深大研究生听力题库special

1.allowanceThis is the VOA Special English Economics Report.Many children first learn the value of money by receiving an allowance. The purpose is to let children learn from experience at an age when financial mistakes are not very costly.The amount of money that parents give to their children to spend as they wish differs from family to family. Timing is another consideration. Some children get a weekly allowance. Others get a monthly allowance.In any case, parents should make clear what, if anything, the child is expected to pay for with the money.At first, young children may spend all of their allowance soon after they receive it. If they do this, they will learn the hard way that spending must be done within a budget. Parents are usually advised not to offer more money until the next allowance.The object is to show young people that a budget demands choices between spending and saving. Older children may be responsible enough to save money for larger costs, like clothing or electronics.Many people who have written on the subject of allowances say it is not a good idea to pay your child for work around the home. These jobs are a normal part of family life.Paying children to do extra work around the house, however, can be useful. It can even provide an understanding of how a business works.Allowances give children a chance to experience the three things they can do with money. They can share it in the form of gifts or giving to a good cause. They can spend it by buying things they want. Or they can save it.Saving helps children understand that costly goals require sacrifice: you have to cut costs and plan for the future.Requiring children to save part of their allowance can also open the door to future saving and investing. Many banks offer services to help children and teenagers learn about personal finance.A savings account is an excellent way to learn about the power of compound interest.Compounding works by paying interest on interest. So, for example, one dollar invested at two percent interest for two years will earn two cents in the first year. The second year, the money will earn two percent of one dollar and two cents, and so on.That may not seem like a lot. But over time it adds up.2.e-commerceFrom VOA Learning English, this is the Economics Report in Special English.Americans are buying more products and services than ever before through the Internet. And experts say the popularity of online sales is likely to spread to other countries.Online sales now represent as much as one-tenth of all retail sales in the United States. This has led traditional stores to seek new ways to keep their customers loyal.Lynne Shaner used the Internet to buy everything she needed for her wedding and holiday gifts for her husband and step-daughter. Other than food, 90 percent of her purchases were made on her home computer."I find that, by being able to go online and choose the things that I need to choose, and have them delivered to me right at my doorstep, I eliminate all the driving, all the crowds, all the noise of that, and I usually get a better selection."There are a lot of people like her. Experts say American online shopping hit records in both November and December. Fifty-seven percent of Americans have bought something electronically.Store owners worry that this growing amount of online sales will hurt their business. Cornell University marketing professor Ed McLaughlin says they should be worried. He spoke to VOA b y Skype."Anything that can move online, will. And it's just a matter of time."Professor McLaughlin says traditional stores can keep their customers by selling goods like clothing, which buyers may want to see and try on before purchasing. He says the stores could also offer things that are difficult to ship. He also says some stores can please customers by offering to set upor repair electronic products.Bill Martin is the founder of ShopperTrak. His business helps stores learn about their customers. He told VOA by Skype that traditional stores offer a social experience that some people enjoy."There is still a lot of emotion in the buying decision, you know, that takes place. Oftentimes, you know, you need that last sense of …Boy, this is exactly what I want' -- that feeling before you're ready to part with money, and you can't always get that on-line. It's a rather cold process."Bill Martin says traditional stores can provide goods to buyers more-quickly than online stores. And some retailers are using websites to persuade people to visit their stores.While e-commerce worries some business owners, the only worry for delivery services like FedEx and UPS is keeping up with the number of packages. UPS Manager Dana Kline says her company is very busy at this time of year. UPS is so busy that it has filled 55,000 temporary worker positions during the holiday season.3.food safetyThis is the Agriculture Report in Special English.Each year, bad food sickens about one in six Americans. Proposed new rules aim to improve food safety. Officials say the changes could prevent more than one million cases of food-related illnesseseach year.The new rules were proposed this month, exactly two years after President Obama signed the Food Safety Modernization Act. The rules are the first step in putting the law into effect, making the biggest changes in food safety since the 1930s.The law makes the Food and Drug Administration responsible for preventing foodborne illnesses. Experts say this is a change from the role that the FDA has played in the past in reacting to disease outbreaks.Congress passed the law after a series of outbreaks linked to bagged spinach, peanut butter and other foods. Margaret Hamburg is commissioner of the FDA.They occurred because of problems that would have been addressed by these kinds of approaches. So I think, you know, we‟re very optimistic that we will begin to see real change.”The agency is proposing to require food manufacturers to show that they have identified where contamination is most likely to happen. Manufacturers would also have to show that they have taken steps to prevent it. The proposed rules also deal with safety in growing and harvesting fruits and vegetables.The Congressional Budget Office estimates that establishing all of the provisions of the law will cost the government $1.4 billion. The Grocery Manufacturers of America, an industry group, has not released an estimate of what it will cost producers.But FDA Deputy Commissioner Michael Taylor says the new rules are worth the price.“Even if you just look at estimated reductions in illness, but if you also take into account avoiding disruption of the food supply and the loss of confidence in those commodities by consumers, so Ithink we‟ll see that the benefits substantially outweigh the costs of implementation.”Caroline Smith-DeWaal is director for food safety at the Center for Science in the Public Interest. She says the rules should have been released a year ago.“We‟re really happy that the new rules have come out. They‟re a little late.”And she notes that they are not finished.“The bigger question is, where are the rules on imports that haven‟t been released yet?”The FDA says about 15 percent of food eaten by Americans is imported, and that share is growing. Rules have not been released yet to require imported foods to meet the same standards as food produced in the United States. But the agency says they are coming soon.4.IphonesFrom VOA Learning English, this is the Technology Report in Special English.The iPhone has become one of the most popular mobile phones in the United States. An 18-year-old student in California has used his knowledge of the device to create his own business. And he has gained national recognition for his work.Vincent Quigg is the chief executive officer of TechWorld. His company is kind of like a hospital for iPhones."I'm 18 years old. I'm a college student. And I'm the CEO and founder of TechWorld, where we specialize in customizing and repairing iPhones."Vincent Quigg launched TechWorld while in high school."My mom became single a couple of years ago and I had to grow up. And in order to keep my lifestyle, I had to find different ways to stay financially ahead of the game [to] keep my phone, keep a car, transportation and all that stuff. So I had to find ways to be entrepreneurial."An organization called the Network for Teaching Entrepreneurship, or NFTE, helped the young man get started. Both he and his mother, Carla Quigg, admit that he had a hard time developing a business plan."He quit the class, which I was very disappointed.""It was extremely hard for myself to find a business to start and run with it. But once I had that 'aha moment' or what I knew I wanted to go with, it was really easy and extremely fun."At the time, Vincent worked for the electronics store BestBuy. He says people always came into the store with broken electronic devices. He decided that repairing those devices was what he wanted to do. He not only re-registered for the NFTE class, but he also won the organization's national competition for best young entrepreneur.Estelle Reyes is executive director for NFTE in Los Angeles."He has an incredible gift for presenting himself and his dreams in a very compelling way that engages everyone to rally around him."His business has grown through word-of-mouth. Vincent says he now fixes up to 10 phones per week. He earns about $1,500 each month in sales. Brisa Munoz is one of his satisfied customers."I actually looked him up on the Internet because I had heard so much about this kid, how he won entrepreneur of the year. So I looked him up, and I was like, whoo, I want him to fix my phone.'"TechWorld has two other employees. Kacee Wheeler is one of them."He's such an amazing kid, and you always see his wheels turning with ideas every day. And it's really inspiring for him to be so young and pushing and have the drive. It's amazing to me."Kacee Wheeler works on the technical side of the business. Vincent Quigg now deals with finances and planning. He says he wants to continue to grow his business. His biggest goal, he says, has always been to work for himself.ughingThis is the VOA Special English Health Report.Imagine this situation. You pass a group of people. The people are talking to each other. You cannot hear what they are saying. But suddenly they start laughing. What would you think? Would you think they were laughing at something funny that one of them said? Or -- be honest with yourself -- would you think they were laughing at you? Yes, you.Being laughed at is a common fear. But a major study published in two thousand nine found that this fear is not the same around the world. It differs from culture to culture.People in Finland were the least likely to believe that people laughing in their presence were making fun of them. Less than ten percent of Finns in the study said they would think that, compared to eighty percent of people in Thailand.Some people in the study said they felt unsure of themselves in social situations but hid their feelings of insecurity. Others said they avoided social situations where they had been laughed at before.The study found that people in Turkmenistan and Cambodia were more likely to be in the first group. They would hide their feelings of insecurity if they were around other people's laughter. But peoplein Iraq, Egypt and Jordan were more likely to try to avoid such situations if they felt they had been laughed at before.Shy people often avoid situations that would force them into close contact with other people. They worry that something they say or do will make other people laugh at them. But some people worry much more than others. They may have a disorder called gelotophobia. Gelos is a Greek word. It means laughter. Phobia means fear. This fear of laughter can be truly sad for those who live with it. It can affect how they lead their lives.In the study, a team from the University of Zurich led more than ninety researchers from around the world. They wanted to understand the difference between normal shyness and true gelotophobia. Another purpose of the study was to compare the levels of fear of being laughed at in different cultures. The researchers surveyed more than twenty-two thousand people in forty-two different languages. The findings appeared in the scientific journal Humor.And that's the VOA Special English Health Report. Is shyness a serious problem for you or someone you know? It was for a university student who asked people in our audience for advice on how to deal with it. You can find out what they said at -- where you can also read, listen and learn English with our stories. I'm Faith Lapidus.6.living longerFrom VOA Learning English, this is the Health Report in Special English.A new study says people are living longer, but many are living longer in poor health. Researchers found that life expectancy has increased by about five years since 1990. On average, men worldwide can expect to live 67 and a half years. Women can expect to live to age 73.Almost 500 researchers in 50 countries took part in the study of global disease and disability. The findings appear in a series of articles in the Lancet. Richard Horton is the medical journal's editor-in-chief."All of us in the world of health focus on diseases and often bad news. Actually, the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study broadly presents very good news."The research found that far fewer people died of measles, tetanus, respiratory problems and diarrheal diseases in 2010 than in 1990. Deaths from infections, childbirth-related problems and malnutrition fell about 17 percent to 13.2 million.Global efforts have focused on reducing HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. HIV/AIDS deaths have dropped since 2006, and TB deaths fell almost 20 percent since 1990. But each of these diseases still kills more than a million people every year. The number of malaria deaths increased by an estimated 20 percent, to almost 1.2 million in 2010."Those three big, big diseases are not just going to go away."Mike Cohen is the head of global health research at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He was not involved in the research, but says it shows a change taking place worldwide."As infectious diseases have been better controlled and people live longer, and as their diets change and lifestyles change, the inevitable consequence in health is, you have to deal much more broadly with hypertension, heart disease, diabetes."The study found that these kinds of non-communicable diseases caused more than half of the global burden of disease in 2010.The two biggest killers -- heart disease and stroke -- caused one-fourth of all deaths in 2010. That was up from one-fifth in 1990.There was a 48 percent increase in the number of deaths from lung cancer, which is commonlycaused by smoking tobacco.The top causes of disability in 2010 were physical conditions like arthritis and back problems, and mental and behavioral problems like depression, anxiety and substance abuse. Harvard University professor Joshua Salomon was a co-author of the disability research."I think in general we've been more successful at reducing mortality and less successful at actually addressing chronic disability."7.SahelFrom VOA Learning English, this is the Agriculture Report in Special English.In Africa, severe food shortages have affected eighteen million people in nine Sahel countries this year. This was the third severe food crisis in four years in the area bordering the Sahara. How can the Sahel break its cycle of food insecurity? Aid workers are asking that question as this year's emergency eases. David Gressly is the United Nations regional humanitarian coordinator for the Sahel."If we don't seize the opportunity in two thousand thirteen, there's a good chance that this whole issue will be forgotten until the next drought, and then we'll be asking ourselves the same set of questions."Mr. Gressly says during a crisis, families eat just one or two meals a day, take their children out of school, sell their animals and go into debt. These actions put them at greater risk in a future crisis. In fact, many of the families affected by this year's food crisis had yet to recover from the earlier ones.Aid agencies sent food and emergency assistance. They supplied farmers with drought-resistant seeds, improved fertilizers and medicine for livestock. Aid groups also worked to improve irrigation systems and grain storage. These measures dealt with short-term needs, but David Gressly says thework should not stop when the crisis eases."And I think now there's an understanding [of the need for] a very targeted program looking at these eighteen million people affected this year, working with them to find ways so that they don't have to make the kinds of decisions to survive in a crisis of a drought, for example, that compromises their long-term future."Aid groups say they are working to build the "resilience" of communities, to make them stronger during a crisis. David Gressly says this means taking steps like reducing child malnutrition and changing cultural practices that may be harmful.For example, he says there is a practice in many communities across the Sahel to give water to babies under six months of age because of the heat. But the water is often dirty and makes the children sick. This starts a cycle toward severe malnutrition. It can be prevented by feeding babies only breast milk.This year's food crisis followed unpredictable and insufficient rains. High food prices only made the situation worse. David Gressly says aid agencies in Chad have been building dams to store water during the rainy season. This water can later be used to irrigate fields.Al Hassan Cisse from the British aid group Oxfam says building the resilience of poor people also means investing in food reserves and social protections like health care. Aid groups say prevention costs less than treatment.8.SchoolFrom VOA Learning English, this is the Education Report in Special English.Funerals began this week for the school shooting victims in Newtown, Connecticut. Last Friday a20-year-old local man killed 20 children, six educators and himself at Sandy Hook ElementarySchool. Officials say Adam Lanza used guns owned by his mother after shooting her to death at their home.The shooting was the second deadliest ever at an American school. In 2007 a student at Virginia Tech killed 32 people and then himself.What happened in Newtown has once again reopened debate about gun control and issues like mental health services. President Obama spoke Sunday at a memorial service in the town. He said he will use whatever power he has as president "in an effort aimed at preventing more tragedies like this."On Wednesday, he named Vice President Joe Biden to lead an administration team in developing proposals to reduce gun violence.Students at Sandy Hook Elementary are expected to return to school in a neighboring town in January after winter break. Sandy Hook will remain closed until further notice.In the gunfire last week, a community lost a school for the most tragic of reasons. Days earlier, another community not very far away regained a school in a story of hope, renewal and the strength of the human spirit.Flooding from Hurricane Sandy nearly destroyed Saint Camillus School in the Rockaway area of Queens, in New York City. The Catholic school stands just a short distance from the Atlantic Ocean. The more than 200 students and teachers went to another school while Saint Camillus was closed for six weeks.Many people remain displaced in the area. But the reopening of the school on December 10 was a victory for the community."So good morning boys and girls."Good morning, Sister Agnes!"Sister Agnes White is principal of Saint Camillus."We're all together. We're back home, and we are ready to start anew."Earlier, Sister Agnes gave cut-out paper stars to students to tape anywhere they wanted on the school walls."Between now and Christmas, this building should be filled with stars, a symbol of light. We all lost light. We know what it's like to be without light. But now we have light in this building and we need the light that you're going to put up with the stars, a symbol of the light of Jesus Christ."Parts of the school remain damaged beyond repair. Some students lost their homes as a result of the storm.School secretary Kerry Montero says the message from Hurricane Sandy is clearest in the many recent acts of kindness."It's touching, you know, the outpouring of help that we've received from everyone. I mean, we've had people from Connecticut, California, Brooklyn, all over the place, coming and helping us."9.sun powerFrom VOA Learning English, this is the TECHNOLOGY REPORT in Special English.Officials say the islands of Tokelau in the South Pacific Ocean have become the world's first territory totally powered by the sun. The move is expected to save money and ease the environmental burdenof depending on imported fossil fuels.New Zealand's foreign affairs minister released a statement about The Tokelau Renewable Energy Project. Murray McCully said Tokelau's three main atolls, or islands, now have enough solar capacity to meet all of their electricity needs. He said until now, Tokelau has been one hundred percent dependent on diesel for producing electricity. That, he said, has burdened the country with heavy economic and environmental costs.The three atolls of Tokelau are Atafu, Nukunonu and Fakaofo. The group o f islands is about halfway between New Zealand and Hawaii and is administered by New Zealand. Together they have about one thousand five hundred citizens.Each atoll received its own solar power grid system. New Zealand officials estimated the cost of the project to build the three solar grids at around seven million dollars. The last of the grids was completed earlier this month.It is estimated that oil imports make up to thirty percent of national income in some parts of the Pacific. The move to solar power could save Tokelau about one million dollars a year. One project coordinator said Tokelau would now be able to spend more on social programs to help its citizens.Other South Pacific islands are attempting similar projects. The island nations of Samoa and Tuvalu are aiming to get all of their electricity from renewable sources by twenty-twenty. The Cook Islands plans to start moving to solar panels and wind turbines. And most houses in the South Pacific groups of islands will begin to use solar water heaters.East Timor's government has promised that no households in the capital, Dili, would be using firewood for cooking by twenty fifteen. It also says fifty percent of the country's electricity will come from renewable sources by the end of the decade.New Zealand Foreign Affairs Minister Murray McCully says the country will hold a Pacific energy summit in March next year. He said the meeting would build on the success of clean and affordable energy solutions for Tokelau, Tonga, and the Cook Islands.10.UnemploymentFrom VOA Learning English, this is the Economics Report in Special English.The International Labor Organization says nearly 200 million people are without jobs. And the ILO is warning of even higher unemployment this year.The United Nations agency this week released a report called "Global Employment Trends 2013". It says the number of unemployed worldwide rose by more than four million last year, compared with 2011. The report says one fourth of this increase was in developed economies. The remaining 75 percent were in mainly developing economies in Asia, and in African countries south of the Sahara Desert.The report says an estimated 39 million people stopped looking for work last year. It says the average length of unemployment increased sharply in developed economies. One-third of all job seekers there were unemployed for a year or more.The ILO's Director-General, Guy Ryder, is concerned about the world economy. He says the recovery is not expected to be strong enough to reduce unemployment quickly."We see that unemployment is set to rise again. Our projection would be for 5.1 million more in 2013 and still a further 3 million in 2014. So the trends are very much in the wrong direction."The ILO report says the labor market is especially difficult for young people. It says almost 74 million people between the ages of 15 and 24 are unemployed worldwide. That represents anunemployment rate of 12.6 percent.The report says more and more young people who experience long-term unemployment stop looking for work. It says this prevents young people from gaining on-the-job experience.Guy Ryder says the ILO has been warning about the risks of what it calls a "lost generation." He has called on policy makers to support youth employment.Mr. Ryder says all countries, especially developed ones, must provide more predictable policies. He says these policies must include measures to increase wages and support stronger consumption. And he says countries should enact reforms to strengthen the banking industry, so banks can support investment and provide credit.While the I.L.O. believes there is reason to be concerned about the world economy, the International Monetary Fund expects the international economy to grow slowly this year. A new IMF report predicts that international growth will reach 3.5 percent in 2013. That would be three tenths of a percent better than the rate last year.11.waste plasticFrom VOA Learning English, this is the Technology Report in Special English.这里是美国之音慢速英语科技报道。

