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本科毕业论文（设计）
外文翻译
外文题目 On the principle of prudence in application
of the accounting practice 外文出处https://www.doczj.com/doc/8814205807.html,/?i161567#
外文作者 zhangcuihong
原文：
On the principle of prudence in application of the accounting
practice
Abstract: The principle of prudence has been an earlier recognition of national accounting profession. We should fully understand the principle of prudent application of the fundamental purpose, strengths and weaknesses, based on a better application of prudence in accounting principles, with particular attention to the principle of prudent application of appropriate, so as to avoid weaknesses, to play its full role. In this paper, the accounting practice in the application to do some analysis.
Keywords: moderate application of accounting principle of prudence
1. Introduction
With the current international and domestic Economic situation changes, enterprises are faced with the objective environment and the risk of uncertainty rises, the market is the volatility of demand accounting staff had to use an accounting method to determine the estimated proceeds of a particular accounting period. In order to reduce the arbitrariness of accounting estimates and reduce the risk of financial accounting reports and attach importance to the principle of prudent use of inevitable. Now how to understand and apply the principle of prudence becomes the focus of everyone's attention, here I can talk about some views on this issue.
A principle of prudence in the enterprise in the main application of accounting
The principle of prudence in the application of foreign countries, there are two scenarios: First, the limited applications, such as the United States applied the principle of prudent approach for the widespread adoption of largely lower of cost or market method, careful estimate or there is a loss, no secret preparations. 2 is more widely used, such as Germany, Japan, etc., allowing provision for various forms of preparation. China's Accounting Standards and accounting systems require that accounting should follow the principle of prudence, reasonable accounting of the losses and expenses that may occur, but no provision for a secret preparations. Visible, prudent accounting principles applied in our country is a limited situation.
The principle of prudent use in China was phased development. Along with the deepening of economic reform and market-oriented improvement of business environment in which the objective economic uncertainty growing, accounting Information users pay more attention to the risks and uncertainties related to the information revealed. The principle of prudence at this stage in China's use of corporate accounting can be summarized in the following aspects: ①From the perspective of assets. Prudence principle requires the full estimated costs of possible losses and to avoid the virtual total asset value. ②From the debt perspective. Prudence principle requires recognition and measurement of liabilities of enterprises should be identified to avoid the delay and less debt accrued liabilities. ③ From the revenue perspective. Prudence principle requires that companies are not expected to return that may occur, namely in identifying and measuring the yield, whichever is later than whichever is earlier, whichever is less rather than whichever is more. ④From a Financial Analysis point of view, the principle of prudence in the financial analysis mainly on short-term solvency, business assets, a preliminary analysis of operational efficiency, to analyzing the prudence principle in China's current financial accounting in their use.
2 The principle of prudence in the use of accounting in the enterprise the two sides of
The principle of prudence reflected in the use of the whole process of accounting,
including accounting recognition, measurement, reporting and other aspects. However, in all accounting principles, the principle of prudence is the most controversial.
2.1 The principle of prudent use of the advantages of business prudence principle, by appropriate provision for impairment of assets, reasonable costs are recognized and prudent recognition of income, assets, squeezed in the "water", consolidate the foundation for profits to enable enterprises to provide accounting information more robust. The benefits of the implementation of the principle of prudence is mainly reflected in: ①assess the operating performance of real operators to evaluate the fulfillment of its fiduciary duties, there is help protect the interests of investors and creditors; ② production and operations at risk and uncertainties, the implementation of sound Accounting help enterprises to increase the ability to withstand business risk, improve enterprise competitiveness in the market; ③the principle of prudent enterprise risk adequately estimate the decision-making can reduce the risk, and therefore the principle of prudent moderation is conducive to ensuring quality of accounting information to enhance the reliability of accounting information and relevant.
2.2 The lack of prudence principle
2.2.1 Recognition and measurement difficult. As China's current asset information, the price the market mechanism is not sound, coupled with the debt have been invested enterprise businesses and financial condition and continued operating conditions is difficult to identify. The actual operation is highly subjective, subject to accounting personnel professional quality, professional ability to judge the impact of accounting information is difficult to verify.
2.2.2 accrual being abused, because the specific percentage of impairment of assets by the enterprises make their own determination, while the two-year loss from continuing operations of listed companies will be ST treatment, three consecutive years losses it would stop listing, listed companies may be less impairment mentioned inflated profits, and some shareholders of listed companies in order to avoid debt, make more impairment. At the same time may have pre-caution late careful, careful post-or pre-caution paradoxical situation. Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free
download.
