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武汉大学电气工程基础2009-2010年度第一学期试卷B

武汉大学电气工程基础2009-2010年度第一学期试卷B
武汉大学电气工程基础2009-2010年度第一学期试卷B

汉大学2009—2010学年度第一学期

《电气工程基础》试卷(B)

学号 1姓名院(系)分数

(所有题目都作在答题纸上。)

一、判断改错题(每小题1分,共10分)

()1、长江三峡、刘家峡、丹江口等水电厂均属于坝后式水电厂。

对。

()2、畸变波形的周期电流的有效值与所含各次谐波电流的有效值及其相位有关。

错,“与所含各次谐波电流的有效值及其相位有关”改为“所含各次谐波电流的有效值有关,与相位无关”。

()3、为避免由三相架空线路参数不等而引起的三相电流不对称,规程规定凡线路长度超过50km时,导线必须换位。

错,“50km”改为“100km”

()4、内桥接线方式适用于线路较短、主变需要经常切除、且有穿越功率的情况。

错,“内桥”改为“外桥”,或“线路较短、主变需要经常切除、且有穿越功率的情况”改为“线路较长、主变不易经常切除的情况”

()5、系统频率的下降,会使异步电动机和变压器的励磁电流变小,无功损耗增加,给电力系统无功平衡和电压调整增加困难。

错,“励磁电流变小”改为“励磁电流变大”

()6、负荷加上电力网的功率损耗称为电力系统的发电负荷。

错,“发电负荷”改为“供电负荷”

()7、闭式网中的功率按阻抗成反比分布时,其功率损耗为最小,称这种功率分布为经济分布。

错,“按阻抗成反比”改为“按电阻成反比”

()8、在短路电流实用计算中,查找发电机计算曲线得到的是归算到统一基准下的短路电流周

期分量的幅值。

错,“统一基准下”改为“发电机额定容量下”,“幅值”改为“有效值”

()9、若三相电源不对称则负序和零序等值网络的等值电源电势都不为零。

错,“都不为零”改为“有一个可能为零”。

()10、简单电力系统发生短路故障时,提高继电保护和断路器的动作时间可以将原来不稳定的系统变为稳定系统。

对。

二、填空题(每小题1分,共10分)

1、若某电网额定电压为10kV,则接入该电网的用电设备的额定电压为_______kV,发电机的额定电压为________kV。

10、10.5

2、如两相直接接地短路特殊相的正序电流的有效值为I,则故障电流可能的最小有效值为。

1.5

3、负荷率和负荷系数值越小,表明负荷波动越________,发电机的利用率越________。

大、差

4、为了实现开断和关合,断路器必须具有下述三个组成部分:________、操作和传动部分、________。

开断部分、绝缘部分

5、发电厂和变电所的电气设备可分为运行、检修和________三种状态,将设备由一种状态改变为另一种状态的操作称为________。

备用、倒闸操作

6、电磁环网中的环路电势,可根据等值电路空载状态下任意处的________来确定。

开环电压

7、系统频率调整时,当二次调频增发的功率与负荷增量相等时,可以实现________。

无差调频

8、短路电流最大可能的瞬时值称为________,对于恒定电势源供电系统三相短路,其值大约在短路后________时刻出现。

短路冲击电流、0.01秒

9、变压器的零序电抗与变压器的________、________以及中性点的工作方式有关。

铁芯结构、绕组的连接方式

10、输出有功功率为0.9、励磁电势为1.1的发电机通过阻值为1.05的连接电抗接入电压为1的无穷大系统,则该系统的静态稳定储备系数为 。 16.4%

三、名词解释(每小题3分,共15分)

1、发电机组的单位调节功率

发电机组输出有功功率的大小随频率变化关系曲线的斜率称为发电机组的单位调节功率。 2、等微增率准则

电力系统中的各发电机组按相等的耗量微增率运行,从而使得总的能源消耗最小,运行最经济。 3、输入阻抗

在所有电压电势均相等时,短路点的输入阻抗为其自导纳的倒数,其值等于短路点对其余所有电源节点的转移阻抗的并联值。 4、正序等效定则

简单不对称短路时,短路点正序电流分量的大小与在短路点每一相中串接一附加阻抗,并在其后面发生三相短路时的电流相等。 5、电力系统暂态稳定

电力系统在正常工作的情况下,受到一个较大的扰动后,能从原来的运行状态过渡到新的运行状态,并能在新的运行状态下稳定工作。

四、简答题(每小题5分,共20分)

1、试写出用幂函数式表示的负荷静态模型,并指出各参数的含义。 答:负荷静态特性的幂函数形式表示为:

其中,P 、Q 分别为与实际电压和频率相对应的有功功率、无功功率;U N 为额定电压;P N 、Q N 分别为与额定电压相对应的有功功率、无功功率; 分别为负荷有功功率和无功功率的电压特性系

数; 分别为负荷有功功率和无功功率的频率特性系数;

2、简述开关电弧产生的原理。

答:开关电器处于导通状态时,其触头通常是靠弹簧压紧的,此时触头间的接触电阻很小,通过电

,U U P Q f

U

N N N P P f f U U P P ???