深圳大学英语二真题题目类型1、My brother is too shy. He _______ speaks in front of lots of people. [单选题] *A. alwaysB. usuallyC. seldom(正确答案)D. sometimes2、Was（）that I saw last night at the concert? [单选题] *A. it you(正确答案)B. not youC. youD. that yourself3、In the future, people ______ a new kind of clothes that will be warm when they are cold, and cool when they’re hot.（）[单选题] *A. wearB. woreC. are wearingD. will wear(正确答案)4、Tomorrow is Ann’s birthday. Her mother is going to make a _______ meal for her. [单选题] *A. commonB. quickC. special(正确答案)D. simple5、The storybook is very ______. I’m very ______ in reading it. （）[单选题] *A. interesting; interested(正确答案)B. interested; interestingC. interested; interestedD. interesting; interesting6、I live a very quiet and peaceful life. [单选题] *A. 宁静的(正确答案)B. 舒适的C. 和平的D. 浪漫的7、Every means _____ but it's not so effective. [单选题] *A. have been triedB. has been tried(正确答案)C. have triedD. has tried8、Where have you _______ these days? [单选题] *A. been(正确答案)B. beC. isD. are9、It was difficult to guess what her_____to the news would be. [单选题] *A.impressionmentC.reaction(正确答案)D.opinion10、My English teacher has given us some _______ on how to study English well. [单选题] *A. storiesB. suggestions(正确答案)C. messagesD. practice11、10．﹣Could you please sweep the floor？I’m going to cook dinner．﹣__________．I’ll do it at once，Mom．[单选题] *A．I’m afraid notB．You’re kiddingC．It’s a shameD．My pleasure(正确答案)12、Many of my classmates are working _______volunteers. [单选题] *A. as(正确答案)B. toC. atD. like13、Jack can speak Japanese, and his brother can _______ speak Japanese. [单选题] *A. tooB. also(正确答案)C. eitherD. as well14、My mother’s birthday is coming. I want to buy a new shirt ______ her.（）[单选题] *A. atB. for(正确答案)C. toD. with15、We need two ______ and two bags of ______ for the banana milk shake.（）[单选题]*A. banana; yogurtB. banana; yogurtsC. bananas; yogurt(正确答案)D. bananas; yogurts16、--Jenny, what’s your favorite _______?? ? ? --like peaches best. [单选题] *A. fruit(正确答案)B. vegetablesC. drinkD. plants17、He has grown rich lately. [单选题] *A. 后来C. 终于D. 最近(正确答案)18、( ) What she is worried __ is ____ her daughter is always addicted to chatting online./; that [单选题] *A /; thatB of thatC about that(正确答案)D about what19、She often _______ at 21: [单选题] *A. go to bedB. gets upC. goes to bed(正确答案)D. gets to20、Lily is a very_____person and never wastes anything. [单选题] *A.generousB.economical(正确答案)C.economic21、Nobody noticed the thief slip into the shop, because the lights happened to _______. [单选题] *A. put outB. turn outC. give outD. go out(正确答案)22、—______ you speak French?—Yes, I can.（）[单选题] *A. NeedB. Can(正确答案)C. MightD. Must23、78．—Welcome to China. I hope you'll enjoy the ________.—Thank you. [单选题] *A．tour(正确答案)B．sizeC．nameD．colour24、Let us put the matter to the vote,（）? [单选题] *A. will youB. can weC. may ID. shall we(正确答案)25、____ is standing at the corner of the street. [单选题] *A. A policeB. The policeC. PoliceD. A policeman(正确答案)26、I paid him 50 dollars for the painting, but its real（）must be about 500 dollars. [单选题] *A. feeB. value(正确答案)C. priceD. fare27、3．—Will you buy the black car?No, I won't. I will buya(n) ________ one because I don't have enough money. [单选题] *A．cheap(正确答案)B．expensiveC．highD．low28、The market economy is quickly changing people’s idea on_____is accepted. [单选题] *A.what(正确答案)B.whichC.howD.that29、She _______ be here. [单选题] *A. is gladB. is so glad to(正确答案)C. am gladD. is to30、Mum is ill. I have to _______ her at home. [单选题] *A. look after(正确答案)B. look forC. look outD. look forward to。

