The Comparison of Wine Culture between Chinese and Western

西方主要以葡萄为原料,重在讲究料为核心、桶和窖为保 障,采用液态、单式发酵方法。在葡萄酒的酿造过程中,葡 萄起最重要的主导作用,人的劳动则起到重要的辅助作用。
Chinese wine various kinds of not just because of the development of social productivity, but also because of the feudal hierarchy, to represent different identity through different wine. Wine is divided into 369 wait, just like ancient robes with levels of label.Different people use different wine, wine exist completely is to identify and highlight the identity of drinking.
西方: 醉翁之意就在酒
“葡萄酒——充满魅力和生命的神圣艺术品”
In many western eyes, the wine is a special kind of art, has a charm and life, and the wine is one of the representative.For westerners, are designed in wine, the wine's "taste of taste".
许多中国人认为, 酒是一种供人使用的工具, 中国人虽然十分热爱它、经常使用它,但很少 注重酒本身,缺少对美酒进行科学而系统的理 性分析和品评、鉴别,更在意的是使用它以后 产生的美妙作用,一下：ppt宝藏意心山的在

The Bible
• The earliest written account of viniculture is in the Old Testament of the Bible which tells us that Noah planted a vineyard and made wine.
Different production process
The Western Wine Production Process
Growing grapes. Harvest Initial processing of the grape juice Fermentation-turning grape juice
• This paper mainly talk about the differences of
the origins,the technology of winemaking and drinking customs between Chinese and the ne
Greek mythology
• Dionysus, Greek god of wine and fertility, identified with the Roman god Bacchus . The son of Zeus and Semele, Dionysus was reared by nymphs and taught men the secrets of cultivating grapes and making wine. but Hera struck him with madness, and drove him forth a wanderer through various parts of the earth. Dionysus wandered through many lands, teaching men the culture of the vine and the mysteries of his cult.

中西方餐桌礼仪差异[大全五篇]第一篇：中西方餐桌礼仪差异中国是一个有着5000年文化历史的文明古国，一直有着其自己的餐桌礼仪。

但随着改革开放的深入和加入世贸以后，跨国交际日益增多，中国就不能只注重自己的餐桌礼仪了，因为我们将面对来自世界各地的人。

这些人来自陌生的文化和国家，他们的生活习惯，思维方式，行为方式与我们存在较大差异，以在交往过程中不可避免的会出现文化冲突的现象。

而现在，跨文化交际已经成为人们生活中不可或缺的内容，饮食文化及餐桌礼仪也是跨文化交际中非语言文化的重要组成部分。

我选这个题目的原因就是希望更多的了解再快文化交际中的餐桌礼仪，从而提高跨文化交际的成功率，避免因为不恰当的方式或行为造成误解和交际障碍。

With China's opening to the outside world gradually, western culture more and more into our life.Because what we face is unfamiliar cultures and countries, mode of thinking, life habits and behavior way and we be totally different people, in the process of interaction with the inevitable cultural conflict phenomenon seriously affected the smooth communications.T able manners in communication has occupied an important position, learning and applying proper table manners, has not only its own image, more is to improve benefit, need to improve competitiveness.With the deepening of the international communication, from different countries and cultural backgrounds of people carried out exchanges, the exchange is called intercultural communication.Cross-cultural communication has become an indispensable content.As a result of the area difference, the different nationality, the country formed a different culture.People from different cultural backgrounds communicate information transmission effect,effect of these languages and the non-language factors in intercultural communication cultural communication.If we do not understand, there will be an inappropriate behavior, resulting in communication barriers, it is very difficult to carry out effective cross-cultural communication, so that communication errors.In the Chinese saying goes,“ food is not made, do not sleep”, he explained the Chinese traditional culture on table manners in terms of the interpretation of the phenomenon, while in western culture if people in the meal with neighbour conversation, have lost.Here we will analysis Chinese and western table manners and speech acts in the similarities and differences, because it is to understand the differences between Chinese culture and Western culture is very helpful.The previously mentioned saying “ eat not the words, do not sleep” is not a ban.Whether ancient or modern, formal or informal dinner, people will not be silent, at least to some toast, blessing ceremony, it is just to remind everyone on this occasion speak as little as possible, not only to speech, and don't slip of the tongue, the best course is to speak less, because“ he that talks much errs much”.This also reflects the ancient Chinese Confucianism, Confucius once said,“ don't speak to, speak to the purpose”.Means not say that did not say, that would hit the mark, it is also very serious talk art.On the other hand,“ food is not made” it embodies the scientific diet principle, more in line with the modern social principle.As a member of our ancient oriental country, should all be on your own country's table manners about one or two, only in this way can we be worthy of thousands of years of history and civilization, not only expose oneself to ridicule.Chinese table manners and the problem that should noteTable manners in Chinese life and order in the full possessionof a very important position, eating is not only way to meet their basic physiological needs method, but also is the most important social experience.The round table is popular in China, not only can sit more people, and we can sit face to face, the head of the family 's identity and unlike western long table clearly through his seat and identification.Guests should be invited to sit down and wait for the host, the owner must be careful not to let the guests sitting in a seat near the serving, this is a taboo.Will have to wait until all the people here can only be the beginning of any form of dining, even if they have to wait for being late.Once you place, owner will do the prologue.During the meal, the owner must assume a proactive role, urging guests enjoy eating and drinking.In the eyes of Westerners, Chinese table looks quite empty, before each seat visible one on disc bowl, right is a set of chopsticks and spoons, were placed in their own seat.Chopsticks are eating a tool, so do not play with, regard them as drumstick is a very rude behavior, but can not use chopsticks pointing to the person or motioned.Of course, absolutely can not suck or to chopsticks chopsticks inserted in rice, it is taboo.This is like the funeral of incense, is considered unlucky.Can not use chopsticks in a non-stop flipping Diecai years, should be certain to get food.Take food, try to avoid the encounter other food.If possible, use chopsticks.The mouth of food, should be avoided.Don't gulp plug food, food is ingested, can't plug entrance.Can not be reached across, long extract.When eating, do not produce large noise, will lead to others.Western dining etiquette and the problem that should noteWesterners eat with forks when eating, main, plate in the middle, knife and spoon to the right of the plate, the fork on theleft.When drinking, right hand with a knife or fork, spoon, cup with the right hand end.The knife and fork with different specifications, in accordance with the use of the different size.Speak or talk, should be the knife and fork on the plate.Do not take a knife and fork to dance with joy about, nor speak forks standing up in his hands, never extravagant laughter or loud noises, this will make people feel tremble with fear in one's boots.The knife can not be placed above the entrance, regardless of whether food.Wine dinner, is an indispensable beverage.In China, between subject and object will not stop to drink a toast and a cup of wine, drink, we say “cheers”.In the west, toast, just a little drink, do not drink.Eating not munching, you also don't sound the same, and Chinese etiquette.If continue to Western guests with the food, he may feel uncomfortable.Coffee spoon is used to stir, not to drink, nor in the cup.After the meal, deal with guest host thanks, thanks to his arrival.Western dinner table culture differencesChinese dinner, put it on the desk of the cauliflower like variety, at least seven or eight dishes, if the feast, will be more, more expensive, it demonstrates their enthusiasm and guest.And a host would say“ no good food hospitality of the people”,“ the food is not good, eat a little”,“ forgive me”“ neglect your words like”.While western feast in general to five dish, component to finish or slightly surplus is the best.At home, it is best to finish all the food, so the hostess will happy, think people like her cooking.In the face of a feast, the host will say“ have all to entertain you”.Therefore, Chinese like“ self denigration”, whi le the Westerners emphasize efficiency and pragmatism values, in communication is very focused on their own face need.But the Westerners do not at the banquet on turnone's stomach thing, will make every attempt by implicitly gentle words to replace“ toilet”, such as“ Where can I: wash my hand?”,“ I wonder if I could go somewhere”,“ Can I add some powder?”.In addition, in western countries don't ask“ for dinner?” China's habit of greeting.“ You eat?” Tends to be rather baffling, there may even be a misunderstanding.As in the UK, if you ask people do not eat, the implication is you are interested please each other to eat;for unmarried men and women, indicates that you are interested in dating each other.Chinese and Western diet in the concept, content, etiquette and other aspects of the differences in culture, can be found on the root.Of course, the Western diet culture difference is relative.Under the situation of globalization of intercultural communication, the diversity of food culture to increase the complementarity and compatibility.As the East-West cultural exchanges, the Chinese diet culture in and world culture collision will appear new characteristic, new changes.It is hand contributes more to the Chinese diet culture in exchange, the collision of Bocaizhongzhang, and constantly improve the development, has always maintained a strong vitality;on the other hand will promote the Chinese food culture in the worldwide spread and development.ReferenceHu Wenzhong,“ Intercultural Communication Studies”, Beijing: foreign language teaching and Research Press, 1999 Bi Jiwan,“ Intercultural Nonverbal Communication”, Beijing: foreign language teaching and Research Press, 1999Hu Wenzhong, the English custom of“ comparison”, foreign language teaching and Research Press, 1999Bian Haoyu,“ on the differences between Chinese and Western food culture”, Journal of Nanjing Forestry University,2004第二篇：浅析中西方餐桌礼仪差异浅析中西方餐桌礼仪差异海外教育学院 121280028 郑徐娇摘要：餐桌礼仪是饮食文化的一个重要组成部分。