2.2.3 The existing tax charged to the cost of pre-tax differs from the accounting system, when the provision for impairment, the need to pay up income tax, increase the enterprise's cash flow, limiting application of the principle of robustness. And the prudence principle and matching principle, historical cost principle, the authenticity of the principle of accrual principles, comparability principle, the principle of consistency there is conflicting aspects.
2.2.4 Some of the assets at historical cost pricing, and some assets marked to market valuation, the lack of consistency, when the market price higher than the cost of the balance sheet does not reflect the true value of the assets may distort the company's annual earnings in the short term delaying the state's tax, but also affect the quality of accounting information, managers can not make optimal decisions. And in the practical application of different enterprises are not balanced, only provision for impairment of listed companies, while the national economy, accounting for the dominant position of the non-listed state-owned enterprises are not clearly defined.
The principle of prudence have been repeatedly criticized, primarily because also in its operation in practice of the subjective and arbitrary, and is now evolved to become part of the profits of listed companies and even manipulation of earnings management tool.
3 the implementation of the principle of prudence should pay attention to the problem
3.1 Accounting Standards to constantly improve, so that the relevant accounting standards and systems should be operational. First of all, the principle of prudence in the application process on how to grasp the "degree" is the key. Establish and improve accounting standards corresponding to the terms as far as possible to ensure its feasibility, such as the proportion of different methods of measurement set up under an upper and lower limits, the recovery of accounts receivable application of LIFO method, can guide the corporate accounting practices, but also Enterprise Application improper means to avoid whitewash report, so that the information provided by each company was comparable. Secondly, in order to solve the enterprises to implement
the principle of prudence to worry about, in the state finance within the carrying capacity, appropriate tax policy and accounting policies to narrow differences. If all enterprises in accounting policy within the framework of the accrual method of preparation of their own choice and ratio of reported to tax authorities for the record, after the audit by certified public accountants should be allowed in the tax charged to. Again, gradually expand the scope of application of prudence, prudence principle in the listed company after the implementation of the pilot should extend the scope of its application to non-listed companies to promote different types of enterprises in the same market, fair competition, so that investors and creditors business analysis has strong comparability of accounting information in order to make a real and effective decision-making information. Finally, the notes to financial statements should be more detailed disclosure of the application of the principle of prudence, standardize financial data and non-financial data disclosure, to increase corporate transparency in the use of prudence.
3.2 The accounting staff to improve the overall quality of professional ethics and to improve accounting personnel professional judgment. Prudence principle is based on the existence of uncertainty, a variety of possible issues should make a reasonable accounting, which must be a degree, excessive caution or lack of caution will cause the financial condition and operating results are not accurate and revealing, and thus the enterprise users of accounting information in decision-making and so misled. And therefore need to find a prudent application of the principle of balance, so that the principle of prudence to maximize the benefits will be bound by its shortcomings in the minimum. However, in practice the principle of prudence in the implementation and application of the accounting staff to rely on professional judgments, therefore asked the accounting staff need to improve the professional ability to judge, accurately grasp the essence of the principle of prudence in the matter of uncertainty estimates and judgments, seeks to objectivity, impartiality and avoid subjective and arbitrary, to ensure that the principle of prudent use of a moderate. Therefore, to continuously improve the capacity of accountant's professional judgment order for the accounting principle of prudence lay the foundation for appropriate use.
3.3 Enterprise external environment needs further improvement. Should further improve the information, and prices the market mechanism, the use of modern information network Technology regularly publish a variety of asset prices and information for a variety of impairment provision for the operability of removing obstacles to fairness and objectivity. In addition, should give full play to the role of an independent audit of the external oversight to prevent abuse and distortion of the principle of prudence, to avoid artificially increasing conflict with other accounting principles.
3.4 The assessment of listed companies to improve evaluation of indicators for assessing operating profit as a company's profitability and operating results of the key indicators. Improve asset impairment evaluation indicators and corporate link between the reduced provision for impairment of assets of listed companies to prepare to use the motivation to manipulate earnings. Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download
3.5 deal with the principle of prudent use of full disclosure. The purpose of the use of the principle of prudence is to fully assess the risks and losses, to avoid the inflated profits, virtual total assets, to ensure the usefulness of accounting information in decision-making. Therefore, any and caution about the use of the principle will affect the users of accounting information on the current and future information on rational judgments, should be in the financial report for full disclosure in order to clear the fact that users of information, independent judgments.
