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外文翻译--资本结构影响因素的分析研究

外文翻译--资本结构影响因素的分析研究
外文翻译--资本结构影响因素的分析研究

中文3160字 1外文翻译原文

Cap ital structure influencing factor analysis research Material Source:Theory of Op timal Ca pital Structure

Author : R. Barea

Since the Modigliani and Miller (1958) since the academic structure of the capital a large number of theoretical and empirical research, trying to identify the potential impact of capital structure choice factors. A lot of literature suggests that the choice of cap ital structure by the asset structure, firm size, non-debt tax shields, growth, volatility, p roduct uniquen ess, p rofitability and other firm characteristics factors. In addition, the choice of capital structure is also affected by industry characteristics, macroeconomic and institutional environment factors. Harris and Raviv (1991) from the exp erie nee of many U.S. companies to sum up: "leverage ratio of fixed assets, non-debt tax shields, growth and company size in creases, with the volatility, advertis ing costs, bankruptcy the po ssibility of p rofitability and p roduct uniquen ess in creases less."

Chin ese listed companies due to the p articularity of the system, what factors determ ine the

choice of cap ital structure? Characteristics of in stituti onal factors in flue need how the company cap ital structure choice? Exp erie nces and things like that to be the model and emp irical test.

In recent years, researchers bega n to affect the cap ital structure of listed companies in an emp irical study of

factors, such as Lu Zhengfei, and Xin Yu (1998), Lishan Min and Su Yun (1999),

Xiaozuo Ping and Wu Shinong (2002), and achieved certain results, However, most studies are using a simple regressi on tech nique factors on cap ital structure for emp irical an alysis. Titma n and

Wessels (1988) poin ted out the shortco mings of this app roach: First, there is no wish to measure the sole rep rese ntative of the prop erty; Secon d, it is difficult to find and other releva nt prop erty is not related to the measureme nt of a p articular prop erty; third, As can be observed variable is not perfectly representative of its properties should be measured, they are used in the regression an alysis will lead to errors in variable p roblem; fourth, the age nt variables and measureme nt error 2 may be explained by variables related to measureme nt error will p roduce false (Sp urious) related.

In this paper, two-stage mult iple pro cedures, app licati on of factor an alysis-based model to reduce measureme nt error, to expand the cap ital structure of Chin ese listed companies Emp irical Study.

Cap ital Structure

To build the emp irical model, the author accord ing to the cap ital structure theory and releva nt empirical research on factors affecting capital structure analysis, and gives a proxy variable to cap ture these factors.

I,the asset structure Age ncy theory, bala nee theory and the theory of asymmetric in formati on are con sidered assets for cap ital structure choice. Accord ing to age ncy theory, high-leverage the company's shareholders tend to sub-optimal investment (Jensen and Meckling, 1976; Myers, 1977). The assets of the company secured an opportun ity to limit such behavior. Therefore, the value of assets and leverage are related to security. Ano ther p roblem comes from a proxy service man agers tend to consump tio n. Assets can be secured with fewer companies more vuln erable to such age ncy costs, because these companies on the cap ital expen diture mon itori ng more difficult (Grossma n and Hart, 1982). Companies can in crease the level of debt as a mon itori ng tool to mitigate this p roblem. Therefore, security assets and leverage can be n egative. Theory from the bala nee with debt secured creditors to reduce the poten tial loss of the debtor's in solve ncy and, therefore, limit the amount of shareholder wealth, occupation of the debtor. Meanwhile, in bankruptcy the value of tan gible assets higher tha n the value of intan gible assets. Therefore, the value of assets and leverage are related to security. Un der asymmetric in formatio n theory, tan gible assets, more bus in esses will face less in formatio n asymmetry, therefore, should issue equity rather than debt. And the existe nee of asymmetric in formati on, to the sale of secured debt had a n egative because it reduces in formatio n premium. For asset structure, we use stock / total assets (INV) and

fixed assets / total assets (FIX) two proxy variables.

more stable II,firm size Many studies suggest that large companies tend to diversify, with cash flow, so low p

robability of bankrup tcy. Warner (1997), An gclua and Meco nn el (1982) study found that direct costs of finan cial distress and n egatively related to firm size. Fama and Jensen (1983) that large corpo rati ons to smaller companies tend to p rovide more in formati on on len ders.