The difference between chቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱnese and western drinking culture
perpose
• China : In China, the wine is often used as a communication tool. “所谓醉翁之意不在酒，在乎山水之间也； 青梅煮酒是为了论证谁是英雄；杯莫停的 将进酒，为的是与尔同消万古愁；竹林里 狂歌的七贤，为的是借酒避难。”
way
• China:drink off（一
饮而尽）, a drinking game,urge others to drink（劝酒） • Western:wine-tasting （品酒）,drinking alone（独饮）
protocol
（礼仪）
• China:China's drinking etiquette express the respect of drinkers. 1. the seats arrangment 2. the order of toasting 3.xingjiuling and finger-guessing game (划拳）
• western:Western
ers drinking etiquette express the respect of the wine. 1.look，smell and taste 2.first drink white wine，then drink red wine 3.different drinking vessel（酒器）
• western：
In western,the perpose of dring is to appreciate and enjoy the wine 在西方，饮酒的目的往往很简单，为了欣 赏酒而饮酒，为了享受美酒而饮酒。当然， 在西方葡萄酒也有交际的功能，但人们更 多的是追求如何尽情的享受美酒的味道。

第２期（总第７５期）山西广播电视大学学报Ｎｏ．２至Ｑ！Ｑ生２旦』型旦型』塾型些些垡塑兰些些嬖堑圣一：：一：一一些：：！Ｑ！Ｑ酒文化之中西对比口曲晓慧ｆ河南工业大学外语学院。

河南郑州４５０００１ｌ摘要：酒在人类的日常交往中发挥着重要的作用，在人类文化的历史长河中，酒不仅仅是作为一种物质而存在，更是一种文化象征。

中西方不同的文化背景，使中西方的酒文化亦呈现出不同的特征。

了解和掌握中西方在酒史、酒器、酒礼及酒德等文化方面的不同。

有助于人们从更深层次了解不同文化，更好地进行跨文化交流。

关键词：酒文化；酒史；酒器；酒礼；酒德中图分类号：Ｇ６４２文献标识码：Ｂ文章编号：１００８－－－８３５０（２０１０）０２—０１０３—０２酒在人类的日常交往中发挥着重要的作用。

无论是节日庆典、亲朋聚会，还是国家首脑相见，似乎都离不开酒。

可以说，古今中外，酒已经渗透到了包括政治、经济、文学、艺术、饮食、养生等各方面在内的社会生活中。

由此可见，在人类文化的历史长河中，酒不仅仅是作为一种物质而存在，更是一种文化象征。

它伴随着人类文明的发展，不断形成了自身独特的文化——酒文化。

“酒文化是与酒有关的物质的（含生产技术）、精神的（包括社会学、心理学）以及习俗等行为的现象的总和；有关酒的起源、生产、流通、消费，尤其是酒的社会文化功能，以及酒所带来的社会问题等方面所形成的一切现象，也均属于酒文化及其相关的范畴”。

