 除非确实需要，否则在摘要中一般不要用图表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。 关键词：关键词1；关键词2；…… 关键词一般为论文中出现的重要的、描述主题的词； 中英文关键词不少于三个，不多于七个。
Abstract 英文摘要不少于五百单词，严格使用英文标点符号。中英文摘要意思要基本相同。在撰写完英文摘要后，最好执行一次拼写检查，以确保没有英文拼写错误。 Keywords: Keywords 1; Keywords 2; ... ... 中英文关键词要严格对译。
目录 （目录放在正文之前，中英文摘要之后。中英文摘要与目录本身可以没有页码，或者采用罗马字母I, II, III等编页码。目录至少要有二级目录，即包含正文的章和节及其页码，最好有三级目录，即包含正文的章、节和小节及其页码。目录还要包含参考文献及其页码。中英文摘要及目录本身及其页码可不出现在目录中。 请使用由Word等排版软件自动生成目录，不要自己手工做目录。） 第一章前言 (1) 第二章×××××× (2) 2.1 ××× (2) 2.2 ××××××× (3) 2.3 ××××× (3) 第三章×××××× (4) 3.1 ××××××× (4) 3.1.1×××××× (4) 3.1.2×××××××× (4) 3.2 ×××××××××× (4) 3.2.1×××××× (4) 3.2.2×××××× (4) 3.3 ××××××× (4) 3.3.1×××××× (4) 3.3.2××××× (5) 第四章×××××× (6) 4.1 ×××××× (6) 4.2 ××××× (6) 4.2.1×××× (6) 4.2.2××××× (6) 4.3 ×××× (6) 4.3.1×××× (6) 4.3.2×××××× (6) 4.4 ×××××× (6) 4.4.1××× (6) 4.4.2××× (7) 4.4.3×××× (7) 4.5 ×××××× (7)
毕业论文“英、中文摘要、关键词”样式abstract this paper begins with a brief introduction to chomsky’s methodology of idealization in linguistic research. although the idealization in physical research from which chomsky’s idealization deprives can still keep natural laws’ validity, the author points out chomsky’s idealization is not accessible. the key point lies in the exclusion of social factors in his research. then the author demonstrates the reason why chomsky’s exclusion of social factors is not accessible from two aspects: (1) language is a concrete system of signs. (2)language is a social institution. only in the context of society are these features significant and integrate, can language bear its form and forward its development and keep up the interaction with the society. therefore instead of “being idealized” out of linguistic research, social factors should be regarded as the base of the research. otherwise the object of the research will be totally changed and the research itself will be misguided. as for what factors can be temporarily idealized without changing language’s fundamental features? this is a question worth our further study in the future. 摘要：本文从chomsky在语言学研究过程中所采用的理想化模式入手，认为chomsky为了使研究变得简单，便将与语言关系紧密的社会因素摒除在研究范围之外，这是一种不可取的理想模式。接下来本文从两个主要方面阐述了理想化模式不可取的原因：一是语言作为一种符号系统，只有在社会的环境下才能具有完整的意义。二是语言作为一种社会结构，无论是它的产生还是发展过程，都在不断地和社会发生着相互作用。故而只要是研究语言学，我们就不能将社会因素“理想化”。至于什么因素可以暂时不予考虑，这仍有待进一步的研究。 1 / 1
摘要 本设计主要包括建筑设计和结构设计两部分。建筑设计包括平面设计、立面设计、剖面设计。结构设计主要包括：结构选型，梁、柱、墙等构件尺寸的确定，重力荷载计算、横向水平作用下框架结构的内力和侧移计算、水平地震作用下横向框架内力分析、竖向荷载作用下横向框架的内力分析、内力组合、截面设计、基础设计和电算。 本设计依据现行国家规范和相关参考设计资料完成，根据经济、安全、适用、美观、私密性的原则，并且考虑了与周围环境的和谐和统一，进行设计。结构计算中，采用D值法，计算水平地震作用和风荷载作用下框架的顶点位移和内力；采用分层法计算竖向荷载作用下的框架内力，并考虑地震、风的影响进行内力组合。在此基础上，进行框架梁、柱的配筋设计计算。同时，还对楼板和楼梯进行了设计。 关键词: 框架、建筑设计、结构设计