3.6 on the enterprise's internal management purposes and should not place undue reliance on the principle of prudent use of the neglect of the potential for the management of important and difficult, because the application of the principle of prudence in accounting in the prevention and management of risk to be a part of it is relative to the the occurrence of the economy in terms of business with ex post.
Prudence principle is one of the basic principles of accounting, it acts of a specific accounting guidance plays a very important position. Therefore, we must be careful in accounting practices implement the requirements of the principle of prudence, in good faith to achieve the best use of live.
From：zhangcuihong.On the principle of prudence in application of the accounting practice[EB/OL].https://www.doczj.com/doc/8814205807.html,/?i161567#,2009-11-20.
译文：
谨慎性原则在会计实务中的应用
摘要：谨慎性原则较早的得到了各国会计界的认可。我们应在充分了解谨慎性原则应用的根本目的、优点和缺点的基础上，更好地在会计工作中应用谨慎性原则，尤其注意谨慎性原则应用的适度性，以扬长避短，发挥其最大作用。本文就其在会计实务中的应用做了一些分析。
关键词：适度应用会计谨慎性原则
1.引言
随着目前国际、国内经济形势的变化，企业面临的客观环境和风险的不确定性越来越多，市场的多变性要求会计人员不得不采用会计估计的方法确定特定会计期间的收益。为了减少会计估计的随意性，降低财务会计报告的风险，重视谨慎性原则的运用成为必然。现在如何理解和应用谨慎性原则成为大家关注的焦点，下面就此问题本人谈些看法。
1．谨慎性原则在企业会计中的主要应用
谨慎性原则在国外的应用有两种情形：一是有限应用，如美国应用谨慎性原则的方法大致为广泛采用成本与市价孰低法、谨慎估计或有损失、不设秘密准备。二是较广泛应用，如德国、日本等，允许计提各种形式的准备。我国企业会计准则及会计制度都要求会计核算应当遵循谨慎性原则，合理核算可能发生的损失和费用，但不得计提秘密准备。可见，谨慎会计原则在我国属于有限应用情形。谨慎性原则在我国的运用呈阶段性发展。随着经济体制改革的深入和市场化程度的提高，企业所处的客观经济环境的不确定性越来越高，会计信息使用者更加重视与不确定性相关的风险信息的揭示。现阶段谨慎性原则在我国企业会计中的运用可以归纳如下方面：①从资产方面来看。谨慎性原则要求充分预计可能的损失和费用，避免虚计资产价值。②从负债方面来看。谨慎性原则要求企业在确认与计量负债时，应避免延缓确认负债和少计负债。③从收益方面来看。谨慎性原则要求企业不预计可能发生的收益，即在确认和计量收益时，取其迟而不取其早，取其少而不取其多。④从财务分析方面来看。谨慎性原则在财务分析中的应用主要是就短期偿债能力、企业资产运营效率等进行初步分析，旨在分析谨慎性原则在中国目前财务会计中的运用情况。
2．谨慎性原则在企业会计中运用的两面性
谨慎性原则运用体现于会计核算的全过程，包括会计确认、计量、报告等各个方面。但是，在所有会计原则中，谨慎性原则是最具有争议性的。
2.1 谨慎性原则的优点企业运用谨慎性原则，通过适度计提资产减值准备、合理确认费用、谨慎确认收入，挤干资产中的“水分”，夯实利润确定基础，使企业所提供的会计信息更加稳健。实施谨慎性原则的好处主要体现在：①考核经营者真实的经营业绩，评价其受托责任的履行情况，有利于保护投资者和债权人的利益；②企业生产经营面临风险和不确定因素，实行稳健会计有利于企业增强抵御经营风险能力，提高企业在市场上的竞争力；③谨慎性原则对企业面临的风险进行充分估计、可以减少决策风险，因而适度谨慎性原则有利于保证会计信息质量，增强会计信息的可靠性和相关性。