?

???

??? ??=f

U

N N N Q Q f f U U Q Q ???

? ???

??

? ??=,f f

P Q

流时接触处的温度可保持在允许范围内。在电路开断过程中,随着触头弹簧压力的降低和接触电阻的增大,触头的温度会升高。当触头刚分开形成断口时,触头间的距离很小,加在断口上的电源电压将使断口间隙间出现很高的电场强度。此时工作在阴极状态的那一个触头表面的电子就会被电场力拉出而成为自由电子(称为强电场发射)。如果触头温度足够高,金属中的电子也会因动能增加而从阴极表面逸出(称为热电子发射)。这些自由电子将在电场的作用下向处于阳极的触头运动。在运动过程中,自由电子会受到加速并不断地与断口间气体介质中的中性质点(原子或分子)碰撞。如果自由电子在两次碰撞间积累起的动能超过中性质点(原子或分子)的游离能,则自由电子在和中性质点碰撞时,就会使束缚在原子核外层轨道上的电子释放出来,形成新的自由电子和正离子(称为电场游离)。这些游离出来的自由电子将和原有的自由电子一起向阳极运动,产生新的电场游离,使断口间的自由电子和正离子数不断增加。自由电子和正离子的存在使断口间的气体介质具备了导电性能。如果流经已处于游离状态的气体介质的电流足够大,气体介质的温度将急剧上升,气体质点的热运动速度也将随之增大。高速运动的中性质点相互碰撞时,也会使中性质点游离为自由电子和正离子(称为热游离)。当温度超过几千度,气体介质的导电性能主要靠热游离生成的等离子体来维持时,就形成了电弧放电。

3、如图1所示简单电力系统,发电机通过升压、降压变压器和输电线路向用户供电。已知发电机运行电压为G V 、变压器T1和T2的变比分别为1k 和2k 、高压线路额定电压为N V 、归算到高压侧的网络参数为R jX +、负荷功率为P jQ +。忽略线路充电功率、电压器励磁功率和网络功率损耗情况下,写出负荷端电压的表达式,并说明调整负荷端电压的措施。

图1

答:由题意可知,负荷端电压的表达式为:

由上式可知,要调整负荷端的电压,可采用如下措施: (1)调节发电机励磁电流以改变发电机机端电压G V ; (2)改变变压器的变比1k 和2k ;

(3)改变功率分布P jQ +(主要是Q ),使电压损耗△V 变化;

2

121/)(k V QX PR k V k V k V V N

G G i ???

??+-=-=?

(主要是X),使电压损耗△V变化;

(4)改变网络参数R jX

4、简单电力系统三相电源及参数对称时,简述发生不对称短路故障时各序电压在网络中分布的特点。

答:简单电力系统发生不对称短路故障时,正序电压在电源处最高,随着与短路点的接近而降低,在短路点处降到最低值。负序电压和零序电压则在短路点处最高,随着与短路点距离的增加而降低。零序电压在变压器三角形出现处降到零值,而负序电压则在电源点处降到零值。

五、作图题(每小题10分,共20分)

1、某220kV系统的重要变电站,220kV侧有2回进线,4回出线,出线所带负荷均为I、II类负荷,不允许停电检修出线断路器,应采用何种接线方式为好?画出接线图,并简要说明检修某一回出线断路器时的倒闸操作顺序。

答:应该采用双母带旁路的接线方式,如下图所示:

假设W1工作,W2备用,需要检修负荷L1的出线断路器QF3,则倒闸操作顺序如下:

(1)QF2继电保护时间整定为零;

(2)合QS2;

(3)合QS3;

(4)合QF2向旁母W3充电3~5分钟,再断开QF2;

(5)合QS7;

(6)合QF2;

(7)断开QF3;

(8)断开QS6;

(9)断开QS4;

在QF3两端挂接工作地线,即可对QF3进行检修,而不影响L1供电。

2、电力系统接线如下图2所示,f点发生接地短路,试作出零序等值网络图。图中1~18为元件编

号。变压器T1为三相三柱式。

答:零序网络图如下图所示:

U 0

X

六、计算题(共25分)