Abstract The design mainly includes two parts: building design and structural design. Builing design: plane design, facade design, profile planning; Structural design: structural electrotype, the definition of beam, column, wall and so on, gravity loading count lateral flow count, longitudinal earthquake effect count, the frame construction of internal force by the force of lateral level action, the internal for ce analyses of transverse direction′s frame by level earthquake effect, the internal force analyses of transverse direction′s frame by the vertical load effect, internal force combination, section design, foundation design, PKPM count. T he design completed bases on current national regulation and correlation reference design material, considering economy, security, practicality, esthetic appearance and privacy. In the structural computation, D method is adopted to calculate horizontal earthquake effect and wind effect, layer calculation procedure to calculate frame’s inner forces. The calculations of internal force include permanent and live load, and the combination of innerl force is calculated too,taking earthquake, wind effect into consideration.And reinforce for the frame girders and columns. Furthermore,the stair and floor slabs are designed. Keyword: design,frames, builing design, structural design
××××××××××××××××××××××× （中文题目，三号黑体加粗，居中，单倍行距，段前1行、段后1行） 摘要：（四号黑体）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××……（小四号宋体，行距24磅）××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××……（小四号宋体，行距24磅）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××……（小四号宋体，行距24磅） 关键词：（四号黑体）×××；×××；……（小四号宋体，行距24磅） 页面设置说明： 纸张A4，21厘米×29.7厘米； 页边距：上3.3厘米，下2.54厘米，左3.17厘米，右3.17厘米； 页眉距边界：2厘米；页脚距边界：1.75厘米； 页眉文字“盐城工学院学士学位论文（毕业设计说明书） 2006”宋体、小五号、居中。
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX （英文题目Times New Roman字体，三号加粗居中，单倍行距，段前1行、段后1行）Abstract：(Times New Roman字体，四号加粗) XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX……（Times New Roman字体，小四号，行距24磅）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX……（Times New Roman字体，小四号，行距24磅）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX……（Times New Roman字体，小四号，行距24磅） Key words：(Times New Roman字体，四号加粗)：XXX；XXX；…… （Times New Roman字体，小四号，行距24磅） 页面设置说明： 纸张A4，21厘米×29.7厘米； 页边距：上3.3厘米，下2.54厘米，左3.17厘米，右3.17厘米； 页眉距边界：2厘米；页脚距边界：1.75厘米； 页眉文字“盐城工学院学士学位论文（毕业设计说明书） 2006”宋体、小五号、居中。
中文摘要基本要求各位读友大家好！你有你的木棉，我有我的文章，为了你的木棉，应读我的文章！若为比翼双飞鸟，定是人间有情人！若读此篇优秀文，必成天上比翼鸟！ 篇一：论文摘要格式要求安徽工程大学机电学院优秀毕业设计（论文）摘要样式（标题上方空一行）题目（加粗小2号黑体，居中）（空1行）专业班级空两格学生姓名（5号仿宋体）（居中）指导教师: 教师姓名（5号仿宋体）（居中）摘要（5号黑体加粗）:…（5号宋体）关键词（5号黑体加粗）: …；…（5号宋体）（空1行）Abstract（5号Times New Roman，加粗）:…（5号）Keywords（5号Times New Roman，加粗）:…；…（5号）（空2行）（空1行）0 引言（加粗4号黑体）……（正文用5号宋体）1 一级标题（加粗4号黑体）……（正文用5号宋体） 1.1 二级标题（小4号黑体）……（正文用5号宋体）1．1．1
三级标题（５号黑体）……（正文用5号宋体）参考文献（5号黑体，居中）（空1行）1 作者．书刊名．出版地：出版社名称，出版年月．（5号宋体）注：1、所有行间距取1.2倍行距，左边距：3cm，上、下、右边距均为2.8cm。2、页面数量控制在4~5个版面。3、取消所有的自动套用格式，插图、插表的编排等参照毕业设计（论文）规范。4、摘要应在原摘要的基础上按科技论文的格式进行精简、整理。5、参考文献应挑选在文章中有引用的，并在文章相应内容上标注出处。篇二：论文摘要的写作要求摘要的写作要求科技论文，除短文外均需要撰写文前摘要。论文的摘要按国标DB6447-86? 要求应是“ 以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文” 。它属于二次文献，一般由论文作者撰写。现在, 向国内外期刊或会议投稿，均需要作者提供摘要。因此，作者要充分认识到摘要的重要性，并认真
毕业设计（论文） 新民本主义： 传统民本思想与现代民主理念的契合（字体:黑体小一） 专业年级 学生学号 学生姓名 指导老师 评阅人 二○○年月 中国·南京
摘要 （“摘要”两字的字体为黑体三号,居中。） 正文字体均为：宋体小四号，行距为倍 （不低于400字） 关键词：民本；民主；新民本主义 （“关键词”三字字体为黑体，内容(3-5)个，宋体小四号。各关键词之间用；）注意：摘要和关键词只能单独一页.