2.2 谨慎性原则的不足
2.2.1 确认与计量难度较大。由于我国目前资产信息、价格市场机制尚不健全，加之债务企业和被投资企业财务状况及持续经营状况很难认定。实际操作主观性很强，受会计人员业务素质、职业判断能力影响，会计信息很难验证。
2.2.2 计提被滥用，因为资产减值准备的具体比例由企业自行确定，而上市公司持续经营两年亏损将ST处理，三年连续亏损将停止上市，上市公司就可能少提减值准备虚增利润，而有些上市公司股东为了逃避债务而多提减值准备。同时可能会产生前期谨慎后期不谨慎，或前期不谨慎后期谨慎自相矛盾的情况。
2.2.3 现行税法对税前列支的费用规定有别于会计制度的规定，当计提减值准备时，还需补交所得税，增加企业现金流出，限制了稳健性原则的运用。并且谨慎性原则与配比原则、历史成本原则、真实性原则，权责发生制原则、可比性原则、一致性原则存在相冲突的方面。
2.2.4 有的资产按历史成本计价，有的资产按市价计价，缺乏一致性，当市价高于成本时资产负债表不能反映资产的真实价值，可能会歪曲企业的年度收益状况，在短期内延缓国家税收，而且影响会计信息质量，管理者不能做出最优决策。并且在不同企业实际运用不均衡，只在上市公司计提减值准备，而占国民经济主导地位的非上市国有企业未明确规定。
谨慎性原则屡遭诟病，其主要原因还在于其在实务操作中的主观随意性，以及
如今演化成为部分上市公司盈余管理甚至利润操纵的工具。
3 .实施谨慎性原则应注意的问题
3.1 对会计准则进行不断完善，使相关的会计准则和制度应尽量具有可操作性。首先，在谨慎性原则的应用过程中如何把握“度”是关键。建立完善相应的会计准则，使其条款尽量有可操作性，如对不同方法下的计量比例设置一个上下限，应收账款的收回应用后进先出法，既可指导企业的会计实践，又可避免企业应用不正当手段粉饰报表，这样各公司提供的信息才具有可比性。其次，为了解决企业实施谨慎性原则的后顾之忧，在国家财政承受能力范围内，适当缩小税收政策和会计政策的差异。如各企业在会计政策范围内自行选定准备的计提方法及比例，报税务部门备案，经注册会计师审计后应允许在税前列支。再次，逐步扩大谨慎性的运用范围，谨慎性原则在上市公司实施试点以后，应将其运用范围扩展到非上市公司，促使不同类型的企业在同一市场中进行公平竞争，使投资者及债权人对企业的分析有较强的可比性，从而使会计信息成为真正决策的有效信息。最后，应在会计报表附注中更详细地披露谨慎性原则的运用情况，规范财务数据和非财务数据的披露范围，增加公司运用谨慎性的透明度。
3.2 提高会计人员的职业道德及综合素质，提高会计人员职业判断能力。谨慎性原则存在的基础是不确定性，对各种可能发生的事项要做出合理的核算，必须把握好一个度，过度谨慎或不够谨慎都会使财务状况和经营成果得不到准确揭示，从而使企业会计信息的使用者在决策等方面受到误导。因而需要找出一个应用谨慎性原则的平衡点，以使谨慎性原则的优点得到最大限度的发挥，将其缺陷约束在最小范围内。然而，谨慎性原则在实务中的贯彻和运用要依靠会计人员的职业判断，因而要求会计人员必须提高职业判断能力，准确把握谨慎性原则的实质，在对不确定事项进行估计和判断时，力求客观、公正，避免主观随意性，确保谨慎性原则运用适度。因此，不断提高会计人员的职业判断能力，才能为会计谨慎性原则的适度运用奠定基础。
3.3 企业外部环境需要进一步改善。应进一步健全信息、价格等市场机制，利用现代信息网络技术定期公布各种资产的价格、信息资料，为计提各种减值准备的可操作性、公允性和客观性扫除障碍。另外，应充分发挥独立审计的外部监督作用，防止滥用和曲解谨慎性原则，避免人为地加剧与其他会计原则的冲突。
3.4 改进对上市公司的考核评价指标，以营业利润作为考核公司盈利能力和经营成果的主要指标。改进资产减值准备与公司考核指标之间的联系，减弱上市公司利用计提资产减值准备操纵盈余的动机。
3.5 应对谨慎性原则的运用进行充分披露。运用谨慎性原则的目的在于充分估计风险和损失，避免虚增利润、虚计资产，保证会计信息决策的有用性。因此，凡是与谨慎性原则运用有关的、会影响会计信息使用者对目前和未来理性判断的信息，都应在财务报告中作全面披露，以便信息的使用者明确事实，独立判断。
3.6 就企业的内部管理者而言，不应过分依赖谨慎性原则运用的潜力而忽视管理的重点和难点，因为谨慎性原则的运用是会计中对风险加以防范和管理的一个环节，它相对于经济业务的发生而言具有事后性。
谨慎性原则是会计核算的基本原则之一，它对具体会计核算行为起着非常重要的指导性地位。因此，我们在会计实务中必须认真地贯彻谨慎性原则的要求，真诚做到用好用活。
出处:张翠红.谨慎性原则在会计实务中的应用[EB/OL].https://www.doczj.com/doc/8814205807.html,/?i161567#,2009-11-20.
