2000年1月第二篇
Questions 1-10
Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue
to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.
Line When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the
(5)nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion
of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This
(10)
(15)In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots
and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the
eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural
(20)
act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden
the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from
(25)direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo.
Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme
temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure
place to rest.
题目解析：
11. What is the main idea of the passage?
(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.
(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.
(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.
(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.
解析：文章第一段说鸟商们一直在寻找更好的方法来提高蛋产量和幼鸟的存活率，第二段主要讲了在自然环境下的孵化，第三段主要讲了在人工孵化的时候应该注意的事项，创造一个接近自然孵化的环境，以此来提高孵化率和存活率。因此，文章的主要内容就是自然孵化为人工孵化提供了有用的信息。因此正确选项为D。
12. The word "They" in line 2 refers to
(A) aviculturists
(B) birds
(C) eggs
(D) rates
解析：文中第1行至第2行"Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. " 讲鸟商们还没有学会如何模拟野外环境下鹦鹉蛋的自然孵化过程。下一句"They continued…" 讲他们一直在寻找更好的方法，从这里明显看出，They指的是aviculrurists，单复数一致。正确选项为A。
13. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are
cooler than the top, then
(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation
(B) the embryo will not develop normally
(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.
(D) the incubation process is slowed down
解析：文中第6行至第7行提到"This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching."选项A与原文的意思最为接近，用incubation替换了文中的hatching，但意思并未改变。正确选项为A。
14. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to
(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick
(B) hold the nest together
(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest
(D) make the nest bigger
解析：文中第8行至第9行"Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material."是说鸟巢底部松散布置的小棍、石子和泥土等材料使蛋在接触鸟巢时保持较低的温度。因此正确选项为C。
15. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to
(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest
(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest
(C) keep the nest in a clean condition
(D) touch the bottom of the eggs
解析：文中第11行至第14行"As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment."意思是说当收集在巢底部的雨水蒸发时，上升的水汽被加热，为孵化环境增加了至关重要的湿气。正确选项为A。
16. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT
(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest
(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest
(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell
(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell
解析：文中第13行至第14行提到"the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird"与A选项意思相符。文中第8行至第9行提到"Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom"与B选项意思相符。文中第5行至第6行提到"Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell"与C选项意思相符。D选项说保持蛋壳温度一直，与原文中提到的"temperature gradient"相矛盾。因此正确选项为D。
17. The word "suspend" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) build
(B) paint
(C) hang
(D) move
解析：文中第19行提到"suspend wooden boxes outdoors"，表达的意思是将木头盒子挂在户外。build，建造、建立；paint，绘画；hang，悬挂；move，移动。因此正确选项为C。
18. The word "fatal" in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) close
(B) deadly
(C) natural
(D) hot
解析：文中第24行提到在寒冷的环境下"the embryo can no longer survive"，那么相似地，在很热的环境下，胚胎同样是不能存活的，文中第25行提到"high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo"，意思就是高温对胚胎的伤害是致命的，因此，这里的fatal应该表示deadly 的意思。正确选项为B。
19. The word "secure" in line 27 is closest in meaning to
(A) fresh
(B) die
(C) safe
(D) warm
解析：文中第26行至第28行"Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest"，意思是说应该有足够的材料来避免极端环境对蛋的伤害，换句话说，要确保蛋放在一个安全的环境。因此正确选项为C。
20. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides
(A) a constant source of humidity
(B) a strong nest box
(C) more room for newly hatched chicks
(D) protection against cold weather
解析：文中第21行提到"a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box"，筑巢的材料能够作为隔热器来抵御盒子底部的低温，可以直接选出答案D。
21. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?
(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.
(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly
(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.
(D) They are expensive to operate.
解析：文中第16行至第18行提到"Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation"，大多数的商用孵化器对蛋的顶部到底部进行均匀的加热，忽略了鸟类在自然孵化中的方法。因此正确选项为C。
22. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?