Abstract （“Abstract”一词用Times New Roman字体三号,加黑,居中。） Thought of people as the center is the marrow of our traditional culture and the core of the theory of managing state affairs. It germinates in the early state of antiquity society and is based on patriarchal clan system. It is also a kind of value seeking for the realization of the ethic reason and moral justice. Its basic thinking is that the monarch is defined by people and conversely people are defined by the monarch. At first appearance, its purpose is to value people’s suffering,fate and interest on the ruler’s position. However, its real intention is to fool the people so as to strengthen and consolidate the ruler’s rule. The theory of “people-oriented concept” includes nine topics such as “the theory of people is being the root of the monarch’s rule”, “the theory of people is being more valuable than the monarch”, “the theory of the monarch is being people’s servant”and so on. People –oriented means “value the people ”in essence, which sees “people”as its foundation of politics rule, ranking official, and administration. （正文字体为：Times New Roman字体，小四号，且行距为单倍或倍。） Key words：people- oriented concept；democracy；new people-basisism （“K ey words”一词用Times New Roman字体小四号,加黑。） 注意：英文摘要和关键词只能单独一页.
科技论文的摘要是一篇独立于全文、不加评论和补充解释，简明确切地记述文献重要内容梗概的短文。不管是中文还是英文摘要，均不能只指出做了什么、分析了什么……，关键是要写出研究的结果（不仅仅得出结论）。为此，应当明确以下几个方面。 撰写摘要的目的 （1）为读者检索论文服务。读者虽然看不到全文，但从摘要中就可以了解研究的水平，看出研究的方法、具体结果以及与以往同类研究的不同（创新之处）；让读者很容易看出您的研究结果与他人研究结果的区别，以决定是否有必要花时间寻找全文，从而增加论文被引用率，扩大论文影响力。（2）增加国内外数据库和文摘杂志的检索比例。国内外一些大的有影响力的数据库检索论文的首要条件是看其研究水平。在看不见全文的情况下，研究水平只能通过摘要来体现。从一些被国际上三大检索机构检索的论文情况来看，只是交代做了什么，而没有具体写出做的结果、具体规律、具体关系等的文章被漏检的很多。 撰写摘要的一般要求 摘要应包括研究目的、研究方法和手段、研究结果、结果分析和结论等几个主要部分。重点应突出作者研究的创新性结果，主要结果和结论应交待清楚，不能含混不清，似是而非；应避免对标题的重复和一般性内容的叙述，最大限度地增加摘要的信息量；应注意语言的表达，避免难以理解的长句，用词应通俗易懂、简洁准确。 (1)目的——研究、研制、调查等的前提、目的和任务，所涉及的主题范围； (2)方法——所用的原理、理论、条件、对象、材料、工艺、结构、手段、装备、程序等； (3)结果——实验的、研究的结果、数据，被确定的关系，观察结果，得到的效果、性能等； (4)结论——结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用，提出的问题等。 撰写摘要需要特别注意的几个方面 （1）写成报道性摘要，不能写成指示性摘要（做了、分析了、提出了）。一般不用第一人称或“本文”、“作者”等做主语，而采用第三人称进行客观陈述，除非是自己首创、需特别强调的例外。 （2）一般不用引文（除非论文证实或否定了他人已出版的著作）和划分段落；不对论文内容作解释和评论，尤其不应作自我评价。 （3）应当重点写出研究的结果，特别是本研究的新发现、新规律、新关系。 （4）方法、模型类论文，应当交代清楚构建的原理、步骤，建立方法、模型的特别之处、特别的优势和具体特点，不能泛泛地说“很好、很快”等。 （5）英文摘要更应当写出体现自己研究水平的结果（创新性的）。英文表述要规范、符合英语语法习惯，原则上用被动语态客观描述，不要出现“In this paper”，“this paper”，“We”或”Author”等字样。避免键盘不能直接录入的符号，否则文摘员不会摘录。 （6）中文篇名、摘要和关键词中，不应使用英文单词或缩写词，如果在摘要中要使用，应当在首次出现时给出中文解析。在英文篇名和摘要中只有本学科熟悉的缩写词，在首次出现时应给出全称。 （7）摘要和文章的引言、结论不能相混淆，但结论中的主要结果应当在摘要中体现！ （8）中文摘要以200～300字为宜，英文摘要不宜超过250个实词。