酒作为文化的一种载体，与文化一样，由于历史背景、生活环境、宗教信仰、风俗习惯和思维模式等的不同，在中西方呈现出其风格迥异、异彩纷呈的民族特性。

本文仅从酒史、酒器、酒礼及酒德四方面对中西方的酒文化进行粗浅的对比。

一、酒史对比酒是人类文明的产物，在我国，关于酒的历史起源，众说不一，但它至少是随着中华民族五千年的文明史而不断发展的。

“‘酒文化’是中华民族文化的重要组成部分，一方面，它的产生和发展与中华民族文化相融相随；另一方面，它也极大地丰富了中华民族文化的内涵”。

• The Exchange and Integration of Chinese and Western Wine Cultures
目 录
• A Comparative Study of Chinese and Western Wine Cultures
• The Inheritance and Innovation of Chinese and Western Wine Culture
Drinking cases and etiquette
Drinking Occasions:
Chinese wine: Commonly consumed at home, during festivals, weddings, finances, business banquets, etc. Drinking is a way of life and a cultural experience
01
Etiquette:
02
Chinese wine: Drinking etiquette includes pooling for others, not spilling, not drinking too much, etc. It is considered important to refer to a drink or show dissatisfaction with the host's selection of wine
The History and Development of Chinese and Western Wine Culture
Western Wine Culture
Originating in acute Greece and Rome, the history of Western wine culture dates back over 2000 years The development of the culture was influenced by the Crusades, the spread of the Catholic Church, and the establishment of trading routes to the New World Over time, Western wine culture has become owned for its quality production methods and the classification of wines based on region and vintage

Comparison of Wine Culture between China and the Western WorldDifferent Origins of WineLiquor occupies an important position in people’s life from its appearance. After a long period of history, liquor has become an indispensable part of culture.About the origin of wine, Chinese claims that wine is brewed by many kinds of technology by people, while the westerners think wine is originally created by god.Du Kang is considered the forefather of wine-making in China.In the West people is generally agreed that wine is created by Dionysus, the son of Zeus and Semele.Different Preferences of WineIn Chinese traditional views, people prefer to choose food as raw material to make white and yellow wine as drinks in formal occasions. The Western wine is made from grape.The difference is caused by different geographical conditions between China and the Western world.China has fertile plains, and agriculture is the main mode of production. In the Western world, especially in Europe, most regions are mountain. The climate and topography are very suitable for grape growing.In recent years, beer is more and more important in the Chinese market, and people always choose beer to adjust atmosphere in the parties.Differences of Drinking V esselsWhatever in China or the West, people takes drinking vessels seriously. The elegant and suitable extant of drinking vessels are related to people’s degree of attention. The drinking vessels’ culture as an important part of wine culture also has a long history.Ancient Chinese wine vessels are known as bronze(青铜器), lacquer(漆器)and porcelain(瓷器). But now most families use western wine vessels.Western wine vessels are mostly made of glass so it is easy for people to distinguish the grade level of wine. Westerners focus on using different wine vessel to drink different wine.Different Drinking EtiquetteUrging others to drink as a special way to toast is a kind of Chinese custom that formed in the thousands of years. The custom is one kind of Chinese traditional culture which cannot see in the western countries and can not be understood in thewest. They drink and meal all by free and independent.In China, after toast, the host should also give the guests full of wine but cannot overflow, the full, the better. For westerners, they would not to show their humility. So when they see the Chinese behavior that doesn’t let their cup higher than others, they feel surprise and cannot understand.Different Drinking PurposesSince Chinese has a long history of drinking, we have many purposes for drinking. Like W orship(祭祀), Ceremony, Business.In the eyes of the Chinese people, wine is a tool for communication.Westerners pay more attention on the wine-tasting when they are drinking.ConclusionChinese wine culture is influenced by the Confucianism. The culture shows not only the hospitality of Chinese people, but also the Chinese groupthink.Western culture emphasizes individualism and self-development. Westerners care more about themselves.In China, drinking is an ancillary behavior to express their feelings, and for westerners, wine is a substance made personal senses more cheerful.By comparing the differences between Chinese and western culture of wine, we find that although Chinese and western have their own distinguishing feature in the win e culture, people’s love to wine are the same.In addition, it helps people understand different cultures deeply so that we can have a better intercultural communication.。

关于中英酒文化差别的作文英语The cultural differences between Chinese and English wine culture are quite evident in various aspects. Firstly, in terms of historical development, the wine culture in China dates back to at least 2,000 years, with the production of wine having a long-standing tradition. On the other hand, the origins of wine culture in England can be traced back to the Roman times, but it wasn’t until the Medieval period that it began to gain prominence.Secondly, the consumption habits and preferences differ significantly between the two cultures. In China, wine is often enjoyed during elaborate banquets and formal occasions, where toasting and the exchange of wine are considered important social rituals. In contrast, in England, wine is more commonly consumed in a casual setting, such as at dinner parties or social gatherings.Furthermore, there are considerable differences in the types of wine preferred in each culture. Chinese consumerstend to favor red wine, particularly those with a higher alcohol content. Meanwhile, English consumers have a preference for a wider variety of wines, including red, white, rosé, and sparkling wines.Additionally, the etiquette and customs associated with wine consumption also vary between the two cultures. For example, in China, it is customary to pour wine for others before serving oneself, and the order in which people are served is based on their seniority or social status. On the other hand, in England, there are fewer formalities surrounding wine consumption, with a focus on simply enjoying the drink in a relaxed manner.Moreover, the production and marketing of wine differ between the two cultures. Chinese wine production is characterized by the use of traditional methods and thecultivation of native grape varieties. In contrast, English wine production has seen a resurgence in recent years, with an emphasis on modern techniques and the cultivation of grape varieties such as Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and Bacchus.In conclusion, the differences between Chinese and English wine culture are apparent in various aspects, including historical development, consumption habits, preferences, etiquette, and production. Understanding and appreciating these cultural distinctions can provide insight into the unique traditions and values associated with wine in each respective culture.。