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
会计稳健性的第一篇：解释和意义 瓦茨,会计新视野,2006年 内容提要：本文是会计稳健性两篇文章中的第一篇。第一篇对稳健性进行了解释以及探讨了稳健性对会计监督的影响。第二篇总结了稳健性的实验证据及对稳健性的解释，并提出未来研究方向。文章证明了稳健性的存在，对不同程度下的稳健性进行了不同的解释。 会计稳健性的定义是指要求对收益与损失的不对称确认，其极端形式下传统的稳健性定义为“不预期收益，但预期所有的损失”。尽管有人指责会计稳健性，但是稳健性已经存在了几个世纪，并在近30年中有所加强。 支持稳健性的一种理论解释是：契约理论、股东诉讼理论、税收理论和会计管制理论。在文章的第二篇中用证据表明契约和股东诉讼是最重要的因素，证据表明税收和会计管制相对比较弱，盈余管理也可能产生稳健性，但这不能成为主要的因素。 对稳健性的解释和证明对会计管理机制有着重要的影响。财务会计委员会曾试图禁止会计稳健性，以实现“信息中立”而忽略稳健性长期存在的原因，这种意图可能会失败并产生意想不到的后果。消除会计稳健性将会改变会计管理行为，并且会增大经济上的费用。同样的，研究人员和监管机构考虑把未来现金流量列入财务报表，其产生的成本会对会计管理行为存在影响。 本文是会计稳健性性研究的第一篇，研究的目的主要是： 1、对会计稳健性的解释 2、对财务法规和准则的设置 文章的第二篇的研究目的是： 1、总结稳健性存在的证据 2、对证据进行评估去辨别不同稳健性的解释 3、对证据进行评估去辨别稳健性与非稳健性 对会计稳健性解释的讨论是大多是基于利用现有的文献。然而，本文是立足于契约观，包括了债务合同的约束的解释(Watts 1993),以及与其使用的其他合同，如管理薪酬契约也会产生影响。本文也提供了新的论点，即使不考虑契约，一旦信息成本变化后管理层的行为也会产生会计稳健性的现象进行了介绍。
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
Master's thesis, University of London Information technology and accounting management with the use is the relevant value of information analysis and use, and various factors of production based on the value creation of corporate accounting and management contributions to the study of accounting will be the main content. No use of information technology, there is any enterprise information and accounting information to promote the implementation of value chain management will lose technical support, there is no theory of innovation value chain management, accounting, and information technology development, there is no power. In this paper, the meaning of information to start, leads to the meaning of accounting information, accounting information describes the development process, the second part of the analysis of the status quo of accounting information, analysis of its use in the problems, the third part of the proposed accounting information on the implementation of the strategic analysis. Keywords: accounting, information technology strategy I. Introduction (A) Background The development of accounting information in China has gone through more than 20 years, accounting information theory and practical application of talent, the accounting information system software has gradually matured, and, and the production, supply and marketing, human resources management, cost control and other aspects of the formation of an integrated management information system software. But the company found accounting information in the status of the development of enterprises is extremely uneven, a lot of strength and standardized management of large enterprises have been using the integrated accounting information system "ERP" is the management software, and the introduction of new ideas with the value of the supply chain management chain management system, and also the majority of the total business is still in the initial stage of the use of computerized accounting, or even manually. Enterprise management is still in the coexistence of traditional and modern, our corporate accounting information so early, the senior co-existence of the phenomenon will not surprise. Accounting information must be improved to facilitate the management of change. The essence of the value chain to value chain to implement the core business processes node changes, if companies choose the value chain as the core business process change, business management will enable a major step forward, it promotes corporate accounting development of information technology. (B) Significance
