老托福2000年1月阅读解析第二篇

2000年1月托福试题及答案galaxy [单选题] *n.现象n.奇迹n.星系；银河系(正确答案)n.通风孔imagery [单选题] *n.刺；荆棘n.竞争；斗争n.集合n.图像；意像(正确答案)variation [单选题] *n.分散；传播n.真实性n.速度n.变化(正确答案)specific [单选题] *a.注重实际的a.逼真的a.特定的(正确答案) a.农民的infrastructure [单选题] * n.柜台n.基础设施(正确答案) n.申请n.实施efficiency [单选题] * n.可靠性n.计划n.认可n.效率(正确答案)fragile [单选题] *a.不成熟的a.易碎的(正确答案) a.绝对的a.未受打扰的adaptable [单选题] * a.单个的a.迅速的a.完整的cancer [单选题] * n.土著n.协会n.癌(正确答案)n.誓言intellectual [单选题] * a.通常的a.智力的(正确答案) a.有趣的a.冷静的comment [单选题] * n.时期n.（巨大）差别n.访问n.评论(正确答案)distrust [单选题] * v.否认v.分辨v.暗示justify [单选题] *v.控制v.是…的正当理由(正确答案) v.伤害v.判决energetic [单选题] *a.每日的a.精力旺盛的(正确答案)a.个人的a.极致的waterproof [单选题] *a.大的a.地下的a.静止的a.防水的(正确答案)abolish [单选题] *v.废除(正确答案)v.提供v.邮寄v.调味extinct [单选题] *a.流行的a.小心的a.灭绝的(正确答案)a.疲惫的enormous [单选题] *a.已故的a.实际的a.清楚的a.巨大的(正确答案)colonist [单选题] *n.殖民地定居者(正确答案) n.自私的人n.预言家n.观众equality [单选题] *n.平等(正确答案)n.通知n.贸易n.建筑undergo [单选题] *v.认为v.经历(正确答案)v.擦去progressive [单选题] * a.逐步的(正确答案)a.金属的a.欧洲的a.恰当的interactive [单选题] * a.令人失望的a.惊奇的a.相互作用的(正确答案) a.摄影的overhear [单选题] *v.无意中听到(正确答案) v.吞下v.组织v.阻止occasionally [单选题] * ad.因此ad.偶尔(正确答案) ad.越来越radiation [单选题] * n.辐射(正确答案) n.激光n.枝条n.条目coastline [单选题] * n.命运n.垫子n.海岸线(正确答案) n.废墟appropriate [单选题] * a.单独的a.偏袒的a.合适的(正确答案) a.突然的relevance [单选题] * n.结尾n.主要部分n.相关(正确答案)profound [单选题] *a.冷酷的a.巨大的；深刻的(正确答案) a.落后的a.不确定的alternate [单选题] *a.交替的(正确答案)a.终身的a.地位较高的a.传统的exaggerate [单选题] *v.渴望v.归档v.提交v.夸大(正确答案)diplomacy [单选题] *n.外交(正确答案)n.标题n.教室liberate [单选题] * v.付款v.连接v.拆分v.释放(正确答案)sensible [单选题] * a.可口的a.意识到的(正确答案) a.不可能的a.无意识的indicator [单选题] * n.居民n.指示物(正确答案) n.采购员n.发明家primitive [单选题] * a.到期的a.正当的a.核能的a.原始的(正确答案)portrait [单选题] *n.肖像(正确答案)n.契约n.行为n.确定administration [单选题] * n.创造力n.关系n.要求n.管理(正确答案)tolerance [单选题] *n.宽容(正确答案)n.协助n.讲座n.消失prosper [单选题] *v.给……打上烙印v.繁荣(正确答案)v.印刷v.偿还exceed [单选题] *v.破坏v.误解v.超过(正确答案)validity [单选题] *n.正确性(正确答案) n.观点n.创造性n.可能性external [单选题] *a.明显的a.区域的a.外在的(正确答案) a.值得的circumstance [单选题] * n.优雅n.情况(正确答案)n.成长n.缩影donation [单选题] * n.基本原理n.捐赠(正确答案)n.主题intensify [单选题] * v.加强(正确答案)v.引起v.警告v.联系energize [单选题] * v.储存v.使…活跃(正确答案) v.系上v.使迷恋liberal [单选题] *a.肥沃的a.微不足道的a.不情愿的a.自由的(正确答案)populate [单选题] * v.居住于(正确答案) v.冒泡v.改善superiority [单选题] * n.优越(正确答案)n.礼仪n.意义n.善举migrant [单选题] *a.有序的a.木质的a.迁徙的(正确答案)a.微不足道的regulate [单选题] *v.调节(正确答案)v.等候v.变硬v.假装contend [单选题] *v.指示v.主张；斗争(正确答案) v.变动obstacle [单选题] *n.任务n.障碍(正确答案)n.议论文n.存储correlate [单选题] * v.相关(正确答案)v.飙升v.欣赏v.发表layout [单选题] *n.布局(正确答案)n.旅程n.海豚n.植物nonetheless [单选题] * ad.独立地ad.尽管如此(正确答案) ad.此后ad.相当argumentative [单选题] * a.不稳定的a.不变的a.好争论的(正确答案) a.不够的ironic [单选题] *a.锋利的a.急剧的a.讽刺的(正确答案)a.精明的unobtainable [单选题] * a.珍贵的a.体贴的a.严苛的a.得不到的(正确答案)stimulate [单选题] *v.研究v.刺激(正确答案)v.交换v.使…受伤disclose [单选题] *v.突然出现v.使…显露(正确答案) v.点击v.证明cautious [单选题] *a.谨慎的(正确答案) a.科学的a.规律的a.相当的identification [单选题] * n.过错n.形式n.辨认(正确答案)n.缺乏definite [单选题] *a.明确的(正确答案) a.新颖的a.坦率的a.可活动的commute [单选题] * v.流动v.奉承v.往返上下班(正确答案) v.详述contradict [单选题] * v.归因于v.包括v.翻译v.与…矛盾(正确答案)virtual [单选题] *a.浪漫的a.合法的a.具体的a.实质上的(正确答案)mediate [单选题] *v.导演v.调解(正确答案)v.斗争v.闲聊correspond [单选题] * v.装满v.降低v.相符(正确答案)v.定位formulate [单选题] * v.使…完整v.对比v.构想(正确答案)v.打动detection [单选题] * n.空白处n.风格n.触觉n.发现(正确答案)deliberate [单选题] * a.故意的(正确答案) a.能干的a.同样的a.精选的principal [单选题] * a.大量的a.最重要的(正确答案) a.博学的a.地质的portray [单选题] *v.描绘(正确答案)v.吸引v.递送v.疾行reflection [单选题] * n.呼吸n.深思(正确答案)n.猛攻n.事实luxurious [单选题] * a.古典的a.外交的a.反复的a.豪华的(正确答案)comprehend [单选题] * v.实行；进行v.贡献v.理解(正确答案)v.挡；阻碍enduring [单选题] * a.持续的(正确答案) a.易挥发的a.邪恶的；污秽的a.有根据的constrict [单选题] * a.敌对的a.共同的v.铸造v.缩小(正确答案)harmonious [单选题] * a.静止的a.和谐的(正确答案) a.被淘汰的a.抒情的aggression [单选题] * n.压紧n.攻击(正确答案)n.涌现n.膨胀impurity [单选题] *n.执念n.传送n.严格distract [单选题] * v.发表；公布v.滑；滑动v.下降v.使分心(正确答案)collapse [单选题] * n./v.评论n./v.气喘n./v.倒塌(正确答案) n./v.拖，拉successive [单选题] * a.连续的(正确答案) a.成功的a.次要的a.不严重的aspiration [单选题] * n.跨度n.管理n.行政instrumental [单选题] * a.极好的a.遥远的a.复合的a.起重要作用的(正确答案)peculiarity [单选题] *n.累赘n.时机n.普遍性n.特性(正确答案)extension [单选题] *n.情绪；感情n.预兆n.延期(正确答案)n.保守主义immigration [单选题] * n.连锁n.移民入境(正确答案)n.幻想complement [单选题] * v.补充(正确答案)v.指出n.时刻n.意义collaborate [单选题] * v.使均等v.绊倒v.拍摄v.合作(正确答案)temporary [单选题] * a.临时的(正确答案) a.有能力的a.全部的a.虚弱的nominate [单选题] * v.提名(正确答案)v.叫喊v.准备consolidate [单选题] *v.理清v.赢得v.产生v.加固(正确答案)consecutive [单选题] *a.磨碎的a.自私的a.连续的(正确答案)a.更多的literally [单选题] *ad.直接地ad.正确地；字面地(正确答案) ad.立刻ad.柔和地uppermost [单选题] *a.急切的a.野生的a.无节制的a.最高的(正确答案)。