有关对比和比较水和酒的英语作文Wine is intoxicating, and water is sober. The fusion of wine and water is the intersection of sensibility and rationality, which reveals the contest between love and profit. Before you confide, share a good article.To the general idea, we rarely trust people better than us, and would rather avoid communicating with them. Instead, we often confide in people similar to us and who share common weaknesses. We do not want to break our weaknesses, we only want to be compassionate and encouraged.This passage is clearly ironic, but I guess no one can get rid of it, just don't know it. China is a big drinking country and one of the countries with the most prosperous wine culture. Although it is not known how accurate the inference is. Born to place a banquet, birthday party to drink, classmate party to drink, friends meet to be drunk, business to drink, business to do more to drink, the funeral still to drink from ancient times, from birth to death, no matter big or small, regardless of happiness, more people which can be lesswine? I also had to drink, although not drunk, but carefully observed. Drinking is no more than three states, the first is drunk, unconscious; the second is properly drunk, also drunk and awake; the third is a few drinks, to stop.Most people in the wine field belong to the second kind, they know the way of wine field, the best to know the hazy beauty. And I am usually the third kind, even if this is also out of helplessness. This is actually not really popular, and perhaps sobriety itself is a sin. I am a more selfish person, say some people are more rational, cherish their own body. Perhaps there are still too many ideals (desires) that have not been realized, and I don't want to make my body be too much destroyed by external stimulus factors, which obviously dominates my current will. Of course, I don't want to be dominated by wine, don't want to be dominated by wine, do alone want to be dominated by the so-called wine rules. I want to be the only or very few sober, throw sincerity, mask, waiting for the arrival of the actors in the night.。

Differences of Wine Culture in Western Countries and ChinaAbstract: With the unavoidable expansion of the globalization of the world in recent decades, we should put much more emphasis on the differences between western culture and Chinese culture. Wine culture has a long history no matter in western or in China. And wine plays a very important role in people's daily life. It is always an elegant fusion of interpersonal communication. Besides, different living environment, historical background and the local culture, the sense of values, traditional norms as well would result in their own unique flavor wine culture, which shows the characteristics of disparate style as a sort of well-profound culture phenomenon. So it is of greet significance to compare the differences between the western wine culture and Chinese wine culture. We Chinese can learn from their advanced spirits and skills. The article is an analysis performed after a lot of data collection and adapting in order to research more correctly the different wine cultures. The study demonstrates that the connotation of wine culture is rich and intriguing.Key words: wine culture; interpersonal communication; western; China.Differences of Wine Culture in Western Countries and China1. IntroductionThe wine as an objective substance in the world is in the shape of water while it has the character of fire. Since the wine comes into being, it has contributed to a rich cultural connotation of human social life. It will brighten the bright and fool the fool. According to the Chinese history, drinking is such a common thing that the emperors, the heroes, the liberators, the ordinary people, the beggars are all like and want it. Among them, men of letters and poets especially could not live without wine. The Eminent poet Li Bai, the wine bibber, created most part of his poems when he was drinking. In fact, most arts were born when the authors were at the state of drunkenness. Without wine, we might not have the chance to enjoy such marvelous masterworks like “Tangshi”and “Songci”. Undoubtedly, the wine can be said as a mystery. People no matter in China or in western countries all form the habit of drinking wine. They regard drinking wine as an indispensable friend of life. Inevitably, the formation way of wine culture is different in different countries. In China, "jiu” includes all types of alcoholic drinks. Since long ago, China had spread the stories about Du Kang who invented the method of brewing wine. In English, there are many words can be used to ref er to “jiu”, for instance, alcohol, drink, liquor, spirits and wine”. In western countries, especially in Greece and Rome, there are Bacchanalia held. In local palaces, wine is regarded as the present from the god Dionysus. And it also the symbol of good foison .Therefore, there came the Bacchanalia. The wine culture was gradually formed after the appearing of wine. It was said that the wine culture means the integration of material, technical, spiritual, custom, psychological, and behavior phenomenon which generated around the center. No matter the eastern or western people, when they are stuck in dilemma and exclaim life is too short and changeable, they think only wine can help them escape from suffering and their weak human nature can be released. In order to push the development of wine culture we should try our utmost to promote the international communication of the wine culture.2 Different Origins of WineIn Chinese history, wine is long-standing. There are several versions about the origin of wine in China. One is that Yi Di was the first one to brew the wine. Ancient Chinese literature recorded: “Yi Di brewed the wine. ”And the same meaning was expressed in Lu-shih Ch'un-ch'iu. But compared with other ancient Chinese books’records, wine existed earlier than Shi Ben and Lu-shih Ch'un-ch'iu.Another spreading analysis is that winemaking grew in Xia dynasty. The man whose name was Du Kang made the wine. Shuo Wen Jie Zi had recorded the information. It was said that Du Kang was a shepherd, when he was in grazing; he lost a vessel made from bamboo that contained millet congee. Several days after, he got it back and he found the millet congee fermented into tangy mellow nectar. From then on, Du Kang abandoned grazing and started to make and sell wine. As a consequence, Du Kang became the famous sage of wine.From the above mentioned, Chinese do not have the exact explanation about the origin of the wine. In western culture, the most popular statement was that wine is created by god, and it was the gift for human given by god, Dionysus. According to the legend, Dionysus was the son of Zeus and the princess of Thebes named Himmler. He grew up in Asia Minor Thrace and Greece, a nd taught people growing grapes and the technology of making wine everywhere. Then the wine b ecame gradually prevailing in Europe. The god of wine with his followers strolls here and there, s o where they wandered where had the fragrance of wine.Based on related information, the earliest wine was made of the wild fruit by fermenting naturally and found by people. Thus, we can come to a conclusion that wine was not an invention but the great creation of nature.3 Different raw materialsBecause of different geographical position resulting in different climate, there are different crops planted in Asian countries and western countries. Chinese people live in Yellow River basin which is the temperate continental climate, and this climate suits the growth of grain crops such as sorghum, rice, broom corn and wheat are adapted to the climate in China. Without doubt, it granted that Chinese choose crops as wine-making raw materials. On the contrary, most western countries especially on the coast of western Mediterranean and in the Mediterranean climate zone, the climate and topography are very suitable for grape growing. Therefore, the grapes are the raw materials in western.4 Differences of Drinking VesselsWhatever in China or the west, people take drinking vessels seriously. Using different kinds of drinking vessels are related to people’s social stat .The using of drinking vessels is also a sort of art, taking a great part in wine culture. With the economic and social development, the materials, manufacture technology, shape and function of drinking vessels are in continuous change.In Shang Dynasty, “Zun”, “Gong”, “Jue” and “jiao” were not only used as drinking vessels, but also as sacrificial vessels. “Zuns” were the exclusive drinking vessels of Chinese ancient emperors; the common people could only use bowls. That is what we mean drinking vessels as the identity cards of people. In Ming Dynasty, the zenith of ancient china, created special drinking vessels made from cloisonné, demonstrates the development of drinking vessels.Different in western countries, the sort of drinking vessels do not represent the social class, but are filled by various wines. For example, the shapes of glasses for cocktail and for the grape wine,and the cups for champagne are totally different..5 The different purposes of drinking wineActually, wine takes different part in western people and Chinese people, especially in people’s mental aspects.Chinese people especially the ancient people, they drink wine in order to forget the sadness and pain that result from much desire or for temperament and interest. To some degree, they want to free themselves from desire. They attach their ambition that could not be achieved in reality to the landscape by wine or express emotions with wine.On the contrary, western pursue a pleasant sensation of instant drunkenness. And they indulge themselves after drunkenness.6 Drinking EtiquetteDrinking Etiquette is various in western and Chinese as well. The most distinction is urging people to drink at a banquet. You can immediately judge he is western or Chinese from the atmosphere but not from his appearance. Chinese have the tendency to urge others to drink at table. Urging others to drink as a special way to toast is a kind of Chinese custom formed in thousand years ago. It shows Chinese hospitality, which could be understood by western. But this meaning comes to degenerate among most Chinese young people and even the elder. They hold the thought that if man can dink much when people urge, he would lose face. So asserting manhood always leads to drunkenness. It is worth mentioning that there were many traditional customs in ancient like drinking the nuptial cup when getting married; celebrating shooting; floating wine cups winding water.Western people stress democracy and freedom, and they never interfere and force others to do things. They drink and meal all by free and independent, if they want to drink and then drink, they want how much to drink and then drink how much, they need not to be polite and formal.7ConclusionChina is known as the home of wine, which should date back to the period of Huang Di. And the connotation of Chinese wine culture has the characteristics of extensiveness and multi layer. The existence of it reflects people’s material’s needs and spiritual needs. But as the development of the cross-culture, China has introduced wine from western countries. So as does the western wine culture. Inevitably, the limit between western and Chinese will be more and more blurred. The research of drinking custom will promote the unity of nations and progress of civilization. By comparing the differences between Chinese and western culture of wine, we found that although Chinese and western have their own distinguishing feature in the wine culture, people’s love to wine are the same. From the substance point of view, wine plays an important role in human communication. We can say that wine makes a bridge for the intercommunication between countries and countries. In addition, it helps people understand different cultures deeply so that we can have a better intercultural communication.Bibliography(1)Lu Buwei. Lu-shih Ch'un-ch'iu. [M]. Wanjuan Publishing Group, 1990, P243-255(2)Xu Sheng. Shuo Wen Jie Zi. Central China Normal University Press, 2009, P137-139(3)Li Fuqing (黎福清). Chinese Drinking Vessels Culture (中国酒器文化). [M].Baihua Literature and Art Publishing House, 2001, P4-9(4)Du Jinpeng. Chinese Ancient Drinking Vessels. Shanghai Cultural Publishing House, 1995, P2-5(5)Jiang Yanfeng, Research of Chinese Wine Culture.[M]. Changsha: Hunan Normal University Press, 2000(6)Wang Shouguo, Spirits Culture and Spirit of Art. [M]. Zhengzhou：Henan University Press, 2006(7) Zhang Changxing, Wine Culture. [M]. Huhehaote: Inner-mongolian University Press, 2003。