(A) Aviculturists (line 1)
(B) Gradient (line 8)
(C) Incubation (line 15)
(D) Embryo (line 24)
解析：文章的第一句"Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale"，people who raise birds for commercial sale就是对Aviculturists的定义。因此正确选项为A。
文章翻译：
那些饲养鸟用作商业买卖的鸟商们还没有学会如何模拟野外环境下鹦鹉蛋的自然孵化过程。他们一直在寻找更好的方法来提高蛋产量和幼鸟的存活率。
当鹦鹉在野外环境下进行孵化的时候，鸟巢的温度和湿度是自然控制的。热量从鸟的皮肤传到蛋壳的顶部，而蛋的侧面和底部仍保持较低的温度。这种温度的渐变可能对成功孵化极为重要。鸟巢的结构造成了这种温度的渐变。鸟巢底部松散布置的小棍、石子和泥土等材料使蛋在接触鸟巢时保持较低的温度。同时，这样的鸟巢也是一个湿度调节器，它能够使雨水流入巢的底部，从而避免了蛋和雨水的直接接触。当收集在巢底部的雨水蒸发时，正在孵化的鸟加热了上升的水汽，为孵化环境增加了至关重要的湿气。
在人工孵化过程中，鸟商们将蛋从鹦鹉巢中取出，在实验室环境下进行孵化。大多数的商用孵化器对蛋的顶部到底部进行均匀的加热，这样就忽略了鸟类在自然孵化中的方法，可能还降低了孵化出的幼鸟的存活率和生存能力。当不使用孵化器的时候，鸟商们有时候将木盒子悬挂在室外，用作放置鸟蛋的巢。在那些天气会变冷的地方，使得筑巢的材料能够作为隔热器来抵御盒子底部的低温是非常重要的。如果在极其寒冷的天气条件下把蛋放置在木质的盒子底部，他们会被冻住，胚胎就不能存活了。类似地，应该防止这些盒子被阳光直射，以避免高温对胚胎的致命伤害。筑巢的材料应该有充足的数量，以避免上文提到的极端的温度状况，并且保证蛋放置在一个柔软、安全的地方。
文章生词：
Paragraph 1 aviculturist n. 养鸟的人
commercial adj. 商业的，商品化的，商用的simulate v. 模仿；假装；冒充；看上去像incubation n. 孵卵；潜伏期；熟虑，筹划chick n. 小鸟；小鸡；小孩；少女survival n. 留住生命，生存，残存
Paragraph 2 humidity n. 湿度，湿气
portion n. 部分，份，命运
eggshell n. 蛋壳
gradient n. 倾斜度，坡度，升降率
a. 倾斜的，步行的，步行态的
vital adj. 重要的，充满活力的，生命的hatching n. 孵化；阴影，影线
loosely adv. 松弛地；零散地；轻率地；不严谨地dirt n. 泥土，污垢
regulator n. 调节器；调整者；管理者；调节阀
drain v. 排水；流干；耗尽n. 排水沟；排水；消耗
evaporate v. 蒸发；消失；使蒸发
vapor n. 水汽，蒸汽，汽；无实质之物；烟雾；幻想
Paragraph 3
artificial adj. 人工的，人为的，人造的；矫揉造作的，不自然的；假的incubate v. 孵卵，孵化；培养；温育；酝酿；筑巢
incubator n. 孵卵器；早产儿保育器；细菌培养器
viability n. 生存能力；可行性；发育能力
survivability n. 存活的能力
insulator n. 绝热器；绝缘体
chilled adj. 冷冻的
embryo n. 胚胎；胚芽；胎儿
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2001年1月第二篇 Questions 10-17 at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor 5) an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to shoes to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for “goods in kind” from the customer’s field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer wove cloth of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables 10) from wood cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm. Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy seen, by one historian, as “an orchestra conducted by nature.” Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were 15) only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisans could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools, and materials. While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example, 20) carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality— and few in rural areas were, Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as many shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.