一、摘要的写法 论文一般应有摘要，有些为了国际交流，还有外文（多用英文）摘要。它是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。其他用是不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。 摘要应包含以下内容： ①从事这一研究的目的和重要性； ②研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作； ③获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解； ④结论或结果的意义。 论文摘要虽然要反映以上内容，但文字必须十分简炼，内容亦需充分概括，篇幅大小一般限制其字数不超过论文字数的5%。例如，对于6000字的一篇论文，其摘要一般不超出300字。 论文摘要不要列举例证，不讲研究过程，不用图表，不给化学结构式，也不要作自我评价。撰写论文摘要的常见毛病，一是照搬论文正文中的小标题（目录）或论文结论部分的文字；二是内容不浓缩、不概括，文字篇幅过长。 二、关键词的写法（Key words） 关键词属于主题词中的一类。主题词除关键词外，还包含有单元词、标题词的叙词。 主题词是用来描述文献资料主题和给出检索文献资料的一种新型的情报检索语言词汇，正是由于它的出现和发展，才使得情报检索计算机化（计算机检索）成为可能。主题词是指以概念的特性关系来区分事物，用自然语言来表达，并且具有组配功能，用以准确显示词与词之间的语义概念关系的动态性的词或词组。 关键词是标示文献关建主题内容，但未经规范处理的主题词。关键词是为了文献标引工作，从论文中选取出来，用以表示全文主要内容信息款目的单词或术语。一篇论文可选取3~8个词作为关键词。 关键词或主题词的一般选择方法是： 由作者在完成论文写作后，纵观全文，选出能表示论文主要内容的信息或词汇，这些信息或词江，可以从论文标题中去找和选，也可以从论文内容中去找和选。例如上例，关键词选用了6个，其中前三个就是从论文标题中选出的，而后三个却是从论文内容中选取出来的。后三个关键词的选取，补充了论文标题所未能表示出的主要内容信息，也提高了所涉及的概念深度。需要选出，与从标题中选出的关键词一道，组成该论文的关键词组。 关键词与主题词的运用，主要是为了适应计算机检索的需要，以及适应国际计算机联机检索的需要。一个刊物增加“关键词”这一项，就为该刊物提高“引用率”、增加“知名度”开辟了一个新的途径。
怎样写论文(题目、摘要、关键词、参考文献) 1.论文题目 论文题目是论文的重要组成部分，是论文重要的信息点。论文题目出现问题，往往对论文乃至整个刊物的质量带来不小影响。 题目是研究论文最重要的信息点，它最能吸引读者，并能给读者最简明的主题提示。读者在决定一篇论文是否要读的时候，往往都是先看题名。 1.1 题目的作用： (1)从总体角度，用简明、精确的词语反映论文的主要内容和强调的观点， (2)引导读者去发现并准确地把握论文的要领； (3)可以作为编制题录、索引和检索的主要依据。 一篇论文题目的精妙，常常可起到画龙点睛的作用；相反，题目如果很差，往往会损失整篇论文的信息价值。 1.2论文题目的撰写要求 (1)用最简洁、恰当的词组反映论文的特定内容，既不能把论文未涉及的内容或未得出的结论包容进去，也不能把论文已涉及的内容或已得出的结论摒弃在题名的包容范围之外。 (2)题名中应包括论文的主要关键词，以便为检索提供特定的实用信息。 (3)切忌用冗长的主、谓、宾结构的完整语句，逐点描述论文的内容。 (4) 题名应简洁，论文题名用字一般不宜超过20个汉字，使用简短题名而语意未尽时，可借助于副题名以补充论文的下层次内容。 (5) 题名应尽量避免使用符号，如数学、化学符号、不被同行所熟悉简称、缩写、商品名称等。 2.摘要 摘要是对“论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述”。其作用主要是为读者阅读、信息人员及计算机检索提供方便。一般不超过200字、 2.1摘要的要素主要包括以下4个方面的内容： ? ①研究目的。准确描述该研究的目的，说明提出问题的缘由，表明研究的范围和重要性。 ? ②研究方法。简要说明研究课题的基本设计，使用了什么材料和方法，所用的仪器及设备，如何分组对照，研究范围和精确程度，数据是如何取得的，经何种统计学方法处理。? ③结果。简要列出该研究的主要结果，有什么新发现，说明其价值和局限。叙述要具体、准确并给出结果的置信值及统计学显著性检验的确切值。 ? ④结论。简要地说明经验，论证取得的正确观点及理论价值或应用价值，是否还有与此有关的其它问题有待进一步研究，是否可推广应用等。 2.2摘要的撰写要求 （1）摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并拥有一次文献同等量的主要信息，即不阅读文献的全文，就能获得必要的信息。因此，摘要是一种可以被引用的完整短文。 （2）用第三人称。作为一种可阅读和检索的独立使用的文体，摘要只能用第三人称而不用其他人称来写。有的摘要出现了“我们”、“作者”、“本文”作为摘要陈述的主语，一般讲，这会减弱摘要表述的客观性，有时也会出现逻辑上讲不通。 （3）排除在本学科领域方面已成为常识的或科普知识的内容。 （4）不得简单地重复论文篇名中已经表述过的信息。
Chinese： Computer Simulation Algorithm of Plate Heat Exchanger Abstract: Many kinds of simulation algorithm is used in computer simulation of plate heat exchanger．It is found through the study that these traditional numerical iterative algorithm has some defects which can not be avoided．In order to overcome these defects，the genetic algorithm is studied to achieve a better algorithm．Through simulation，in line with the actual situation，it is proved that the genetic algorithm is efficient，reliable simulation algorithm in heat exchanger simulation．