中英酒文化差异英语作文Cultural Differences in Drinking between China and the UK。

Drinking culture is an important aspect of social life in many countries. However, there are significant differences in drinking culture between China and the UK. These differences are rooted in the history, traditions, and social norms of each country. In this essay, I will explore the cultural differences in drinking between China and the UK.Firstly, in China, drinking is often seen as a way to build relationships and show respect. It is common for business partners to drink together as a sign of trust and friendship. In contrast, in the UK, drinking is often seen as a way to relax and have fun. It is common for friends to go to a pub or bar to socialize and enjoy a few drinks.Secondly, the types of alcohol consumed in China andthe UK are different. In China, the most popular alcoholic beverage is baijiu, a strong distilled spirit made from sorghum. It is often served during banquets and important occasions. In the UK, beer and wine are the most popular alcoholic beverages. They are often consumed in pubs or at home with friends and family.Thirdly, the drinking habits and attitudes towards alcohol are different in China and the UK. In China, people often drink in a group and take turns toasting each other.It is considered impolite to refuse a drink when offered.In the UK, people often drink alone or with a few friends.It is common for people to refuse a drink if they do not want to drink or if they have to drive.Fourthly, the legal drinking age is different in China and the UK. In China, the legal drinking age is 18. However, it is common for young people to start drinking before they reach the legal age. In the UK, the legal drinking age is also 18, but it is strictly enforced. It is illegal to sell alcohol to anyone under the age of 18.Finally, the attitudes towards drunkenness aredifferent in China and the UK. In China, drunkenness isoften seen as a sign of weakness and lack of self-control.It is considered impolite to get drunk in public. In the UK, drunkenness is often seen as a sign of having a good time.It is common for people to get drunk at parties and social events.In conclusion, there are significant culturaldifferences in drinking between China and the UK. These differences are rooted in the history, traditions, andsocial norms of each country. Understanding thesedifferences can help people from different cultures to interact and socialize more effectively.。

Chinese Wine Vessel
Ancient Chinese wine vessel is known for its bronze, lacquer and porcelain. Also there
are many kind of fancy wine vessel such as: 夜光杯、倒流壶、鸳鸯转香壶、九龙公道
intuition and pay attention to recognize the process of experience and feeling,in
exchanges of experience and feeling often use this to “relieve people”.Chinese philosophy believes that awareness of subject and object all belongs to the universe.
DIFFERENCE 4、Different Drinking Etiquette（礼仪） Chinese Drinking Etiquette The Chinese people care more about the people whom we drink with. That is Chinese drinking etiquette, which reflects the respect of the drinkers。 For example，the host and guests
culture is a culture of white wine.Because the white wine is the highest produced
distilled wine. Western wine include brandy, whisky, rum, vodka.