研究生英语学位课统考真题（GET2011—2012）听力模拟题1part1Section A (1 point each)Directions: in this section. you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, there will be a question. The conversation and the question will be read only once. you are asked to write down you answers on the answer sheet.1.A To be brush up her English at home.B To be praised by her peers.C. To become her teacher's favorite student.D. To care more for other subjects.2.A. Have a picnic.B. Play with her pets.C. See a movie.D. See at home.3.A. It's a piece of cake.B. She has no ideaC. She already knows the answer.D. It's beyond her expectation.4.A.Write a short mail to him.B. Chat with him onlineC. Telephone him.D. Text him soon.5.A. The poster looks better without the frame.B. The poster is not worth the money.C. The poster costs very little.D. The poster is very eye-catching.6.A.14B.10C.65D.247.A .She is too busy.B. She can pass the exam next time.C. She doesn't work very hard.D. She should be better prepared.8.A. Exercise more frequently.B. Take less medicine each day.C. Try a new type of pain-killer.D. Have her back examined.9.A. George was not playing well.B. George always loses temper easilyC. George should have won the match.D. George is no match for his opponent.Section B (1 point each)Directions: in this section you will hear two Mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once.. After each question, there will be a pause. you are asked to write down you answers on the answer sheet.Mini-talk one10.A.18-21B.22-25C.30-50D.70-8011.A. Because older people become more thankful for what they have.B Because older people spend less time in deep thinking.C. Because older people forget things more frequently.D. Because older people tend to be more reliable.12.A .Middle aged women had increased sleep problems.B. Stress levels dropped sharply after people reached their fifties.C .Being single affected the levels of happiness.D. Sleep quality declined as people got older.Mini—talk two13.A.High temperatures.B. Too much weight on the roof.C. The lack of rich soil.D. Sufficient watering system.14.A.They are normally painted green.B. They shorten the life of houses.C. They reduce energy consumption.D. They are used as water tanks.15.A.They need little water.B. They normally grow faster.C. They are less costly to grow.D. They could absorb more water.Section c (1 point each)Directions: in this section you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. You will hear the recording twice. After the recording you are asked to write down you answers on the answer sheet. You now have 25 seconds to read the notes below.16. Compliments are so good that they can heal you__.17. Unless you seem sincere when you give compliments during a conversation, you're not going to get __from that person.18. After giving specific compliment, you should followthat__.19. Adding compliments in front of people respected and feel __20. Last,avoid __with envy.模拟题2part1Section A (1 point each)Directions: in this section. you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, there will be a question. The conversation and the question will be read only once. you are asked to write down you answers on the answer sheet.1.A.Eat a little bit potato chips.B. Stay with his decision.C. Change his goal.D. Throw away the trash.2.A. Amy misses lectures from time to time.B. Amy doesn’t pay much attention in class.C. Amy probably knows how to answer the question.D. Amy is stuck with the same question.3.A.A pet psychologist.B.A school teacher.C.A fitness trainer.D.A furniture designer.4.A.She cant give him any good ideas.B. she is very familiar with the city.C. she is new to new York.D. she wont lend a hand to him.5.A.someone famous is reading in the car.B. she has a nice collection of car photos.C. the car is in front of something interesting.D. the design of the car is really impressive.6.A.the train to the market square is cancelled.B. the man has missed the train to the market square.C. the next train will leave in ten minutes.D. the man has come to a wrong station.7.A. he doesn’t believe her story.B. he is not surprised to hear that.C. he also wants to lose weight .D. he cares little about his size.8 A. Mary will show up on time .B. Mary is always late .C. Mary has a good excuse for her absence.D. Mary was kept busy with work.9. A. he is a clumsy person.B. he is a good waiter.C. he is a careful guy.D. he is a tough man.Section B (1 point each)Directions: in this section you will hear two Mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once.. After each question, there will be a pause. you are asked to write down you answers on the answer sheet.Mini-talk one10.A. oneB. twoC. three.D. four11.A.because they learning a different writing structure.B. because they don’t appreciate this type of formula.C because they used to write long academic papers.D because they have different problem-solving strategies.12.A. placing the thesis at the beginning .B. writing shorter sentences.C. stating the main idea at the end of paper.D. using fewer descriptive words.Mini—talk two13A. organic farming can reduce soil erosion.B. organic crops produce lower yields.C. organically grown food taste strange.D organic farming is better for the environment.14.A. it will grow 70%.B. it tends to be relatively stable.C. it is expected to decline.D. it could double .15 A. organic farming on large scale.B. a combination of organic and conventional methods.C. conventional farming without any use of fertilizers.D. genetic farming used with caution.Section c (1 point each)Directions: in this section you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. You will hear the recording twice. After the recording you are asked to write down you answers on the answer sheet. You now have 25 seconds to read the notes below.16.whether it’s your friend’s term paper or words of a well-known author, plagiarism is ___(3 words).17.first, when Cassie quotes an author directly, she uses ___(2 words) around the words.18. second, she is careful to use ____(4 words) when she’s not quoting directly.19. third, she can use ideas like drawings, speeches, music, structural models and statistics as long as ____(3words).20. and lastly, she is aware that some ideas are __(2 words) and don’t need a source.2011年1月Part 1Section A (1 point each)Directions: in this section. you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, there will be a question. The conversation and the question will be read only once. you are asked to write down you answers on the answer sheet.1.A.He was beaten by a fellow worker.B. He was laughed at by a fellow worker.C. He was fired from his work.D. He was replaced by his co-worker.2.A. He did it like everyone else.B. He was not speeding basically.C. He would like to pay the fine.D. The policeman was unfair to him.3.A. Talk about their fishing experiences.B. Drive the woman’s dad to the station together.C. Put off their fishing plan for the next weekend.D. Go fishing after the woman sees her dad off.4.A. She thought the man’s project had been finished.B. She didn’t know the man’s project was urgent.C. She thinks the man shouldn’t be so stressed.D. She thinks the man has exaggerated about his project.5.A. He knows psychology very well.B. Psychology is beyond his comprehension.C. Psychology is his major.D. He has forgotten the theory of psychology.6.A. It’s pleasant surprise.B. It’s really unexpected.C. It’s very sad.D. It’s a pity.7.A. He was disappointed with the service.B. He was satisfied with the service.C. He finally got what he wanted.D. He would like to try it again.8.A. He didn’t finish his finals week.B. He failed most of his examinations.C. He couldn’t remember what he had prepared in the exams.D. He couldn’t concentrate during the exams.9. A. Not enjoyable.B. Just so so.C. I t’s his favorite.D. He likes it.Section B (1 point each)Directions: in this section you will hear two Mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once.. After each question, there will be a pause. you are asked to write down you answers on the answer sheet.Mini-talk one10.A. To start up her own business.B. To gain experience.C. To save for her tuition.D. To help her family.11.A. Because he could have more spare credits.B. Because the 15-credit-plan was more cost-efficient.C Because he had to make up 15 credits.D Because the 15-credit-plan was easier.12.A. To become an intern.B. To challenge traditions.C. To start up her own business.D. To get a full-time job.Mini—talk two13.A. The united states has declares its independence.B. Lady liberty is a gift from the people of France.C. The American people have shaken off oppression.D. The United States has broken off its relations with UK.14.A. Lady liberty.B. Liberty lady .C. The statue of liberty.D. Liberty enlightening the world.15.A. By bus.B. By boat.C. By car.D. By subway.Section c (1 point each)Directions: in this section you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. You will hear the recording twice. After the recording you are asked to write down you answers on the answer sheet. You now have 25 seconds to read the notes below.16. Mental health experts also include other disorders like___that affect millions of people.17. Mental health problems are most severe in poor countries that ___ to deal with them.18. About half of all mental health problems first appear before ______.19. According to the WTO, how many people suffered from depression in 2009?20. The disability caused by mental disorders can also be a big impact on ______.2011年6月Part 1Section A (1 point each)Directions: in this section. you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, there will be a question. The conversation and the question will be read only once. you are asked to write down you answers on the answer sheet.1.A. Go shopping.B. Go car racing.C. Go to work.D. Go on a trip.2.A. Because she hasn’t been on line lately.B . Because she has too much work to do.C. Because she is on vacation.D. Because she has been busy typing.3.A.Go to an emergency exit.B. Enjoy herself in the park.C. Move her van right away.D. try to find the road sign.4.A. A secretary.B.A salesperson.C. A tennis player.D. A receptionist.5.A. She deserves the promotion.B. She has to transfer to another job site.C. She’ll pay for the dinner this time.D. She’ll invite her parents over for a celebration.6.A. She should drop the biochemistry class.B She should try harder.C. He prefers to learn rocket science.D. He can’t understand it either.7.A. She totally dislikes it.B. She prefers the old one.C. It may lake practical value.D. It is much better than expected.8.A. 7:00 amB. 7:30 am.C. 9:00 amD. 9:30 am.9.A. She was told about the trip beforehand.B. She was helped to pick up the beans.C. She was so excited that she revealed the news.D. She was not enthusiastic about the trip.Section B (1 point each)Directions: in this section you will hear two Mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once.. After each question, there will be a pause. you are asked to write down you answers on the answer sheet.Mini-talk one10.A. High expectations.B. Excellent and value.C. Terror and violence.D. Strength and power.11.A. Attend a sleepover.B. Play a piece of music.C. Watch TV.D. Be in a school play.12.A. Her parenting methods are limited to Chinese families.B. She brought up her daughters with an extreme parenting method.C. Her daughters were given enough time to follow their own interests.D. She had low expectations of children’s abilities.Mini—talk two13.A. 650 million dollars.B 560 million dollars.C 40 million dollars.D. 50 million dollars.14.A. Saint Paul.B. The Chapel of Love.C. The Nickelodeon Universe.D. The Underwater Adventures Aquarium.15.A. Tasting delicious food.B. Getting married.C. Visiting a campus.D. Seeing ocean animals.Section c (1 point each)Directions: in this section you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. Youwill hear the recording twice. After the recording you are asked to write down you answers on the answer sheet. You now have 25 seconds to read the notes below.16. The first tip on how to reduce your test stress is to use a little stress_____.17. Good study ____ are important to learning effectively and doing well on tests.18.If you find yourself thinking negative thoughts, replace them with _____.19. Everyone makes mistakes. Learning to tolerate small _____ is a valuable skill.20. Taking care of your health can help keep your mind ___.2011年12月Part 1Section A (1 point each)Directions: in this section. you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, there will be a question. The conversation and the question will be read only once. you are asked to write down you answers on the answer sheet.1.A. He’ll get promot ed.B. He’ll get another job.C He’ll be disappointed.D He’ll give a talk.2.A. $3.78B. $4.25C. $3.87D. $4.153.A. It was just so-so.B. It was really special.C. It was quite good.D. It was awful.4.A. The woman should divorce her husband.B. The woman is thinking negatively.C. The woman is ignoring her husband.D. The woman is not imaginative.5.A. It seems too hard to most students.B. It is the most boring class.C. What is taught comes directly from the book.D. It is quite popular among students.6. A.Jennifer was a real stand-out.B. Jennifer had an impractical wish.C Jennifer used to like eating pies.D Jennifer realized her dreams.7.A. It’s hard to explain.B. It’s an unforgettable history.C. He cherishes their friendship.D. He is pretty busy.8.A. He is a gardener.B. He is an electrician.C. He is a plumber.D. He is a cleaner.9.A. Visit his doctor.B. Get a massage.C. Leave for a trip.D. Cancel an appointment.Section B (1 point each)Directions: in this section you will hear two Mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks andthe questions will be read to you only once.. After each question, there will be a pause. you are asked to write down you answers on the answer sheet.Mini-talk one10.A. Columbia university.B. Princeton university.C. The university of Pennsylvania.D. Cornell university.11.A. It is settled.B. It is not controversial.C. It is uncertain.D. It has never been studied.12.A.2%B7%C12%D17%Mini—talk two13.A. John Fitzgerald Kennedy.B. Jacqueline Kennedy.C. Dwight Eisenhower.D. Edward Durrell Stone.14.A.The opera house.B. The concert hall.C. The family theater.D. The states gallery.15.A. The performing arts.B. Creation of new works.C. Methods of competition.D. The history of western music.。

