1
Introduction
1.1 What’s it about
This is a book about the Mechanics of Solids, Statics, the Strength of Materials, and Elasticity Theory. But that doesn’t mean a thing unless you have had a course in the Mechanics of Solids, Statics, the Strength of Materials, or Elasticity The-ory. I assume you have not; let us try again:
This is a book that builds upon what you were supposed to learn in your basic physics and mathematics courses last year. We will talk about forces – not politi-cal, but vector forces – about moments and torques, reactions, displacements, lin-ear springs, and the requirements of static equilibrium of a particle or a rigid body. We will solve sets of linear algebraic equations and talk about when we can not find a unique solution to a set of linear algebraic equations. We will derive a whole raft of new equations that apply to particles, bodies, structures, and mecha-nisms;these will often contain the spatial derivatives of forces, moments, and dis-placements. You have seen a good bit of the basic stuff of this course before, but we will not assume you know the way to talk about, or work with, these concepts, principles, and methods so fundamental to our subject. So we will recast the basics in our own language, the language of engineering mechanics.
For the moment, think of this book as a language text;of yourself as a lan-guage student beginning the study of Engineering Mechanics, the Mechanics of Solids, the Strength of Materials, and Elasticity Theory. You must learn the lan-guage if you aspire to be an engineer. But this is a difficult language to learn, unlike any other foreign language you have learned. It is difficult because, on the surface, it appears to be a language you already know. That is deceptive: You will have to be on guard, careful not to presume the word you have heard before bears the same meaning. Words and phrases you have already encountered now take on a more special and, in most cases, narrower meaning;a couple of forces is more than just two forces.
An important part of learning the vocabulary, is the quick sketch. Along with learning to sketch in the engineering mechanics way, you will have to learn the meaning of certain icons;a small circle, for example, becomes a frictionless pin. So too, grammar and syntax will be crucial. Rigorous rules must be learned and obeyed. Some of these rules will at first seem pedantic;they may strike you as not only irrelevant to solving the problem, but wrong-headed or counter intuitive. But don’t despair; with use they will become familiar and reliable friends.
When you become able to speak and respond in a foreign language without thinking of every word, you start to see the world around you from a new perspec-
2 Chapter 1
tive. What was once a curiosity now is mundane and used everyday, often without thinking. So too, in this course, you will look at a tree and see its limbs as cantile-ver beams, you will look at a beam and see an internal bending moment, you will look at a bending moment and conjecture a stress distribution. You will also be asked to be creative in the use of this new language, to model, to estimate, to design.
That’s the goal: To get you seeing the world from the perspective of an engi-neer responsible for making sure that the structure does not fail, that the mecha-nism doesn’t make too much noise, that the bridge doesn’t sway in the wind, that the latch latches firmly, the landing gear do not collapse upon touchdown, the drive-shaft does not fracture in fatigue... Ultimately, that is what this book is about. Along the way you will learn about stress, strain, the behavior of trusses, beams, of shafts that carry torsion, even columns that may buckle.
1.2 What you will be doing.
The best way to learn a foreign language is from birth;but then it’s no longer a foreign language. The next best way to learn a new language is to use it – speak it, read it, listen to it on audio tapes, watch it on television;better yet, go to the land where it is the language in use and use it to buy a loaf of bread, get a hotel room for the night, ask to find the nearest post office, or if you are really proficient, make a telephone call. So too in the Mechanics of Solids, we insist you begin to use the language.
Doing problems and exercises, taking quizzes and the final, is using the lan-guage. This book contains mostly exercises explained as well as exercises for you to tackle. There are different kinds of exercises, different kinds for the different contexts of language use.
Sometimes an engineer will be asked a question and a response will be expected in five minutes. You will not have time to go to the library, access a data-base, check this textbook. You must estimate, conjure up a rational response on the spot. “....How many piano tuners in the city of Chicago?” (Try it)! Some of the exercises that follow will be labeled estimate.
Often practicing engineers must ask what they need to know in order to tackle the task they have been assigned. So too we will ask you to step back from a prob-lem and pose a new problem that will help you address the original problem. We will label these exercises need to know.
A good bit of engineering work is variation on a theme, changing things around, recasting a story line, and putting it into your own language for produc-tive and profitable use. Doing this requires experimentation, not just with hard-ware, but with concepts and existing designs. One poses “what if we make this strut out of aluminum... go to a cantilever support... pick up the load in bending?” We will label this kind of exercise what if?
Engineering analysis (as well as prototype testing and market studies) is what justifies engineering designs. As an engineer you will be asked to show that your
3
Introduction
design will actually work. More specifically, in the terms of this subject, you will be asked to show the requirements of static equilibrium ensure your proposed structure will bear the anticipated loading, that the maximum deflection of simply supported beam at midspan does not exceed the value specified in the contract, that the lowest resonant frequency of the payload is above 100 Hz. The show that. label indicates a problem where a full analysis is demanded. Most often this kind of problem will admit of a single solution – in contrast to the estimate, need to know,or even w hat if exercise. This is the form of the traditional textbook prob-lem set.
Closely related to show that exercises, you will be asked to construct a response to questions, as in “construct an explanation explaining why the beam failed”, or “construct an expression for the force in member ab”. We could have used the ordinary language, “explain” or “derive” in these instances but I want to emphasize the initiative you, as learner, must take in explaining or deriving. Here, too, construct better reflects what engineers actually do at work.
Finally, what engineers do most of the time is design, design in the broadest sense of the term;they play out scenarios of things working, construct stories and plans that inform others how to make things that will work according to their plans. These design exercises are the most open-ended and unconstrained exer-cises you will find in this text. We will have more to say about them later.
In working all of these different kinds of exercises, we want you to use the lan-guage with others. Your one-on-one confrontation with a problem set or an exam question can be an intense dialogue but it’s not full use of the language. Your abil-ity to speak and think in the language of engineering mechanics is best developed through dialogue with your peers, your tutors, and your teacher. We encourage you to learn from your classmates, to collectively learn from each other’s mis-takes and questions as well as problem-solving abilities.
Exercise 1.1 An Introductory Exercise
Analyse the behavior of the mechanism shown in the figure. That is, deter-mine how the deflection, ?, of point B varies as the load, P, varies.
4 Chapter 1
This exercise is intended to introduce the essential concepts and principles of the engineering mechanics of solids. It is meant as an overview;do not be disturbed by the variety of concepts or range of vocabulary. We will try to grasp the essen-tial workings of the device and begin to see the relevance of the concepts and principles of engineering mechanics to an understanding of how it functions and how it might be made to work better
We will apply the requirements of static equilibrium. We will analyze the dis-placements of different points of the structure, e.g., the vertical displacement of point B and the horizontal displacements of points A and C, and make sure these are compatible. We will consider the deformation of the springs which connect points A and C to ground and posit a relationship between the force each one bears and the relative displacement of one end with respect to the other end. We will assume this force/deformation relationship is linear.
We will learn to read the figure; k is the constant of proportionality in the equation relating the force in the spring to its deformation;the little circles are frictionless pins, members AB and BC are two-force members — as straight mem-bers they carry only tension and compression. The grey shading represents rigid ground. The arrow represents a vertically applied load whose magnitude is “P”.
Our aim is to determine the behavior of the structure as the applied load increases from zero to some or any finite value. In particular, we want to deter-mine how ? varies as P changes. We will use a spread sheet to make a graph of this relationship — but only after setting up the problem in terms of non-dimen-sional expressions for the applied load, P, the vertical displacement, ?, and the horizontal displacement, u. We will allow for relatively large displacements and rotations. We will investigate the possibility of snap-through, a type of instability, if P gets too large. In sum, our objective is to determine how the applied load P varies with ?, or, alternatively, for any prescribed ?, what P need be applied?
We will discuss how this funny looking linkage of impossible parts (friction-less pins, rollers, rigid grey matter, point loads, ever linear springs) can be a use-ful model of real-world structures. There is much to be said;all of this italicized language important.
We start by reasoning thus:
Clearly the vertical displacement, ?, is related to the horizontal displacements of points A and C;as these points move outward, point B moves downward. We assume our system is symmetric; the figure suggests this;if A moves out a dis-tance u, C displaces to the right the same distance. Note: Both u and ? are mea-sured from the undeformed or unloaded configuration, P, ? =0 . (This undeformend configuration is indicated by the dashed lines and the angle Θ0 ).As P increases, ? increases and so too u which causes the springs to shorten. This engenders a compressive force in the springs and in the members AB and BC, albeit of a different magnitude, which in turn, ensures static equilibrium of the system and every point within it including the node B where the load P is applied. But enough talk;enough story telling. We formulate some equations and try to solve them.
5
Introduction
Static Equilibrium of Node B.
The figure at the right shows an
isola-
P
tion of node B. It is a free body diagram;
i.e., the node has been cut free of all that
surrounds it and the influence of those sur-
roundings have been represented by forces.
The node is compressed by the force, F,
of
is
ground. It is vertical since the rollers signify
that there is no resistance to motion in the hori-zontal direction;there is no friction. f s is the compressive force in the spring, again, pressing on the node C.
Equilibrium requires that the resultant of the three forces vanish. Requiring that the sum of the horizontal components and that the sum of the vertical compo-nents vanish independently will ensure that the vector sum, which is the resultant, will vanish. This yields two scalar equations:
F ? cos θ – f = 0 and R F? sin θ=0
–
s
The ?rst ensures equilibrium in the horizontal direction, the second, in the vertical direc-tion.
Force/Deformation of the spring:
For our linear spring, we can write:
f = k u?
s
The force is proportional to deformation.
6 Chapter 1
Compatibility of Deformation:
? and Θ are not independent;you can not choose one arbitrarily, then the other arbitrarily. The first figure indicates that, if members AB and BC remain continu-ous and rigid1, we have
u = L( cos θ – cos θ0 )
But we want ?, ultimately. Another compatibility relationship is seen to be
? = L( sin θ0– sin θ)
Solution: The relation between P and ?.
From equilibrium of node B we have an equation for F, the compressive force in members AB and BC in terms of P and θ; Using our result obtained from equi-librium of node C, we can express the force in the spring, f s in terms of P and θ.
f = (P ? 2)( cos θ? sin θ)
s
From the force/deformation relationship for the spring we express, u, the dis-placement of the node C (and A) in terms of f s, and, using the immediately above, in terms of P and θ.
u = f ? k = (P ? 2k )( cos θ? sin θ)
s
The first compatibility relationship then allows us to write
(P ? 2kL) = sin θ?(1– cos θ0 ? cos θ)
while the second may be written in non-dimensional form as
?? L = sin θ0– sin θ
We could at this point try to eliminate theta; but this is unnecessary. This parametric form of the relationship between P and ? will suf?ce. Theta serves as an intermediary -a parameter whose value we can choose -guided by our sketch of the geometry of our struc-ture. For each value of theta, the above two equations then ?x the value of the vertical dis-placement and the applied load. A spread sheet is an appropriate tool for carrying out a sequence of such calculations and for constructing a graph of the way P varies with ?, which is our objective. This is left as an exercise for the reader.
1. They neither lengthen nor contract when loaded.
7
Introduction
1.3 Resources you may use.
A textbook is only one resource available to you in learning a new language. The exercises are another, pehaps the most important other resource you have avail-able. Still others are the interactive short simulations – computer representations of specific problems or phenomena – made available to you over the web. You will find there as well more sophisticated and generally applicable tools which will enable you to model truss and frame structures -structures which have many members. Another more standard and commonly available tool is the spreadsheet. You will find all these modeling tools to be essential and powerful aids when con-fronted with an open-ended design exercise where the emphasis is on what if and show that.
Another resource to you is your peers. We expect you to learn from your class-mates, to collaborate with them in figuring out how to set up a problem, how to use a spreadsheet, where on the web to find a useful reference. Often you will be asked to work in groups of two or three, in class -especially when a design exer-cise is on the table -to help formulate a specification and flesh out the context of the exercise. Yet your work is to be your own.
8 Chapter 1
1.4 Problems
1.1 Without evaluating specific numbers, sketch what you think a plot of the load P -in nondimensional form -(P/2kL) versus the displacement, (?/L) will look like for the Introductory Exercise above. Consider θ to vary over the interval Θ0 ≥Θ≥ –Θ0 .
Now compute, using a spread sheet, values for load and displacement and plot over the same range of the parameter Θ.
《外贸英语函电》课程总结 《外贸英语函电》课程是国际贸易专业的必修课程，本课程系统讲述了外贸英语函电中常用文体的基本知识，并详细讲解了外贸业务磋商过程中各个环节往来函电的实例。本人从事该课程的教学三年，现做课程总结。 一、教学目标 通过外贸英语函电的学习，应当让学生达到以下要求：（1）通过阅读和学习介绍外贸交易业务过程中的章节，了解并熟悉外贸进出口业务的关键步骤；（2）重点掌握外贸业务信函的撰写要点，初步做到能再一般情况下写出内容确切、表达得体、符合规范、语句通顺、没有语法错误的信函（由于现代化的信息传送方式如传真的撰写和普通信函相似，故以掌握信函撰写为重点）；（3）了解外贸业务过程中的相关术语，包括交易条件和环境。（4）让学生了解业务信函的趋向，并学习电传、传真、邮件的有关知识及写法 二、教学方法 本课程采用多媒体教学，根据国贸专业学生英语的实际情况，采用不同的方法，提高教学质量，保证教学目标的实现。在教学过程中，我先后采用学生朗读、分组翻译、角色扮演等方法。同时，为了帮助学生复习和巩固所学知识，提高学生们的学习兴趣，定期使用经典欧美歌曲、经典电影片段等影像资料。 三、教学过程 基于“学生为本”的思想和理念，本课程的教学过程设计为：单词句式教学、函电教学、集中练习。单词句式部分，首先，跟读单词和词汇，并让同学们课后进行熟读熟记；其次，课堂听写，检验学生们的记忆情况；最后，结合经典英语歌曲，对重点词句进行强化，同时提高学生们的学习兴趣，营造轻松的学习氛围。在函电教学阶段，采用分组学习与教师重点讲解结合的方法，提高学生学习的自主性。提前布置函电，每组完成朗读、翻译两项任务，然后，对于学生朗读和翻译中存在的问题，进行及时纠正，并对重点用语和词汇进行讲解。集中练习阶段，主要是书写函电和完成课后习题。 四、学情分析 10国贸三个班级，分两班教学，即：10国贸1班和10国贸2、3班。总体上来看，大部分同学都能按照老师的教学方法和过程进行学习，效果也不错。10国贸1班情况好于其他班级，这个班级同学英语基础好，好学上进。国贸2班和3班基本上能按照课堂要求进行，总体还可以，但是部分同学记不住单词和用语，这可能与学习用功程度有关。三个班级同学课后作业都能按时完成，质量可以得到保证。在教学过程中，角色扮演环节，每个班级每组同学都能按照要求进行，用英语进行对话。应该说，教学过程都很顺利，教学目标基本达到。 五、考试分析 上学期，在外贸英语函电课程考试中，10国贸1班通过率87.5%，10国贸2班76%，10国贸3班的通过率率是66%。总体来看，外贸英语函电教学达到了教学目标的要求，国
如何指导学生书写正确规范的汉字 陈舒郭沫若先生说：“培养中小学生写好字不一定要人人都成为书法家，总要把字写得合乎规格，比较端正、干净，容易认。指导学生把汉字写好，不仅是学生在校完成各项书面作业的需要，也为今后学习和工作打下良好的书写基础。这样养成习惯，能够使人细心，容易集中意志，善于体贴人。草草了事，粗枝大叶，独行专横，这容易误事的。练习写字可以逐渐免除这些毛病。”组织开展规范汉字书写的教育，小学语文教学任重而道远。 学好、写好汉字是我们对中华民族传统优秀文化的继承和发展。但随着现代科学的发展，电脑打字的普遍应用，书写已经开始慢慢淡化了。有不少小学生写字坐的姿势不正确和执笔不规范，书写水平有所下降，写字不规范、卷面不整洁，马虎潦草，甚至错别字还不少，学生写出来的汉字根本谈不上外形美。结合本人多年的练字经历和写字教学体会来谈一谈，怎样才能指导学生用钢笔（含铅笔）写出一手规范化汉字呢？ 一、正确的思想认识 学生字体的好坏与教师的思想认识是有一定关系的，有些教师由于课程多，作业多，为了赶进度，在布置作业时往往不考虑学生的实际情况，无论学习优差统一一样的作业量，有些学生基础较差，因作业量较大但又怕完不成作业挨批，就干脆支差应付作业草草完成，字体的好坏就根本不在考虑范围内，更不要说规范端正了。有些教师看
到学生作业潦草再看看孩子那么小不忍心让孩子撕了作业重写，就将就这能看清楚对错即可，这样得想导致学生的字体只会越来越不好。这就说，教师是低年级孩子的引路人，在某种程度上，教师的话在学生心中就是圣旨，所以教师在写好规范字上一定要端正自己的思想，让孩子从幼小的心灵里就懂得必须写规范字。 一、正确的坐姿 学习正确、规范书写汉字，养成良好的写字习惯，是小学生语文学习的基本任务之一。要想写好好汉字，必须关注学生写字的姿势是否正确，没有正确的书写姿势，写好汉子简直是难上加难。我认为正确的书写姿势是：写字前组织学生：身坐正，肩放平，两脚微微分。做到“三个一”：手离笔尖一寸，胸离桌子一拳，眼离书本一尺；这些基本的做法只要做到了才是做到了写好汉字的基本功。 二、正确的方法 1．向学生详细讲解执笔的指位、高低和角度，并且为学生做示范，指导学生掌握正确的执笔姿势。 2．及时检查并进行个别指导。学生错误的执笔姿势表现多样，教师在教学过程中要及时检查，对个别学生要进行指导，及时纠正错误。 3．各学科教师和家长要共同对学生进行监督。学生在写作业时，各学科教师都要做好监督和指导工作，发现问题及时纠正。教师还要与家长共同合作，及时对学生的书写过程进行监督和指导。教师在做好指导的同时，还要教学生做手指手腕操，及时缓解学生书写疲劳。
外贸英语函电的写作格式常用范文 外贸函电涉及到的知识很广泛，那么外贸函电的英语写作格式需要注意哪些问题呢，接下来为大家整理了外贸英语函电的写作格式，希望对你有帮助哦! 1.请求建立商业关系 Rogers Chemical Supply Co. 10E.22Street Omaha8,Neb Gentlemen: We have obtained your name and address from Aristo Shoes, Milan , and we are writing to enquire whether you would be willing to establish business relations with us. We have been importers of shoes for many years. At present, We are interested in extending our, range and would appreciate your catalogues and quotations.If your prices are competitive we would expect to transact a significant volume of business. We look forward to your early reply. Very truly yours 自米兰职权里斯托鞋类公司取得贵公司和地址，特此修函，祈能发展关系。多年来，本公司经营鞋类进口生意，现欲扩展业务范围。盼能惠赐商品目录和报价表。如价格公道，本公司必大额订购。烦请早日赐复。此致 2.回复对方建立商业关系的请求 Thank your for your letter of the 16th of this month. We
1、Telex released b/l 电放提单 2、for your reference 做为你的参考 3、sign back 签回 4、Pls see attachment 请看附件 5、Pls sign back the telex releae letter . 请签回电放信 6、Pls find attached SO for your reference (yr ref.) 请查收附件做为你的参考 7、Pls make sure your cargo will send to our warehouse before tomorrow afternoon(18:00pm). 请尽量将你的货在明天下午6点前送到我们的仓库 8、Pls see attchment and cfm the b/l of XXX. 请收附件并且确认提单为XXX是否OK 9、I receipted the telex released requirment , but no payment receipt , we can’t telex release this mail it to me hurry! 我有收到电放函，但未收到付款收据，请尽快Email过来，否则我们不能电放此票货物。 10、Any further question, pls feel free to contact me, tks! 有任何问题，请及时联络我 11、Enclosed booking form for yr ref, pls fill it out by return 附件所涵内容给你参考，请填好后回传给我
安靖小学微型课题 《如何指导学生规范书写》课题方案 一、指导思想 写字是对历史的尊重，是中华文明的传承。写字不仅仅可以巩固识字，也不仅仅是一项技能训练，它是一个接受文化熏陶、形成良好习惯、培养高尚品质的过程，是…个磨练意志、陶冶情操、学习做人的过程。“让学生写好字，其意义远远超出写字本身。”为深入贯彻新课程改革中提出的教育“以人为本”的发展思路，落实新课程标准中提出的“使学生养成良好的写字习惯，正确的写字姿势，并有一定的写字速度，具备正确书写汉字的能力”，特制定本方案。 二、活动目标 通过对教师、学生有计划、分步骤的系统训练和培养，使教师和学生共同成长，形成正确的写字观、养成良好的写字习惯。 1、提高教师写字能力。首先，在教师中形成写好字的良好风气，使每位教师从书法中找到乐趣，并使书写质量不断提高。 2、锻炼学生写字能力。使学生自觉纠正不良写字习惯，逐步养成正确的写字姿势。养成在写字前观察、思考和写规范字的习惯，克服在作业中依赖橡皮的毛病，把''写出一手好字”当成自己的一项技能，养成“提笔即练字”的习惯。逐渐提高写字速度和质量，努力使学生的写字水平上一个新的台阶。 3、陶冶学生情操。让学生从小掌握汉字的写字技法提高写字技能，从写字
中发现美，进而去创造美，在创造美中体验成功的快乐，在快 乐中修身养性，陶冶情操。 三、组织保障 组长：李新梅 成员：彭燕、王香兰、钟洁 三、实施步骤 第一阶段：调查分析，制定计划 班主任、语文教师和各科任教师协助，对学生“写”的现状进行调查分析，对坐姿、握笔方法、书写要求等进行指导。班级确立阶段目标，制定班级小学生良好书写习惯养成教育工作计划。组织学生学习计划，明确目标。向学生提出正确的导向，引导学生确定自己的阶段奋斗目标，各学科渗透良好写字习惯养成教育活动。 第二阶段：针对“现状”开展活动。 1、学生练习。每天进行书写练习。班长将学生练习的作品准时上交教导处，进行量化评比。 2、教师练习。学校提供练习用纸，教师每周练习五张，周五下午第一节下课时上交作品，每交一张计一分，期末进行总评，计入教师量化。 第三阶段：学校及各班总结表彰 四、具体措施 (-)师生共同努力，整体提高写字能力。 (%1)教师的示范板书、作业批改及评语书写等均要求字迹工整、清楚、端正，一丝不苟，做学生的表率，并对学生的作业进行“作业完成质量”
外贸英语口语对话Unit 5：placing an order发出订 单 Unit 5 placing an order 发出订单 Mr Wise is a buyer from overseas,visiting the offices of an import and export corporation in Shanghai.Mr Joe is the manager of the corporation with Miss Li as his secretary. A： Mr Wise is to see you,Mr Joe.Shall I bring him in? B：Yes ,please.And bring me the car’s bundance in the last quotation we set him.Oh,just remind me,Miss Li ,do we offer subjects on sold？ A：No, we offered firm. B： Thank you. A： Mr Wise. B：Good morning,Mr wise,you have a good shape,haven’t you? A：Yes.Very good journey,thank you.We’ve had your offer and are very much interested in it. B： I wonder if you have found that our specification meet your requirements.I’m sure the prices submit ted are comoetitive.
本文档由实惠网（https://www.doczj.com/doc/8712367222.html,）编制，版权所有，尽供外贸交流学习商业目的请联系实惠网（https://www.doczj.com/doc/8712367222.html,） 外贸函电常用范文Set new business relationship 建立贸易关系，可以通过多种途径，比如通过驻外机构、国外商会、同业商行、银行、出国访问、商品交易会、报纸广告、市场调查等等。建立贸易关系的信函，要写得诚恳、热情、礼貌、得体，并将写信人的意图清楚地叙述完整，给对方留下深刻地印象，使其愿意与你交往。 Dear Mr. Jones: We understand from your information posted on https://www.doczj.com/doc/8712367222.html, that you are in the market for textiles. We 本文档由实惠网（https://www.doczj.com/doc/8712367222.html,）编制，版权所有，尽供外贸交流学习商业目的请联系实惠网（https://www.doczj.com/doc/8712367222.html,）
would like to take this opportunity to introduce our company and products, with the hope that we may work with Bright Ideas Imports in the future. We are a joint venture specializing in the manufacture and export of textiles. We have enclosed our catalog, which introduces our company in detail and covers the main products we supply at present. You may also visit our website https://www.doczj.com/doc/8712367222.html,,which includes our latest product line. Should any of these items be of interest to you, please let us know. We will be happy to give you a quotation upon receipt of your detailed requirements. We look forward to receiving your enquires soon. Sincerely, John Roberts 本文档由实惠网（https://www.doczj.com/doc/8712367222.html,）编制，版权所有，尽供外贸交流学习商业目的请联系实惠网（https://www.doczj.com/doc/8712367222.html,）
《规范汉字书写的要求》教案 商丘市睢阳区郭村镇初级中学X X X 教学目标： 1、明确规范汉字书写的要求。 2、指导学生练习，使学生规范、端正地书写汉字。 教学过程： 一、导入： 二、规范汉字书写的要求 （一）、执笔姿势 怎样掌握正确的执笔姿势呢？ 首先，在执笔的手上找准四个与笔的接触点，第一点在拇指指尖；第二点在食指指根骨节凸起处；第三点在食指指尖；第四点在中指第一关节与指甲边中间的位置。 然后，把拇指及食指合成蟹钳形状，拇指和食指把笔杆钳合起来，当中指稍用力向上顶，拇指和食指向下压，笔杆便可锁紧，做到指实掌虚。（二）、笔顺规则 笔顺规则大致有这样几种： 一般规则： 1、先撇后捺：人八入 2、先横后竖：十王干 3、从上到下：三竟音 4、从左到右：理利礼明湖
5、先外后里：问同司 6、先外后里再封口：国圆园圈 7、先中间后两边：小水承 补充规则: 1、点在上部或左上，先写点：衣立为 2、点在右上或在字里，后写点：发瓦我 3、上右和上左包围结构的字，先外后里：厅座司 4、左下包围结构的字，先里后外：远建廷 5、左下右包围结构的字，也先里后外：凶画 6、左上右包围结构的字，先外后里：同用风 7、上左下包围结构的字，先上后里再左下：医巨匠 （三）、笔画 在写字教学中，很多学生学习基本笔画时，会按照最标准的基本笔画形态一遍遍地反复，却不知一个字中如果有两个及两个以上相同的笔画，得有长短、轻重、正斜、俯仰、收放等变化；如果有两个及两个以上相同部分组成的字，则应分清主次、大小、强弱等，要力戒雷同，以达到参差错落，变化有致。 １、点的变化 小尽心江兴点 这类字书写时要注意点的形态，有左侧点、右侧点、竖点、长点等等，笔法到位，相互间顾盼呼应。 ２、横的变化
英语面试自我介绍 A类： B: May I come in我可以进来吗 A: Yes, please.请进。 B: How are you doing, Sir My name is xxxx. I am coming to your company for an interview as requested.你好，先生。我叫xxx，我是应邀来贵公司面试的。 A: Fine, thank you for coming. Please take a seat. I am xxxx, the assistant manager.好的，谢谢你过来。请坐，我叫xxxx，是经理助理。 B: Nice to see you, .非常高兴见到你，吴先生。 A: Nice to meet you, too. Tell me about yourself and your past experience. 我也很高兴见到你。说说你自己和你过去的经历吧。 B: I have worked as a secretary for six years. I get along well with peers, clients, administrators and bosses. I thrive on challenge and work well in high-stress environments. 我已经做执行秘书6年了。开始是为一家贸易公司工作.现在是一家信托公司。我和同事、客户、行政管理员以及老板相处得非常好。我能应付挑战，而且在高压力环境中也能工作很出色。 A: So why did you choose our company B:As far as I know, your company is one of several leading international consultant corporations which came to China after China entered WTO. I think working here would give me the best chance to use what I’ve learned. A: Sometimes we are very busy and need to work overtime. How do you feel about that 有时候我们工作很忙。需要加班。你觉得如何 B: That's all right. But could you tell me how often and how many hours I should work overtime 没关系。你能告诉我加班的频率和时间长度吗 A: It just depends. If we have important visiting delegations, you have to stay with us. It's not unusual. 这得看情况。如果我们有重要的访问代表团。你必须留在我们身边。这种情况很正常。 A: What are your salary expectations 你期望多少薪水 B: I really need more information about the job before we start to discuss salary. Maybe you could tell me what is budgeted for the position.
(1)贵函YourletterYourfaouryouresteemedletterYouresteemedfaourYouraluedletterYouraluedfaourYournote YourcommunicationYourgreatlyesteemedletterYoureryfriendlynoteYourfriendlyadiceYours. (2)本信，本函Our(my)letterOur(my)respectsOurs(mine)ThislettertheselinesThepresent. (3)前函ThelastletterThelastmailThelastpostthelastcommunicationThelastrespects(自己的信)Thelastfaour(来信) (4)次函ThenextletterThenextmailThenextcommunicationTheletterfollowingthefollowing. (5)贵函发出日期Yourletterof(the)5thMayYourfaourdated(the)5thJuneYoursofthe3rdJulyYoursunderdate(of)the5thJ ulyYourletterbearingdate5thJulyYourfaourofeendate(AE)YourletterofyesterdayYourfaourofyesterd ay''sdateYourletterdatedyesterday. (6)贵方来电、电传及传真YourtelegramYourwireYourcablegram(从国外)Yourcodedwire(密码电报)YourcodemessageYourciphertelegramYourwirelesstelegramYourTELEXYourFax. (7)贵方电话YourtelephonemessageYourphonemessageYourtelephoniccommunicationYourtelephonecallYourri ng. (8)通知(Noun)AdiceNoticeInformationNotificationCommunicationAreportNewsIntelligenceMessage.(erb )(通知，告知)Tocommunicate(afact)toToreport(afact)to...onToapprise(aperson)ofTolet(aperson)knowToacqu aint(aperson)withTointimate(afact)toTosendwordtosendamessageTomailanoticetowrite(aperson)in formationTogienotice(预告)Tobreakanewsto(通知坏消息)Toannounce(宣布). (9)回信(Noun)AnanswerAreplyAresponse.(erb)ToanswerToreplyTogieareplyTogieone''sanswer TomakeananswerTosendananswerTowriteinreplyToanswerone''sletter.(特此回信)ReplytoAnsweringtoInanswertoInreplytoInresponseto.(等候回信)ToawaitananswerTowaitforananswer.(收到回信)TogetananswerTofaouronewithananswerTogetaletteranswered. (10)收讫，收到(Noun)Receipt(收到)Areceipt(收据)Areceier(领取人，取款人)Arecipient(收款 人)(erb)ToreceieTobeinreceiptofTobeto(at)handTocometohandTobeinpossesionofTobefaouredwith TogetTohaeTohaebefore(aperson)Tomakeoutareceipt(开出收据)Toacknowledgereceipt(告知收讫). (11)确认ToconfirmConfirmingConfirmationInConfirmationof(为确认...,为证
《商务英语口语900句》 出版发行：广东世界图书出版公司 ISBN 7-5062-6878-7/H.0471 中国加入WTO以后，急需培养一大批既懂得国际经贸知识，又熟练掌握商务英语的人才。为了让更多的经贸人员尽快适应我国对外贸易迅速发展的经济形势，我们编写了《商务英语口语900句》一书。 本书市作者对自己多年商贸英语教学实践和商务世纪现场谈判经验的总结，涉及范围全面，内容充实，语言规范、景点，适用面广，实用性强，可以说不但是一本理想的商务口语培训教材，也是一本非常实用的对外经贸业务人员的必备工作手册。 本书共由30各单元组成，每个单元设计了20-40个句子不等，其中有30或40 个句子的单元又分成了两个部分，以减轻学员在学习时的心理负担。 本书同时配有长期在中国从事英语口语教学的美国口语教师配音的cd，以便学院边听边学，帮助他们尽快掌握商务英语会话的各种技巧，同时也可以提高自己的语音语调水平。 目录： Unit 1 希望与要求 Unit 2 产品介绍 Unit 3 业务范围介绍 Unit 4 承诺 Unit 5 询盘 Unit 6 报盘 Unit 7 还盘 Unit 8 对还盘的反应 Unit 9 要求优惠 Unit 10 给予优惠 Unit 11 双方让步 Unit 12 订货及确认 Unit 13 请求代理并说明代理理由和代理能力 Unit 14 对代理请求的回应 Unit 15 代理条件和要求 Unit 16 合同 Unit 17 卖方对支付方式的要求 Unit 18 买方的支付方式 Unit 19 保险 Unit 20 对包装的建议及要求 Unit 21 告知客户包装所用材料、方式及其质量保证 Unit 22 货运通知 Unit 23 货运要求及答复
英语书信格式范文各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢 篇一：英文电子邮件格式及范文 英文电子邮件的基本要素是主题、称谓、正文、结尾用语及署名。 电子邮件最重要的部分是主题，假设我们都是很忙的人，在打开邮箱阅读邮件时，第一眼看到的就是邮件的主题。所以，主题应当做到言简意赅并突出邮件重要性。英文邮件的主题需要注意不超过35个字母，将位于句首的单词和专有名词首字母大写。比如：Some questions about C++.在比较正式的格式中，需要把每个单词的首字母大写（介词、冠词除外）。 称谓如果是第一次给对方写信，那么称谓最好用“Dear+全名”，这样会让人感觉比较正式。如果对方以非正式口吻来信，我们也可以类似非正式地回复。比如：“Hello/Hi Lillian”。在实际通信中
可能遇到不知道对方姓名，可以用“Dear+对方头衔”，如“Dear President”，或者“Dear+Sir/Madam”形式。英国人习惯在称呼后加“，”，美国人习惯在称谓后加“：”，有时也可以不加任何标点，是具体情况而定。 在书写正文时，把最重要的事情写在正文最前面或者邮件内容较长时写在第一段。为了让收件人阅读邮件比较舒服，我们需要注意邮件正文结构的美感，邮件段落最好控制在两三段之内。如果一封电子邮件涉及多个信息点，我们可以采用分条目的方法，如符号、小标题、编号来使得邮件想要表达的内容层次清晰。邮件内容应注意单词的拼写、大小写、标点、语法等。所谓以小见大。 结尾语在正文之后添加。注意一般结尾语中只有第一个单词首字母大写而剩余单词都小写，此处与称呼不同。 一般电子邮件： Sincerely, Sincerely yours,
外贸函电词汇 UNIT ONE 1 ESP： English for Specific/Special Purposes 专门用途英语 2 BE： Business English 商务英语 3 Correspondence for Import & Export 进出口函电 4 Good quality stationery 优质信笺信纸 5 Neat typing 整洁 6 Even spacing 间隔匀称 7 Short paragraphs 段落精短 8 Correct Grammar， Spelling and Punctuation 语法、拼写、标点正确UNIT TWO INQUIRIES 1 potential business 潜在业务 2 prospective customer 潜在顾客 3 customers of long standing 长期顾客 4 potential supplier 潜在供应商 5 trade fair 贸易博览会 6 the latest issue of 最新一期… 7 integrated software package 完整软件包 8 substantial order 大宗订单 9 quantity discount 数量折扣 10 cash discount 现金折扣 11 list price 标价、目录价格 12 export terms 出口条件
13 pictured/illustrated catalog 带插图的商品目录 14 article number / Art. No. 货号 15 bulk buyer 大买户 16 business concern 商行 17 business relations / relationship 业务关系 18 business status 业务状况 19 commercial counselor 商务参赞 20 commercial counselor's office 商务参赞处 21 means of packing 包装方法 22 parent company 母公司 23 sales literature 促销资料 24 trading association 贸易关系 25 trade journal 行业刊物 26 firm offer 实盘 27 non-firm offer： offer without engagement 虚盘 28 trade discount 同业/批发折扣 29 bill of exchange （bill / draft； B/E）汇票 30 documents against payment： D/P 付款交单 31 shipping documents 装运单据 32 line of business 业务/经营范围 33 specific inquiry 具体询价 UNIT THREE REPLIES AND QUOTATIONS 1 regular customer 老顾客
中小学规范汉字书写的培训方案 ——《规范汉字书写指南》研修模式 汉字是人类智慧和文明的结晶，规范汉字书写对于个人而言是技能和修养的体现；对于一个民族来说，它还是文化传承的重要载体。在计算机日益普及的今天，随着信息技术的广泛应用和“无纸化办公”的普及，教师和学生的书写水平正在日益下降。“汉字健忘症”“电脑失写症”日趋蔓延。弘扬和传承经典的中华书法文化，教育学生周周正正写字，端端正正为人，既具有现实意义，又有深远的历史意义。为贯彻落实《中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法》和《教育部关于在中小学加强写字教学的若干意见》精神，积极推动规范汉字书写教育工作，促进学校写字教学，提高师生规范汉字书写水平，养成良好的写字习惯，特制定本方案： 本书特点 热爱祖国文字，养成良好的写字习惯，需要从中小学生抓起。要提高学生的书写水平，首先要从写好规范字做起。专家认为，字要规范，主要是笔画本身的形态不能错，笔画的关系不能错。而如今，人们在汉字书写过程中，却经常出现书写错误现象，并且随着电脑、手机的普及应用，人们的写字能力出现弱化的趋势。因此，明确规范汉字书写的要求、培养良好的规范汉字书写习惯、提高规范汉字书写的技能和审美品位，已成为当务之急。《规范汉字书写指南》一书正是为了落实上述要求、满足广大师生的需求而编写的。具有以下特点： 1. 指导性强 本书厘清了书法与规范汉字书写、规范汉字与非规范汉字、印刷体与手写体、印刷宋体与楷体的关系，提出规范汉字书写既要依据印刷楷体字形，又要继承汉字书写传统的规范汉字书写原则。这使得教师和学生在平常教学当中能以此为标准和原则，规范书写。 2. 理论与实例结合 本书分析规范汉字字形规范的各个方面，包括笔画、笔画的组合关系，部
关于商务英语对话材料精选日常商务英语 口语对话 商务英语是一门新兴的学科,商务英语翻译既是该学科中的关键一环,又是教学考的难点。X整理了关于商务英语对话材料，欢迎阅读! 关于商务英语对话材料一 哈里: Ok quiet down people, I wish to xxmence this meeting. First order of the summary meeting is a progress report from the sales team. 好的.诸位.请安静.我希望开始会议.本次总结会议的第一项议程是销售团队的一份进度报告. 萨姆: So far things couldn`t have gone any better. The team has finally xxe together and is performing as a single entity. It`s incredible to see. 目前为止事态再好不过了.该团队终于做到了齐心协力.正作为一个单一的整体运作.这实在是令人难以置信. 哈里: Really? Could you elaborate on their progress? 真的吗?你能详细说明他们的进展吗? 萨姆: Sure, so far our actual sales figure is 150% above our forecasted level of sales. The Team has further subdivided into smaller teams to concentrate
their focus more. 当然可以.迄今.我们的实际销售额高出预期水平的150%.该团队并且进一步细分为各个小组来更好地集中致力于各自的任务. 哈里: What result has braking down the team into smaller groups had? 团队划分成各个小组后产生了什么样的结果? 萨姆: It enables them to focus much more intensely on their intended sales target. This has resulted in far more effective sales strategies. 它使得他们能够更加强烈地锁定他们预定的销售目标.这导致了更有效的销售策略. 哈里: But has there been any overlapping or breakdowns in xxmunication? Smaller groups often result in more inefficiency if anything. 但是出现了工作重叠或者沟通障碍问题吗?别的不说.更小的分组往往会导致低效率问题的加重. 萨姆: True, but with constant and tightly controlled overall management, I have managed to keep it together. 没错.但是凭借持续不断和紧密控制的整体管理.我成功地使他们团结协作.
外贸函电常用范文 1、Set new business relationship 建立贸易关系，可以通过多种途径，如通过驻外机构、国外商会、同业商行、银行、出国访问、商品交易会、报纸广告、市场调查等等。建立贸易关系的信函，要写得诚恳、热情、礼貌、得体，并将写信人的意图清楚地叙述完整，给对方留下深刻地印象，使其愿意与你交往。Dear Mr. Jones: We understand from your information posted on https://www.doczj.com/doc/8712367222.html, that you are in the market for textiles. We would like to take this opportunity to introduce our company and products, with the hope that we may work with Bright Ideas Imports in the future. We are a joint venture specializing in the manufacture and export of textiles. We have enclosed our catalog, which introduces our company in detail and covers the main products we supply at present. You may also visit our website https://www.doczj.com/doc/8712367222.html,,which includes our latest product line. Should any of these items be of interest to you, please let us know. We will be happy to give you a quotation upon receipt of your detailed requirements. We look forward to receiving your enquires soon. Sincerely, John Roberts 2. Make an inquiry 询盘的内容主要是商品的价格、包装、交货期、付款方式等。询盘信应简洁、清楚、礼貌。Dear Sir or Madam: Messrs Johns and Smith of New York inform us that are exports of all cotton bed-sheets and pillowcases. We would like you to send us details of various ranges, including sizes, colors and prices, and also samples of the different qualities of material used. We are large dealers in textiles and believe there is a promising market in our area for moderately priced goods of this kind mentioned. When quoting, please state your terms of payment and discount you would allow on purchases of quantities of not less than 100 dozen of individual items. Price quoted should include insurance and freight to London. Yours faithfully 3. Make an offer 报盘函是指卖方在销售某种商品时，向买方报价、介绍商品情况。提出交易条件（包括商品名称、数量、价格、付款条件、交货日期等）时所写的一种外贸信函。报盘有实盘和虚盘之分。实盘是报盘人在规定的期限内对所提条件的肯定表示，报盘人在有限期内不得随意改变和撤回报盘内容，报盘一经买方接受，买卖立即敲定，双方就有了法律约束力的合同关系。虚盘是报盘人所作的非承诺性表示，附有保留条件，如“以我方最后确认为准（subject to our final confirmation）”等。 (a.)firm offer Dear Mr. Jones: We thank you for your email enquiry for both groundnuts and Walnutmeat
2、 for your reference 做为你的参考 3、 sign back 签回 4、 Pls see attachment 请看附件 5、 Pls sign back the telex releae letter . 请签回电放信 6、 Pls find attached SO for your reference (yr ref.) 请查收附件做为你的参考 7、 Pls make sure your cargo will send to our warehouse before tomorrow afternoon(18:00pm). 请尽量将你的货在明天下午6点前送到我们的仓库 8、 Pls see attchment and cfm the b/l of XXX. 请收附件并且确认提单为XXX是否OK？ 9、 I receipted the telex released requirment , but no payment receipt , we can’t telex release this mail it to me hurry! 我有收到电放函，但未收到付款收据，请尽快Email过来，否则我们不能电放此票货物。 10、Any further question, pls feel free to contact me, tks! 有任何问题，请及时联络我 11、Enclosed booking form for yr ref, pls fill it out by return 附件所涵内容给你参考，请填好后回传给我
12、Enclosed our airport warehouse address for yr send the cargo tomorrow morning 请于明天早上送货，附件为飞机场仓库地址 13、Pls find the attached , 1 filed for two TELEX RELEASE B/L to CHICAGO and check it ‘s OK or NOT 请收附件，我已电放好了去芝加哥的两票货物，请检查是否OK？ 14、Have received 已有收到 15、Received with tks. 收到，谢谢 16、Received and will arrange 已收到且将会安排 17、The s/o can use till next week. 这份S/O下星期也可以使用 18、Please confirm the attached bill by 请确认附件并传回 19、Please kindly advice yr PO#. 请提供PO号码 20、Please find the attached invoice for yr 请查收附件中的付款单做参考 21、I have release S/O to you , Pls received it . 我已有释放S/O给你，请查收。 22、Pls find attached the application form for telex release. 请查收附件中的电放申请函 23、Pls see the attached that we had arranged the hb/l telex release. Here is the copy for you in your information.