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression1. Amanda Way's career as a social reformer____ in 1851 when, at an antislavery meetingin Indiana, she called for a state woman's rights convention.(A) begin(B) began(C) have begun(D) to have begun2. The celesta, an orchestral percussion instrument, resembles___(A) a small upright piano(B) how a small upright piano(C) a small upright piano is(D) as a small upright piano3. Thomas Paine, _____, wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that identified the American colonies with the cause of liberty.(A) writer of eloquent(B) whose eloquent writing(C) an eloquent writer(D) writing eloquent4. Although beavers rarely remain submerged for more than two minutes, they can stay underwater ___fifteen minutes before having to surface for air.(A) as long(B) as long as(C) so long(D) so long that5. Protein digestion begins in the stomach ____ends in the small intestine.(A) while(B) and(C) how(D) because6. When natural gas burns, its___ into atoms of carbon and hydrogen.(A) hydrocarbon molecules, breaking up(B) broke up by hydrocarbon molecules(C) hydrocarbon molecules break up(D) broken up hydrocarbon molecules7. _____ ballet dancers learn five basic positions for the arms and feet.(A) All of(B) Of every(C) All(D) Every8. Some colonies of bryozoans, small marine animals, form ___with trailing stems.(A) creeping colonies(B) which colonies creep(C) creeping colonies are(D) colonies creep9. Ruth Bader Ginsburg argued six women's rights cases before the United States Supreme Court in the 1970's,____(A) of five winning them(B) five winning of them(C) of them five winning(D) winning five of them10. Natural selection is defined as the process ___the course of evolution by preserving those traits best adapted for an organism's survival.(A) to which directs(B) of which directs it(C) directs it(D) that directs11. ____ 363 miles between the cities of Albany and Buffalo in New York State, the Eric Canal helped link the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes.(A) The extension of(B) The extension(C) Extending(D) Extends12.The chief sources of B12,a water-soluble vitamin ____ stored in the body, include meat, milk and eggs.(A) is not(B) that is not(C) not that is(D) that not13. ____ is rooted in experiments in iron and steel conducted in the nineteenth century.(A) While the history of twentieth-century architecture(B) The history of twentieth-century architecture(C) That the history of twentieth-century architecture(D) Both twentieth-century architecture and its history14.The primary source of energy for tropical cyclones is the latent heat released when ____(A) does water vapor condense(B) condensed water vapor(C) water vapor condenses(D) the condensation of water vapor15. Maufacturing is Canada's most important economic activity, ____17 percent of the workforce.(A) engages(B) and to engage(C) that it engage(D) engaging30. Chicago is the third largest publishing center in the United States,A B Cexceeding only by New York City and San Francisco.D31. North American bison differ from domestic cattle in have 14 rather than 13A B C Dpairs of ribs.32. Female sea turtles, before laying her eggs, swim as much as 2,000 kilometersA Bto return to the beaches where they themselves were hatched.C D33. Water is the only substance that occur at ordinary temperatures in all threeA B Cstates of matter: solid, liquid and gas.D34. Despite the growth of manufacturing and other industries, the economyA Bof the state of Texas has remained heavily dependence on oil and gas.C D35. Lyndon B. Johnson was the only United States President who oath of office wasA B Cadministered by a woman Judge Sarah Tilghman Hughes.D36. It took more than fourteen years to carve the faces of four United StatesA B CPresidents into the granite cliffs to Mount Rushmore, South Dakota.D37.Charles Bullfinch was the architect who design the original red brick core ofA B Cthe State House in Boston.D38.Rarely has a technological development had as great an impact on as muchA Baspects of social, economic, and cultural development as the growth ofC Delectronics.39. Lowell, Massachusetts, known as the "Spindle City" since 1822 when its firstA Btextile mills were built, attracted worldwide attention as textile center.C D40.Strange Victory, Sara Teas dale's smallest and most perfect collectionA Bof poems, appear in print in 1933.C D。