考研二外试卷真题一、听力部分（共30分）1. 短对话理解（每题1分，共10分）请根据所听到的对话内容，从A、B、C三个选项中选择最合适的答案。

【例】对话1：A: 你今天去图书馆了吗？B: 是的，我借了几本书。

问：B做了什么？A. 去了图书馆B. 借了书C. 买了书2. 长对话理解（每题2分，共10分）请根据所听到的长对话内容，回答相关问题。

3. 短文理解（每题3分，共10分）请根据所听到的短文内容，回答相关问题。

二、阅读理解（共40分）1. 快速阅读（每题2分，共10分）请快速阅读以下短文，并从A、B、C、D四个选项中选择最合适的答案。

2. 深度阅读（每题4分，共30分）请仔细阅读以下长篇文章，并回答后面的问题。

三、写作部分（共20分）1. 短文写作（10分）请根据以下提示，写一篇不少于150词的短文。

提示：描述你最近参加的一个活动，并表达你的感受。

2. 应用文写作（10分）请根据以下情景，写一封不少于100词的信件。

情景：你的朋友即将参加一个国际会议，你写信给他/她，提供一些建议。

四、翻译部分（共10分）1. 英译汉（5分）请将以下英文段落翻译成中文。

【例】English: The rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes in our daily lives.2. 汉译英（5分）请将以下中文段落翻译成英文。