Individual Drinking Styles
There is more freedom in terms of how much or how little wine to drink. It is considered acceptable to taste a small amount or to refuse a glass if one does not want to drink.
Social Context
Respect for Elders
Focus on the Wine
In Western cultures, the emphasis is often more on the quality and appreciation of the wine itself rather than the associated cultural or historical traditions.
Comparison of Wine Types
CATALOGUE
02
Yellow Wine
01
Made from a variety of grains, yellow wine is a traditional Chinese beverage with a low alcohol content. It is often served at important occasions and festivals.
Wine is often a social lubricant in China, where it is often shared among friends and family. It is considered disrespectful to refuse an offer ture emphasizes the importance of balance and harmony, while Western wine culture emphasizes the complexity and diversity of flavors.

A Comparison between China and W estern countries on WineCultureWine culture is a symbol of country’s culture, history, lifestyle and sprits than just kind of drinks for pleasure in real life. It plays an important role in and great influencing on both Chinese and western counties’people life. However, the wine culture shows us various styles in different places, especially in between china and western countries. This essay based on the origins of wine; the kinds of wine; how to make wine; the purpose of drinking wine; the drinking etiquettes to analyses the similarities and the differences between china and western countries.On the one hand, when we focus on history, we can easily find that both China and western countries' wine culture have some similarities in the process of forming wine culture.Firstly, both China and western countries share the similar way of making wine---the brew methods. People firstly prepare all brewing raw materials; some of them need peeling, soaking, squeezing or something else. Then control the suitable temperature for the purpose of letting them ferment. After fermentation, people also cut wine and clarify. The final step is to set the wine aside for some time. After all these steps, fragrant wine brewing is finished. Also, some wine may need other steps.Secondly, both China and western countries have the same kind of wine. As we know, in ancient China, fruit wine is so popular among people. People use the grapes, apples and oranges and so on. Similar with china, western countries, they also have the fruit wine, such as the Wine in France and the Rum which formed by the yeasty sugarcane.On the other hand, considering with the origins of wine, the purpose of drinking wine; the drinking etiquettes, there are some differences between China and western countries.Foremost, when we talk about the origin of wine, Chinese claims that wine is brewed with many kinds of technology by people, while the westerners think wine is originally created by god. In Chinese history, it is of long standing, and the old sayings about the born of wine are a lot. However, generally speaking, people prefer to consider the saying of Du Kang brewing wine is correct. However, there are a lot of origins in the west, but mostly thought that wine is created by god, and it is the gift for humane given by god. the ancient Egyptian think wine is made by Osiris who protects the dead, and Greece people think wine is brought by the god of wine named Dionysus, it is not only the gift given given by the god of wine, but also the symbol of people’s harvest.Next, the things people concerning when they are drinking aredifferent between China and western countries. Chinese people pay much attention to respecting people. They drink wine regardless of the smell, the color and the flavor. But pay more attention to the people who they are drink together. Unlike China, people in western countries care more about the wine, showing the respect for the wine. They often watch the color of the wine and smell it seriously before they drink.Then, the purpose of drinking wine is different. In China, wine is usually more of a kind of tool than wine itself. Because Chinese people drink wine for many other aims, not to enjoy the taste of wine simply. They often drink to drown their sorrows, or to add to their fun, even drink it as a tool for communication. However, in many western countries, people drink wine just for wine’s sake. They drink to appreciate good wine, to enjoy it. W e cannot deny that drinking wine also has the effect of adding pleasure when communicating in western countries.Finally, the Chinese drinking etiquettes are different from the western countries. When one needs to propose a toast, he usually toasts to the old man or those in high position first. And besides, the glass must be filled with wine. The whole toast has a particular regularity and strong interactivity. When westerners drink together such as a party, the host toasts the guests to thank thepresence and hope them enjoy the party. After that, other time is free for all guests; they can find their own partner to propose a toast and chat.By comparing Chinese and western culture of wine, we found that although Chinese and western not only have their own distinguishing feature in the wine culture, but also have the similarities. People’s love to wine is the same. From the substance point of view, wine play an important role in human communication; from the perspective of culture, wine symbolized the culture features of nation, and it becomes a delicacy for the national cultural feast. W e can say, wine makes a bridge for the intercommunications between countries and countries. In addition, it helps people understand different culture deeply so that we can have a better intercultural communication.。

A comparative study on wine cultureⅠ. IntroductionWine is an alcoholic beverage. Date back to 6,500 years ago, the earliest in Europe was evidenced in northern Greece. In Egypt wine was recorded in history and playing an important role in ancient ceremonial life. Dating from the second and first millennium BC wine has also been found in China. Company with the production of wine, the culture it combined is variety and instructive. Wine culture or drinking culture refers to the customs and practices associated with the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Although alcoholic beverages and social attitudes toward drinking vary around the world, nearly every civilization has independently discovered the processes of brewing beer, fermenting wine, and distilling spirits.As a special form of culture, wine culture could be found in all kinds of works, all kinds of human life. Based on this point, it has a crucial impact on our society. As we have known that, culture is connection with economics and politics of the states. In terms of those, it is important to do the comparative study on wine culture.Ⅱ. The different wine culture between China and western countries There are four major difference differences among the Chinese wine culture and the western one.The first thing I would like to mention is that the kind of the wine is quite different. Barley wine and rice wine, which is made from starch-based materials and resemble beer and spirit more than wine, is the most common wine in China, while the western wine is made of fermented fruit juice; usually from grapes. Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts produce different types of wine. Wines are also made from other fruits, such as apples and berries, and generically called fruit wine or country wine. Chinese grape wine was first produced in the Han Dynasty around the 2nd century BC.Secondly, the understanding of the wine is different.In the eyes of western people, wine is a symbol of power. When people mention wine, they causally picture an elegant and delicate image. They believe that wine is an art, a living and charming thing which is worthy of being cherished. For instance, as Maya, the character of the Sideways,puts it: “I like how wine continues to evolve, like if I opened a bottle of wine today, it would taste different than if I opened it on any other day. Because a bottle of wine is actually alive, and it is constantly evolving and gaining complexity. That is until it peaks, like you ’61, and then it begins its steady, inevitable decline…”Facing with the busy and reluctantly life, sighing for the momentary and fleeting, one’s heavy heart could gain temporary peace and relive only when s/he got drunk. This view of life could be found in the western culture. Understanding drinking in young people should be understood through a "developmental" framework.On the other hand, Chinese way of understanding is tend to the moral level, and it bore plenty feeling, such as grace, sorrow, frustration, etc. The Confucian culture isthe core of Chinese wine culture while in western wine is tied in myth to Dionysus/Bacchus. As noted by Shen Kuo (1031–1095) in his Dream Pool Essays, an old phrase in China amongst the gentry class was having the company of "drinking guests" (jiuke), which was a figure of speech for drinking wine, playing the Chinese zither, playing Chinese chess, Zen Buddhist meditation, calligraphy and painting, tea drinking, alchemy, chanting poetry, and conversation.Last but not least, No matter the western liquor, or Chinese rice wine, their drinking habits have very big distinction. When Chinese people go out for a dinner, especially which have something to do with business, men are expected to drink a lot of wine. In that case, you have to drink for the sake that others propose a, while refuse is often regarded as offence.However, the western men feel really uncomfortable, when the other party kept toasting, they take it for discourtesy. It is not appropriate. They feel like being forced to drink. In their opinion everyone has the right to decide what they want to eat or to drink. If you would like to ask them to eat more food, two or three time is suitable. On the contrast, it is a polite manner for Chinese to keep telling someone to eat more or drink. In a word, when Chinese are in the business banquets and try not to drink too much, for that may leaves their western business partners a bad impression.In short, interpretation of Chinese and western culture of wine is a good way to find out the differences between Chinese and western. And as all have disgusted above, it is safe to say that the major reasons for the difference is their different way of thinking. The Chinese is the typical kind of divergent thinking, while the westerners are more tending to the line thought. The understanding of Chinese and western culture of wine, and the study of it are benefit to develop wine culture sufficient and reduce the conflicts in international communication. With the frequently exchanges among Chinese and western culture recently, we can not prevent mutual penetration and fusion of the tide of them. Among the Chinese and western wine culture, some were consistent, some inconsistent and some complementary.Understanding the different kinds of wine culture, both countries would understand each other better, and the development of the world would be more harmonious.。

The Comparison between Chinese Wine Culture and Western Wine Culture1. InclusionPeople have a complex feeling of alcohol. The alcohol sometimes looks like a devil, and sometimes looks like an angel. When mentioning Chinese wine, we often think of Wuliangye, Jiannanchun, Zhangyu and so on; when mentioning western wine, we without hesitation think of Sherry, Whisky, Cocktail and the like.Alcohol has come into various aspects of the society, including customs, arts, religion, politics, economy…Alcohol has a huge promotion on the development of human civilization. Changing people’s eating habits; giving impetus to association between people; enriching ethnomedicine field;2. The similarity of Chinese alcoholic culture and western alcoholic cultureSince China is an agriculture-oriented country, traditional wines were brewed from crops, while in western countries, brewing industry has been based on viticulture. The origins of alcoholic cultures are different, but they have something in common in the way of keeping good health. They both think that drinking wine can make the digestive process much more efficient and accelerate blood circulation.2.1 wine culture in old timesThe Old Testament says, “Wine makes men foolish, and strong drink makes men come to blows; and whoever comes into error through these is not wise.”Winespinits of China is originated from Taoism. Pursuit of absolute freedom and forgetting of life-death are the core of the winespirits of China. Dionysus spirit is symbolized by Dionysus, the God of viticulture and wine industry.In Chinese ancient literature, there are a lot of cases in which wine is combined with different styles, such as poem, opera, essay, novel, couplet and so forth. To some extent, as a kind of beverage, wine played an important role in the Chinese ancient literature. Litterateurs occupied a large share of Chinese ancient wine drinkers. In ancient Greek there are also three tragedy writers, Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, who are good at drinking wine.2.2 wine culture in modern timesDuring the process of cultural communication, the wine cultures have been merging.。