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日
译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。
会计欺诈外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 译文： 会计欺诈和机构投资者 查得·R·拉森介绍美国资本市场依赖财务报告系统来帮助有效分配资本。最近的财务报告过程中故障在许多高调公司新的人员的监管机构,会计欺诈和市场参与者的兴趣。两个重要的经验规律的文献记录极端操纵收益的决定因素和后果。首先,股票市场反应的启示会计处理显著负面。估计下降公告后的市场价值会计操作范围从20 - 40%( Palm rose、理查德森和 2003李,和马丁2007)。第二,会计操作是可预测的。文献会计操作的文档可以预测的措施准确的质量、会计性能、非金融变量声明和股市变量(如,Beneish 1999;Dechow,通用电气,拉尔森和斯隆2007)。虽然会计操作导致重大投资损失和与公司相关的特点和性能,几乎没有证据表明存在成熟的投资者是否能够避免损失与会计欺诈。 机构投资者已成为市场的重要力量在过去的几十年。上世纪八十年代初到九十年代末,机构投资者所有权翻倍,股市50%以上(龚帕斯和Metric时,2001)。机构投资者在美国市场存在的上
升有意义的促使文献调查他们是否执行是有利可图的交易。文献的结果是喜忧参半。几项研究文档积极变化之间的相互关系,这些机构投资者的资产和未来的收益和回报,这表明机构通知交易员(如，柯和2005;阿里列弗,确认我也承认泰德?克里斯坦森的指导,没有它我就不会了博士学位的挑战。最后,我感谢我的家人的支持。没有这篇论文的完成并不意味着几乎一样多。 介绍美国资本市场依赖财务报告系统来帮助有效分配资本。最近的财务报告过程中故障在许多高调公司新的人员监管机构,会计欺诈和市场参与者的兴趣。两个重要的经验规律的文献记录极端操纵收益的决定因素和后果。首先,股票市场反应的启示,会计处理显著负面。估计下降公告后的市场价值会计操作范围从20 - 40%(Palm rose、理查德森和朔尔茨2003;Karpo_,李,和马丁2007)。第二,会计操作是可预测的。文献会计操作的文档可以预测的措施,合格的质量、会计性能、非金融变量声明和股市变量(如,Beneish 1999;Dechow,通用电气,拉尔森和斯隆2007)。虽然会计操作导致重大投资损失和与公司相关的特点和性能,几乎没有证据表明存在成熟的投资者是否能够避免损失与会计欺诈。 机构投资者已成为市场的重要力量在过去的几十年。从八十年代初到九十年代末,机构投资者所有权翻倍,股市50%以上(。机构投资者在美国市场存在的上升促使文献调查他们是否执行有利可图的交易。文献的结果是喜忧参半。几项研究文档积极变化之间的相互关系,这些机构投资者的资产和未来的收益和回报,这表明机构通知交易员(如。、柯和Ramalingegowda 2005;柯和Petron 2004;阿里Dutch列弗,Trembles 2004)。另一方面,一些文献表明,知情交易可能更有限,发现性能优越的共同基金很少持续(Carat 1997;布朗一个曼1995年)和交易考虑通知可能只是动量交易的结果(Bushee和古德曼,2007)。会计欺诈和大市场的可预测性与会计欺诈相关的损失表明,它是一个理想的设定检查成熟的机构投资者。如果机构投资者拥有优越的信息和复杂的会计信息的使用者对会计欺诈,他们应该在欺诈上市公司公开披露前欺诈。我的主要研究问题是机构投资者预期会计欺诈的启示和剥离的股票欺诈公司公开披露之前骗子。作为一个次要的研究问题,我检查是否机构作为有效的公司监控预防欺诈。我使用的会计、审计和执行版本(AAER)涉及欺诈和会计操作作为一个代理第一新闻文章Factiva提及会计违规的公众披露欺诈。我检查机构交易模式在322年企业,美国证券交易委员会(SEC)中标识执行行动从1982年到2005年有操纵会计收益。我的分析是在两个阶段进行。第一阶段是本文分析聚合机构公司级和欺诈检查他们的交易行为。第二阶段是一个阶段分析,利用机构投资者之间的异构性,欺诈行为检查他们的交易行为。公司的分析,我遵循Bushee(2001)组织机构分为三类根据自己的投资风格:瞬态和专用。多元化的投资组合和较低的投资组合营业额机构的特点。多样化的投资组合,投资组合交易描述瞬态高机构,和高度集中的投资组合和较低的投资组合营业额专门机构的特点。符合文学之前,我希望发现瞬态机构最有可能发起有利交易欺诈启示的预期和机构不大可能发起有利益可得交易欺诈的预期启示我没有强烈的专门机构研究预测通常找到贸易基于即将到来的未来事件。然而,欺诈是一个独特的设置可能导致专门机构剥离他们的位置。如果专门机构投资公司基于他们的信心的和意愿完整性管理、检测欺诈行为会引起专门机构剥离他们的股份。此外,由于专门机构的特点是高度的投资组合,他们可能会有更大比例的投资组合风险欺诈是否
本科毕业论文（设计） 外文翻译 外文题目Earnings Management under German GAAP versus IFRS 外文出处 European Accounting Review 外文作者 Tendeloo, B.V., and Vanstraelen, A 原文： Earnings Management under German GAAP versus IFRS Abstract This paper addresses the question whether voluntary adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is associated with lower earnings management. Ball et al. (Journal of Accounting and Economics, 36(1–3), pp. 235–270, 2003) argue that adopting high quality standards might be a necessary condition for high quality information, but not necessarily a sufficient one. In Germany, a code-law country with low investor protection rights, a relatively large number of companies have chosen to voluntarily adopt IFRS prior to 2005. We investigate whether German companies that have adopted IFRS engage significantly less in earnings management compared to German companies reporting under German generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), while controlling for other differences in earnings management incentives. Our sample, consisting of German listed companies, contains 636 firm-year observations relating to the period 1999–2001. Our results suggest that IFRS-adopters do not present different earnings management behavior compared to companies reporting under German GAAP. These findings contribute to the current debate on whether high quality standards are sufficient and effective in countries with weak investor protection rights. They indicate that voluntary adopters of IFRS in Germany cannot be associated with lower earnings management. 