【例】中文：随着科技的快速发展，我们的生活发生了巨大的变化。

注意：以上内容仅为模拟示例，实际考研二外试卷真题会根据具体语种和考试要求有所不同。

考生应根据官方发布的考试大纲和样题进行复习准备。

祝所有考生考试顺利！。

Tonight I’m going to talk to you about that remarkable continent Antarctica – remote, hostile and at present uninhabited on a permanent basis. For early explorers, it was the ultimate survival contest; for researchers like me, it remains a place of great intellectual challenge; while for the modern tourist, it’s simply a wilderness of great beauty.First, some facts and figures. Antarctica is a place of extremes – the highest, coldest and windiest continent and over fifty-eight times the size of the UK. The ice-cap contains almost 70％of the world’s fresh water and 90％of its ice, but with very low snowfall, most of the continent technically falls unbelievably into the category of ‘desert’! huge icebergs break off the continent each year, while in winter half the surrounding ocean freezes over, which means its size almost doubles.Research and exploration has been going on in Antarctica for more than two hundred years, and has involved scientists from many different countries, who work together on research stations. Here science and technical support have been integrated in a very cost-effective way – our Antarctic research programme has several summers – only stations and two all-year-round ones; I was based on one of the all-year-round ones. The research stations are really self-contained communities of about twenty people. There’s living and working space, a kitchen with a huge food store, a small hospital and a well-equipped gym to ensure everyone keeps fit in their spare time. The station generates its own electricity and communicates with the outside world using a satellite link.Our station – Zero One –had some special features. It wasn’t built on land but on an ice-shelf, hundreds of meters thick. Supplies were brought to us on large sledges from a ship fifteen kilometers away at the ice edge.Living in the Antarctic hasn’t always been so comfortable. Snow build-ups caused enormous problems for four previous stations on the same site, which were buried and finally crushed by the weight. Fortunately no-one was hurt, but these buildings became a huge challenge to architects who finally came up with a remarkable solution – the buildings are placed on platforms which can be raised above the changing snow level on legs which are extendable.Food is one of the most important aspects of survival in a polar climate. People living there need to obtain a lot more energy from their food, both to keep warm and to undertake heavy physical work. Maybe you know that an adult in the UK will probably need about 1,700 kilocalories a day on average; someone in Antarctica will need about 3,500 – just over double! This energy is provided by foods which are high in carbohydrate and fat.Rations for fieldwork present and additional problem. They need to provide maximum energy, but they must also be compact and light for easy transport. Special boxes are prepared, each containing enough food for one person for twenty days. You may be familiar with coffee processed by freeze-drying, which preserves the quality of the food product while making a large saving in weight – well, this type of presentation is ideal in our situation. It wasn’t available to earlier polar explorers, whose diet was commonly insufficient for their health.I think that being at the cutting edge of science has a special appeal for everyone working in Antarctica, in whatever capacity. As a marine biologist, my own research was fascinating; but it’s perhaps climate change research that is the mo st crucial field of study.Within this general field, surveying changes in the volume and stability of the ice-cap is vital, since these may have profound effects on world sea levels and on ocean currents. A second important area is monitoring the size of the hole in the ozone layer above Antarctica, since this is an indicator of global ultra –violet radiation levels. Thirdly, bubbles in the ice-sheet itself provide an index of pollution because frozen inside them are samples of previous atmospheres over the past 500,000 years, and these provide us with evidence for the effects of such human activities as agriculture and industry.There are an increasing number of opportunities for young people to work for a period in Antarctica – not only as research assistants in projects like mine, but also in a wide range of junior administrative and technical positions including vacancies for map-makers. I hope that the insights I’ve provided will encourage you to take up these opportunities in this fascinating continent.The history of moving picturesMany believe that the story first began in America in 1877, when two friends were arguing over whether a horse ever had all 4 feet or hooves off the ground when they galloped. To settle the bet, a photographer was asked to photograph a horse galloping and the bet was settled because you could see that all the hooves were off the ground in some of the photos. What was even more interesting was that if the photos were shown in quick succession the horse looked like it was running- in other words ‘moving pictures’.The person who became interested in taking the moving pictures to its next step was the famous American inventor Thomas Edison. Actually, he didn’t do the work himself but rather asked a young Scotsman in his employ to design a system, which he did. Now this young fellow was clever because the first thing he did was study other systems- primitive as they were –of moving pictures and then put all the existing technologies together to make the first entire motion picture system. He designed a camera, a projection device and the film. The system was first shown in New York in 1894 and was really very popular. Apparently people lined up around the block to see the wonderful new invention. There were, however, a couple of problems with the system. The camera weighed over 200 kilograms and only one person at a time could see the film.Well, now news of the new system in America travelled fast and a number of rival European systems started to appear once people had heard about it. The single problem with all the systems was they couldn’t really project the film onto a screen-- you know, so more than one person could see it. Then in 1895, three systems were all developed, more or less at the same time and independently of each other. I guess the most famous of these was by the Lumiere Brothers from France, and they called their system the cinematographe which of course is where the word cinema comes from. There were also 2 brothers in Germany who developed a successful system and they called it bioskop.Well now, once the problem of projection had been solved, the next challenge for theinventors was to make the films longer and more interesting. A continuing problem at that time was that the films had a tendency to break when they were being played--a problem which was caused by the tension between the 2 wheels ,or ‘reels’ as they are called,which hold the film. Now this problem was solved by 2 American brothers. They developed the “Lantham Loop”, which was the simple addition of a third reel between the 2 main reels and this took all the tension away with the result that the film stopped snapping.So now there was a real possibility of having films of more than 2 or 3 minutes, and this led to the making of The Great Train Robbery-- the very first movie made. It only lasts the 11 minutes but was an absolute sensation, and there were cases of people watching the movie and actually fainting when the character fired a gun at the camera! Almost overnight movies became a craze, and by 1905 people in America were lining up to see movies in ‘store theatres’, as they were called then.I guess the next big step in terms of development of technology was to have people actually talking on the film, and first step towards this was in 1926 when sound effects were first used on the film. It wasn’t until the following year however the first ‘talkie’, as they were called then, was made. This film featured actors speaking only during parts of the film and was called The Jazz Singer, and it wasn’t until the 1928 that the first all-talking film was produced, and this was The Lights of New York. Unfortunately, the sound on this early film was not very good and I believe they put subtitles on the film.--that is, they printed the dialogue along the bottom of the film to compensate for this poor sound quality. Now, with the addition of sound, moving pictures became far more difficult to make…Today, I’m going to talk about risk ,or how people think about risk. First, I’ll discuss two concepts. Perceived risk versus actual risk. Then I’ll talk about why we worry about some risks more than others.There are two important turns you need understand before we begin , perceived risk and actual risk . Perceived risk is the way a person thinks about risk. Perceived risk is now risky a person thinks the activity is . Ah, this is supposed to actual risk which is the true risk . The risk something if you actual look at how many people are hurt or injured by activity . So let’s begin with example. And exampl e love perceived risk versus actual risk . Let’s compare two ways to travel . Flying versus driving a car. Many people drive a car each day , but they don’t worry about very much . They know that there is risk of accident , but most people will not say they are afraid of driving. They fell that the risk is low , so the perceived risk of is low. On the other hand , many people worry about flying. They are afraid that airplane will have an accident and crash. They feel that risk of flying is higher than risk if driving. The perceived risk of flying is high.In fact , the flying is forty times safer than driving a car , but our perception is that flying is more dangerous. Why? Why do we worry about some risks more than others? Well, it turns out that we perceived risk differently in special certain standards. Some factors make person feel negativity is less risky; some make us feel negativity is more risky. But the certain risk is really changing our perception.There are three factors that make us feel negativity less risky. The first factor is control, whether the risk negativity we control as supposed as one we don’t control. In circumstance, we’ll have more control we feel there is less risky. For example, let’s look at driving a car versus flying airplane. When we drive, we control the car, we design where to drive and how fast to go. Therefore, we feel that driving is less risky. However, when we fly an airplane, we do not control is. Someone else is flying it, so we feel it is more risky.The second factor is whether the risk is natural versus unnatural. When the risk is natural, we feel that there is less risk. For example, we can power plants are unnatural, that is created by people, so we feel that they have certificated risk. The sand isnatural, so we feel that is two risks. However, many more people get cancer each year from the sand than form nuclear power, so being in the sand has higher actual risk, but we feel that being in the sad is less risky because it is natural.Ah, finally. The third factor is how coming the activity is, that is whether the risk is part of everyday activity in a contrast to an usual invent. When the risk is in everyday activity, we feel there is less risky. For example, let’s look our feelings about accidents at home versus airplane accidents are usual, but they do sometimes occur. When and where has an accident, is reported news and gets a lot of attention, so people worry about these accidents more.However , accidents at home occur all the time , each day , many people are injured even killed do everyday things like walking down the stairs ,but we don’t worry about these everyday risks much . So you can see from these examples that people’s perceived risk is very different from actual risk, and you can understand some other reasons what.SECTION 4Today we continue our series on ecology and conservation with a look at a particularly endangered member of the black bear family.One in ten black bears is actually born with a white coat which is the result of a special gene that surfaces in a few. Local people have named it 'the spirit bear'. And according to the legends of these communities its snowy fur brings with it a special power. Because of this, it has always been highly regarded by them -so much that they do not speak of seeing it to anyone else. It is their way of protecting it when strangers visit the area.The white bear's habitat is quite interesting. The bear's strong relationship with the old- growth rainforest is a complex one. The white bear relies on the huge centuries-old trees in the forest in many ways.For example, the old-growth trees have extremely long roots that help prevent erosion of the soil along the banks of the many fish streams. Keeping these banks intact is important because these streams are home to salmon, which are the bear's main food source. In return, the bear's feeding habits nurture the forest. As the bears eat the salmon, they discard the skin and bones in great amounts on the forest floor, which provide vital nutrients. These produce lush vegetation that sustains thousands of other types of life forms, from birds to insects and more.Today the spirit bear lives off the coast of the province of British Columbia on a few islands. There is great concern for their survival since it is estimated that less than two hundred of these white bears remain. The best way to protect them is to make every effort to preserve the delicate balance of their forest environment - in other words, their ecosystem.The greatest threat to the bear's existence is the loss of its habitat. Over many years, logging companies have stripped the land by cutting down a large number of trees. In addition, they have built roads which have fractured the areas where the bear usually feeds and many hibernation sites have also been lost. The logging of the trees along the streams has damaged the places where the bears fish.To make matters worse, the number of salmon in those streams is declining because there is no legal limit on fishing at the moment. All these influences have anegative impact on the spirit bear's very existence, which is made all the more fragile by the fact that reproduction among these bears has always been disappointingly low.And so, what's the situation going forward? Community organizations, environmental groups and the British Columbia government are now working together on the problem. The government is now requiring logging companies to adopt a better logging method, which is a positive step. However, these measures alone may not be sufficient to ensure a healthy population of the spirit bear in the future. Other steps also need to be taken. While it is important to maintain the spirit bear's habitat, there also needs to be more emphasis on its expansion. The move is justified as it will also create space for other bears that are losing their homes...Today we're going to look at an important area of science, namely nanotechnology. So what is it? Nano means tiny, so it's science and engineering on the scale of atoms and molecules. The idea is that by controlling and rearranging atoms, you can literally create anything. However, as we'll see, the science of the small has some big implications affecting us in many ways.There's no doubt that nanotechnology promises so much for civilisation. However, all new technologies have their teething problems. And with nanotechnology, society often gets the wrong idea about its capabilities.Numerous science-fiction books and movies have raised people's fears about nanotechnology - with scenarios such as inserting little nano-robots into your body that monitor everything you do without you realising it, or self-replicating nano-robots that eventually take over the world. So how do we safeguard such a potentially powerful technology? Some scientists recommend that nano-particles be treated as new chemicals with separate safety tests and clear labelling.They believe that greater care should also be taken with nano-particles in laboratories and factories. Others have called for a withdrawal of new nano products such as cosmetics and a temporary halt to many kinds of nanotech research.But as far as l'm concerned there's a need to plough ahead with the discoveries and applications of nanotechnology.I really believe that most scientists would welcome a way to guard against unethical uses of such technology. We can't go around thinking that all innovation is bad, all advancement is bad. As with the debate about any new technology, it is how you use it that's important. So let's look at some of its possible uses.Thanks to nanotechnology, there could be a major breakthrough in the field of transportation with the production of more durable metals.These could be virtually unbreakable, lighter and much more pliable leading to planes that are 50 times lighter than at present. Those same improved capabilities will dramatically reduce the cost of travelling into space making it more accessible to ordinary people and opening up a totally new holiday destination.In terms of technology, the computer industry will be able to shrink computer partsdown to minute sizes. We need nanotechnology in order to create a new generation of computers that will work even fast9r and will have a million times more memory but will be about the size of a sugar cube.Nanotechnology could also revolutionise the way that we generate power. The cost of solar cells Will be drastically reduced so harnessing this energy will be far more economical than at present.But nanotechnology has much wider applications than this and could have an enormous impact on our environment. For instance, tiny airborne nano-robots could be programmed to actually rebuild the ozone layer, which could lessen the impact of global warming on our planet. That's a pretty amazing thought, isn't it? On a more local scale, this new technology could help with the clean-up of environmental disasters as nanotechnology will allow us to remove oil and other contaminants from the water far more effectively.And, if nanotechnology progresses as expected - as a sort of building block set of about 90 atoms - then you could build anything you wanted from the bottom up. In terms of production, this means that you only use what you need and so there wouldn't be any waste.The notion that you could create anything at all has major implications for our health. It means that we'll eventually be able to replicate anything. This would have a phenomena effect on our society. In time it could even lead to the eradication of famine through the introduction of machines that produce food to feed the hungry.But it's in the area of medicine that nanotechnology may have its biggest impact. How we detect disease will change as tiny biosensors are developed to analyse tests in minutes rather than days.There's even speculation nano-robots could be used to slow the ageing process, lengthening life expectancy.As you can see, I'm very excited by the implications that could be available to us in the next few decades. Just how long it'll take, I honestly don't know.。