00年英语一阅读text2In the 2000 English Language Test, text 2 is a reading passage that presents a problem and possible solutions. The passage discusses the issue of urbanization and its negative impact on the environment, particularly in developing countries. It emphasizes the need for sustainable urban development and offers potentialsolutions to address the challenges posed by rapid urbanization. The passage also highlights the importance of government policies, public awareness, and international cooperation in achieving sustainable urban development.From an environmental perspective, the rapid urbanization described in the passage has led to increased pollution, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity. Urban areas are often characterized by high levels of air and water pollution, as well as the destruction of natural habitats. This has significant implications for the health of both the environment and the people living in urban areas. The passage emphasizes the need for sustainableurban development to mitigate these negative impacts and preserve the natural environment for future generations.From a social perspective, rapid urbanization can lead to overcrowding, inadequate housing, and unequal access to resources and opportunities. The passage discusses how urban areas in developing countries often struggle to provide basic services such as housing, sanitation, and healthcare to their growing populations. This can result in social inequalities and hinder the overall development of urban communities. The passage suggests that sustainable urban development can help address these social challenges by promoting inclusive and equitable access to resources and opportunities for all urban residents.From an economic perspective, rapid urbanization presents both opportunities and challenges. Urban areas are often hubs of economic activity and innovation, attracting investment and creating job opportunities. However, the passage also highlights the strain that rapid urbanization can place on infrastructure, public services, and natural resources. Sustainable urban development is presented as away to maximize the economic potential of urban areas while minimizing the negative impacts on the environment and society.The passage also emphasizes the role of government policies and international cooperation in addressing the challenges of rapid urbanization. It suggests thateffective urban planning and governance are essential for promoting sustainable urban development. This includes measures such as land use planning, investment in public transportation, and the protection of natural areas within urban environments. The passage also highlights the importance of international cooperation in sharing knowledge and resources to support sustainable urban development efforts in developing countries.In conclusion, the reading passage on urbanization and sustainable urban development highlights the complex challenges posed by rapid urbanization, particularly in developing countries. It emphasizes the need for a multi-faceted approach that considers the environmental, social, and economic impacts of urbanization. The passageunderscores the importance of sustainable urban development in mitigating these challenges and promoting the well-being of urban communities. It also stresses the role of government policies and international cooperation in achieving sustainable urban development goals. Overall, the passage provides valuable insights into the importance of addressing urbanization in a holistic and sustainable manner.。

老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE2为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 2，希望大家喜欢!老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 2The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particularproperties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states,water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates manychemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which aretransported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds providesthe essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground,the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting whatare called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels thewater toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire stepin the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by runningfrom high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not randombut is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we defineresidence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one ofthe three reservoirs — atmosphere, continent, and ocean — we see that the timesare very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days in theatmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in theocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principalreservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport onthecontinents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of waterover the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and somemagnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron,and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on whichvegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanicallyduring flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closelylinked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion.Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.1. The word "modifying" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) changing(B) traveling(C) describing(D) destroying2. The word "which" in line 5 refers to(A) clouds(B) oceans(C) continents(D) compounds3. According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water(A) precipitating onto the ground(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state(C) evaporating from the oceans(D) being carried by wind4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the "hydrographic network"(line 8) is to(A) determine the size of molecules of water(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding(C) move water from the Earth's surface to the oceans(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through thecycle, as discussed in the third paragraph?(A) The potential energy contained in water(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds(C) The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents(D) The relative size of the water storage areas6. The word "rapidity" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) significance(B) method(C) swiftness(D) reliability7. The word "they" in line 24 refers to(A) insoluble ions(B) soluble ions(C) soils(D) continents8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT(A) magnesium(B) iron(C) potassium(D) calcium9. The word "efficiency" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) relationship(B) growth(C) influence(D) effectiveness答案 AACCD CABD托福阅读不能过于依赖技巧有许多学员这么和我说，老托的阅读要比新托简单得多，甚至不看文章也能做对题。