And by the analysis of the simulation results，the operation characteristic curve is drawn which can provide technical basis for the design of heat exchanger optimization and dynamic analysis． English： Combined experimental and simulation (CFD) analysis on thermal performance of plate heat exchanger using kerosene as working fluid Abstract: The plate heat exchanger exhibits excellent heat transfer characteristic, which allows a very compact design with ease of maintenance and modification of heat transfer area by adding (or) removing plates. Constructional parameters such as flow path, trough angle and corrugation can affect the performance of plate heatexchangers by altering effectiveness and number of transfer unit (NTU). Especially plate heat exchangers play a vital role in petroleum industries for wide range of temperature application. Hence, it was proposed to choose kerosene as cold fluid and hot water as hot fluid in this present investigation. A vertical type ofplate heat exchanger, in which flow pattern is maintained as co-current, has been used to conduct the experimental runs. The numbers of plates in the plate heatexchanger used in the present study are 10. The number of flow channels (space maintained between two consecutive channels) allocated for both fluids are 9. Experimental runs have been conducted for different combinations of hot fluid flow rates and cold fluid flow rates for single phase flow, in which hot water is considered as hot streams and kerosene as cold fluid. The thermal performance of plate heat exchanger has been analyzed based on calculated parameters using experimental data set. A similar corrugated plate heat exchanger model having the same dimensions as that of the experimental one was developed with aid of CFD tool. The model was simulated at different operating conditions and compared with experimental results. The simulated results are in good agreement with experimental data. The percentage deviation between experimental results and simulation results for over all heat transfer coefficient is less than ±6%. Copyright ? 2009 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. Analysis: In the cultural preference perspective, self-belittlement descriptions and the collocation “we should” are not adopted in English journals but are used in Chinese journals; adjectives and adverbs are much preferred in Chinese journals; and abstracts in English journals are generally longer than those in Chinese journals. Syntactically speaking, simple sentences are not so often used in English journals as in Chinese journals, and errors in coordinating conjunctions are found in Chinese journals only. Semantically, general words regarded as superordinate are more likely to