Shenzhen UniversityGraduate English Examination(基础综合英语期末考试时间为2小时30分钟)Part I Listening Comprehension (35 points)(说明: 听力共考四篇, 前三篇内容出自听力题库每部分一篇, 第四篇是题库之外的VOA 慢速)Section A 每题1分Directions: In this section you will hear a passage twice. During the first reading, you should listen carefully for a general idea of the whole passage.During the second reading, you should fill in the blanks with the exactwords you hear to make the sentences complete. Be sure to write youranswers on the Answer Sheet.American Mosaic has been broadcasting a series of reports for foreign students who want to attend college in the United States. This is the _____1_____ program in this series.We hope these reports helped students think about their _____2_____ and provided ways to reach them.We explained the kinds of colleges and universities in the United States, how to get information about them and how to ____3______ for admission. We discussed admissions tests and how to prepare for them. We reported about the high cost of attending an American university and told about possible places to seek __________4 __________. We talked about the legal documents that are needed before a student can travel to the United States to attend college. We also discussed the ____5______ of using the computer to take classes at an American college without leaving home.In other programs, we told about some American colleges that are not so well known. Landmark College, for example, teaches students with __________6 __________. Johnson and Wales University offers __________7 __________. We also provided information about _____8_____ colleges and the Masters of Business Administration degree.We would like to thank everyone who wrote to us asking questions that were used in this series. They helped us explain subjects we had not considered. For example, we explained about the need for student __________9 __________. We discussed dormitory life. And we told the difference between an American college and a university.All these reports can be found on the computer by going to the Special English web site. The address is _____10_______. We hope you will continue to listen to American Mosaic for reports about American life and other information about American colleges. In about two years, we will broadcast this series again to provide new information. By then, another group of students will be looking for information about attending college in the United States.Section B 每题1.5分Directions: In this section you will hear a passage twice. Then you should give brief answers to the questions printed on the examination paper. Be sure to write your answers on the Answer sheet.11. Where did most people live fifty years ago and how many people live in citiesnow?12. Why do many experts worry about the process of urbanization?13. What report did the environmental research group release last week?14. What are unplanned settlements?15. According to Molly O’Meara Sheehan, what should policymakers do?16. Why did Freetown, Sierra Leone establish farming within city limits?17. Why is the bus system created by engineers in Bogota successful?18. What are the reasons forcing people to move out of rural areas?19. What are the two issues that have existed side by side according toOlav Kjorven?20．略Section C 每题1分Directions: In this section you will hear two passages. Each passage will be read twice. After each passage there will be some questions or unfinishedstatements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letteron the Answer Sheet.Questions for passage one of section C21．Who agrees that foods from healthy cloned animals are safe?A．U.S. Center for Food SafetyB．A news conferenceC．U.S. Agriculture DepartmentD．B ruce Knight22．According to the FDA assessment, meat and milk from cattle, swine and goat clones _________________________.A. are different from traditionally-bred animalsB. are as safe as food from traditionally-bred animalsC.pose safety concernD.are better than ordinary animals23．Which of the following is true about meat or milk from cloned sheep?A. The FDA has proved the safety of products from cloned sheep.B. Meat and milk from cloned sheep are harmful.C. The FDA is not sure if meat or milk from cloned sheep is safe.D. There are not enough cloned sheep for research.24．According to the FDA, labeling is only required ____________________.A. for products that pose a safety threatB. when people want to know what they are buyingC. for the cloned animal productsD. for meat and milk from cloned sheep25. According to the center for Food Safety, ________________________.A. the FDA should apologize for having made the announcementB. the FDA’s risk assessment relies on complete and correct researchC. the FDA’s risk assessment was based on studies that are supplied bycloning companies.D. the FDA did an adequate job before making the announcement Questions for passage two of section C26. Which of the following factors doesn’t top the lis t of heart attack risks?A. bad habitsB. fatty diets C . stress D. smoking27. Most of what we know about the causes of heart disease comes fromstudies among people ___________________________.A.in developing countries, mainly old aged white men.B.in western countries, mainly middle aged white women.C.in western countries, mainly middle aged white men.D.in industrial nations, mainly old aged white men28. _______________ account for 90 percent of heart attacks internationally.A. No simply measured risk factorsB. The same factorsC. Three risk factorsD. Nine simply measured risk factors29. Dr. Anand says ______________ is responsible for __________ of heart attacks.A. weight gain ……one fifthB. emotional stress …… one fifthC. smoking …… one fourt hD. high blood pressure …… one sixth30. What is Dr. Anand’s description of the relationship between stress andhaving heart attack?A.DependentB.AdverseC.IndependentD.UnpredictablePart II Reading Comprehension (20 points)(说明: 阅读内容均为课本之外的文章)Directions: There are Three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C or D. Decide on the best choice，and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage One[1] Rubbish may be universal, but it is little studied and poorly understood. Nobody knows how much of it the world generates or what it does with it. In many rich countries, and most poor ones, only the patchiest of records are kept. That may be understandable: by definition, waste is something its owner no longer wants or takes much interest in.[2] Ignorance spawns scares, such as the fuss surrounding New York’s infamous garbage barge, which in 1987 sailed the Atlantic for six months in search of a place to dump its load, giving many Americans the false impression that their country’s landfills had run out of space. It also makes it hard to draw up sensible policies: just think of the endless debate about whether recycling is the only way to save the planet—or an expensive waste of time.[3] Rubbish can cause all sorts of problems. It often stinks, attracts vermin and creates eyesores. More seriously, it can release harmful chemicals into the soil and water when dumped, or into the air when burned. It is the source of almost 4% of the world’s greenhouse gases, mostly in the form of methane from rotting food—and that does not include all the methane generated by animal slurry and other farm waste. And then there are some really nasty forms of industrial waste, such as spent nuclear fuel, for which no universally accepted disposal methods have thus far been developed.[4] Yet many also see waste as an opportunity. Getting rid of it all has become a huge global business. Rich countries spend some $120 billion a year disposing of their municipal waste alone and another $150 billion on industrial waste, according to CyclOpe, a French research institute. The amount of waste that countries produce tends to grow in tandem with their economies, and especially with the rate of urbanization. So, waste firms see a rich future in places such as China, India and Brazil, which at present spend only about $5 billion a year collecting and treating their municipal waste.[5] Waste also presents an opportunity in a grander sense: as a potential resource. Much of it is already burned to generate energy. Clever new technologies to turn it into fertiliser or chemicals or fuel are being developed all the time. Visionaries see a future in which things like household rubbish and pig slurry will provide the fuel for cars and homes, doing away with the need for dirty fossil fuels. Others imagine a world without waste, with rubbish being routinely recycled. As Bruce Parker, the head of the National Solid Wastes Management Association (NSWMA), an American industry group, puts it, “Why fish bodies out of the river when you can stop them jumping off the bridge?”[6] Until last summer such views were spreading quickly. Entrepreneurs were queuing up to scour rubbish for anything that could be recycled. There was even talk of mining old landfills to extract steel and aluminium cans. And waste that could not be recycled should at least be used to generate energy, the evangelists argued. A brave new wasteless world seemed nigh.[7] But since then plummeting prices for virgin paper, plastic and fuels, and hence also for the waste that substitutes for them, have put an end to such visions. Many of the recycling firms that had argued rubbish was on the way out now say that unless they are given financial help, they themselves will disappear.[8] Subsidies are a bad idea. Governments have a role to play in the business of waste management, but it is a regulatory and supervisory one. They should oblige people who create waste to clean up after themselves and ideally ensure that the price of any product reflects the cost of disposing of it safely. That would help to signal which items are hardest to get rid of, giving consumers an incentive to buy goods that create less waste in the first place.[9] That may sound simple enough, but governments seldom get the rules right. In poorer countries they often have no rules at all, or if they have them they fail to enforce them. In rich countries they are often inconsistent: too strict about some sorts of waste and worryingly lax aboutothers. They are also prone to imposing arbitrary targets and taxes. California, for example, wants to recycle all its trash not because it necessarily makes environmental or economic sense butbe cause the goal of “zero waste” sounds politically attractive. Britain, meanwhile, has started taxing landfills so heavily that local officials, desperate to find an alternative, are investing in all manner of unproven waste-processing technologies.[10] As for recycling, it is useless to urge people to salvage stuff for which there are no buyers. If firms are passing up easy opportunities to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions by re-using waste, then governments have set the price of emissions too low. They would do better to deal with that problem directly than to try to regulate away the repercussions. At the very least, governments should make sure there are markets for the materials they want collected. (844 words)31. Which of the following is True according to the first two paragraphs?A.The author thinks it is a good idea to dump the garbage in the Atlantic.B.The United States’ landfills have already run out of space.C.People are scared of not knowing where to dump the garbage.D.What the New York garbage barge did in 1987 is notorious.32.Almost 4% of the world’s greenhouse gases comes from ___________.a)animal slurryb)farm wastec)municipal wasted)industrial waste33.We can infer from paragraph [4] that _______________________.a)collecting and treating rubbish stimulates a country’s economyb)the higher the rate of urbanization, the less waste the country producesc)the poorer a country is, the more rubbish it producesd)China, India and Brazil will probably spend more money disposing of their municipalwaste34.According to paragraphs [5] and [6], ___________________________.a)Bruce Parker thinks that waste should be routinely recycledb) a large amount of steel and aluminium cans have been extracted from old landfillsc)we no longer need dirty fossil fuels to provide fuel for cars and homesd)waste is a potential natural resource35.The word “plummeting” in paragraph [7] most probably means ______________.a)disappointingb)dropping downc)rocketingd)unexpectedPassage TwoThere were strangers on our beach yesterday, for the first time in a month. A new footprint on our sand is nearly as rare as in Robinson Crusoe. We are at the very edge of the Atlantic; half a mile out in front of us is a coral reef （珊瑚礁）, and then nothing but 3000 miles of ocean to West Africa. It is a wild and lonely beach, with the same surf beating on it as when Columbus came by. And yet the beach is polluted.Oil tankers over the horizon have fouled it more than legions of picnickers could. The oil comes ashore in floating patches that stain the coral black and gray. It has blighted the rock crabs and the crayfish and has coated the delicate whorls of the conch shells with black goo（黏质物质）. And it has congealed（凝结）upon itself, littering the beach with globes of tar that resemble the cannonballs of a deserted battlefield. The islanders, as they go beachcombing for the treasures the sea has washed up for centuries, now wear old shoes to protect their feet from the oil that washes up too.You have to try to get away from pollution to realize how bad it really is. We have known for the last few years how bad our cities are. Now there is no longer an escape. If there is oil on this island far out in the Atlantic, there is oil on nearly every other island.It is still early here. The air is still clear over the island, but it won’t be when they build the airstrip they are talking about. The water out over the reef is still blue and green, but it is dirtier than it was a few years ago. And if the land is not despoiled, it is only because there are not yet enough people here to despoil it. There will be. And so for the moment on this island we are witnesses to the beginning, as it were, of the pollution of our environment.Until the pollution of our deserted beach, it seemed simple to blame everything on the “population explosion.”If the population of this island, for example, could be stabilized at a couple of hundred, there would be very little problem with the environment in this secluded（与世隔绝的）area. There would be no pollution of the environment if there were not too many people using it, and so if we concentrate on winning the war against overpopulation, we can save the earth for mankind.But the oil on the beach belies this too-easy assumption. Those tankers are not out there because too many Chinese and Indians are being born every minute. They are not even out there because there are too many Americans and Europeans. They are delivering their oil, and cleaning their tanks at see and sending the residue up onto the beaches of the Atlantic and Pacific, in order to fuel the technology of mankind --- and the factories and the power plants, the vehicles and the engines that have enabled mankind to survive on his planet are now spoiling the planet for life.The fishermen on this island are perfectly right in preferring the outboard motor to the sail. Their livelihood is involved, and the motor, for all its fouling smell, has helped increase the fisherman’s catch so that he can now afford to dispense with the far more obnoxious（讨厌的）outdoor privy. But the danger of technology is in its escalation, and there has already been a small amount of escalation here. You can see the motor oil slicks around the town dock. Electric generators can be heard over the sound of the surf. And while there are only about two dozen automobiles for the ten miles of road, already there is a wrecked jeep rusting in the harbor waters where is was dumped and abandoned. The escalation of technological pollution is coming here just as surely as it came to the mainland cities that are now shrouded（笼罩）by fly ash.If the oil is killing the life along the coral heads, what must it not be doing to thephytoplankton（浮游植物群落）at sea which provide 70% of the oxygen we breathe? The lesson of our fouled beach is that we may not even have realized how late it is already. Mankind, because of his technology, may require far more space per person on this globe than we had ever thought, but it is more than a matter of a certain number of square yards per person. There is instead a delicate balance of nature in which many square miles of ocean and vegetation and clean air are needed to sustain only a relatively few human beings. We may find, as soon as the end of this century, that the final despoliation of our environment has been signaled not by starvation but by people choking to death. The technology --- the machine --- will then indeed have had its ultimate, mindless, all-unintended triumph over man, by destroying the atmosphere he lives in just as surely as you can pinch off a diver’s breathing tube.Sitting on a lonely but spoiled beach, it is hard to imagine but possible to believe.36. Which of the following is the best summary of this essay?A.Pollution has reached even the remotest areas of the globe and will only worsen.B.The solution to pollution problems lies in controlling population growth.C.Outboard motors are the major culprits（元凶）in the pollution of our ocean.D.We can solve pollution problems only when we stop all oil production.37. Before the pollution on the beach, the main environmental problems of the island were beingcaused by __________.A.overpopulationB. factoriesC. wood stovesD. commercial fishing38. The word “despoliation” as used here means _____________.A.destructionB. definitionC. desperationD. destination39. The pollution in our oceans may be causing phytoplankton to _________.A.increase to a dangerous levelB. be eaten by fish in place of their usual foodC. gradually be destroyedD. poison important species of fish40. The tone expressed throughout this essay is one of ________.A.panic and confusionB. gloom and despairC. enthusiasm and hopeD. humor and lightheartednessPassage Three(略)Passage Four(略)Part III Translation (25 points)(说明: 英译汉全部出自本学期所讲单元2至7单元Lesson B中的TextA和Text B共12篇文章。