Therefore, less mon itori ng costs of large 3 compani es, large companies tha n small companies with high borrow ing cap acity. Therefore, firm size should be po sitively correlated with leverage. And

Rajan and Zin gales (1995) that the large companies tha n small companies tend to p rovide more in formatio n to the p ublic, may be related to internal in vestme nt company size and level of exter nal investment in human negative correlation of asymmetric information. Under asymmetric information theory, large companies should be inclined to equity financing and therefore have lower leverage. The size of the company, we use the n atural logarithm of total assets (LN (TA)) and the main bus in ess in come of the n atural logarithm (LN (S)) of two proxy variables.

Ill, the tax That the use of tax-based model of the main ben efits of debt financing is tax credits. Accord ing to tax-based theory, companies with higher marg inal tax rates should use more debt to get the tax shield ben efits. Therefore, the effective marg inal tax rates should be po sitively correlated with leverage. Un able to obta in releva nt data to calculate the marg inal tax rate, we use the average tax rate (TAX) to an alyze the tax imp act of cap ital structure choice.

IV,non-debt tax shield DeAn gelo and Masulis (1980) that non-debt tax shield can be used as an alter native to debt financing, tax ben efits, the same as in other cases, the non-debt tax shields have more compan ies should use less debt. Barton et al (1989), Prowse (1990), Wald (1999), Kim and Sorensen (1986) research shows that non-debt tax shields and leverage n egative .In this paper, dep reciati on / total assets as non-debt tax shield (DE P) of the p roxy variables.

V.Growth Accord ing to age ncy theory, equity-c on trolled companies tend to sub-op timal in vestme nt will be dep rived of their wealth came from the hands of creditors. For high growth compani es, because of its future in vestme nt opportun ities in the choice of greater flexibility, these companies may be more serious agency problems. Myers (1977) that high growth companies lower the future investment in growth companies have more options. If the high-growth companies n eed exter nal equity financing op ti ons to imp leme nt in the future, the n the company has a large debt may give up this opportuni ty, because such in vestme nt will tran sfer wealth from shareholders to creditors of the body, which produces the problem of insufficient investment.

Therefore, growth should be n egatively correlated with leverage. For growth, this growth rate with total assets (GRTA) and the equity value-added rate (GREQ) two 4 proxy variables.

VI,volatility Regular p ayme nt of debt obligati ons in volved, the highly leveraged company is more vuln erable to finan cial distress costs. Finance theory suggests that the risk of the company or bankrupt companies should not have a high probability of higher leverage. Therefore, the main bus in ess in come volatility or commercial risk as the po ssibility of occurre nee of finan cial distress p roxy variables, which should be n egatively correlated with leverage. Bradley et al (1984), Titma n and Wesssels (1988), Wald (1999) and Booth et al (2001) and other studies have shown that volatility n egatively correlated with leverage. In this paper, the mai n bus in ess of the sta ndards slip ((VOL) as a proxy for volatility.

VII ability to gen erate internal resources Trade-off theory is that ability to gen erate internal resources to leverage a po sitive correlati on, because a stro ng ability to gen erate internal resources, companies choose higher leverage to get more debt tax shield. Jensen (1986) pointed out that in stead of borrow ing to pay divide nds to en sure that the man ageme nt disci pli ne empire method.

The ben efits of debt "ca n imp rove the efficie ncy of man agers and their orga ni zati on s", which act as a "con trol effect" role. Therefore, the company has a large free cash flow should have higher debt to limit management's discretion. According to the Theory of Optimal Financing (Pecking order theory), because the existe nee of asymmetric in formati on, the company follows the financial p eck ing order model: companies p refer internal resources, internal resources have bee n

exhausted if the company was to issue debt, and fin ally the issue of equity. Therefore, the ability to gen erate internal resources, n egatively correlated with leverage. The ability to gen erate internal resources, this paper, the cash rate of sale (NOCFS) and total assets of cash recovery rate (NOCFA) two p roxy variables, but to test the Jensen (1986) free cash flow hypo thesis propo sed in this paper with a cash rate of sales / total Asset growth rate (FCFS) and total assets of cash recovery rate / total assets growth rate (FCFA), as free cash flow (Note: free cash flow is difficult to qua ntify, can not be obta ined directly from the finan cial data, must be used in other emp irical research cash flow concept, and in line with the growth of the company (such as TobinQ growth rate of total assets), investment opportunities, free cash flow and other indicators in order to explain the problem.) p roxy variables.

VIII, product uniqueness 5 From the stakeholder theory of capital structure and product / factor market theory perspective, the company has a unique product should have less leverage.

Titma n and Wessels (1988) that, in liquidati on, the p roduct ion of unique or sp ecialized p roducts company, its customers, suppliers, workers will suffer from higher costs. Their workers and suppliers may have the skills and capital, job characteristics, and the customer service more difficult to find a replacement phase. From the agency cost perspective, the expected cost of empio yees look ing for work p roducts and services depends on whether there is uniq ue. Empio yees work ing on the imp leme ntati on of mass-s pecific work with resp ect to empio yees en gaged in the former expected to find lower cost. Therefore, when other conditions being equal, and human-related costs for the agency to provide specialized products and services relative to the companies higher. Due to higher leverage will have higher age ncy costs and bankruptcy costs, so the uniquen ess of p roducts and services will affect the degree of cap ital structure choice. These companies pro mote their unique p roducts will suffer more sales costs and advertis ing costs. In this paper, op erati ng expen ses / In come from principal op erati ons (SEX P) as a proxy for p roduct uniquen ess.

IX liquidity Current ratio of cap ital structure choice is mixed. On the one hand, high flow rate paid by the company short-term debt due ability. Therefore, liquidity should be positively correlated with leverage. On the other hand, companies with more liquid assets may use these assets to finance its investments. Therefore, the flow of state assets would negatively affect leverage. And, as Prowse (1990) points out, can be used to in dicate the liquidity of the assets to creditors, the in terests of shareholders to manipu late the expense of the exte nt of these assets. In this paper, the curre nt ratio (CR) and the quick ratio (QR) as a proxy for liquidity.

Ten, in dustry characteristics The asset risk, asset type, and the dema nd for exter nal funds vary by industry, the average leverage will vary with the industry. Industry characteristics and cap ital structure characteristics of the fact that the leverage with in the same in dustry in differe nt sectors of the lever more tha n the similar, leverage levels to rema in relatively the same in dustry (Bowen et al, 1982; Bradley et al 1984). Bradley et al (1984) studies have show n that regulated in dustries (telecom muni cati ons, electro nics, utilities and aviati on in dustry) with higher leverage.

This article uses the in dustry dummy variables to con trol the imp act of in dustry factors on the lever.

2、译文

资本结构影响因素的分析研究

资料来源:最优资本结构原理

作者:巴里亚

自Modigliani和Miller(1958)以来,学术界对资本结构进行了大量的理论

和实证研究,试图辨别影响资本结构选择的潜在因素。大量的文献表明,资本结构的选择受资产结构、公司规模、非债务税盾、成长性、波动性、产品独特性、获利能力等公司特征因素影响。此外,资本结构的选择还受行业特性、宏观经济以及制度环境等因素影响。Harris和Raviv(1991)对来自美国公司的许多经验研究进行总结:“杠杆随着固定资产比率、非债务税盾、成长性和公司规模的增加而增加,随着变动性、广告费用、破产可能性、获利能力和产品独特性的增加而减少。”

中国上市公司由于制度的特殊性,究竟什么因素决定资本结构的选择?制度

因素如何通过公司特征因素影响资本结构的选择?等等这些问题有待于经验模型的建立和实证检验。近年来,中国研究者开始对上市公司资本结构影响因素进行实证研究,如陆正飞和辛宇(1998)、李善民和苏赟(1999)、肖作平和吴世农 (2002)等,取得了一定的成果,但大多数研究都是使用简单的回归技术对资本结构影响因素进行实证分析。Titman 和Wessels(1988指出了这种方法的缺点:第一,不存在希望测量属性的唯一代表;第二,很难找到与其他相关属性不相关的某一特定属性的计量;第三,由于可观察变量不能完美地代表其所应测量的属

性,它们在回归分析中的使用将引起变量问题中的误差;第四,代理变量的计量

误差也许与被解释变量的计量误差相关将产生谬误(Sp urious)相关。本文采用二

阶段多元程序,应用基于因子分析模型来减缓计量误差,以拓展中国上市公司资本结构影响因素的实证研究。

资本结构影响因素:为了构建经验模型,作者根据有关的资本结构理论和相关的经验研究对资本结构影响因素进行分析,并给出捕捉这些因素的代理变量。

一、资产结构

代理理论、权衡理论和信息不对称理论都认为资产构成影响资本结构的选择。

根据代理理论,高杠杆公司的股东倾向于次优投资(Jensen和

Meckling,1976;Myers,1977)。而有担保资产的公司能限制这种机会行为。因此,

资产担保值与杠杆正相关。另外一个代理问题来自经理们倾向在职消费。具有

较少可担保资产的公司更易遭受这种代理成本,因为这些公司对资本支出的监 7 督较困难(Grossman和Hart,1982)。公司可以提高债务水平作为监督工具以减缓这个问题。因此,可担保资产与杠杆负相关。从权衡理论看,带抵押的债务减少了债权人在债务人破产时的潜在损失,因而也就限制了股东侵占债务人财富

的数额。同时,在公司破产时有形资产的价值比无形资产的价值高。

因此,资产担保值与杠杆正相关。根据信息不对称理论,有形资产较多的企业将面临较

少 的信息不对称问题,因此,应该发行权益而不是债务。 且信息不对称的存在,给 出售担保债务带来了不利, 因为其减少了 信息溢价。对于资产结构,本文使用 存货/总资产(INV)和固定资产/总资产(FIX 两个代理变量。

公司规模

许多研究认为大公司倾向于多角化经营, 具有较稳定的现金流,因此破产的 概率较小。Warner(1997)、Angclua 和Meconnel(1982)的研究发现财务困境的 直接成本与公司规模负相关。Fama 和Jensen(1983认为大公司较小公司倾向于 向贷款人提供更多的信息。因此大公司的监督成本较少,大公司比小公司具有较

高的借贷能力。 因此,公司规模应与杠杆正相关。 而Raja n 和Zin gales (1995) 认为大公司比小公司倾向于向公众提供更多的信息, 公司规模可能与内部投资人 和外部投资人间信息不对称水平负相关。 根据信息不对称理论,大公司应倾向于 权益融资,因此具有更低的杠杆。对于公司规模,本文使用总资产的自然对数 (LN(TA)和主营业务收入的自然对数(LN(S)两个代理变量。

、税收

基于税收模型认为使用债务融资的主要益处在于税收抵减。 理论,具有较高边际税率的公司应使用更多的债务以获得税盾收益。因此,有 效边际税率应与杠杆正相关。 由于无法获得相关数据来计算边际税率,本文采 用平均税率(TAX)来分析税收对资本结构选择的影响。

四、非债务税盾DeAngelo 和Masulis(1980)认为非债务税盾可作为债务融资 税收利益的替代,在其他情况相同下,拥有较多非债务税盾的公司应更少地使用 债务。Barton et al(1989)、Prowse(1990) Wald(1999)、Kim 和 Sorensen(1986)

的研究表明非债务税盾和杠杆负相关。本文用折旧/总资产作为非债务税盾(DEP) 的代理变量。

五、成长性 根据代理理论,权益控制型公司倾向于次优投资而将财富从债

权人手中剥夺过来。对于成长性较高的公司,由于其在选择将来投资机会时具有 更大的灵活性,这些公司的代理问题可能更严重。 Myers(1977)认为高成长性公 司较低成长性公司对将来投资具有更多的选择权。如果高成长性公司需要外部权