2000年1月TOEFL试题Section Three: Reading ComprehensionQuestions 1-10As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland. Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as fanners from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items.Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants' side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.One of the reasons Philadelphia's merchants generally prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth.They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Philadelphia's agriculture importance(B) Philadelphia's development as a marketing center(C) The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia(D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia2. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because(A) they provided more modem facilities than older markets(B) the High Street Market was forced to close(C) existing markets were unable to serve the growing population(D) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.3. The word "hinterland " in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) tradition (B) association (C) produce (D) region4. The word "it" in line 6 refers to(A) the crowded city (B) a radius (C) the High Street Market (D) the period5. The word "persisted" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) returned (B) started (C) declined (D) continued6. According to the passage, fairs in Philadelphia were held(A) on the same day as market says (B) as often as possible(C) a couple of times a year (D) whenever the government allowed it7. It can be inferred that the author mentions "Linens and stockings" in line 12 to show that they were items that(A) retail merchants were not willing to sell(B) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia(C) were more popular in Germantown man in Philadelphia(D) could easily be transported8. The word "eradicate" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) eliminate (B) exploit (C) organize (D) operate9. What does the author mean by stating in line 17 that "economic development was on the merchants' side "?(A) Merchants had a strong impact on economic expansion.(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.(C) Merchants had to work together to achieve economic independence(D) Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economically successful.10. The word "undergoing" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) requesting (B) experiencing (C) repeating (D) includingQuestions 11-22Avicolturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material.Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environmentIn artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots andincubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks.When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo.Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.11. What is the main idea of the passage?(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.12. The word "They" in line 2 refers to(A) aviculturists (B)birds (C)eggs (D) rates13. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler than the top, then(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation(B) the embryo will not develop normally(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.(D) the incubation process is slowed down14. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick(B) hold the nest together(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest(D) make the nest bigger15. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest(C) keep the nest in a clean condition(D) touch the bottom of the eggs16. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell17. The word "suspend" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) build (B) paint (C)hang (D) move18. The word "fatal" in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) close (B) deadly (C) natural (D) hot19. The word "secure" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) fiesh (B)diy (C)safe (D)warm20. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides(A) a constant source of humidity (B) a strong nest box(C) more room for newly hatched chicks (D) protection against cold weather21. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.(D) They are expensive to operate.22. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?(A) Aviculturists (line I) (B) Gradient (line 8)(C) Incubation (line 15) (D) Embryo (line 24)Questions 23-33The mineral particles found in soil range in size from microscopic clay particles to large boulders. The most abundant particles—sand, silt, and clay—are the focus of examination in studies of soil texture. Texture is the term used to describe the composite sizes of particles in a soil sample, typically several representative handfuls.To measure soil texture, the sand, silt, and clay particles are sorted out by size and weight. The weights of each size are then expressed as a percentage of the sample weight.In the field, soil texture can be estimated by extracting a handful of sod and squeezing the damp soil into three basic shapes; (1) cast, a lump formed by squeezing a sample in a clenched fist; (2) thread, a pencil shape formed by rolling soil between the palms; and (3) ribbon, a flatfish shape formed by squeezing a small sample between the thumb and index finger. The behavioral characteristics of the soil when molded into each of these shapes, if they can be formed at all, provides the basis for a general textural classification. The behavior of the soil in the hand test is determined by the amount of clay in the sample. Clay particles are highly cohesive, and when dampened, behave as a plastic. Therefore the higher the clay content in a sample, the more refined and durable the shapes into which it can be molded.Another method of determining soil texture involves the use of devices called sediment sieves, screens built with a specified mesh size. When the soil is filtered through a group of sieves, each with a different mesh size, the particles become grouped in corresponding size categories. Each category can be weighed to make a textural determination. Although sieves work well for silt, sand, and larger particles, they are not appropriate for clay particles. Clay is fartoo small to sieve accurately; therefore, in soils with a high proportion of clay, the fine particles are measured on the basis of their settling velocity when suspended in water .Since clays settle so slowly, they are easily segregated from sand and silt. The water can be drawn off and evaporated, leaving a residue of clay, which can be weighed.23. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Characteristics of high quality soil(B) Particles typically found in most soils(C) How a high clay content affects the texture of soil(D) Ways to determine the texture of soil24. The author mentions "several representative handrals" in line 4 in order to show(A) the range of soil samples(B) the process by which soil is weighed(C) the requirements for an adequate soil sample(D) how small soil particles are25. The phrase "sorted out" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) mixed (B) replaced (C) carried (D) separated26. It can be inferred mat the names of the three basic shapes mentioned in paragraph 2 reflect(A) the way the soil is extracted (B) the results of squeezing the soil(C) the need to check more than one handful (D) the difficulty of forming different shapes27. The word "dampened" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) damaged (B) stretched (C) moistened (D) examined28. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about a soil sample with little or no clay in it?(A) It is not very heavy. (B) It may not hold its shape when molded.(C) Its shape is durable (D) Its texture cannot be classified29. The word "they" in line 23 refers to(A) categories (B) sieves (C) larger particles (D) clay particles30. It can be inferred from the passage that the sediment sieve has an advantage over the hand test in determining soil texture because(A) using the sieve takes less time (B) the sieve can measure clay(C) less training is required to use the sieve (D) the sieve allows for a more exact measure31. During the procedure described in paragraph 3, when clay particles are placed into water they(A) stick to the sides of the water container (B) take some time to sink to the bottom(C) separate into different sizes (D) dissolve quickly32. The word "fine" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) tiny (B) many (C) excellent (D) various33. All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) texture (line 3) (B) ribbon (line 11) (C) sediment sieves (line 19) (D) evaporated (line 27)Questions 34-43A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual and specialized line communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate unsureness or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversant's tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are .usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathyin any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic soundsof the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed34. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The function of the voice in performance (B) The connection between voice and personality(C) Communication styles (D) The production of speech35. What does the author mean by staring that, "At interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen" (lines 9-10)?(A) Feelings are expressed with different words than ideas are.(B) The tone of voice can cany information beyond the meaning of words.(C) A high tone of voice reflects an emotional communication.(D) Feelings are more difficult to express than ideas.36. The word "Here" in line 10 refers to(A) interpersonal interactions (B) the tone (C) ideas and feelings (D) words chosen37. The word "derived" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) discussed (B) prepared (C) registered (D) obtained38. Why does the author mention "artistic, political, or pedagogic communication" in line 17?(A) As examples of public performance (B) As examples of basic styles of communication(C) To contrast them to singing (D) To introduce the idea of self-image39. According to the passage, an exuberant tone of voice, may be an indication of a person's(A) general physical health (B) personality (C) ability to communicate (D) vocal quality40. According to the passage, an overconfident front may hide(A) hostility (B) shyness (C) friendliness (D) strength41. The word "drastically" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) frequently (B) exactly (C) severely (D) easily42. The word "evidenced" in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) questioned (B) repeated (C) indicated (D) exaggerated43. According to the passage, what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate?(A) Lethargy (B) Depression (C) Boredom (D) AngerQuestions 44-50As the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the United States increased. The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic line life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly, too, schools were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American society.The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn of the century and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants. Classes for adult immigrants were sponsored by public schools, corporations, unions, churches, settlement houses, and other agencies.Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women were one such population.Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the urban industrial economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for women was the home.Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women, American education gave homemaking a new definition. In preindustrial economies, homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it commonly included income-producing activities both inside and outside the home, in the highly industrializedearly-twentieth-century United States, however, overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem. Thus, the ideal American homemaker was viewed as a consumer ratherthan a producer. Schools trained women to be consumer homemakers cooking, shopping, decorating, and caring for children "efficiently" in their own homes, or if economic necessity demanded, as employees in the homes of others. Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite out-of-date.44. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that one important factor in the increasing importance of education in the United States was(A) the growing number of schools in frontier communities(B) an increase in the number of trained teachers(C) the expanding economic problems of schools(D) the increased urbanization of the entire country45. The word "means" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) advantages (B) probability (C) method (D) qualifications46. The phrase "coincided with" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) was influenced by (B) happened at the same time as(C) began to grow rapidly (D) ensured the success of47. According to the passage, one important change in United States education by the 1920's was that(A) most places required children to attend school(B) the amount of time spent on formal education was limited(C) new regulations were imposed on nontraditional education(D) adults and children studied in the same classes48. Vacation schools and extracurricular activities are mentioned in lines 11-12 to illustrate(A) alternatives to formal education provided by public schools(B) the importance of educational changes(C) activities that competed to attract new immigrants to their programs.(D) the increased impact of public schools on students.49. According to the passage, early-twentieth century education reformers believed that(A) different groups needed different kinds of education(B) special programs should be set up in frontier communities to modernize them(C) corporations and other organizations damaged educational progress(D) more women should be involved in education and industry50. The word "it" in line 24 refers to(A) consumption (B) production (C) homemaking (D) education评论，观念，各有不同做好自己那份就好。