研究生英语听力答案Research findings show that postgraduate students often face difficulties in their English listening comprehension skills. This can be attributed to various factors including lack of exposure to the language, unfamiliarity with different accents, ineffective listening strategies, and limited vocabulary. However, with proper guidance and practice, these challenges can be overcome.First and foremost, increasing exposure to the English language is crucial for improving listening skills. This can be done by actively engaging in activities such as watching English movies and TV shows, listening to English podcasts or audiobooks, and participating in language exchange programs. Additionally, attending English-speaking events or finding native English speakers to interact with can also enhance listening abilities.Another major hurdle for postgraduate students is understanding different accents. English is spoken in a variety of accents worldwide, and students may find it challenging to comprehend accents that are different from what they are accustomed to. To overcome this, students can expose themselves to a wide range of accents by listening to diverse sources of English content and practicing with various accents through online resources or language learning platforms.Ineffective listening strategies can also hinder students' comprehension. Students need to be aware of effective listening techniques, such as active listening, note-taking, and summarizing main ideas. Active listening involves being fully engaged in the listening task, focusing on the speaker's words and non-verbal cues.Taking notes while listening can help students retain information and identify key points. Summarizing the main ideas reinforces understanding and aids in memory retention.Furthermore, limited vocabulary can impede students' listening skills as they may struggle to understand unfamiliar words or phrases. Improving vocabulary is therefore essential for better comprehension. Postgraduate students can achieve this by reading extensively in English, using vocabulary learning apps, and actively seeking out opportunities to learn and use new words in context.In conclusion, postgraduate students' English listening comprehension skills can be enhanced through increased exposure to the language, familiarity with different accents, effective listening strategies, and an expanded vocabulary. By actively engaging in these areas, students can overcome the challenges they face and improve their English listening abilities.。

深圳英语听说考试题及答案听力部分：一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. What is the man's occupation?A. TeacherB. DoctorC. EngineerD. Lawyer2. How much will the woman pay for the tickets?A. $10B. $15C. $20D. $253. What is the weather like today?A. SunnyB. CloudyC. RainyD. Snowy4. Why did the man come to the library?A. To borrow a book.B. To return a book.C. To study for an exam.D. To use the computer.5. What is the woman's opinion about the restaurant?A. The food is delicious.B. The service is poor.C. The price is too high.D. The atmosphere is too noisy.6. How many people are there in the man's family?A. ThreeB. FourC. FiveD. Six7. What time does the train leave?A. 8:00 amB. 9:00 amC. 10:00 amD. 11:00 am8. What is the woman's favorite color?A. RedB. BlueC. GreenD. Yellow9. How long will it take to get to the museum?A. 20 minutesB. 30 minutesC. 40 minutesD. 50 minutes10. What does the man suggest doing?A. Going to the cinema.B. Going for a walk.C. Cooking dinner at home.D. Ordering takeout.听力部分答案：1. C2. B3. A4. D5. C6. B7. C8. B9. A10. D口语部分：一、情景对话（共20分）情景：你的朋友邀请你参加他的生日派对，但你有其他安排，需要礼貌地拒绝，并提出其他时间见面。