1. Introduction The International Accounting Standards (IAS), now renamed as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), have been developed to harmonize corporate accounting practice and to answer the need for high quality standards to be adopted in
Under the financial crisis to rebuilding accounting occupation ethics question research literature review 徐珊珊 The financial crisis has become an indisputable fact, accounting occupation morals got be pounded badly, be placed in jeopardy of accounting integrity. The accounting personnel in the country, social interests and the interests of individual units, conflicts of interest, not the interests of the temptation of forgery, alteration in accounting information or collusion, lost the basic concept of legal system, in order to meet their own selfish desires and make the non moral behavior, these are serious impact on accounting occupation and the accounting information reliability. Therefore we must strengthen the accounting occupation morals construction, establish and perfect the accounting, auditing and relevant law laws and regulations, strengthen the audit organization and the supervision of public opinion, to strengthen the accountant occupation morals education and continuing education. The financial crisis, it is to point to a country or several countries and regions all or most of the financial indicators, sharp, and ultra-short-cycle deterioration. The accounting occupation morals is the accounting occupation activities that should be followed, reflect accountant occupation characteristics of occupation code of conduct and norms. The financial crisis as catalyst, which have been faced with the serious challenge of accounting occupation morals bottom line faced collapse, especially small and medium-sized enterprises in China faces sharp decline in the volume of trade and capital shortage of the double pressure, serious influence to the environment for the survival and development of small and medium-sized enterprises. The outbreak of the financial crisis that causes, causes the enterprise market risks increase, contradiction of supply and demand increasingly outstanding, market atrophy caused by poor liquidity, appeared the phenomenon of serious run
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
附录2：外文翻译 Robust Analysis of Feature Spaces: Color Image Segmentation Abstract A general technique for the recovery of significant image features is presented. The technique is based on the mean shift algorithm, a simple nonparametric procedure for estimating density gradients. Drawbacks of the current methods (including robust clustering) are avoided. Feature space of any nature can be processed, and as an example, color image segmentation is discussed. The segmentation is completely autonomous, only its class is chosen by the user. Thus, the same program can produce a high quality edge image, or provide, by extracting all the significant colors, a preprocessor for content-based query systems. A 512 512 color image is analyzed in less than 10 seconds on a standard workstation. Gray level images are handled as color images having only the lightness coordinate. Keywords: robust pattern analysis, low-level vision, content-based indexing
企业会计准则外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 外文： On February 15, 2006, the Ministry of Finance issued 1 item of basic accounting standards and 38 specific guidelines, the new set of accounting standards system. Standards issued, the community gave wide attention, the securities industry, business circles, academic circles gave height the opinion, think this is the second in 1993 accounting reform after another is of great significance to the accounting reform, marking China's convergence with international financial reporting standards of enterprise accounting standards system formally established, to improve the China's socialist market economic system, improve the level of opening up and accelerate China's integration into the global economy has important significance. Also expressed their concerns and worries, mainly reflected in the following aspects: a fair value is difficult to "fair", and is very likely to become the profit manipulation tools; two is the enterprise may to adjust earnings manipulation debt restructuring, debt restructuring will once again become the darling of the securities market; three is the new standard published may induce "fair" phenomenon, which
会计信息质量在投资中的决策作用对私人信息和监测的影响 安妮比蒂，美国俄亥俄州立大学 瓦特史考特廖，多伦多大学 约瑟夫韦伯，美国麻省理工学院 1简介 管理者与外部资本的供应商信息是不对称的在这种情况下企业是如何影响金融资本 的投资的呢？越来越多的证据表明，会计质量越好，越可以减少信息的不对称和对融资成本的约束。与此相一致的可能性是，减少了具有更高敏感性的会计质量的公司的投资对内部产生的现金流量。威尔第和希拉里发现，对企业投资和与投资相关的会计质量容易不足，是容易引发过度投资的原因。 当投资效率低下时，会计的质量重要性可以减轻外部资本的影响，供应商有可能获得私人信息或可直接监测管理人员。通过访问个人信息与控制管理行为，外部资本的供应商可以直接影响企业的投资，降低了会计质量的重要性。符合这个想法的还有比德尔和希拉里的比较会计对不同国家的投资质量效益的影响。他们发现，会计品质的影响在于美国投资效益，而不是在日本。他们认为，一个可能的解释是不同的是债务和股权的美国版本的资本结构混合了SUS的日本企业。 我们研究如何通过会计质量灵敏度的重要性来延长不同资金来源对企业的投资现金 流量的不同影响。直接测试如何影响不同的融资来源会计，通过最近获得了债务融资的公司来投资敏感性现金流的质量的效果，债务融资的比较说明了对那些不能够通过他们的能力获得融资的没有影响。为了缓解这一问题，我们限制我们的样本公司有所有最近获得的债务融资和利用访问的差异信息和监测通过公共私人债务获得连续贷款的建议。我们承认，投资内部现金流敏感性可能较低获得债务融资的可能性。然而，这种可能性偏见拒绝了我们的假设。 具体来说，我们确定的数据样本证券公司有1163个采样公司（议会），通过发行资本公共债务或银团债务。我们限制我们的样本公司最近获得的债务融资持有该公司不断融资与借款。然而，在样本最近获得的债务融资的公司，也有可能是信号，在资本提供进入私人信息差异和约束他们放在管理中的行为。相关理论意味着减少公共债务持有人获取私人信息，因而减少借款有效的监测。在这些参数的基础上，我们预测，会计质量应该有一
毕业论文外文资料翻译题目(宋体三号，居中) 学院(全称，宋体三号，居中) 专业(全称，宋体三号，居中) 班级(宋体三号，居中) 学生(宋体三号，居中) 学号(宋体三号，居中) 指导教师(宋体三号，居中) 二〇一〇年月日(宋体三号，居中，时间与开题时间一致)
（英文原文装订在前）
Journal of American Chemical Society, 2006, 128(7): 2421-2425. (文献翻译必须在中文译文第一页标明文献出处：即文章是何期刊上发表的，X年X 卷X期，格式如上例所示，四号，右对齐，杂志名加粗。) [点击输入译文题目-标题1，黑体小二] [点击输入作者，宋体小四] [点击输入作者单位，宋体五号] 摘要[点击输入，宋体五号] 关键词[点击输入，宋体五号] 1[点击输入一级标题-标题2，黑体四号] [点击输入正文，宋体小四号，1.25倍行距] 1.1[点击输入二级标题-标题3，黑体小四] [点击输入正文，宋体小四，1.25倍行距] 1.1.1[点击输入三级标题-标题4，黑体小四] [点击输入正文，宋体小四，1.25倍行距] 说明： 1.外文文章必须是正规期刊发表的。 2.翻译后的中文文章必须达到2000字以上，并且是一篇完整文章。 3.必须要有外文翻译的封面，使用学校统一的封面； 封面上的翻译题目要写翻译过来的中文题目； 封面上时间与开题时间一致。 4.外文原文在前，中文翻译在后； 5.中文翻译中要包含题目、摘要、关键词、前言、全文以及参考文献，翻译要条理
清晰，中文翻译要与英文一一对应。 6.翻译中的中文文章字体为小四，所有字母、数字均为英文格式下的，中文为宋体， 标准字符间距。 7.原文中的图片和表格可以直接剪切、粘贴，但是表头与图示必须翻译成中文。 8.图表必须居中，文章段落应两端对齐、首行缩进2个汉字字符、1.25倍行距。 例如： 图1. 蛋白质样品的PCA图谱与8-卟啉识别排列分析(a)或16-卟啉识别排列分析(b)。为了得到b 的 数据矩阵，样品用16-卟啉识别排列分析来检测，而a 是通过捕获首八卟啉接收器数据矩阵从 b 中 萃取的。