2000年1月大学英语四级阅读理解2000年1月大学英语四级阅读理解第1篇Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids (小行星) now, one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it, say some scientists.Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids (流星) that race across the night sky. Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don’t threaten us. But there are also thousands of asteroids whose orbits put them on a collision course with Earth.Buy $50 million worth of new telescopes right now. Then spend $10 million a year for the next 25 years to locate most of the space rocks. By the time we spot a fatal one, the scientists say, we’ll have a way to change its course.Some scientists favor pushing asteroids off course with nuclear weapons. But the cost wouldn’t be cheap.Is it worth it? Two things experts consider when judging any risk re: 1) How likely the event is; and 2) How bad the consequences if the event occurs. Experts think an asteroid big enough to destroy lots of life might strike Earth once every 500,000 years. Sounds pretty rare—but if one did fall, it would be the end of the world. “If we don’t take care of these big asteroids, they’ll take care of us,” says one scientist. “It’s that simple.”The cure, though, might be worse than the disease. Do we really want fleets of nuclear weapons sitting around on Earth? “(1)The world has less to fear from doomsday (毁灭性的) rocks than from a great nuclear fleet set against them,” said a New York Times article.21. What does the passage say about asteroids and meteoroids?A) They are heavenly bodies different in composition.B) They are heavenly bodies similar in nature.C) There are more asteroids than meteoroids.D) Asteroids are more mysterious than meteoroids.22. What do scientists say about the collision of an asteroid with Earth?A) It is very unlikely but the danger exists.B) Such a collision might occur once every 25 years.C) Collisions of smaller asteroids with Earth occur more often than expected.D) It’s still too early to say whether such a collision might occur.23. What do people think of the suggestion of using nuclear weapons to alter the courses of asteroids?A) It sounds practical but it may not solve the problem.B) It may create more problems than it might solve.C) It is a waste of money because a collision of asteroids with Earth is very unlikely.D) Further research should be done before it is proved applicable.24. We can conclude from the passage that ________.A) while pushing asteroids off course nuclear weapons would destroy the worldB) asteroids racing across the night sky are likely to hit Earth in the near futureC) the worry about asteroids can be left to future generations since it is unlikely to happen in our lifetimeD) workable solutions still have to be found to prevent a collision of asteroids with Earth25. Which of the following best describes the author’s tone in this passage?A) Optimistic.B) Critical.C) Objective.D) Arbitrary.2000年1月大学英语四级阅读理解第1篇【参考译文】有些科学家指出，除非我们现在就斥资查找和阻止小行星，否则会如我们所知，说不定有颗行星将会撞毁地球。