1、某35kV 电力网如下图3所示。已知:线路长25km ,r 1=0.33Ω/km ,x 1=0.385Ω/km ;变压器归算到高压侧的阻抗Z T =1.63+j12.2Ω;变电所低压母线额定电压为10kV ;最大负荷S LDmax =4.8+j3.2MV A,,最小负荷为最大负荷的50%。调压要求顺调压。若线路首端电压维持36kV 不变,试选变压器的分接头。(10分)(最后计算结果精确到小数点后两位)

S LD

图3

1解:配电网忽略阻抗中的功率损耗和电压降落的横分量。 线路电抗()Ω+=625.925.8j Z L

总电抗为:825.2188.9j Z Z Z T L +=+= 电压降落的纵分量分别为:

kV V L 257.336

825

.212.388.98.4max =?+?=?

kV V L 629.136

825.216.188.94.2min

=?+?=?

线路和变压器末端电压分别为:

kV V L 723.32257.336max =-=

kV V L 371.34629.136min =-=

顺调压分接头电压分别为:

kV U U V V N L t 139.3511025

.110723

.322max 2max max =??==

kV U U V V N L t 171.3511075

.110371

.342min 2min min =??==

kV V tav 156.35)171.35139.35(5.01=+?=

选最接近的标准分接头电压:

kV U t 3513501=?=

校验:

变压器低压侧的实际运行电压

291.101135723

.32201max max 2=?==

N t L U U V U 710.101135

371

.34201min min 2=?==

N t L U U V U 变压器低压侧的电压偏移:

%5.2%91.2%1001010

291.10max 2>=?-=m

%5.7%10.7%10010

1071.10min

2<=?-=m

符合要求

2、系统如图4所示。已知断路器B1闭合;变压器均为同一型号。 发电机G1:U N =10.5kV ,S N =62.5MV A ,X 1=X 2=0.125,.

1E =1.02

0∠ 发电机G2:U N =10.5kV ,S N =62.5MV A ,X 1=X 2=0.125, .

2E =1.00

0∠ 变压器:S N =60MV A, 110/10.5kV , U k (%)=10;

线路L :l =110km (每回路), x 1=0.4Ω/km ,x 0=1.0Ω/km ; 消弧线圈:X LG =10Ω。

取基准值S B =60MV A ,B av U U =,当f 点发生b 相单相直接接地短路时,试计算:

(1) 做出复合序网络图;(5分) (2) 短路点f 点短路电流有名值;(5分) (3) N 点c 相电压的有名值。(5分) (最后计算结果精确到小数点后三位)。

图4

(1)1)参数标幺值计算:

发电机:12.05.62/60125.0=?=G X 变压器:1.060/601.0=?=T X

线路:2.0115/604.01102)1(=??=L X ;5.0115/16011102

)0(=??=L X

消弧线圈:045.0115/60102

=?=LG X

2)正序等值电路:

a1

X X X

等值电势:0007.1274

.0565.0565

.00.1274.002.11∠=+?+?=∑E

185.0274

.0565.0274.0565.01j j

X =+?=∑

2)负序等值电路:

185.0274

.0565.0274

.0565.021j j

X X =+?==∑∑

3)零序等值电路:

a2

j0.426

}

j0.236

4)复合序网,选a 相为特殊相

(2)故障电流有名值

929.1)152.02185.0/(007.1)/(0211021j j X X X E I I I a a a -=+?-=++===∑∑∑∑ 787.531

j I I a a -== 故障点负序和零序电压不用求,仅确定正序电压为:

65.0)152.0185.0(929.1)(021)1(=+=+=∑

∑X X I U a a 故障电流有名值为:kA 743.1)1153/(1060787.53

=???

(3)

N 点c 相电压

277.1274

.065

.00.1)

1()

1(2)

1(j j

X U E I I a II -=--=-=∑

299.1274

.0565.0565

.0929.1)

2()2()2()1()2(j j X X X I I II I I a II -=+?

-=+?

=

发电机G2处的a 相正序和负序电流

??-∠=∠=60277.130)1()1(2II G I I

a0

??-∠=-∠=120299.130)2()2(2II G I I

母线N 处a 相的正序和负序电压

??-∠=-∠?-∠=-=04.5871.060277.112.000.1)1(2)1()1(2)1(j I X E U G G G Na ??-∠=-∠?-=-=210156.0120299.112.00)2(2)2()2(j I X U G G Na

母线N 处c 相电压的标幺值

?????-∠=-∠+∠=-∠+∠=105898.0330156.096.114871.0120120)

2()1(Na Na Nc U U U 母线N 处c 相电压的有名值

kV U Nc 444.53/5.10898.0=?=

审核人:

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