2002年8月TOEFL试题 Section Three: Reading Comprehension Question 1-9 Often enough the craft worker’s place of employment in ancient Greece was set in rural isolation. Potter, for instance, found it convenient to locate their workshops near their source of clay, regardless of its relation to the center of settlement, At Corinth and Athens, however, two of the best-known potters’ quarters were situated on the cities’ outskirts, and potters and makers of terra-cotta figurines were also established well within the city of Athens itself. The techniques of pottery manufacture had evolved well before the Greek period, but marked stylistic developments occurred in shape and in decoration, for example, in the interplay of black and other glazes with the red surface of the fired pot. Athenian black-figure and red-figure decoration, which emphasized human figures rather than animal images, was adopted between 630 and 530 B.C.；its distinctive color and luster were the result of the skillful adjustments of the kiln’s temperat ure during an extended three-stage period if firing the clayware. Whether it was the potters or the vase-painters who initiated changes in firing is unclear; the functions of making and decorating were usually divided between them, but neither group can have been so specialized the they did not share in the concerns of the other. The broad utility of terra-cotta was such that workers in clay could generally afford to confine themselves to either decorated ware and housewares like cooking pots and storage Jars or building materials like roof tiles and drainpipes, some sixth-and fifth-century B.C. Athenian pottery establishments are known to have concentrated on a limited range of fine ware, but a rural pottery establishment on the island of Thasos produced many types of pottery and roof tiles too, presumably to meet local demand. Molds were used to create particular effects for some products, such as relief-decorated vessels and figurines; for other products such as roof tiles, which were needed in some quantity, they were used to facilitate mass production. There were also a number of poor-quality figurines and painted pots produced in quantity by easy, inexpensive means- as numerous featureless statuettes and unattractive cases testify. 1. The passage mainly discusses ancient Greek pottery and its (A) production techniques (B) similarity to other crafts (C) unusual materials (D) resemblance to earlier pottery 2. The phrase “regardless of” in line 3 is closest in meaning to (A) as a result of (B) no matter what (C) proud of (D) according to 3. It can be inferred from the passage that most pottery establishments in ancient Greece were situated (A) in city centers (B) on the outskirts of cities (C) where clay could be found (D) near other potters’ workshops 4. The word “marked” in line 7 is closest in meaning to
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给一些高分的学生减分。给哪些学生减分呢?当然是加试做得不好的学生。 (2)如果考试正确率比加试正确率低，说明考题偏难，也就是低分档的学生比较多，那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整，也就是给一些低分的学生加分。给哪些学生加分呢?当然是加试做得好的学生。 (3)如果考试正确率和加试正确率持平，实现了正态分布，考生的分数则不需要调整了。 之所以分数有波动是因为ETS为了在考生水平有波动的情况下，仍然能够给予考生一个相对较为公平的分数 怎么样排除托福阅读的错误选项.托福阅读中的题目类型比较丰富，其中一种托福阅读题型要求大家排掉错误的选项，那么面对这种托福阅读题该怎么办呢?下面就来看看看具体方法。 排除题这种托福阅读题型很好辨认，每篇阅读0-2题，比较简单，一般就是在题干中会出现一个大写的单词EXCEPT、NOT、LESS。这是特别不受我们中国同学待见的一种题，因为从逻辑思维的角度上来说，要想从四个选项中把错误的那一个给找出来，我们要在大脑
老托福阅读真题及答案解析 托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。 Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment. In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest. 1. What is the main idea of the passage ? (A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment. (B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs. (C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots. (D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation. 2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to
2000年5月第五篇 Questions 41-50 According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, Line such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although support to individual members. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to (25) suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote (30) distant respect.