老托福精选95-05阅读理解原文、真题及答案答案见隐藏文字2002.01Questions 1-9In 1903 the members of the governing board of the University of Washington. in Seattle. engaged a firm of landscape architects, specialists in the design of outdoor environments--Olmsted Brothers of Brookline, Massachusetts-to advise them on an appropriate layout for the university grounds. The plan impressed the university officials, and in time many of its recommendations were implemented. City officials in Seattle, the largest city in the northwestern United States, were also impressed, for they employed the same organization to study Seattle's public park needs. John Olmsted did the investigation and subsequent report on Seattle's parks. He and his brothers believed that parks should be adapted to the local topography, utilize the area's trees and shrubs, and be available to the entire community. They especially emphasized the need for natural, serene settings where hurried urban dwellers could periodically escape from the city. The essence of the Olmsted park plan was to develop a continuous driveway, twenty miles long, that would tie together a whole series of parks, playgrounds, and parkways. There local parks and squares, too, but all of this was meant to supplement the major driveway, which was to remain the unifying factor for the entire system.In November of 1903 the city council of Seattle adopted the Olmsted Report, and it automatically became the master plan for the city's park system. Prior to this report, Seattle's park development was very limited and funding meager. All this changed after the report. Between 1907 and 1913, city voters approved special funding measures amounting tosums at their disposal, with the Olmsted guidelines to follow, and with the added incentive of wanting to have the city at its best for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909, the Parks Board bought aggressively. By 1913 Seattle had 25 parks amounting to 1,400 acres, as well as 400 acres in playgrounds, pathways, boulevards, and triangles. More lands would be added in the future, but for all practical purposes it was the great land surge of 1907-1913 that established Seattle's park system.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The planned development of Seattle's public park system(B) The organization of the Seattle city government(C) The history of the Olmsted Brothers architectural firm(D) The design and building of the University of Washington campus(A) trained(B) hired(C) described(D) evaluated(A) complicated(B) alternate(C) later(D) detailed4. Which of the following statements about parks does NOT reflect the views of the Olmsted Brothers firm?(A) They should be planted with trees that grow locally.(B) They should provide a quiet, restful environment.(C) They should be protected by limiting the number of visitors from the community.(D) They should be designed to conform to the topography of the area.Olmsted plan?(A) To emphasize the difficulties facing adoption of the plan(B) To illustrate the comprehensive nature of the plan(C) To demonstrate an omission in the plan(D) To describe Seattle's landscape prior to implementation of the plan6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about how citizens of Seattle received the Olmsted Report?(A) They were hostile to the report's conclusions.(B) They ignored the Olmsteds' findings.(C) They supported the Olmsteds' plans.(D) They favored the city council's seeking advice from another firm.7. According to the passage, when was the Olmsted Report officially accepted as the master plan for the Seattle public park system?(A) 1903(B) 1907(C) 1909(D) 1913(A) problems(B) amounts(C) services(D) debts9. According to the passage, which of the following was most directly influenced by the Alaska-Yukon- Pacific Exposition?(A) The University of Washington(B) Brookline, Massachusetts(C) The mayor of Seattle(D) The Seattle Parks BoardQuestions 10-19obvious of which is a coma. A coma looks like a misty, patch of light with one or more tails often streaming from it in the direction away from the Sun.of a comet's coma lies a nucleus of solid material, typically no more than 10 kilometers across. The visible coma is a huge cloud of gas and dust that has escaped from the nucleus, which it then surrounds like an extended atmosphere. The coma can extend as far as a million kilometers outward from the nucleus. Around the coma there is often an even larger invisible envelope of hydrogen gas.The proof that the grand spectacle of a comet develops from a relatively small and inconspicuous chunk of ice and dust was the close-up image obtained in 1986 by the European Giotto probe of the nucleus of Halley's Comet. It turned out to be a bit like a very dark asteroid, measuring 16 by 8 kilometers. Ices have evaporated from its outer layers to leave a crust of nearly black dust all over the surface. Bright jets of gas from evaporating ice burst out on the side facing the Sun, where the surface gets heated up, carrying dust with them. This is how the coma and the tails are created.Comets grow tails only when they get warm enough for ice and dust to boil off. As a comet'sthe less common kind, contains electrically charged (i.e., ionized) atoms of gas, which are blown off directly in the direction away from the Sun by the magnetic field of the solar wind. The other tail is made of neutral dust particles, which get gently pushed back by the pressure of the sunlight itself. Unlike the ion tail, which is straight, the dust tail becomes curved as the particles follow their own orbits around the Sun.10. The passage focuses on comets primarily in terms of their(A) orbital patterns(B) coma and tails(C) brightness(D) size(A) equally fast(B) exactly alike(C) near each other(D) invisible(A) center(B) edge(C) tail(D) beginning13. Why does the author mention the Giotto probe in paragraph 3?(A) It had a relatively small and inconspicuous nucleus.(B) It was very similar to an asteroid.(C) It was covered with an unusual black dust.(D) It provided visual evidence of the makeup of a comet's nucleus.14. It can be inferred from the passage that the nucleus of a comet is made up of(A) dust and gas(B) ice and dust(C) hydrogen gas(D) electrically charged atoms(A) mathematical(B) popular(C) unusual(D) vivid16. Which of the following occurred as the ices from Halley's Comet evaporated?(A) Black dust was left on the comet's surface.(B) The nucleus of the comet expanded.(C) The tail of the comet straightened out.(D) Jets of gas caused the comet to increase its speed.17. All of the following statements about the tails of comets are true EXCEPT:(A) They can contain electrically charged or neutral particles.(B) They can be formed only when there is sufficient heat.(C) They are formed before the coma expands.(D) They always point in the direction away from the Sun.(A) visible(B) gaseous(C) separate(D) new19. Compared to the tail of electrically charged atoms, the tail of neutral dust particles is relatively(A) long(B) curved(C) unpredictable(D) brightQuestions 20-29controversy centering on the question of human effects on prehistoric wildlife Line concerns the sudden disappearance of so many species of large animals at or near the end of the Pleistocene epoch. Most paleontologists suspect that abrupt changes in climate led to the mass extinctions. Others, however, have concluded that prehistoric people drove many of those species to extinction through overhunting. In their "Pleistocene overkill hypothesis," they cite what seems to be a remarkable coincidence between the arrival of prehistoric peoples in North and South America and the time during which mammoths, giant ground sloths, the giant bison, and numerous other large mammals became extinct. Perhaps the human species was driving others to extinction long before the dawn of history. Hunter-gatherers may havecontributed to Pleistocene extinctions in more indirect overhunting, at least three other kinds of effects have been suggested: direct competition, imbalances between competing species of game animals, and early agricultural practices. Direct competition may have brought about the demise of large carnivores such as the saber-toothed cats. These animals simply may have been unable to compete with the increasingly sophisticated hunting skills of Pleistocene people. Human hunters could have caused imbalances among game animals, leading to the extinctions of species less able to compete. When other predators such as the gray wolf prey upon large mammals, they generally take high proportions of each year s crop of young. Some human hunters, in contrast, tend to take the various age-groups of large animals in proportion to their actual occurrence. If such hunters first competed with thethey in turn may have competed with other game species for the same environmental niche, forcing the less hunted species into extinction. This theory, suggests that human hunters played an indirect role in Pleistocene extinctions by hunting one species more than another.20. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The effects of human activities on prehistoric wildlife(B) The origins of the hunter-gatherer way of life(C) The diets of large animals of the Pleistocene epoch(D) The change in climate at the end of the Pleistocene epoch(A) occasionally(B) unexpectedly(C) previously(D) certainly(A) parts(B) problems(C) changes(D) varieties23. Which of the following is mentioned as supporting the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis?(A) Many of the animals that became extinct were quite large.(B) Humans migrated into certain regions around the time that major extinctions occurred.(C) There is evidence that new species were arriving in areas inhabited by humans.(D) Humans began to keep and care for certain animals.(A) caused by(B) whereas(C) in addition to(D) in favor of25. The author mentions saber-toothed cats in line 16 as an example of a carnivore that(A) became extinct before the Pleistocene epoch(B) was unusually large for its time(C) was not able to compete with humans(D) caused the extinction of several species(A) human hunters(B) game animals(C) other predators(D) large mammals27. According to the passage, what is one difference between the hunting done by some humans and the hunting done by gray wolves?(A) Some humans hunt more frequently than gray wolves.(B) Gray wolves hunt in larger groups than some humans.(C) Some humans can hunt larger animals than gray wolves can hunt.(D) Some humans prey on animals of all ages, but gray wolves concentrate their efforts on young animals.(A) large(B) escaping(C) preferred(D) local29. According to the passage, the imbalances discussed in paragraph 3 may have resulted from(A) the effect of climate changes on large game animals(B) large animals moving into a new environment(C) humans hunting some species more than others(D) older animals not being able to compete with younger animalsQuestions 30-39Tulips are Old World, rather than New World, plants, with the origins of the species lying inCentral Asia. They part of the gardens of the Ottoman Empire from the sixteenth century onward, and, soon after, part of European life as well. Holland, in particular,became famous for its cultivation of the flower.A tenuous line marked the advance of the tulip to the New World, where it was unknown in the wild. The first Dutch colonies in North America had been established in New Netherland by the Dutch West India Company in 1624, and one individual who settled in New Amsterdam (today's Manhattan section of New York City) in 1642 described the flowers that bravely colonized the settlers' gardens. They were the same flowers seen in Dutch still-life paintings ofthe time: crown imperials, roses, carnations, and of course tulips. They in Pennsylvania too, where in 1698 William Penn received a report of John Tateham's "Great and Stately Palace," its garden full of tulips. By 1760, Boston newspapers were advertising 50 different kinds of mixed tulip "roots." But the length of the journey between Europe and North America created many difficulties. Thomas Hancock, an English settler, wrote thanking his plant supplier for a gift of some tulip bulbs from England, but his letter the following yearTulips arrived in Holland, Michigan, with a later wave of early nineteenth-century Dutch immigrants who quickly colonized the plains of Michigan. Together with many other Dutchplants. The demand was bravely met by a new kind of tulip entrepreneur, the traveling salesperson. One Dutchman, Hendrick van der Schoot, spent six months in 1849 traveling through the United States taking orders for tulip bulbs. While tulip bulbs were traveling from Europe to the United States to satisfy the nostalgic longings of homesick English and Dutch settlers, North American plants were traveling in the opposite direction. In England, the enthusiasm for American plants was one reason why tulips dropped out of fashion in the gardens of the rich and famous.30. Which of the following questions does the passage mainly answer?(A) What is the difference between an Old World and a New World plant?(B) Why are tulips grown in many different parts of the world?(C) How did tulips become popular in North America?(D) Where were the first Dutch colonies in North America located?(A) interesting(B) fundamental(C) ornamental(D) overlooked32. The passage mentions that tulips were first found in which of the following regions?(A) Central Asia(B) Western Europe(C) India(D) North America(A) were discovered(B) were marketed(C) combined(D) thrived34. The author mentions tulip growing in New Netherland. Pennsylvania. and Michigan in order to illustrate how(A) imported tulips were considered more valuable than locally grown tulips(B) tulips were commonly passed as gifts from one family to another(C) tulips grew progressively more popular in North America(D) attitudes toward tulips varied from one location to another(A) denied(B) warned(C) complained(D) explained36. The passage mentions that one reason English and Dutch settlers planted tulips in their gardens was that tulips(A) were easy to grow(B) had become readily available(C) made them appear fashionable(D) reminded them of home37.The word in line 16 refers to (A) tulips (B) plains (C) immigrants (D) plants38. According to the passage, which of the following changes occurred in English gardens during the European settlement of North America?(A) They grew in size in order to provide enough plants to export to the New World.(B) They contained a wider variety of tulips than ever before.(C) They contained many new types of North American plants.(D) They decreased in size on the estates of wealthy people.39. The passage mentions which of the following as a problem associated with the importation of tulips into North America?(A) They were no longer fashionable by the time they arrived.(B) They often failed to survive the journey.(C) Orders often took six months or longer to fill.(D) Settlers knew little about how to cultivate them.Questions 40-50Pheromones Produced by InsectsKeywords: pheromone, reaction, hormone, insect, signalPheromones are substances as chemical signals between members of the same species. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals of the species to have specific reactions. Pheromones, which are sometimes called "social hormones," affectpredominant medium of communication among insects (but rarely method). Somespecies have simple pheromone systems and produce only a few pheromones, but others produce many with various functions. Pheromone systems are the most complex in some of the so-called social insects, insects that live in organized groups.Chemical communication differs from that by sight or sound in several ways. Transmission is relatively slow (the chemical signals are usually airborne), but the signal can be persistent, depending upon the volatility of the chemical, and is sometimes effective over a very long range. Localization of the signal is generally poorer than localization of a sound or visual stimulus and is usually effected by the animal's moving upwind in response to the stimulus. The ability to modulate a chemical signal is limited, compared with communication by visual or acoustic means, but some pheromones may convey different meanings and consequently result in different behavioral or physiological responses, depending on their concentration or when presented in combination. The modulation of chemical signals occurs via the elaboration of the number of exocrine glands that produce pheromones. Some species, such as ants, seem to be very articulate creatures, but their medium of communication is difficult for humans to study and appreciate because of our own olfactory, insensitivity and thePheromones play numerous roles in the activities of insects. may act as alarm substances, play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between sexes, mediate the formation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in caste determination. For example, pheromones involved in caste determination include the "queen substance" produced by queen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable topredators because of their gregarious habits and nature, secrete an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.40. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How insects use pheromones to communicate(B) How pheromones are produced by insects(C) Why analyzing insect pheromones is difficult(D) The different uses of pheromones among various insect species(A) improve (B) function (C) begin (D) rely(A) chemical signals that are common among insects(B) specific responses of various species to chemical signals(C) similarities between two chemical substances(D) how insects produce different chemical substances(A) obvious(B) best(C) only(D) final44. The passage suggests that the speed at which communication through pheromones occurs is dependent on how quickly they(A) lose their effectiveness(B) evaporate in the air(C) travel through the air(D) are produced by the body45. According to the passage, the meaning of a message communicated through a pheromone may vary when the(A) chemical structure of the pheromone is changed(B) pheromone is excreted while other pheromones are also being excreted(C) exocrine glands do not produce the pheromone(D) pheromone is released near certain specific organisms(A) controlling(B) storing(C) questioning(D) finding47. According to paragraph 2, which of the following has made the study of pheromones difficult?(A) Pheromones cannot be easily reproduced in chemical laboratories.(B) Existing technology cannot fully explore the properties of pheromones.(C) Pheromones are highly volatile.(D) Pheromone signals are constantly changing.(A) pheromones(B) roles(C) activities(D) insects(A) inactive(B) inefficient(C) unchangeable(D) unbalanced50. Pheromone systems are relatively complex in insects that(A) also communicate using sight and sound(B) live underground(C) prey on other insects(D) live in organized groups。