A Comparison between Chinese and Western Food CultureThe contact between different countries becomes much tighter through the globalization. At the same time, the cultural communications become more important in the huge distance between these two cultures. The distinction between cultural communications becomes more and more evident. And the study of Chinese and Western food culture is an important part of it, so this thesis will analyze the different food cultures in Chinese and western countries. And I will compare them from the aspect of main food, drink, tableware, the position of dishes and its reason, and healthy conception.The first difference between Chinese and western food culture is about different main food.Rice and cooked wheaten food are two main staple foods in the Han nationality. The southern and northern regions cultivate rice, and rice has become the main nourishment in these areas. The northeast and northwest regions cultivate wheat and give first place to cooked wheaten food. Also, other kinds of cereals like maize, Kaoliang, grain, tuber crop have become staple food, in different areas as well as coarse cereals. The Han nationality’s staple foods have colorful and various cooking methods and has hundreds of kinds of rice and wheat products. Nowadays, the northeast regions in China still give first place to cooked wheaten food.Meat, milk and bread are the staple food in western countries. A common meal usually consists of soup, bread and butter. There are also various roasted foods besides the brown bread. Another staple food in Western countries is the potato. To westerners, potato is as important as rice to Chinese. You can often see that the British move packages of potatoes in shopping carts in the supermarket just like Chinese people buying rice.Second, let us look at the difference between Chinese and western drinks.Liquor and tea are two kinds of main drinks in Han nationality. It is known toall that China is the hometown of tea, and one of the countries which invented the earliest brew technology in the world. Wine culture and tea culture have long history in China and they have become an essential part of Han national food culture in the past thousands of years. They greatly influence other countries all over the world.There are many kinds of tea and liquor in China. Different kinds of tea and liquor have different functions, so people drink different tea and liquor in different seasons to keep healthy. Normally, people drink three kinds of tea in four seasons. In spring and autumn, people drink tea, which was made of various flowers to make them more beautiful and active. In summer, green tea is the best choice. It is a special kind of healthy drink and has many unique functions, such as refreshing oneself, removing strain, preventing heatstroke, cooling, caring for eyes etc. Most people choose black tea in winter because it is fermenting and not belonging to cold. It can not only foster your stomach, promote digestion and your appetite but also help to strengthen the cardiac muscles.Chinese people always drink beer in hot summer and liquor in winter. Liquor has thousands of year’s history in China and it creates a unique style in the world. It is fragrantly pure and has flavors. Drinking a small cup of liquor everyday could promote digestion, whet appetite and keeps one warm.While the grape wine and beer are common drink in western countries. People in some cold area even drink sherry everyday to keep themselves warm. In Britain, bars meet your eyes everywhere on the streets and become second living rooms. The British are experts in drinking and beer is their favorite drink. Normally, there are three kinds of beer which are divided by flavor: Bitter, Lager and Cider. In recent years, it has come into vogue to drink wine and the wine consumption in Britain is the greatest in the world. Simultaneously, juice is also a very popular drink in western countries. Usually people drink juice at breakfast. Juice gets unique welcome in Britain, the annual average consumption amounts to 19.1 liters in Britain.Then it comes to the different tableware in Chinese and western food culture.In China it is usually thought that people are an inherent part of nature. Underthe influence of this orientation, Chinese people attempt a balanced act with nature and try to live in harmony with it. China is also a traditionally agricultural country. Since Chinese people mainly live on rice and wheat as their staple food by cultivating the farmland, the harvest of the crops depends on nature. Therefore, in such cultural context and natural environment, people tend to live and work in peace.The application of chopsticks as the chief tableware can be traced back as early as the Shang and Chou periods, although hands were probably used more often than chopsticks. When Chinese people use chopsticks, they usually appear to be cultivated and their attitudes toward food are gentle and kind. Roland Barthes, a famous French literary critic, once talked about the usage of chopsticks, and he remarked that unlike fork and knife, chopsticks were not used to cut, poke or stab food. Therefore, “food was no longer the prey suffering the human beings’violence but turned out to be the substance passed harmoniously through them.”In this sense, chopsticks are the gentle medium between man and food, and they reflect the harmonious relationship between man and nature.On the contrary, many Westerners think that people are dominant over nature. Quite different from China, the ancestors of many western countries lived by hunting due to some ecological and historical factors. Of course, meat was their basic food source and gradually took the place of staple food. In order to survive in severe and harsh environments, they tried their best to be good at hunting, such as the use of some weapons like knives, forks and arrows etc to fight with or kill animals. That resulted in the aggressiveness and the adventurous sense in their temperaments.Compared with chopsticks, it is not exaggerating at all to say that knife and fork represent the violence and cruelty to food without any concealment. The way of eating in western countries actually reflects human’s conquest over nature.Moreover, another differences between Chinese and western food culture is the position on table where dishes are served.In Chinese dinner, dishes are served at the middle of table for all to share, and each person uses a small plate in front him or her to hold the food one has pickedfrom the shared dishes. Foods are taken from the plates at the center of the table into one's own plate during the course of the meal. One takes as much as one can finish. This custom also applies to appetizers. However, as for Chinese dinner main course like rice or noodle, they are often served to each person separately in a small bowl. When several people go out for dinner, the Chinese way of having dinner is helpful to make everyone enjoy a diversified meal, because everyone can order a different kind of dish make it shared by all.In western dinner, dishes are served in each person's own plate. So each person uses a big plate. Dishes are put to each person's own plate before serving. In western restaurants, everyone orders the three courses for oneself.Speaking of the reason for that, it is necessary to mention the collective orientation and individualistic orientation.The collectivistic orientation plays an important role in Chinese food culture. Normally, Chinese people would like to take the style of “sharing” when they have a dinner together, whether at home with family members or outside with friends. Good eating manners require each participant take equally from the different ts’ai dishes, so that all will have an equal chance at all the dishes. When the dinner starts, the host usually shows a menu to guests asking them to order the dish they like before making the final decision. When a dinner comes to an end, participants always strive to pay the bill unless someone has claimed it in advance.However, w estern food culture is characterized by the “separated’ style because of the great influence of the individualistic orientation. It is contrary to the “sharing” style in Chinese food culture in many ways. For example, westerners do not take the ts’ai dishes from the public plate, but have separate individu al plates. The way of “going Dutch” is widely taken when the bill is to be paid, which means everyone pays his own share. The role of individualism in Western food culture is obvious and its influence is self-evident.At last, we are going to discuss the different healthy conceptions in Chinese and western food culture.Chinese food and drink usually contains little sugar, which will not lead to getting fat. But there are more and more fat people in China while our living standard has improved. China enjoys a good reputation for its plentiful and splendid cuisine. Chinese people have many complex cooking methods, such as braising, boiling, braising with soy sauce, roasting, baking, grilling, scalding, deep-frying, steaming, drying, salt-preserving etc. And the Chinese cuisine is always exquisite and tastes excellent. But much nutrition is destroyed because of such complex cooking methods. Simultaneously, Chinese people share dishes when they have a meal. Everyone’s chopsticks touch the same dish and that highly increases the probability of hepatitis.Nutrition and balance are greatly cared for by westerners when they have a meal. An interesting phenomenon in western countries is the nutritional information on the food label, by which people’s concern about n utrition is clearly reflected. A look at information like the number of calories per serving, grams of fat, sodium, fiber and sugar content will make you more knowledgeable in selecting foods to reduce your nutritional health risk. In addition, the balance in diet structure is also essential to Westerners. Nowadays, more and more westerners are starting to worry about their weight for their diet containing too many calories. This is evident in menus in many restaurants offering “low calorie” meal. The veget able and fruit salad served to westerners all year around because they have low calories and high vitamin.By comparison and analysis we have made so far, one conclusion may be drawn that Chinese and Western food culture reflect each other’s cultures with their own unique features. Due to the open policy, Chinese people and Chinese culture have more and more chances of contact with foreigners and foreign cultures, and vice versa. People of different cultures can learn from each other. In a word, Chinese and Western food culture will develop together by the cross-cultural communication.。