English Qualification Examination PaperFor the Postgraduates of Information Engineering UniversityPaper APart I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes, 25 points)Section 1:Directions: In this section, you are going to hear a radio cooking show hosted by Pam Waters. She is speaking to a guest about chillies. Before you listen, look at questions one to ten. The conversation will be read only once. Then complete the notes below. Write no more than two words and/or a number.Section 2: PassagesDirections: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Passage 111. A. Diamond-producing rivers are disappearing because of climate change.B. Diamond couldn’t be formed without great heat and pressure of the volcano.C. Earthquakes brought some diamonds up to the surface of the earth.D. Explosion of the volcano can damage diamonds as well.12. A. Under the lake. B. On the seashore.C. In the volcanoes.D. At the foot of the mountains.13. A. They never came back home with desired diamonds.B. They lost the hard-earned diamonds on their way back.C. They were sentenced to death for stealing diamonds.D. They returned home as content as millionaires.14. A. South Africa. B. Eastern Russia. C. India. D. Congo.Passage 215. A. It interests students in a career in counseling.B. It recruits counselors to work in the placement office.C. It facilitates students to find a part-time job easily.D. It convinces local merchants to hire college students.16. A. Gardening and landscaping. B. Retailing. C. Financing. D. Child-care.17. A. Refine their interviewing techniques. B. Arrange their working schedules.C. Select appropriate practical courses.D. Write cover letters for their resumes.Passage 318. A. Languages people use in international communication.B. The popularity of English as a world language.C. The development of English as a native language.D. The variety of English in spoken and written forms.19. A. How many native speakers it had in Shakespeare’s time.B. The number of people with an adequate working knowledge of it.C. The situations where a common language is needed.D. The purposes for people to learn a second language.20. A. Because they were forced to do so by the British government.B. Because it best serves the needs of its native speakers.C. Because it is the easiest language for internal and international communication.D. Because with multilingual populations they need it for internal communication.Section 3: Compound DictationDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.This may look like just another Silicon Valley company, with people 21.____________ at their desk. But Capella Space has a 22.____________ customer: the U.S. military.“We’d like to work with the government because we think we can help the government save money, bring a capability that doesn’t exist, and through that hopefull y save some lives…”An immigrant from Iran, Payam Banazadeh now builds 23._____________________ satellite that is a bit bigger than a shoebox.“In fact, this is a military type technology. The problem is the satellites that the military uses are 24. ____________.”Capella can build satellites smaller, cheaper and faster than traditional military satellites. Now, the U.S. military can be a customer of Capella Satellite data quickly through a new Defense Department group, called Defense Innovation Unit 25.____________, or DIUx.“So the Department of Defense is the world’s largest bureaucracy. There are some things that are of a secret nature and must be 26.____________. And of course, everything that our soldiers touch could have life or death implication s…”As a result, the military tends to be risk averse, and in many cases, will only 27. ____________ technology when it is perfect. But by then, the technology may be outdated.The tech startup culture is the opposite, where 28.________________________ drive innovation. “Have this minimal viable product that you launch really quickly into the market and learn about it and iterate and try to d o this as quickly as possible…”At the Milken Institute Gobal Conference recently, Silicon Valley 29.______________________________________________________ with technology.“As a broad statement, government systems are not using the latest forms of operating systems, encryptions and mechanisms.”As the most recent global cyber attack proves, 30. ____________________________________. House in this building in the middle of Silicon Valley, DIUx, is a bridge that bring together the different cultures of Silicon Valley startups and the U.S. military to meet national security needs. “Technology is always changing and 31. ________________________, that actually gives the bad guys more time to figure out what the vulnerabilities are. If we’re constantly evolving, it’s a cat and mouse game between attackers and defenders and we want to be on the winning side of that.”That starts with DIUx doing away with much of the paperwork and bureaucracy traditionally involved with having the military as a customer.Part II Reading Comprehension (25 minutes, 15 points)The code war: 21st century cyber weaponsOver the last decade, the wor ld’s understanding of cyber security has irrevocably shifted. Where once cyber crime was seen as the domain of mischief-making, basement-dwelling loners, cyber attacks have now been recognised as the complex, pervasive threat that they really are.Even US Presi dent Barack Obama’s State of the Union address delivered on 24 January 2012 made mention of “the growing dangers of cyber-threats”.As the secretive cyber world continues to mature, the internet has become the scene of a covert, international battleground, the likes of which has never been seen before. On the new digital frontline, the boundaries between the military, civilian and corporate worlds have been confused, as governments, companies and individuals ranging from politically inspired ‘hacktivists’ t o black market freelancers compete for the upper hand to pursue their agendas.Given that hacking has opened up a new frontier of international espionage, sabotage and diplomatic tension, it’s no surprise that this new conflict has been nicknamed by m any a s ‘the Code War’.Cyberwar: from defensive to offensiveOne of the major shifts to have taken place in the cyber landscape over the last decade is the move by many governments, in the West and elsewhere, to complement their cyber defences with offensive capabilities.Although the inherent deniability of cyber attacks makes solid information scarce, examples of alleged state-backed cyber attacks in the last few years indicates that countries are increasingly ready and able to wreak great damage to the networks of their adversaries.Stuxnet, the computer worm that severely disrupted Iran’s uranium enrichment facility at Natanz in the second half of 2010, is widely rumoured to have been the result of a collaboration between Israel and the US to set back the Iranian nuclear programme. Stuxnet, which destroyed some of the nuclear centrifuges at Natanz by taking over control systems and speeding up their rotor speeds, marked a sea-change in the perception of cyber attacks.It highlighted the fact that cyber incursions are no longer designed only to shut down websites and steal digital data, they are now capable of affecting real, physical infrastructure.More recent reports have also highlighted that Stuxnet may only be one of a family of five cyber weapons developed successively. Stuxnet and a recently detected Trojan horse programme called Duqu have been linked to each other and three other malware programmes that have not yet been unleashed.The US gears up for cyberwarfareAs well as the rumours linking the US to Stuxnet, more signs have emerged which suggest the country’s military and intelligence agencies are looking to improve their offensive cyber capabilities.Perhaps the clearest sign is the recent creation of an entirely new brigade, the 780th Military Intelligence Brigade, dedicated to protecting the US from cyber attacks and, in the words of a US Army statement, “providing new and breathtaking capabilities to our army’s already impressive war fighting capabilities”.As well as bolstering its own defences against cyber attacks, the US is looking to stay ahead of the pack when it comes to leveraging cyber weapons on the digitised battlefield of the not-too-distant future. Options being explored include methods of extracting sensitive information from other co untries’ databases without detection, as well as more ambitious plans like disrupting enemy networks or even gain command over enemy control systems.Despite the level of sophistication required to carry out such attacks, many of these tactics have already been use in Iraq and Afghanistan, according to a senior Pentagon officer who spoke to Time magazine in 2010.Cyber weapons, complex issuesThere are many factors that make cyberwarfare a much blurrier and more complex prospect than its conventional counterpart. The very nature of cyber security means the advantage is almost always with the attacker, who succeeds by exploiting a single vulnerability, while the defender must monitor the whole network.With a huge and diverse range of sources from which attacks could be launched, it is also extremely difficult to determine whether a foreign government was even involved.Governments are hardly likely to launch attacks from their own servers, and obscuring techniques like the use of botnets (a group of infected computers operated remotely) further muddy the water.As an entirely unprecedented form of conflict, the use of cyber weaponry is forcingpolicymakers to catch up with technology and find some way of creating a regulatory framework for a new kind of war. In October 2011, the US Joint Chiefs of Staff began reviewing a new doctrine dictating when the country’s cyberwarriors would be authorised to go on the offensive, and how.The doctrine, once adopted, is intended to provide solid guidance on what constitutes an appropriate response to a cyber attack and which of the country’s defence organisations would be responsible for making the call, among other issues.Section A: Questions 32-37 (1×6=6 points)Directions: Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? In blanks 32-37 on your answer sheet, chooseA for TRUE if the statement agrees with the information.B for FALSE if the statement contradicts the information.C for NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.32.Cyber crime used to be regarded as a wide-spread threat. ( )33.With the maturity of secretive cyber world, the internet has now become an unprecedentedinternational battlefield. ( )34.Iran’s uranium enrichment facility at Nata nz was severely disrupted by Stuxnet in 2010 due tothe collaboration between Israel and the US to set back the Iranian nuclear programme. ( ) 35.Disrupting enemy networks or gaining command over enemy control systems requiresadvanced level of cyber technology. ( )36.Botnets are created by state-backed cyber attackers. ( )37.The new doctrine adopted dictates which of the country’s defence organisations would beresponsible for making the decision. ( )Section B: Questions 38-44 (1×7=7 points)Directions: Complete the sentences below.Choose One word only from the passage for each blank.Write your answers in the blanks 38-44 on your answer sheet.38.The new conflict in cyber security has been ________ by many people as ‘the Code War’.39.Many countries are ready and able to use cyber weapons to damage the networks of their________.40.Cyber incursions can control websites and influence physical _________.41.Emerging signs suggest that US military and intelligence agencies intend to improve their_________ cyber capabilities.42.The US is trying to use cyber weapons on the future _______ battlefield while strengtheningits own defences against cyber attacks.43.In the field of cyber security, the attacker can successfully launch attacks by exploiting asingle _________, while the defender must monitor the whole network.44.Policymakers are forced to create a _________ framework for cyberwarfare.Section C: Questions 45 (2 points)Directions: Answer the question below. Choose your answer from the passage. Write your answer in the blank 45 on your answer sheet.45.What is one of the major changes made by many goverments in cyber security over the lastten years?_______________________________________________________________________________Part III. Translation (40 minutes, 20 points)Section A (20 minutes, 10 points)46. Directions: Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on theAnswer Sheet.As Alan Turing (艾伦·图灵) put it in his 1950 paper on computing machinery, “we can only see a short distance ahead, but we can see plenty there that needs to be done.” If we are to face the future honestly, we need both a clear sense of where we are coming from and an accurate description of what is unfolding under our noses. AI (artificial intelligence) extends across a lot of emerging disciplines for which more precise labels exist: machine learning, big data, neural networks, etc. Yet a 60-year-old term obfuscates (v.使模糊) the debate around this development—while encouraging many unhelpful fantasies.Section B(20 minutes, 10 points)47. Directions: Translate the following paragraph into English. Write your English version on theAnswer Sheet.“数据经济”的时代已经到来。

研究生大学英语竞赛试题一、听力理解（Part A: Listening Comprehension）1. 短对话理解（Short Conversations）- 听一段对话，回答相关问题。

例如：What is the man going to do next?2. 长对话理解（Long Conversations）- 听一段较长的对话，回答相关问题。

例如：What is the main topic of the conversation?3. 短文理解（Short Passages）- 听一段短文，回答相关问题。

例如：What is the speaker's opinion about the new policy?4. 听写填空（Dictation）- 听一段短文，根据听到的内容填写空白处。

二、阅读理解（Part B: Reading Comprehension）1. 快速阅读（Fast Reading）- 阅读一篇较长的文章，快速获取主要信息，回答相关问题。

2. 深度阅读（In-depth Reading）- 阅读几篇短文，深入理解文章内容，回答细节问题。

3. 词汇理解（Vocabulary）- 根据上下文，选择最合适的词汇填空。

三、完形填空（Part C: Cloze Test）- 阅读一篇有空白的文章，从选项中选择最合适的词填入空白处。

四、翻译（Part D: Translation）1. 英译汉（English to Chinese）- 将给定的英文句子翻译成中文。

2. 汉译英（Chinese to English）- 将给定的中文句子翻译成英文。

五、写作（Part E: Writing）1. 图表作文（Chart Writing）- 根据图表信息，写一篇描述性或分析性的文章。

2. 议论文写作（Argumentative Writing）- 根据给定的论题，写一篇有说服力的议论文。