如何从托福小白到大白(●—●) 托福分手大师 二零一五年叁月
大师想说话： 最近《超能陆战队》了，然后“暖男”大白也了，大师也希望你能找到专属于你的大白，陪伴你走过艰辛的托福备考路程。一路有你，一路有大师。^_^ 这篇文章是大师花时间写的，所以，也希望你能认真看完，你肯定会有收获的。 针对的对象是：对托福考试零认知，或者刚刚开始背单词，又或者你被论坛五花八门的资料贴搞得头大，被培训机构天花乱坠的保分广告砸晕。 大师想说的话都在这里了，很多内容可能毁你三观，但是希望你能客观地去思考，当然，大师说的你也可以不同意，只要你能说出理由，欢迎跟大师讨论！ 入门篇： “单词背什么，怎么背” 首先声明，积累单词最有效的方法一定是通过长期的阅读积累，但为了短期的考试需求，我们不得不退而求其次，选择短期突击的方法。出于应试目的的背单词应该是高频率重复，单次消耗时间短，重复次数多，利用碎片时间背。 单词书选择： 大师推荐： 如果你喜欢纸质书：李笑来《新托福iBT词汇21天突破》+王玉梅《TOEFL 词汇》（两本都需用，单本词汇量太少）。 如果你能习惯电子版或者网页、app背单词：朗播词汇（网页＋APP），全部词汇来自真题。 免费下载pdf：https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b11171913.html,/Information/Download/Files/3；（你也可以自己转成word版打印） 你看到这，可能会有两个疑问： 1.大师为啥推荐朗播词汇？ 大师明确告诉你，词汇书没有一本权威的，只是一定要弄清词源，单词书应该选择选词准确的，来源于考试真题是唯一选词标准。市面上大多数词汇书都是作者yy出来的，红宝书也不例外。 2.朗播词汇跟乐词、扇贝、百词斩有啥优势？
2020年12月13日托福阅读答案解析12月13日托福阅读词汇题： Obviously=clearly Widespread=common Dense=thick Thus=consequently resultant Shallow=small depth exercise Profound=very strong Emergence=rise Tactic=strategy Adjacent to=near to Parallel=match 12月13日托福阅读第一篇 题材划分：生物类 主要内容：板块运动能够改变生物多样性，提到生物区的划分，少于百分之二十的物种相似度就是不同的区越多说明那里的多样性越高。比如板块分开的时候，多样性增加，反之亦然。一个山脉能够把原本的湿润风给挡了，就变成沙漠不适合生长了。或者一个障碍的形
成能够把本来的一个物种分成两个，一南一北，等到在合并的时候， 发现北部的能够到南部生活，但南部的很少到北部生活。 相似TPO练习推荐 TPO31- Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations 相关背景知识： Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. The biologist Orator F. Cook was the first to coin the term 'speciation' for the splitting of lineages or "cladogenesis," as opposed to "anagenesis" or "phyletic evolution" occurring within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation.There is research comparing the intensity of sexual selection in different clades with their number of species. There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another： allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments. Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject matter of much ongoing discussion. All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of evolution; however, debate persists as to the relative importance of each mechanism in driving biodiversity. One example of natural speciation is the diversity of the three-spined stickleback, a marine fish that, after the last
老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 19 The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century. In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance. This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water highway. When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries,
托福阅读总是做错的2个常见易错原 因分析 托福阅读总是做错?2个常见易错原因分析。今天给大家带来了托福阅读总是做错的2个常见易错原因分析,希望可以帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读总是做错?2个常见易错原因分析 托福阅读易错原因：没有认真背单词 单词量不足除了影响对全文理解外，还直接影响托福阅读里面的很多词汇题的解答。所以，托福一定要背单词，单词真的是王道。而且，考生考托福是为了什么?不就是为了出国吗?从这个根本目标出发，单词的积累也是重要的。 或许有人会问，看哪本托福词汇书? 实际上，市面上常见的任何一本单词书拿来应对考试都不会有什么问题。关键在于是否能持之以恒，坚持长时间不间断的记忆词汇。有人或许会问，专业词汇到底看不看，看的话当然最好，不看只要不影响理解*并解答题目也不是不行。当然如果考生时间比较紧张的话，专业术语词汇还是建议混个脸熟就足够了。 托福阅读易错原因：不熟悉*长度与句子架构