益融资来执行将来选择权,那么具有大量债务的公司可能会放弃这个机会 这样的投资将使财富从股东转移到债权人身上, 即产生投资不足问题。因此,成 长8性应

与杠杆负相关。对于成长性,本文使用总资产增长率 (GRTA 和权益增 值率(GREQ 两个代理变量。

六、波动性由于债务涉及定期支付义务,高杠杆公司更易受财务困境成本 的影响。财务理论认为风险性公司或破产概率较高公司不应该具有较高的杠杆。

因此,主营业务收入波动性或商业风险作为财务困境发生可能性的代理变量, 其 根据基于税收 因为

应与杠杆负相关。Bradley et al(1984) Titman 和 Wesssels(1988) Wald(1999)

和Booth et al(2001)等的研究表明波动性与杠杆负相关。本文用主营业务的标准差率(VOL作乍为波动性的代理变量。

七、产生内部资源能力权衡理论认为产生内部资源能力与杠杆正相关,因

为产生内部资源能力强的公司选择更高的杠杆以获得更多的债务税盾。

Jen se n(1986)指出借债确保管理层支付股利而非建立帝国的纪律性方法。负债的好处“能够提高管理者及其所在组织的效率”,从而起到“控制效应”的作用。因此,拥有大量自由现金流的公司应具有较高的债务,以限制管理层的自由裁量权。而根据融资优序理论(Pecking order theory),由于信息不对称的存在,公司遵循融资优序模式:公司偏好于内部资源,如果内部资源被耗尽公司才发行债务,最后才发行权益。因此,产生内部资源能力与杠杆负相关。对于产生内部资源的能力,本文用销售现金率(NOCFS)和总资产现金回收率(NOCFA)两个代理变量, 同时为了检验Jensen(1986)提出的自由现金流量假说,本文用销售现金率/总资产增长率(FCFS)和总资产现金回收率/总资产增长率(FCFA)作为自由现金流量 (注:自由现金流量难以量化,无法从财务数据中直接获取,在实证研究中必须使用别的现金流量概念,并配合公司成长性 (如 Tobin' Q、总资产增长率)、投资

机会等指标才能说明自由现金流量问题。

八、产品独特性 从资本结构利益相关者理论和产品/要素市场理论看,具

有独特性产品的公司应具有较少的杠杆。 Titman 和 Wessels(1988)认为,在清 算中,生产独特性或专门产品的公司,其顾客、供应商、工人会遭受到更高的

成本。其工人和供应商可能具有工作特征的技能和资本,且其顾客较难找到相 替代的服务。 从代理成本角度看,雇员找工作的预期成本取决于公司产品和劳

务是否有独特性。执行大众化工作的雇员相对于从事专用性工作的雇员, 的预期寻找成本较低。 因此,当其他条件一样时,与人力相关的代理成本对于 提供相对专

用化产品和劳务的公司而言更高。由于较高的杠杆会产生较高的代理 成本和破产成本,所以产品和劳务的独特性程度将影响资本结构的选择。 而这些 公司为促销其独特性产品会遭受更多的销售费用和广告费用。本文用营业费用 / 主营业务收入9 (SEX P)作为产品独特性的代理变量。

九、资产流动性 流动比率对资本结构选择的影响是混合的。 一方面,高流 动比率的公司支付短期到期债务能力较强。因此,资产流动性应与杠杆正相关。

另一方面,具有较多流动资产的公司也许会用这些资产来为其投资融资。

资产的流动状况会对杠杆产生负面影响。 且正如Prowse(1990)指出的, 资产

的流动性来表明股东以债权人的利益为代价来操纵这些资产的程度。

流动比率(CR)和速动比率(QR)作为资产流动性的代理变量。

十、行业特征 由于资产风险、资产类型以及对外部资金的需求依行业不同 而变化,平均杠杆将随行业的不同而不同。行业特征与资本结构的特征事实是 同一行业内的杠杆比不同行业的杠杆更具有相似性, 同一行业保持相对杠杆等级 (Bowen et al, 1982; Bradley et al 1984)。Bradley et al(1984)的研究表明受管制行

业(电信、电子、公用事业和航空业)具有较高的杠杆。本文使用行业虚拟变量 来控制行业因素对杠杆的影响。 前者 因此, 可以用 本文用

财务分析外文翻译!

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