26.(A) He's angry with the woman,(B) He feels sick.(C) He doesn't get along well with some people.(D) He prefers to study alone.27.(A) It provides reading material for people waiting to get in.(B) He had to wait a long time for a seat there.(C) He wasn't able to find a seat there.(D) The seats used there are uncomfortable.28.(A) Students still have time to apply for a loan.(B) Students must wait until next month to submit loan applications.(C) The woman should find out whether her loan application was accepted.(D) The woman should ask for an extension on the application deadline.29.(A) The casserole usually contains fewer vegetables.(B) She wishes she hadn't ordered the casserole(C) The cafeteria usually uses canned vegetables.(D) She doesn't usually eat in the cafeteria,30.(A) Stay in the dormitory.(B) Find out the cost of living in the dormitory.(C) Ask for a reduction in her rent.(D) Move into an apartment with a roommate.31.(A) They're classmates.(B) They're roommates.(C) They're cousins.(D) They're lab partners.32.(A) He couldn't decide on a topic for his paper.(B) He thought his paper was late.(C) He hadn't heard from his family in a while.(D) He thought the woman had been ill.33.(A) To find their way back to the nest.(B) To locate plant fibers.(C) To identify kinds of honey.(D) To identify relatives.34.(A) Visit his parents.(B) Write a paper.(C) Observe how bees build nests(D) Plan a family reunion.35.(A) An alternative use of fuel oil.(B) A way to make fuel oil less polluting.(C) A new method for locating underground oil.(D) A new source of fuel oil36.(A) She was doing research for a paper on it,(B) She read a newspaper article about it.(C) She was told about it by her roommate.(D) She heard about it in class.37.(A) To produce a gas containing carbon and hydrogen.(B) To remove impurities from methanol.(C) To heat the reactors(D) To prevent dangerous gases from forming38.(A) It hasn't been fully tested.(B) It's quite expensive.(C) It uses up scarce minerals.(D) The gas it produces is harmful to the environment.39.(A) The influence of European popular music on non-Western music.(B) The musical background of the director of the Broadway version of The Lion King(C) The types of music used in the Broadway version of The Lion King.(D) Differences between the music of the film version and the Broadway version of The Lion King.40.(A) It was performed by the Zulu people of South Africa.(B) It developed outside the musical traditions of Europe.(C) It's familiar to most audiences in the United States.(D) The students heard it performed in New York City.41.(A) The director is of African ancestry.(B) The director wanted the songs in the Broadway version to be identical to the songs in the film.(C) The Broadway version was first performed in Africa.(D) The story takes place in Africa.42.(A) A type of music that originated in Indonesia.(B) The meaning of non-English words used in a song(C) The plot of The Lion King(D) Popular rock and jazz music performed in43.(A) How ancient philosophers measured the distance between heavenly bodies.(B) How ancient philosophers explained the cause of an eclipse of the Moon.(C) Why ancient philosophers thought the Earth was a sphere.(D) Why ancient philosophers thought the Earth moved around the Sun.44.(A) How the natural world was described in Greek mythology.(B) What they observed directly.(C) The writings of philosophers from other societies.(D) Measurements made with scientific instruments.45.(A) They noticed an apparent change in the position of the North Star.(B) They observed eclipses at different times of the year.(C) They were the first to estimate the distance between heavenly bodies.(D) They wanted to prove that the Earth was flat.46.(A) A place for making astronomical observations.(B) An instrument used for observing stars.(C) A unit of measurement.(D) The North Star.47.(A) One of the students asked him about it in the previous class.(B) He read about it the previous day.(C) He had just read Dr. Frederick Cock's travel log(D) The students were required to read about it for that day's class48.(A) That Peary bad announced his success prematurely.(B) That the investigation of Peary's expedition wasn't thorough.(C) That Peary wasn't an experienced explorer.(D) That he had reached the pole before Peary did.49.(A) They talked to one of Peary's companions.(B) They interviewed Peary.(C) They conducted a computer analysis of photographs.(D) They examined Peary's navigation tools,50.(A) Dr. Cook's expedition.(B) The conclusions of the Navigation Foundation.(C) Exploration of the Equator.(D) Exploration of the South Pole.。

1月24日托福阅读真题
第一篇：火星上的水
【文章解析】：
第一段：综述火星的大气特征，与地球形成对比，提出在这种气候条件下液态水不易在表面形成。

第二段：通过各种探测手段对火星表面地质特征(沉淀，水道)的研究得出结论：火星上确实存在液态水。

第三段：液态水的存在证明，火星上很可能存在生命迹象。

第四段：然而对于火星上生命迹象的研究存在很多的难题。

第二篇：二战后欧洲经济
文章解析：
第一段：综述二战后各国经济的发展。

(此段中出现很多细节性的对比数据，考查考生对杂乱的细节信息的收集与梳理能力)
第二段：战后经济发展的原因：马歇尔计划对欧洲经济发展的巨大推动作用，但是经济支援停止后，经济发展也陷入停滞。

第三段：战后经济发展的原因：政府在欧洲经济发展中起到的作用：支持私有化经济，维持经济的稳定性。

第四段：政府间的合作也对推动了经济的发展。

第五段：美国对于欧洲的经济援助停止后，当地的经济发展也陷入停滞，究其原因是没有有技术的工人操作现代化的机械。

第三篇：罗马的文化入侵
文章解析：
文章关注罗马文明在文化方面对于其他区域的影响。

首先，拉丁语被广泛推崇，人们认为学习语言不仅是为了日常交流，更重要的是可以成为更好的人(当时
人们对于罗马文化的推崇可见一斑)，语言的广泛传播的同时更推动了罗马文化和政治方面的深入影响。

接下来阐述罗马建筑的影响，罗马在征服属地之后，影响当地的建筑风格，随后当地的建筑越来越罗马风。

建筑除了装饰更重要的作用是用于政治和宗教聚会。

随后记叙罗马民主意识的发展和传播。

2000 passage1重点词汇：handicap（v.阻碍；使不利）←hand+i(n)+cap，据说源自古代一种赌博：将罚金置于帽子里，手进入帽子抽签，抽中者处不利地位。

cultural handicap 文化障碍；language handicap 语言障碍。

unparalleled （无可比拟的）←un+parallel+ed；parallel （n.v.a.平行；相似）即para+llel，para-前缀“在旁边”=beside，llel三个l看作是“平行线”。

parallel points in the characters of different men 不同人的个性的相同之处。

prosperous （繁荣的）←prosper（v.繁荣）+ous；prosperity （繁荣）←prosper+ity名词后缀。

The problems to be resolved demand, and create, spiritual resources which the prosperous ease of a golden age will never inspire.等待解决的问题需要并且造成了黄金时代的繁荣安逸不可能激发的精神资源。

The prosperity of a people is proportionate to the number of hands and minds usefully employed.国家的繁荣与有效使用的人手和头脑的数量成比例。

If we did not something taste of adversity, prosperity would not be so welcome.如果不偶尔遭遇不幸，幸福就不会如此甜蜜。

prosperity — something the businessmen create for the politicians to take credit for 繁荣——实业家发明出来让政客居功的某种东西。