托福阅读中的长难句非常讨厌，也是干扰考生理解*的罪魁祸首之一。其实要想适应托福阅读考试中的长难句，就是多进行句子分析，或者多看阅读*。这里必须要强烈推荐托福官方真题，原因是考生对付阅读需要把ETS出题的角度和考题给出的正确选项都研究透了，才能保证练习的质量，而研究官方真题也是真正可以提高我们阅读能力的途径。 如果某一道题你做错了，那么请你对完答案之后，多花两分钟的时间来思考你的选项和给出的正确选项之间有什么差别?是语气不对?还是我们没有从那一段的整体把握的角度来做出正确的判断?亦或是其它什么原因?哪句话是解题的核心?我们通过这句话能获得或者说提炼什么有效的信息? 托福考试之阅读备考方法介绍 1. 托福考前几条建议 有时间和条件的话，建议考生可提前去看考场，熟悉考试的实战环境，并准备好考试所需证件; 托福考试正式考试时间为北京时间九点，考生们至少应提前半小时，即8:30前到达考场，因为在托福考试开始之前还要签署保密协议、寄存个人物品、排队等候拍照、核对身份等操作，千万不要因迟到而影响考试心态，无法正常发挥。
日间托老中心老年人的幸福港湾 山东省潍坊市奎文区潍州路街道星河社区日间托老中心总投资约100万元，主要为辖区内60岁以上的老年人提供休闲娱乐、保健讲座、医疗诊治、保健康复、精神慰藉、应急救助、膳食供应及文化服务等日间托养服务。老年人白天入托接受照顾和参与活动，晚上回家享受家庭生活。除向辖区内60岁以上需要服务的老年人开放外，日间托老中心还重点服务高龄老人、空巢老人、残疾老人、优抚老人、低保或低收入老人。 谭翠华大妈今年68岁，家住星河社区内熙园小区，是一名退休教师。虽然已退休多年，但由于儿女工作忙经常不在身边，一直没有适应退休后的生活，她感到很孤单。因为整天在家闷着，缺乏锻炼，她身体也越来越差，经常腰酸腿痛。自从星河社区建立了日间托老中心，为老年人配备了文体活动室、康复健身室、棋牌娱乐室及提供午餐、午休等各项服务后，谭大妈便天天与中心内其他的大妈大叔们到中心的康复健身室进行锻炼，到文体活动室跳舞唱歌。现在，谭大妈已经完全摆脱了孤独感，身体因为心情舒畅和
及时的锻炼也越来越好了。 笔者看到，星河日间托老中心分西区和东区两部分：西区以休息及保健为主，配有休息室、棋牌活动室及医疗保健室等，里面摆放着10张休息床、棋牌桌椅、开展活动所需的娱乐设施及一些医疗器械、药品、电磁理疗、康复器材等保健设备：东区则以活动与康复为主，配有图书室、书画室、网络室、多功能活动室、心理咨询室、康复训练室、淋浴间等。里面放有康复器械、电脑、图书、书画台及笔、墨、纸、砚等。 在日间托老中心，老年人不仅可以享受读报、阅览图书、书法绘画、打牌下棋等愉悦舒心的环境氛围，而且可以开展文体活动，接受老年课堂教育。同时，通过举办专题讲座等方式，日间托老中心对老年人在科学养生、医疗保健、人际沟通、法律和家庭教育等方面存在的问题进行释疑解惑。此外，日间托老中心还聘请了心理咨询方面的专家定期为老人们提供心理检查与援助，使他们的心态更加平和、心理更加健康。 日间托老中心为老年人提供午餐、午休服务。老人们可以早上来，中午吃完饭休息，下午进行娱乐活动，晚上回家。同时，根据老年人的需求，日间托老中心为老人理发、洗衣服、派人陪老人外出散步。此外，日间托老中心还与潍州路街道社区服务中心联系
托福阅读TPO1题目解析 TPO是托福备考圣经，但是并不是有“圣经”就能完全把握托福考试。还要看大家怎么去利用这份资料。针对原文，我们可以最大限度的剖析再剖析。直到把文章掌握得滚瓜烂熟。而大家又是怎样对待其中的每个考题呢？是做完对对答案，记下答对率；还是认真分析每个考题在考什么，找出托福阅读的“点”在哪？前者居多吧！ 所以关于托福阅读TPO，小编希望最大限度地利用这些ETS提供的阅读题目。在题目中，找到每个题目考察点，给出最全最有逻辑的解析。今天，小编分享给大家的是关于TPO1Timberline Vegetation on Mountains的题目分析。 Timberline Vegetation on Mountains 山上树带界线的植被 1.The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one.Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters,trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs,herbs,and grasses.This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line.In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge,usually because of a lack of moisture. 2.The upper timberline,like the snow line,is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions.It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to4,500meters in the dry subtropics and3,500-4,500meters in the moist tropics.Timberline trees are normally evergreens,suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees(those that lose their leaves)in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.There are some areas, however,where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline.Species of birch,for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas. 3.At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed.This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes,which tend to attain greater heights on ridges,whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys.This is because middle-and upper-latitude timberlines are strongly influenced
老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 11 Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects. If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi. Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die — after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells